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Lourbopoulos A, Schnurbus L, Guenther R, Steinlein S, Ruf V, Herms J, Jahn K, Huge V. Case report: Fatal Borna virus encephalitis manifesting with basal brain and brainstem symptoms. Front Neurol 2024; 14:1305748. [PMID: 38333183 PMCID: PMC10850352 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2023.1305748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Since the first report of fatal Borna virus-1 (BoDV-1) encephalitis in 2018, cases gradually increased. There is a lack of diagnostic algorithm, and there is no effective treatment so far. Case presentation We report an acute BoDV-1 encephalitis in a 77-year-old female with flu-like onset, rapid progression to word-finding difficulties, personality changes, global disorientation, diffuse cognitive slowness, and gait ataxia and further deterioration with fever, meningism, severe hyponatremia, epileptic seizures, cognitive decline, and focal cortical and cerebellar symptoms/signs. The extensive diagnostic workup (cerebrovascular fluid, serum, and MRI) for (meningo-)encephalitis was negative for known causes. Our empirical common antiviral, antimicrobial, and immunosuppressive treatment efforts failed. The patient fell into coma 5 days after admission, lost all brainstem reflexes on day 18, remained fully dependent on invasive mechanical ventilation thereafter and died on day 42. Brain and spinal cord autopsy confirmed an extensive, diffuse, and severe non-purulent, lymphocytic sclerosing panencephalomyelitis due to BoDV-1, affecting neocortical, subcortical, cerebellar, neurohypophysis, and spinal cord areas. Along with our case, we critically reviewed all reported BoDV-1 encephalitis cases. Conclusion The diagnosis of acute BoDV-1 encephalitis is challenging and delayed, while it progresses to fatal. In this study, we list all tried and failed treatments so far for future reference and propose a diagnostic algorithm for prompt suspicion and diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athanasios Lourbopoulos
- Department of Neurology and Neurointensive Care, Schoen Clinic Bad Aibling, Bad Aibling, Germany
- Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research (ISD), LMU Munich University Hospital, Munich, Germany
| | - Lea Schnurbus
- Department of Neurology and Neurointensive Care, Schoen Clinic Bad Aibling, Bad Aibling, Germany
| | - Ricarda Guenther
- Department of Neurology and Neurointensive Care, Schoen Clinic Bad Aibling, Bad Aibling, Germany
| | - Susanne Steinlein
- Department of Neurology and Neurointensive Care, Schoen Clinic Bad Aibling, Bad Aibling, Germany
| | - Viktoria Ruf
- Center for Neuropathology and Prion Research, LMU, Munich, Germany
| | - Jochen Herms
- Center for Neuropathology and Prion Research, LMU, Munich, Germany
| | - Klaus Jahn
- Department of Neurology and Neurointensive Care, Schoen Clinic Bad Aibling, Bad Aibling, Germany
- German Center of Vertigo and Balance Disorders (DSGZ), University of Munich (LMU), Munich, Germany
| | - Volker Huge
- Department of Neurology and Neurointensive Care, Schoen Clinic Bad Aibling, Bad Aibling, Germany
- Department of Anaesthesiology, LMU Munich University Hospital, Munich, Germany
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Hwang JH, Lee JS, Oh HM, Lee EJ, Lim EJ, Son CG. Evaluation of viral infection as an etiology of ME/CFS: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Transl Med 2023; 21:763. [PMID: 37898798 PMCID: PMC10612276 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-023-04635-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/30/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Myalgic encephalitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS) is a long-term disabling illness without a medically explained cause. Recently during COVID-19 pandemic, many studies have confirmed the symptoms similar to ME/CFS in the recovered individuals. To investigate the virus-related etiopathogenesis of ME/CFS, we conducted a systematic assessment of viral infection frequency in ME/CFS patients. METHODS We conducted a comprehensive search of PubMed and the Cochrane Library from their inception through December 31, 2022, using selection criteria of viral infection prevalence in ME/CFS patients and controls. Subsequently, we performed a meta-analysis to assess the extent of viral infections' contribution to ME/CFS by comparing the odds ratio between ME/CFS patients and controls (healthy and/or diseased). RESULTS Finally, 64 studies met our eligibility criteria regarding 18 species of viruses, including a total of 4971 ME/CFS