1
|
Stege PB, Beekman JM, Hendrickx APA, van Eijk L, Rogers MRC, Suen SWF, Vonk AM, Willems RJL, Paganelli FL. Colonization of vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium in human-derived colonic epithelium: unraveling the transcriptional dynamics of host-enterococcal interactions. FEMS MICROBES 2024; 5:xtae014. [PMID: 38813098 PMCID: PMC11134301 DOI: 10.1093/femsmc/xtae014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Revised: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024] Open
Abstract
Enterococcus faecium is an opportunistic pathogen able to colonize the intestines of hospitalized patients. This initial colonization is an important step in the downstream pathogenesis, which includes outgrowth of the intestinal microbiota and potential infection of the host. The impact of intestinal overgrowth on host-enterococcal interactions is not well understood. We therefore applied a RNAseq approach in order to unravel the transcriptional dynamics of E. faecium upon co-culturing with human derived colonic epithelium. Co-cultures of colonic epithelium with a hospital-associated vancomycin resistant (vanA-type) E. faecium (VRE) showed that VRE resided on top of the colonic epithelium when analyzed by microscopy. RNAseq revealed that exposure to the colonic epithelium resulted in upregulation of 238 VRE genes compared to the control condition, including genes implicated in pili expression, conjugation (plasmid_2), genes related to sugar uptake, and biofilm formation (chromosome). In total, 260 were downregulated, including the vanA operon located on plasmid_3. Pathway analysis revealed an overall switch in metabolism to amino acid scavenging and reduction. In summary, our study demonstrates that co-culturing of VRE with human colonic epithelium promotes an elaborate gene response in VRE, enhancing our insight in host-E. faecium interactions, which might facilitate the design of novel anti-infectivity strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paul B Stege
- Department of Medical Microbiology, UMC Utrecht, Utrecht, 3584CX, The Netherlands
| | - Jeffrey M Beekman
- Department of Pediatric Pulmonology, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, 3584CX, The Netherlands
- Regenerative Medicine Utrecht, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, 3584CX, The Netherlands
| | - Antoni P A Hendrickx
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), 3721MA, The Netherlands
| | - Laura van Eijk
- Department of Medical Microbiology, UMC Utrecht, Utrecht, 3584CX, The Netherlands
| | - Malbert R C Rogers
- Department of Medical Microbiology, UMC Utrecht, Utrecht, 3584CX, The Netherlands
| | - Sylvia W F Suen
- Department of Pediatric Pulmonology, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, 3584CX, The Netherlands
- Regenerative Medicine Utrecht, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, 3584CX, The Netherlands
| | - Annelotte M Vonk
- Department of Pediatric Pulmonology, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, 3584CX, The Netherlands
- Regenerative Medicine Utrecht, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, 3584CX, The Netherlands
| | - Rob J L Willems
- Department of Medical Microbiology, UMC Utrecht, Utrecht, 3584CX, The Netherlands
| | - Fernanda L Paganelli
- Department of Medical Microbiology, UMC Utrecht, Utrecht, 3584CX, The Netherlands
- Winclove Probiotics, Amsterdam, 1033JS, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Le SNH, Nguyen Ngoc Minh C, de Sessions PF, Jie S, Tran Thi Hong C, Thwaites GE, Baker S, Pham DT, Chung The H. The impact of antibiotics on the gut microbiota of children recovering from watery diarrhoea. NPJ ANTIMICROBIALS AND RESISTANCE 2024; 2:12. [PMID: 38686335 PMCID: PMC11057199 DOI: 10.1038/s44259-024-00030-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
Infectious diarrhoeal diseases remain a substantial health burden in young children in low- and middle-income countries. The disease and its variable treatment options significantly alter the gut microbiome, which may affect clinical outcomes and overall gut health. Antibiotics are often prescribed, but their impact on the gut microbiome during recovery is unclear. Here, we used 16S rRNA sequencing to investigate changes in the gut microbiota in Vietnamese children with acute watery diarrhoea, and highlight the impact of antibiotic treatment on these changes. Our analyses identified that, regardless of treatment, recovery was characterised by reductions in Streptococcus and Rothia species and expansion of Bacteroides/Phocaeicola, Lachnospiraceae and Ruminococcacae taxa. Antibiotic treatment significantly delayed the temporal increases in alpha- and beta-diversity within patients, resulting in distinctive patterns of taxonomic change. These changes included a pronounced, transient overabundance of Enterococcus species and depletion of Bifidobacterium pseudocatenulatum. Our findings demonstrate that antibiotic treatment slows gut microbiota recovery in children following watery diarrhoea.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Son-Nam H. Le
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
- School of Biotechnology, International University, Vietnam National University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | | | | | - Song Jie
- Genome Institute of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - Guy E. Thwaites
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen Baker
- Department of Medicine, Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Diseases (CITIID), University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Duy Thanh Pham
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Hao Chung The
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Rodríguez-Lucas C, Ladero V. Enterococcal Phages: Food and Health Applications. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:antibiotics12050842. [PMID: 37237745 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12050842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Revised: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/30/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Enterococcus is a diverse genus of Gram-positive bacteria belonging to the lactic acid bacteria (LAB) group. It is found in many environments, including the human gut and fermented foods. This microbial genus is at a crossroad between its beneficial effects and the concerns regarding its safety. It plays an important role in the production of fermented foods, and some strains have even been proposed as probiotics. However, they have been identified as responsible for the accumulation of toxic compounds-biogenic amines-in foods, and over the last 20 years, they have emerged as important hospital-acquired pathogens through the acquisition of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). In food, there is a need for targeted measures to prevent their growth without disturbing other LAB members that participate in the fermentation process. Furthermore, the increase in AMR has resulted in the need for the development of new therapeutic options to treat AMR enterococcal infections. Bacteriophages have re-emerged in recent years as a precision tool for the control of bacterial populations, including the treatment of AMR microorganism infections, being a promising weapon as new antimicrobials. In this review, we focus on the problems caused by Enterococcus faecium and Enterococcus faecalis in food and health and on the recent advances in the discovery and applications of enterococcus-infecting bacteriophages against these bacteria, with special attention paid to applications against AMR enterococci.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Rodríguez-Lucas
- Microbiology Laboratory, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, 33011 Oviedo, Spain
- Translational Microbiology Group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), 33011 Oviedo, Spain
| | - Victor Ladero
- Department of Technology and Biotechnology of Dairy Products, Dairy Research Institute, IPLA CSIC, 33300 Villaviciosa, Spain
- Molecular Microbiology Group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), 33011 Oviedo, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Top J, Baan J, Bisschop A, Arredondo-Alonso S, van Schaik W, Willems RJL. Functional characterization of a gene cluster responsible for inositol catabolism associated with hospital-adapted isolates of Enterococcus faecium. MICROBIOLOGY-SGM 2021; 167. [PMID: 34491894 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.001085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Enterococcus faecium is a nosocomial, multidrug-resistant pathogen. Whole genome sequence studies revealed that hospital-associated E. faecium isolates are clustered in a separate clade A1. Here, we investigated the distribution, integration site and function of a putative iol gene cluster that encodes for myo-inositol (MI) catabolism. This iol gene cluster was found as part of an ~20 kbp genetic element (iol element), integrated in ICEEfm1 close to its integrase gene in E. faecium isolate E1679. Among 1644 E. faecium isolates, ICEEfm1 was found in 789/1227 (64.3 %) clade A1 and 3/417 (0.7 %) non-clade A1 isolates. The iol element was present at a similar integration site in 180/792 (22.7 %) ICEEfm1-containing isolates. Examination of the phylogenetic tree revealed genetically closely related isolates that differed in presence/absence of ICEEfm1 and/or iol element, suggesting either independent acquisition or loss of both elements. E. faecium iol gene cluster containing isolates E1679 and E1504 were able to grow in minimal medium with only myo-inositol as carbon source, while the iolD-deficient mutant in E1504 (E1504∆iolD) lost this ability and an iol gene cluster negative recipient strain gained this ability after acquisition of ICEEfm1 by conjugation from donor strain E1679. Gene expression profiling revealed that the iol gene cluster is only expressed in the absence of other carbon sources. In an intestinal colonization mouse model the colonization ability of E1504∆iolD mutant was not affected relative to the wild-type E1504 strain. In conclusion, we describe and functionally characterise a gene cluster involved in MI catabolism that is associated with the ICEEfm1 island in hospital-associated E. faecium isolates. We were unable to show that this gene cluster provides a competitive advantage during gut colonisation in a mouse model. Therefore, to what extent this gene cluster contributes to the spread and ecological specialisation of ICEEfm1-carrying hospital-associated isolates remains to be investigated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Janetta Top
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jery Baan
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Adinda Bisschop
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Sergio Arredondo-Alonso
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Willem van Schaik
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Institute of Microbiology and Infection, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Rob J L Willems
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Topka-Bielecka G, Bloch S, Nejman-Faleńczyk B, Grabski M, Jurczak-Kurek A, Górniak M, Dydecka A, Necel A, Węgrzyn G, Węgrzyn A. Characterization of the Bacteriophage vB_EfaS-271 Infecting Enterococcus faecalis. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21176345. [PMID: 32882938 PMCID: PMC7503890 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21176345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Revised: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
A newly isolated bacteriophage infecting Enterococcus faecalis strains has been characterized, including determination of its molecular features. This phage, named vB_EfaS-271, has been classified as a Siphoviridae member, according to electron microscopy characterization of the virions, composed of a 50 nm-diameter head and a long, flexible, noncontractable tail (219 × 12.5 nm). Analysis of the whole dsDNA genome of this phage showed that it consists of 40,197 bp and functional modules containing genes coding for proteins that are involved in DNA replication (including DNA polymerase/primase), morphogenesis, packaging and cell lysis. Mass spectrometry analysis allowed us to identify several phage-encoded proteins. vB_EfaS-271 reveals a relatively narrow host range, as it is able to infect only a few E. faecalis strains. On the other hand, it is a virulent phage (unable to lysogenize host cells), effectively and quickly destroying cultures of sensitive host bacteria, with a latent period as short as 8 min and burst size of approximately 70 phages per cell at 37 °C. This phage was also able to destroy biofilms formed by E. faecalis. These results contribute to our understanding of the biodiversity of bacteriophages, confirming the high variability among these viruses and indicating specific genetic and functional features of vB_EfaS-271.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gracja Topka-Bielecka
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Gdansk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308 Gdansk, Poland; (G.T.-B.); (B.N.-F.); (M.G.); (A.D.); (A.N.); (G.W.)