patients and 9221 control subjects. The participants included healthy subjects and individuals with one of 10 diseases, such as multiple sclerosis or fibromyalgia. Two DNA viruses (human herpes virus (HHV)-7 and parvovirus B19, including their co-infection) and 3 RNA viruses (borna disease virus (BDV), enterovirus and coxsackie B virus) showed odds ratios greater than 2.0 compared with healthy and/or diseased subjects. Specifically, BDV exceeded the cutoff with an odds ratio of ≥ 3.47 (indicating a "moderate association" by Cohen's d test) compared to both healthy and diseased controls. CONCLUSION This study comprehensively evaluated the risk of viral infections associated with ME/CFS, and identified BDV. These results provide valuable reference data for future studies investigating the role of viruses in the causation of ME/CFS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Hyun Hwang
- Korean Medical College of Daejeon University, 62, Daehak-Ro, Dong-Gu, Daejeon, Republic of Korea, 34520
| | - Jin-Seok Lee
- Institute of Bioscience and Integrative Medicine, Daejeon University, 62 Daehak-Ro, Dong-Gu, Daejeon, Republic of Korea, 34520
| | - Hyeon-Muk Oh
- Institute of Bioscience and Integrative Medicine, Daejeon University, 62 Daehak-Ro, Dong-Gu, Daejeon, Republic of Korea, 34520
| | - Eun-Jung Lee
- Department of Korean Rehabilitation Medicine, College of Korean Medicine, Daejeon University, 176 Daedeok-Daero, Seo-Gu, Daejeon, Republic of Korea, 35235
| | - Eun-Jin Lim
- Department of Integrative Medicine, Graduate School of Integrative Medicine, CHA University, 335 Pangyo-Ro, Bundang-Gu, Seongnam-city, 13488, Gyeonggi-Do, Korea
| | - Chang-Gue Son
- Institute of Bioscience and Integrative Medicine, Daejeon University, 62 Daehak-Ro, Dong-Gu, Daejeon, Republic of Korea, 34520.
- Research Center for CFS/ME, Daejeon Oriental Hospital of Daejeon University, 176 Daedeok-Daero, Seo-Gu, Daejeon, Republic of Korea, 35235.
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Gosztonyi G, Ludwig H, Bode L, Kao M, Sell M, Petrusz P, Halász B. Obesity induced by Borna disease virus in rats: key roles of hypothalamic fast-acting neurotransmitters and inflammatory infiltrates. Brain Struct Funct 2020; 225:1459-1482. [PMID: 32394093 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-020-02063-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Human obesity epidemic is increasing worldwide with major adverse consequences on health. Among other possible causes, the hypothesis of an infectious contribution is worth it to be considered. Here, we report on an animal model of virus-induced obesity which might help to better understand underlying processes in human obesity. Eighty Wistar rats, between 30 and 60 days of age, were intracerebrally inoculated with Borna disease virus (BDV-1), a neurotropic negative-strand RNA virus infecting an unusually broad host spectrum including humans. Half of the rats developed fatal encephalitis, while the other half, after 3-4 months, continuously gained weight. At tripled weights, rats were sacrificed by trans-cardial fixative perfusion. Neuropathology revealed prevailing inflammatory infiltrates in the median eminence (ME), progressive degeneration of neurons of the paraventricular nucleus, the entorhinal cortex and the amygdala, and a strikingly high-grade involution of the hippocampus with hydrocephalus. Immune histology revealed that major BDV-1 antigens were preferentially present at glutamatergic receptor sites, while GABAergic areas remained free from BDV-1. Virus-induced suppression of the glutamatergic system caused GABAergic predominance. In the hypothalamus, this shifted the energy balance to the anabolic appetite-stimulating side governed by GABA, allowing for excessive fat accumulation in obese rats. Furthermore, inflammatory infiltrates in the ME and ventro-medial arcuate nucleus hindered free access of appetite-suppressing hormones leptin and insulin. The hormone transport system in hypothalamic areas outside the ME became blocked by excessively produced leptin, leading to leptin resistance. The resulting hyperleptinemic milieu combined with suppressed glutamatergic mechanisms was a characteristic feature of the found metabolic pathology. In conclusion, the study provided clear evidence that BDV-1 induced obesity in the rat model is the result of interdependent structural and functional metabolic changes. They can be explained by an immunologically induced hypothalamic microcirculation-defect, combined with a disturbance of neurotransmitter regulatory systems. The proposed mechanism may also have implications for human health. BDV-1 infection has been frequently found in depressive patients. Independently, comorbidity between depression and obesity has been reported, either. Future studies should address the exciting question of whether BDV-1 infection could be a link, whatsoever, between these two conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georg Gosztonyi
- Institute of Neuropathology, Charité, University Medicine Berlin, 10117, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Hanns Ludwig
- Freelance Bornavirus Workgroup, 14163, Berlin, Germany
| | - Liv Bode
- Freelance Bornavirus Workgroup, 14163, Berlin, Germany
| | - Moujahed Kao
- Landesbetrieb Hessisches Landeslabor, 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Manfred Sell
- Division of Pathology, Martin Luther Hospital, 12351, Berlin, Germany
| | - Peter Petrusz
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of North Carolina At Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Béla Halász
- Neuromorphological and Neuroendocrine Research Laboratory, Semmelweis University, 1094, Budapest, Hungary
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Dietrich DE, Bode L, Spannhuth CW, Hecker H, Ludwig H, Emrich HM. Antiviral treatment perspective against Borna disease virus 1 infection in major depression: a double-blind placebo-controlled randomized clinical trial. BMC Pharmacol Toxicol 2020; 21:12. [PMID: 32066504 PMCID: PMC7027224 DOI: 10.1186/s40360-020-0391-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Whether Borna disease virus (BDV-1) is a human pathogen remained controversial until recent encephalitis cases showed BDV-1 infection could even be deadly. This called to mind previous evidence for an infectious contribution of BDV-1 to mental disorders. Pilot open trials suggested that BDV-1 infected depressed patients benefitted from antiviral therapy with a licensed drug (amantadine) which also tested sensitive in vitro. Here, we designed a double-blind placebo-controlled randomized clinical trial (RCT) which cross-linked depression and BDV-1 infection, addressing both the antidepressant and antiviral efficacy of amantadine. Methods The interventional phase II RCT (two 7-weeks-treatment periods and a 12-months follow-up) at the Hannover Medical School (MHH), Germany, assigned currently depressed BDV-1 infected patients with either major depression (MD; N = 23) or bipolar disorder (BD; N = 13) to amantadine sulphate (PK-Merz®; twice 100 mg orally daily) or placebo treatment, and contrariwise, respectively. Clinical changes were assessed every 2–3 weeks by the 21-item Hamilton rating scale for depression (HAMD) (total, single, and combined scores). BDV-1 activity was determined accordingly in blood plasma by enzyme immune assays for antigens (PAG), antibodies (AB) and circulating immune complexes (CIC). Results Primary outcomes (≥25% HAMD reduction, week 7) were 81.3% amantadine vs. 35.3% placebo responder (p = 0.003), a large clinical effect size (ES; Cohen’s d) of 1.046, and excellent drug tolerance. Amantadine was safe reducing suicidal behaviour in the first 2 weeks. Pre-treatment maximum infection levels were predictive of clinical improvement (AB, p = 0.001; PAG, p = 0.026; HAMD week 7). Respective PAG and CIC levels correlated with AB reduction (p = 0,001 and p = 0.034, respectively). Follow-up benefits (12 months) correlated with dropped cumulative infection measures over time (p < 0.001). In vitro, amantadine concentrations as low as 2.4–10 ng/mL (50% infection-inhibitory dose) prevented infection with human BDV Hu-H1, while closely related memantine failed up to 100,000-fold higher concentration (200 μg/mL). Conclusions Our findings indicate profound antidepressant efficacy of safe oral amantadine treatment, paralleling antiviral effects at various infection levels. This not only supports the paradigm of a link of BDV-1 infection and depression. It provides a novel possibly practice-changing low cost mental health care perspective for depressed BDV-1-infected patients addressing global needs. Trial registration The trial was retrospectively registered in the German Clinical Trials Registry on 04th of March 2015. The trial ID is DRKS00007649; https://www.drks.de/drks_web/setLocale_EN.do
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Affiliation(s)
- Detlef E Dietrich
- Department of Psychiatry, Burghof-Clinic, Ritterstr. 19, 31737, Rinteln, Germany. .,Center for Systems Neuroscience, Bünteweg 2, 30559, Hanover, Germany. .,Department of Mental Health, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625, Hanover, Germany.