| | - Sylwia Bloch
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kładki 24, 80-822 Gdansk, Poland;
| | - Bożena Nejman-Faleńczyk
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Gdansk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308 Gdansk, Poland; (G.T.-B.); (B.N.-F.); (M.G.); (A.D.); (A.N.); (G.W.)
| | - Michał Grabski
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Gdansk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308 Gdansk, Poland; (G.T.-B.); (B.N.-F.); (M.G.); (A.D.); (A.N.); (G.W.)
- Laboratory of Marine Biogeochemistry, Institute of Oceanology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Powstańców Warszawy 55, 81-712 Sopot, Poland
| | - Agata Jurczak-Kurek
- Department of Molecular Evolution, University of Gdansk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308 Gdansk, Poland; (A.J.-K.); (M.G.)
| | - Marcin Górniak
- Department of Molecular Evolution, University of Gdansk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308 Gdansk, Poland; (A.J.-K.); (M.G.)
| | - Aleksandra Dydecka
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Gdansk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308 Gdansk, Poland; (G.T.-B.); (B.N.-F.); (M.G.); (A.D.); (A.N.); (G.W.)
| | - Agnieszka Necel
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Gdansk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308 Gdansk, Poland; (G.T.-B.); (B.N.-F.); (M.G.); (A.D.); (A.N.); (G.W.)
| | - Grzegorz Węgrzyn
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Gdansk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308 Gdansk, Poland; (G.T.-B.); (B.N.-F.); (M.G.); (A.D.); (A.N.); (G.W.)
| | - Alicja Węgrzyn
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kładki 24, 80-822 Gdansk, Poland;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-58-523-6040
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Top J, Hendrickx APA, van Ampting MTJ, van Limpt K, Knol J, van de Kamer D, Braat JC, Viveen M, Rogers MR, Kemperman H, Willems RJL, Paganelli FL. Low-calcium diet in mice leads to reduced gut colonization by Enterococcus faecium. Microbiologyopen 2019; 8:e936. [PMID: 31568701 PMCID: PMC6925158 DOI: 10.1002/mbo3.936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Revised: 09/02/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine whether dietary intervention influenced luminal Ca2+ levels and Enterococcus faecium gut colonization in mice. For this purpose, mice fed semi‐synthetic food AIN93 were compared to mice fed AIN93‐low calcium (LC). Administration of AIN93‐LC resulted in lower luminal Ca2+ levels independent of the presence of E. faecium. Furthermore, E. faecium gut colonization was reduced in mice fed AIN93‐LC based on culture, and which was in concordance with a reduction of Enterococcaceae in microbiota analysis. In conclusion, diet intervention might be a strategy for controlling gut colonization of E. faecium, an important opportunistic nosocomial pathogen.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Janetta Top
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Antoni P A Hendrickx
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Jan Knol
- Danone Nutricia Research, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Denise van de Kamer
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Johanna C Braat
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Marco Viveen
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Malbert R Rogers
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Hans Kemperman
- Clinical Chemistry and Hematology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Rob J L Willems
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Fernanda L Paganelli
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Jabbari Shiadeh SM, Pormohammad A, Hashemi A, Lak P. Global prevalence of antibiotic resistance in blood-isolated Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Infect Drug Resist 2019; 12:2713-2725. [PMID: 31564921 PMCID: PMC6731464 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s206084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction One of the global concerns is the increasing trend toward antimicrobial resistance and the consequent lack of efficient antimicrobials. Nosocomial infections present a big threat for patients all over the world and treatment with broad-spectrum antibiotics leads to outgrowth of hospital-associated resistant Enterococci clones that are very important in bloodstream infections. We surveyed the frequency and time trend of antibiotic resistance in Enterococci blood isolates from hospitalized patients in different regions of the world. Methods Literature from January 1, 2000 to May 20, 2018 was searched systematically using Medline (via PubMed), Embase, and Cochrane Library and all original publications on the antibiotic resistance prevalence in blood-isolated Enterococci strains with standard laboratory tests were included. Quality of the included studies was assessed with the modified Critical Appraisal Checklist recommended by the Joanna Briggs Institute. Depending on the heterogeneity test, we used either random or fixed effect models to assess the appropriateness of the pooled prevalence of drug resistance. Results A total of 291 studies were enrolled in the meta-analysis. Between all antibiotics, based on the WHO original offices, American countries showed the lowest prevalence of resistance for linezolid in Enterococcus faecalis. Regarding the prevalence of vancomycin resistance, Western Pacific, European, and American countries had the lowest level of resistance and South-East Asia and Eastern Mediterranean countries showed the highest level of resistance. Moreover, our findings for Enterococcus faecium indicated that America and South-East Asia had the lowest and the highest levels of resistance for linezolid, respectively. Conclusion Based on our findings, the prevalence of vancomycin-resistant E. faecium in bloodstream infections is significantly high, especially in Eastern Mediterranean countries, which is a massive warning signal for resistance to this broad-spectrum antibiotic. Therefore, the establishment of appropriate antibiotic usage guidelines should be essential in these countries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ali Pormohammad
- Student Research Committee, Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Hashemi