| | - Liv Bode
- Joint Senior Scientists, Freelance Bornavirus Workgroup, Beerenstr. 41, 14163, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Carsten W Spannhuth
- Department of Mental Health, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625, Hanover, Germany
| | - Hartmut Hecker
- Department of Biometrics, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625, Hanover, Germany
| | - Hanns Ludwig
- Joint Senior Scientists, Freelance Bornavirus Workgroup, Beerenstr. 41, 14163, Berlin, Germany
| | - Hinderk M Emrich
- Department of Mental Health, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625, Hanover, Germany
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Arab A, Mohebbi A, Afshar H, Moradi A. Multi-factorial Etiology of Bipolar Disorder and Schizophrenia in Iran: No Evidence of Borna Disease Virus Genome. MEDICAL LABORATORY JOURNAL 2018. [DOI: 10.29252/mlj.12.5.42] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
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Azami M, Jalilian FA, Khorshidi A, Mohammadi Y, Tardeh Z. The association between Borna Disease Virus and schizophrenia: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Asian J Psychiatr 2018; 34:67-73. [PMID: 29660614 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajp.2017.11.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Revised: 10/27/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Schizophrenia is a disabling psychiatric disorder. The role of Borna Disease Virus (BDV) in the etiology of schizophrenia has been suggested by several studies. However, the existence of such association remained controversial. The present meta-analysis was conducted to evaluate this association. METHOD This systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted using preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analysis (PRISMA). Online databases including Scopus, PubMed, Science direct, Embase, PsycINFO, Web of Science and Google scholar search engine were searched until January 15, 2017. The heterogeneity of the studies was evaluated using Cochran's Q test and I2 statistic. Finally, random effects model was used for combining the results using Stata software version 11.1. RESULT Overall, 30 studies containing 2533 cases and 4004 controls were included in the meta-analysis. The combined odds ratio (OR) for the relationship between BDV and schizophrenia was estimated to be 2.72 (95%CI: 1.75-4.20). This association based on RT-PCR, WB, IFA, EIA, RLA, ECLIA methods was estimated to be 3.83 (95%CI: 1.59-9.20), 4.99 (95%CI: 1.80-13.85), 1.27 (95%CI: 0.23-7.12), 2.26 (95%CI: 0.48-10.64), 1.67 (95%CI: 0.50-5.56) and 2.88 (95%CI: 1.38-6.01), respectively. Subgroup analysis according to WBC, serum and plasma samples was estimated to be 3.31 (95%CI: 1.19-9.25), 2.21 (95% CI: 1.17-4.17), 2.21 (95%CI: 1.03-4.73) and 7.89 (95%CI: 1.75-35.53), respectively. CONCLUSION The results indicated the role of BDV in the etiology of schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milad Azami
- Student Research Committee, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran
| | - Farid Azizi Jalilian
- Department of Virology, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Ali Khorshidi
- Department of Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran
| | - Younes Mohammadi
- Modeling of Noncommunicable Diseases Research Center, Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Zeinab Tardeh
- Student Research Committee, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran.
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Huang Y, Li XM, Chen SG, Deng J, Lei Y, Li WJ, Zhang HZ, Zhang H, Li D, Xie P. Application of antibodies against Borna disease virus phosphoprotein and nucleoprotein on paraffin sections. Mol Med Rep 2018; 17:5416-5422. [PMID: 29363723 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2018.8467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to study the application of antibodies against recombinant proteins for detecting Borna disease virus (BDV) phosphoprotein (p24) and nucleoprotein (p40) (BDV‑p24/p40) on paraffin sections by immunohistochemistry. The purified fusion p24 and p40 proteins were used for the preparation of polyclonal and monoclonal anti‑p24 and anti‑40 antibodies, which were confirmed by ELISA and western blotting. Paraffin sections were made from BDV‑infected Sprague‑Dawley (SD) rats (n=20), PBS‑injected SD rats (n=20), normal SD rats (n=20) and normal C57 mice (n=20). Immunohistochemical staining was performed according to the EnVision™ two‑step protocol. Heat‑mediated antigen retrieval was performed using the retrieval buffer sodium citrate (1 mM; pH 6.0). All the antibodies against recombinant proteins exhibited good sensitivity and specificity. There were significant differences between the BDV‑infected group and the BDV‑uninfected group for poly‑ and monoclonal anti‑p24 and ‑p40 antibodies. These antibodies against recombinant proteins may be used effectively to detect BDV p24 and p40 in paraffin sections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Huang
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Basic Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Mei Li
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Basic Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Shi-Gang Chen
- Neuroscience Center, Key Laboratory of Neurobiology of Chongqing, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Jing Deng
- Neuroscience Center, Key Laboratory of Neurobiology of Chongqing, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Yang Lei
- Neuroscience Center, Key Laboratory of Neurobiology of Chongqing, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Wen-Juan Li
- Neuroscience Center, Key Laboratory of Neurobiology of Chongqing, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Hong-Zhi Zhang
- Neuroscience Center, Key Laboratory of Neurobiology of Chongqing, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Hong Zhang
- Neuroscience Center, Key Laboratory of Neurobiology of Chongqing, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Dan Li
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Basic Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Peng Xie
- Neuroscience Center, Key Laboratory of Neurobiology of Chongqing, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
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Li C, Xu X, Zhang X, Cheng K, Guo Y, Jie J, Guo H, He Y, Zhou C, Gui S, Zhong X, Wang H, Xie P. Activation of ERK/CREB/BDNF pathway involved in abnormal behavior of neonatally Borna virus-infected rats. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2018; 14:3121-3132. [PMID: 30532543 PMCID: PMC6247968 DOI: 10.2147/ndt.s176399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neuropsychiatric disorders are devastating illnesses worldwide; however, the potential involvement of viruses in the pathophysiological mechanisms of psychiatric diseases have not been clearly elucidated. Borna disease virus (BDV) is a neurotropic, noncytopathic RNA virus. MATERIALS AND METHODS In this study, we infected neonatal rats intracranially with BDV Hu-H1 and Strain V within 24 hours of birth. Psychological phenotypes were assessed using sucrose preference test, open field test, elevated plus maze test, and forced swim test. The protein expression of ERK/CREB/BDNF pathway was assessed by Western blotting of in vitro and in vivo samples. RESULTS Hu-H1-infected rats showed anxiety-like behavior 8 weeks postinfection while Strain V-infected rats demonstrated a certain abnormal behavior. Phosphorylated ERK1/2 was significantly upregulated in the hippocampi of Strain V- and Hu-H1-infected rats compared with control rats, indicating that Raf/MEK/ERK signaling was activated. CONCLUSION The data suggested that infection of neonatal rats with BDV Hu-H1 and Strain V caused behavioral abnormalities that shared common molecular pathways, providing preliminary evidences to investigate the underlying mechanisms of psychiatric disorders caused by BDV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenmeng Li
- Department of Neurology, Yongchuan Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 402460, China, .,Department of Neurology Institute of Neuroscience and Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China, .,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing 400016, China,
| | - Xiaoyan Xu
- Department of Neurology Institute of Neuroscience and Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China, .,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing 400016, China, .,Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China,
| | - Xiong Zhang
- Department of Neurology Institute of Neuroscience and Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China, .,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing 400016, China, .,Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China,
| | - Ke Cheng
- Department of Neurology Institute of Neuroscience and Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China, .,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing 400016, China,
| | - Yujie Guo
- Department of Neurology, Yongchuan Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 402460, China, .,Department of Neurology Institute of Neuroscience and Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China, .,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing 400016, China,
| | - Jie Jie
- Department of Neurology, Yongchuan Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 402460, China, .,Department of Neurology Institute of Neuroscience and Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China, .,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing 400016, China,