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Parnian Lak
- Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Hendrickx APA, van de Kamer D, Willems RJL. Primary murine mucosal response during cephalosporin-induced intestinal colonization by Enterococcus faecium. Microbiologyopen 2018; 7:e00602. [PMID: 29484836 PMCID: PMC6182561 DOI: 10.1002/mbo3.602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2017] [Revised: 01/14/2018] [Accepted: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Hospitalized patients are often administered antibiotics that perturb the gastrointestinal commensal microbiota, leading to outgrowth of antibiotic-resistant bacteria, like multidrug-resistant Enterococcus faecium, subsequent spread, and eventually infections. However, the events that occur at the initial stage of intestinal colonization and outgrowth by multidrug-resistant E. faecium within the antibiotic-treated host have not been thoroughly studied. Here, we describe and visualize that only 6 hr after cephalosporin treatment of mice, the Muc-2 mucus layer is reduced and E-cadherin junctions were altered. In contrast, the cadherin-17 junctions were unaffected in antibiotic treated mice during E. faecium colonization or in untreated animals. E. faecium was capable to colonize the mouse colon already within 6 hr after inoculation, and agglutinated at the apical side of the intestinal epithelium. During the primary stage of gastrointestinal colonization the number of IgA+ cells and CD11b+ IgA+ cells increased in the lamina propria of the colon and mediated an elevated IgA response upon E. faecium colonization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Antoni P A Hendrickx
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Denise van de Kamer
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Rob J L Willems
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Bello Gonzalez TDJ, Pham P, Top J, Willems RJL, van Schaik W, van Passel MWJ, Smidt H. Characterization of Enterococcus Isolates Colonizing the Intestinal Tract of Intensive Care Unit Patients Receiving Selective Digestive Decontamination. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:1596. [PMID: 28894438 PMCID: PMC5581364 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.01596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2016] [Accepted: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterococci have emerged as important opportunistic pathogens in intensive care units (ICUs). In this study, enterococcal population size and Enterococcus isolates colonizing the intestinal tract of ICU patients receiving Selective Digestive Decontamination (SDD) were investigated. All nine patients included in the study showed substantial shifts in the enterococcal 16S rRNA gene copy number in the gut microbiota during the hospitalization period. Furthermore, 41 Enterococcus spp. strains were isolated and characterized from these patients at different time points during and after ICU hospitalization, including E. faecalis (n = 13), E. faecium (n = 23), and five isolates that could not unequivocally assigned to a specific species (E. sp. n = 5) Multi locus sequence typing revealed a high prevalence of ST 6 in E. faecalis isolates (46%) and ST 117 in E. faecium (52%). Furthermore, antibiotic resistance phenotypes, including macrolide and vancomycin resistance, as well as virulence factor-encoding genes [asa1, esp-fm, esp-fs, hyl, and cyl (B)] were investigated in all isolates. Resistance to ampicillin and tetracycline was observed in 25 (61%) and 19 (46%) isolates, respectively. Furthermore, 30 out of 41 isolates harbored the erm (B) gene, mainly present in E. faecium isolates (78%). The most prevalent virulence genes were asa1 in E. faecalis (54%) and esp (esp-fm, 74%; esp-fs, 39%). Six out of nine patients developed nosocomial enterococcal infections, however, corresponding clinical isolates were unfortunately not available for further analysis. Our results show that multiple Enterococcus species, carrying several antibiotic resistance and virulence genes, occurred simultaneously in patients receiving SDD therapy, with varying prevalence dynamics over time. Furthermore, simultaneous presence and/or replacement of E. faecium STs was observed-, reinforcing the importance of screening multiple isolates to comprehensively characterize enterococcal diversity in ICU patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Phu Pham
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University & ResearchWageningen, Netherlands
| | - Janetta Top
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center UtrechtUtrecht, Netherlands
| | - Rob J L Willems
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center UtrechtUtrecht, Netherlands
| | - Willem van Schaik
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center UtrechtUtrecht, Netherlands
| | - Mark W J van Passel
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University & ResearchWageningen, Netherlands.,Centre for Zoonoses and Environmental Microbiology, National Institute for Public Health and the EnvironmentBilthoven, Netherlands
| | - Hauke Smidt
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University & ResearchWageningen, Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
van Harten RM, Willems RJL, Martin NI, Hendrickx APA. Multidrug-Resistant Enterococcal Infections: New Compounds, Novel Antimicrobial Therapies? Trends Microbiol 2017; 25:467-479. [PMID: 28209400 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2017.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2016] [Revised: 12/14/2016] [Accepted: 01/18/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Over the past two decades infections due to antibiotic-resistant bacteria have escalated world-wide, affecting patient morbidity, mortality, and health care costs. Among these bacteria, Enterococcus faecium and Enterococcus faecalis represent opportunistic nosocomial pathogens that cause difficult-to-treat infections because of intrinsic and acquired resistance to a plethora of antibiotics. In recent years, a number of novel antimicrobial compound classes have been discovered and developed that target Gram-positive bacteria, including E. faecium and E. faecalis. These new antibacterial agents include teixobactin (targeting lipid II and lipid III), lipopeptides derived from nisin (targeting lipid II), dimeric vancomycin analogues (targeting lipid II), sortase transpeptidase inhibitors (targeting the sortase enzyme), alanine racemase inhibitors, lipoteichoic acid synthesis inhibitors (targeting LtaS), various oxazolidinones (targeting the bacterial ribosome), and tarocins (interfering with teichoic acid biosynthesis). The targets of these novel compounds and mode of action make them very promising for further antimicrobial drug development and future treatment of Gram-positive bacterial infections. Here we review current knowledge of the most favorable anti-enterococcal compounds along with their implicated modes of action and efficacy in animal models to project their possible future use in the clinical setting.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roel M van Harten