| | - Hua Guo
- Department of Neurology, Yongchuan Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 402460, China, .,Department of Neurology Institute of Neuroscience and Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China, .,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing 400016, China,
| | - Yong He
- Department of Neurology, Yongchuan Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 402460, China, .,Department of Neurology Institute of Neuroscience and Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China, .,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing 400016, China,
| | - Chanjuan Zhou
- Department of Neurology Institute of Neuroscience and Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China, .,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing 400016, China,
| | - Siwen Gui
- Department of Neurology Institute of Neuroscience and Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China, .,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing 400016, China,
| | - Xiaogang Zhong
- Department of Neurology Institute of Neuroscience and Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China, .,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing 400016, China,
| | - Haiyang Wang
- Department of Neurology Institute of Neuroscience and Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China, .,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing 400016, China, .,Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China,
| | - Peng Xie
- Department of Neurology, Yongchuan Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 402460, China, .,Department of Neurology Institute of Neuroscience and Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China, .,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing 400016, China, .,Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China,
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Huang H, Zhang H, Li D, Chen S, Zhou C, Li Q, He P, Fang L, Zhang Y, Li X, Zhou J, Sun L, Liu S, Guo Y, Huang Y, Xie P. Different inhibitory effects on the proliferation and apoptosis of human and laboratory Borna disease virus‑infected human neuroblastoma SH‑SY5Y cells in vitro. Mol Med Rep 2017; 17:925-931. [PMID: 29115502 PMCID: PMC5780172 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.8011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2017] [Accepted: 09/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Borna disease virus (BDV) is a neurotropic and non‑cytolytic virus, which causes behavioral disorders in a wide range of warm‑blooded species. It is well established that BDV induces neurodegeneration by impairing neurogenesis and interfering with neuronal functioning in the limbic system. In the present study, the potential role of BDV infection in SH‑SY5Y cells was identified, and comparisons of two original BDV strains (the human Hu‑H1 and the laboratory Strain V) were performed to further elucidate the phenotypes of BDV pathogenesis with strain differences. Cell Counting Kit‑8 and flow cytometric analyses revealed that the two BDV strain‑infected groups exhibited marked anti‑proliferation and cell cycle arrest compared with the control group, and the Hu‑H1 strain caused more evident effects. However, the Hu‑H1 strain did not exert effects on the apoptosis of SH‑SH5Y cells, while Strain V led to a marked increase in apoptosis upon initial infection. Western blot analysis confirmed the upregulation of apoptosis regulator BAX protein and the downregulation of apoptosis regulator Bcl‑2 protein caused by the two BDV strains. The results of the present study provided evidence that infection with BDV suppressed SH‑SY5Y cellular functioning and exhibited divergent antiproliferative and apoptotic roles in cells between the two strains. The present study provided an insight for future investigation of strain differences and underlying pathomechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Huang
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400010, P.R. China
| | - Hong Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Yongchuan Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 402460, P.R. China
| | - Dan Li
- Institute of Neuroscience and The Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Shigang Chen
- Department of Neurology, Yongchuan Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 402460, P.R. China
| | - Chanjuan Zhou
- Department of Neurology, Yongchuan Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 402460, P.R. China
| | - Qi Li
- Institute of Neuroscience and The Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Peng He
- Institute of Neuroscience and The Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Liang Fang
- Department of Neurology, Yongchuan Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 402460, P.R. China
| | - Yong Zhang
- Institute of Neuroscience and The Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Xiaomei Li
- Institute of Neuroscience and The Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Jingjing Zhou
- Institute of Neuroscience and The Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Lin Sun
- Institute of Neuroscience and The Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Siwen Liu
- Department of Neurology, Yongchuan Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 402460, P.R. China
| | - Yujie Guo
- Department of Neurology, Yongchuan Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 402460, P.R. China
| | - Ying Huang
- Institute of Neuroscience and The Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Peng Xie
- Department of Neurology, Yongchuan Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 402460, P.R. China