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Rob J L Willems
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Nathaniel I Martin
- Department of Chemical Biology & Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Antoni P A Hendrickx
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Sánchez-Díaz AM, Romero-Hernández B, Conde-Moreno E, Kwak YK, Zamora J, Colque-Navarro P, Möllby R, Ruiz-Garbajosa P, Cantón R, García-Bermejo L, del Campo R. New Insights into the Enterococcus faecium and Streptococcus gallolyticus subsp. gallolyticus Host Interaction Mechanisms. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0159159. [PMID: 27463203 PMCID: PMC4963119 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0159159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2016] [Accepted: 06/28/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Enterococcus faecium and Streptococcus gallolyticus subsp. gallolyticus (S. gallolyticus) were classically clustered into the Lancefield Group D streptococci and despite their taxonomic reclassification still share a similar genetic content and environment. Both species are considered as opportunistic pathogens. E. faecium is often associated with nosocomial bacteraemia, and S. gallolyticus is sporadically found in endocarditis of colorectal cancer patients. In both cases, the source of infection is commonly endogenous with a translocation process that launches through the intestinal barrier. To get new insights into the pathological processes preceding infection development of both organisms, we used an in vitro model with Caco-2 cells to study and compare the adhesion, invasion and translocation inherent abilities of 6 E. faecium and 4 S. gallolyticus well-characterized isolates. Additionally, biofilm formation on polystyrene, collagen I and IV was also explored. Overall results showed that E. faecium translocated more efficiently than S. gallolyticus, inducing a destabilization of the intestinal monolayer. Isolates Efm106, Efm121 and Efm113 (p < .001 compared to Ef222) exhibited the higher translocation ability and were able to adhere 2–3 times higher than S. gallolyticus isolates. Both species preferred the collagen IV coated surfaces to form biofilm but the S. gallolyticus structures were more compact (p = .01). These results may support a relationship between biofilm formation and vegetation establishment in S. gallolyticus endocarditis, whereas the high translocation ability of E. faecium high-risk clones might partially explain the increasing number of bacteraemia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ana María Sánchez-Díaz
- Servicio de Microbiología, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal and Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain
- Red Española de Investigación en Patología Infecciosa (REIPI), Sevilla, Spain
- * E-mail:
| | - Beatriz Romero-Hernández
- Servicio de Microbiología, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal and Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain
| | - Elisa Conde-Moreno
- Grupo de Biomarcadores y Dianas Terapéuticas, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal and IRYCIS, Madrid, Spain
| | - Young-Keun Kwak
- Microbiology Tumor and Cell Biology Department (MTC), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Javier Zamora
- Unidad de Bioestadística Clínica, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal and IRYCIS, Madrid, Spain
| | - Patricia Colque-Navarro
- Microbiology Tumor and Cell Biology Department (MTC), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Roland Möllby
- Microbiology Tumor and Cell Biology Department (MTC), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Patricia Ruiz-Garbajosa
- Servicio de Microbiología, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal and Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain
- Red Española de Investigación en Patología Infecciosa (REIPI), Sevilla, Spain
| | - Rafael Cantón
- Servicio de Microbiología, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal and Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain
- Red Española de Investigación en Patología Infecciosa (REIPI), Sevilla, Spain
| | - Laura García-Bermejo
- Grupo de Biomarcadores y Dianas Terapéuticas, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal and IRYCIS, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rosa del Campo
- Servicio de Microbiología, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal and Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain
- Red Española de Investigación en Patología Infecciosa (REIPI), Sevilla, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Imperi M, Pittiglio V, D'Avenio G, Gherardi G, Ciammaruconi A, Lista F, Pourcel C, Baldassarri L, Creti R. A new genotyping scheme based on MLVA for inter-laboratory surveillance of Streptococcus pyogenes. J Microbiol Methods 2016; 127:176-181. [PMID: 27302039 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2016.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2016] [Revised: 06/09/2016] [Accepted: 06/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
A newly developed MLVA seven-loci scheme for Streptococcus pyogenes is described. The method can be successfully applied by using both agarose gel with visual inspections of bands and Lab on Chip technology. The potential of the present MLVA has been tested on a collection of 100 clinical GAS strains representing the most common emm types found in high-income countries plus 18 published gap-free genomes, in comparison to PFGE and MLST. The MLVA analysis defined 30 MLVA types with ten out of the considered 15 emm types exhibiting multiple and specific MLVA types. In only one occasion the same MLVA profile was shared between isolates belonging to two different emm types. A robust congruency between the methods was observed, with MLVA discriminating within clonal complexes as defined by PFGE or MLST. This new MLVA scheme can be adopted as a quick, low-cost and reliable typing method to track the short-term diffusion of GAS clones in inter-laboratory-based surveillance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Monica Imperi
- Dept. of Infectious, Parasitic and Immune-mediated Disease, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Valentina Pittiglio
- Health Corps Italian Army, Department of Molecular Biology, Immunology and Experimental Medicine, Army Medical and Veterinary Research Center, Rome, Italy
| | - Giuseppe D'Avenio
- Dept. of Technology and Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Andrea Ciammaruconi
- Health Corps Italian Army, Department of Molecular Biology, Immunology and Experimental Medicine, Army Medical and Veterinary Research Center, Rome, Italy
| | - Florigio Lista
- Health Corps Italian Army, Department of Molecular Biology, Immunology and Experimental Medicine, Army Medical and Veterinary Research Center, Rome, Italy
| | - Christine Pourcel
- I2BC, CNRS, Université Paris Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Orsay, France
| | - Lucilla Baldassarri
- Dept. of Infectious, Parasitic and Immune-mediated Disease, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Roberta Creti
- Dept. of Infectious, Parasitic and Immune-mediated Disease, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Guzman Prieto AM, van Schaik W, Rogers MRC, Coque TM, Baquero F, Corander J, Willems RJL. Global Emergence and Dissemination of Enterococci as Nosocomial Pathogens: Attack of the Clones? Front Microbiol 2016; 7:788. [PMID: 27303380 PMCID: PMC4880559 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.00788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 202] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2016] [Accepted: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterococci are Gram-positive bacteria that are found in plants, soil and as commensals of the gastrointestinal tract of humans, mammals, and insects. Despite their commensal nature, they have also become globally important nosocomial pathogens. Within the genus Enterococcus, Enterococcus faecium, and Enterococcus faecalis are clinically most relevant. In this review, we will discuss how E. faecium and E. faecalis have evolved to become a globally disseminated nosocomial pathogen. E. faecium has a defined sub-population that is associated with hospitalized patients and is rarely encountered in community settings. These hospital-associated clones are characterized by the acquisition of adaptive genetic elements, including genes involved in metabolism, biofilm formation, and antibiotic resistance. In contrast to E. faecium, clones of E. faecalis isolated from hospitalized patients, including strains causing clinical infections, are not exclusively found in hospitals but are also present in healthy individuals and animals. This observation suggests that the division between commensals and hospital-adapted lineages is less clear for E. faecalis than for E. faecium. In addition, genes that are reported to be associated with virulence of E. faecalis are often not unique to clinical isolates, but are also found in strains that originate from commensal niches. As a reflection of more ancient association of E. faecalis with different hosts, these determinants Thus, they may not represent genuine virulence genes but may act as host-adaptive functions that are useful in a variety of intestinal environments. The scope of the review is to summarize recent trends in the emergence of antibiotic resistance and explore recent developments in the molecular epidemiology, population structure and mechanisms of adaptation of E. faecium and E. faecalis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ana M Guzman Prieto
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Willem van Schaik
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Malbert R C Rogers
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Teresa M Coque
- Hospital Universitario Ramon y Cajal, Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación SanitariaMadrid, Spain; CIBER Epidemiología y Salud PúblicaMadrid, Spain; Unidad de Resistencia a Antibióticos y Virulencia Bacteriana Asociada al Consejo Superior de Investigaciones CientíficasMadrid, Spain
| | - Fernando Baquero
- Hospital Universitario Ramon y Cajal, Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación SanitariaMadrid, Spain; CIBER Epidemiología y Salud PúblicaMadrid, Spain; Unidad de Resistencia a Antibióticos y Virulencia Bacteriana Asociada al Consejo Superior de Investigaciones CientíficasMadrid, Spain
| | - Jukka Corander
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Helsinki Helsinki, Finland
| | - Rob J L Willems
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht Utrecht, Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Antibiotic-Driven Dysbiosis Mediates Intraluminal Agglutination and Alternative Segregation of Enterococcus faecium from the Intestinal Epithelium. mBio 2015; 6:e01346-15. [PMID: 26556272 PMCID: PMC4659461 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01346-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The microbiota of the mammalian gastrointestinal tract is a complex ecosystem of bacterial communities that continuously interact with the mucosal immune system. In a healthy host, the mucosal immune system maintains homeostasis in the intestine and prevents invasion of pathogenic bacteria, a phenomenon termed colonization resistance. Antibiotics create dysbiosis of microbiota, thereby decreasing colonization resistance and facilitating infections caused by antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Here we describe how cephalosporin antibiotics create dysbiosis in the mouse large intestine, allowing intestinal outgrowth of antimicrobial-resistant Enterococcus faecium. This is accompanied by a reduction of the mucus-associated gut microbiota layer, colon wall, and Muc-2 mucus layer. E. faecium agglutinates intraluminally in an extracellular matrix consisting of secretory IgA (sIgA), polymeric immunoglobulin receptor (pIgR), and epithelial cadherin (E-cadherin) proteins, thereby maintaining spatial segregation of E. faecium from the intestinal wall. Addition of recombinant E-cadherin and pIgR proteins or purified IgA to enterococci in vitro mimics agglutination of E. faeciumin vivo. Also, the Ca2+ levels temporarily increased by 75% in feces of antibiotic-treated mice, which led to deformation of E-cadherin adherens junctions between colonic intestinal epithelial cells and release of E-cadherin as an extracellular matrix entrapping E. faecium. These findings indicate that during antibiotic-induced dysbiosis, the intestinal epithelium stays separated from an invading pathogen through an extracellular matrix in which sIgA, pIgR, and E-cadherin are colocalized. Future mucosal vaccination strategies to control E. faecium or other opportunistic pathogens may prevent multidrug-resistant infections, hospital transmission, and outbreaks. Infections with antibiotic-resistant enterococci are an emerging worldwide problem because enterococci are resistant to most of the antibiotics used in hospitals. During antibiotic treatment, the normal bacteria are replaced by resistant enterococci within the gut, from which they can spread and cause infections. We studied antibiotic-mediated intestinal proliferation of multidrug-resistant Enterococcus faecium and the effects on intestinal architecture. We demonstrated that antibiotics allow proliferation of E. faecium in the gut, alter the mucus-associated gut bacterial layer, and reduce the colon wall, mucus thickness, and amount of Muc-2 protein. E. faecium is agglutinated in the intestine in a matrix consisting of host molecules. We hypothesize that this matrix maintains a segregation of E. faecium from the epithelium. Understanding the processes that occur in the gut during antibiotic treatment may provide clues for future mucosal vaccination strategies to control E. faecium or other multidrug-resistant opportunistic pathogens, thereby preventing infections, hospital transmission, and outbreaks.
Collapse
|
15
|
Sánchez-Díaz AM, Cuartero C, Rodríguez JD, Lozano S, Alonso JM, Rodríguez-Domínguez M, Tedim AP, Del Campo R, López J, Cantón R, Ruiz-Garbajosa P. The rise of ampicillin-resistant Enterococcus faecium high-risk clones as a frequent intestinal colonizer in oncohaematological neutropenic patients on levofloxacin prophylaxis: a risk for bacteraemia? Clin Microbiol Infect 2015; 22:59.e1-59.e8. [PMID: 26321668 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmi.2015.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2015] [Revised: 07/08/2015] [Accepted: 08/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Levofloxacin extended prophylaxis (LEP), recommended in oncohaematological neutropenic patients to reduce infections, might select resistant bacteria in the intestine acting as a source of endogenous infection. In a prospective observational study we evaluated intestinal emergence and persistence of ampicillin-resistant Enterococcus faecium (AREfm), a marker of hospital adapted high-risk clones. AREfm was recovered from the faeces of 52 patients with prolonged neutropenia after chemotherapy, at admission (Basal), during LEP, and twice weekly until discharge (Pos-LEP). Antibiotic susceptibility, virulence traits and population structure (pulsed-field gel electrophoresis and multilocus sequence typing) were determined and compared with bacteraemic isolates. Gut enterococcal population was monitored using a quantitative PCR quantification approach. AREfm colonized 61.4% of patients (194/482 faecal samples). Sequential AREfm acquisition (25% Basal, 36.5% LEP, 50% Pos-LEP) and high persistent colonization rates (76.9-89.5%) associated with a decrease in clonal diversity were demonstrated. Isolates were clustered into 24 PFGE-patterns within 13 sequence types, 95.8% of them belonging to hospital-associated Bayesian analysis of population structure subgroups 2.1a and 3.3a. Levofloxacin resistance and high-level streptomycin resistance were a common trait of these high-risk clones. AREfm-ST117, the most persistent clone, was dominant (60.0% isolates, 32.6% patients). It presented esp gene and caused 18.2% of all bacteraemia episodes in 21% of patients previously colonized by this clone. In AREfm-colonized patients, intestinal enrichment in the E. faecium population with a decline in total bacterial load was observed. AREfm intestinal colonization increases during hospital stay and coincides with enterococci population enrichment in the gut. Dominance and intestinal persistence of the ST117 clone might increase the risk of bacteraemia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A M Sánchez-Díaz
- Servicio de Microbiología, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal and Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain; Red Española de Investigación en Patología Infecciosa (REIPI), Madrid, Spain
| | - C Cuartero
- Servicio de Microbiología, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal and Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain
| | - J D Rodríguez
- Servicio de Hematología, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, 28034 Madrid, Spain
| | - S Lozano
- Servicio de Hematología, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, 28034 Madrid, Spain
| | - J M Alonso
- Servicio de Hematología, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, 28034 Madrid, Spain
| | - M Rodríguez-Domínguez
- Servicio de Microbiología, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal and Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain; Red Española de Investigación en Patología Infecciosa (REIPI), Madrid, Spain
| | - A P Tedim
- Servicio de Microbiología, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal and Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain
| | - R Del Campo
- Servicio de Microbiología, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal and Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain; Red Española de Investigación en Patología Infecciosa (REIPI), Madrid, Spain
| | - J López
- Servicio de Hematología, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, 28034 Madrid, Spain
| | - R Cantón
- Servicio de Microbiología, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal and Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain; Red Española de Investigación en Patología Infecciosa (REIPI), Madrid, Spain.
| | - P Ruiz-Garbajosa
- Servicio de Microbiología, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal and Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain; Red Española de Investigación en Patología Infecciosa (REIPI), Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Barber KE, King ST, Stover KR, Pogue JM. Therapeutic options for vancomycin-resistant enterococcal bacteremia. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2015; 13:363-77. [DOI: 10.1586/14787210.2015.1001839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
|
17
|
Hendrickx APA, van Schaik W, Willems RJL. The cell wall architecture of Enterococcus faecium: from resistance to pathogenesis. Future Microbiol 2014; 8:993-1010. [PMID: 23902146 DOI: 10.2217/fmb.13.66] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The cell wall of Gram-positive bacteria functions as a surface organelle that continuously interacts with its environment through a plethora of cell wall-associated molecules. Enterococcus faecium is a normal inhabitant of the GI tract of mammals, but has recently become an important etiological agent of hospital-acquired infections in debilitated patients. Insights into the assembly and function of enterococcal cell wall components and their interactions with the host during colonization and infection are essential to explain the worldwide emergence of E. faecium as an important multiantibiotic-resistant nosocomial pathogen. Understanding the biochemistry of cell wall biogenesis and principles of antibiotic resistance at the molecular level may open up new frontiers in research on enterococci, particularly for the development of novel antimicrobial strategies. In this article, we outline the current knowledge on the most important antimicrobial resistance mechanisms that involve peptidoglycan synthesis and the role of cell wall constituents, including lipoteichoic acid, wall teichoic acid, capsular polysaccharides, LPxTG cell wall-anchored surface proteins, WxL-type surface proteins and pili, in the pathogenesis of E. faecium.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Antoni P A Hendrickx
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
del Campo R, Sánchez-Díaz AM, Zamora J, Torres C, Cintas LM, Franco E, Cantón R, Baquero F. Individual variability in finger-to-finger transmission efficiency of Enterococcus faecium clones. Microbiologyopen 2014; 3:128-32. [PMID: 24382843 PMCID: PMC3937735 DOI: 10.1002/mbo3.156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2013] [Revised: 11/27/2013] [Accepted: 12/02/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
A fingertip-to-fingertip intraindividual transmission experiment was carried out in 30 healthy volunteers, using four MLST-typed Enterococcus faecium clones. Overall results showed an adequate fit goodness to a theoretical exponential model, whereas four volunteers (13%) exhibited a significantly higher finger-to-finger bacterial transmission efficiency. This observation might have deep consequences in nosocomial epidemiology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rosa del Campo
- Servicio de Microbiología, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Madrid, Spain; Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Bucheli E, Kralidis G, Boggian K, Cusini A, Garzoni C, Manuel O, Meylan PRA, Mueller NJ, Khanna N, van Delden C, Berger C, Koller MT, Weisser M. Impact of enterococcal colonization and infection in solid organ transplantation recipients from the Swiss transplant cohort study. Transpl Infect Dis 2013; 16:26-36. [PMID: 24330137 DOI: 10.1111/tid.12168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2013] [Revised: 04/14/2013] [Accepted: 05/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The burden of enterococcal infections has increased over the last decades with vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) being a major health problem. Solid organ transplantation is considered as a risk factor. However, little is known about the relevance of enterococci in solid organ transplantation recipients in areas with a low VRE prevalence. METHODS We examined the epidemiology of enterococcal events in patients followed in the Swiss Transplant Cohort Study between May 2008 and September 2011 and analyzed risk factors for infection, aminopenicillin resistance, treatment, and outcome. RESULTS Of the 1234 patients, 255 (20.7%) suffered from 392 enterococcal events (185 [47.2%] infections, 205 [52.3%] colonizations, and 2 events with missing clinical information). Only 2 isolates were VRE. The highest infection rates were found early after liver transplantation (0.24/person-year) consisting in 58.6% of Enterococcus faecium. The highest colonization rates were documented in lung transplant recipients (0.33/person-year), with 46.5% E. faecium. Age, prophylaxis with a betalactam antibiotic, and liver transplantation were significantly associated with infection. Previous antibiotic treatment, intensive care unit stay, and lung transplantation were associated with aminopenicillin resistance. Only 4/205 (2%) colonization events led to an infection. Adequate treatment did not affect microbiological clearance rates. Overall mortality was 8%; no deaths were attributable to enterococcal events. CONCLUSIONS Enterococcal colonizations and infections are frequent in transplant recipients. Progression from colonization to infection is rare. Therefore, antibiotic treatment should be used restrictively in colonization. No increased mortality because of enterococcal infection was noted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E Bucheli
- Division of Infectious Diseases & Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Infecciones causadas por bacterias grampositivas multirresistentes (Staphylococcus aureus y Enterococcus spp.). Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin 2013; 31:543-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eimc.2013.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2013] [Accepted: 08/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
21
|
Twenty-five years of shared life with vancomycin-resistant enterococci: is it time to divorce? J Antimicrob Chemother 2012. [DOI: 10.1093/jac/dks469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
|