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Central Nervous System Infection with Borna Disease Virus Causes Kynurenine Pathway Dysregulation and Neurotoxic Quinolinic Acid Production. J Virol 2017; 91:JVI.00673-17. [PMID: 28446679 PMCID: PMC5487560 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00673-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2017] [Accepted: 04/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Central nervous system infection of neonatal and adult rats with Borna disease virus (BDV) results in neuronal destruction and behavioral abnormalities with differential immune-mediated involvement. Neuroactive metabolites generated from the kynurenine pathway of tryptophan degradation have been implicated in several human neurodegenerative disorders. Here, we report that brain expression of key enzymes in the kynurenine pathway are significantly, but differentially, altered in neonatal and adult rats with BDV infection. Gene expression analysis of rat brains following neonatal infection showed increased expression of kynurenine amino transferase II (KATII) and kynurenine-3-monooxygenase (KMO) enzymes. Additionally, indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) expression was only modestly increased in a brain region- and time-dependent manner in neonatally infected rats; however, its expression was highly increased in adult infected rats. The most dramatic impact on gene expression was seen for KMO, whose activity promotes the production of neurotoxic quinolinic acid. KMO expression was persistently elevated in brain regions of both newborn and adult BDV-infected rats, with increases reaching up to 86-fold. KMO protein levels were increased in neonatally infected rats and colocalized with neurons, the primary target cells of BDV infection. Furthermore, quinolinic acid was elevated in neonatally infected rat brains. We further demonstrate increased expression of KATII and KMO, but not IDO, in vitro in BDV-infected C6 astroglioma cells. Our results suggest that BDV directly impacts the kynurenine pathway, an effect that may be exacerbated by inflammatory responses in immunocompetent hosts. Thus, experimental models of BDV infection may provide new tools for discriminating virus-mediated from immune-mediated impacts on the kynurenine pathway and their relative contribution to neurodegeneration.IMPORTANCE BDV causes persistent, noncytopathic infection in vitro yet still elicits widespread neurodegeneration of infected neurons in both immunoincompetent and immunocompetent hosts. Here, we show that BDV infection induces expression of key enzymes of the kynurenine pathway in brains of newborn and adult infected rats and cultured astroglioma cells, shunting tryptophan degradation toward the production of neurotoxic quinolinic acid. Thus, our findings newly implicate this metabolic pathway in BDV-induced neurodegeneration. Given the importance of the kynurenine pathway in a wide range of human infections and neurodegenerative and neuropsychiatric disorders, animal models of BDV infection may serve as important tools for contrasting direct viral and indirect antiviral immune-mediated impacts on kynurenine pathway dysregulation and the ensuing neurodevelopmental and neuropathological consequences.
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Li X, Huang Y, Bi C, Yuan J, He H, Zhang H, Yu Q, Fu K, Li D. Primary central nervous system diffuse large B-cell lymphoma shows an activated B-cell-like phenotype with co-expression of C-MYC, BCL-2, and BCL-6. Pathol Res Pract 2017; 213:659-665. [PMID: 28552541 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2017.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2016] [Revised: 02/13/2017] [Accepted: 02/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is the most common non-Hodgkin lymphoma, whose main prognostic factor is closely related to germinal center B-cell-like subtype (GCB- DLBCL) or activated B-cell-like type (non-GCB-DLBCL). The most common type of primary central nervous system lymphoma is diffuse large B-cell type with poor prognosis and the reason is unclear. This study aims to stratify primary central nervous system diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (PCNS-DLBCL) according to the cell-of-origin (COO) and to investigate the multiple proteins expression of C-MYC, BCL-6, BCL-2, TP53, further to elucidate the reason why primary central nervous system diffuse large B-cell lymphoma possesses a poor clinical outcome as well. Nineteen cases of primary central nervous system DLBCL were stratified according to immunostaining algorithms of Hans, Choi and Meyer (Tally) and we investigated the multiple proteins expression of C-MYC, BCL-6, BCL-2, TP53. The Epstein-Barr virus and Borna disease virus infection were also detected. Among nineteen cases, most (15-17 cases) were assigned to the activated B-cell-like subtype, highly expression of C-MYC (15 cases, 78.9%), BCL-2 (10 cases, 52.6%), BCL-6 (15 cases, 78.9%). Unfortunately, two cases were positive for PD-L1 while PD-L2 was not expressed in any case. Two cases infected with BDV but no one infected with EBV. In conclusion, most primary central nervous system DLBCLs show an activated B-cell-like subtype characteristic and have multiple expressions of C-MYC, BCL-2, BCL-6 protein, these features might be significant factor to predict the outcome and guide treatment of PCNS-DLBCLs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomei Li
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China; Institute of Neuroscience, Faculty of Basic Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Ying Huang
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China; Institute of Neuroscience, Faculty of Basic Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Chengfeng Bi
- Department of Pathology & Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha 68198, USA
| | - Ji Yuan
- Department of Pathology & Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha 68198, USA
| | - Hong He
- Department of Internal Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Hong Zhang
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China; Institute of Neuroscience, Faculty of Basic Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - QiuBo Yu
- Molecular Medical Laboratory, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Kai Fu
- Department of Pathology & Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha 68198, USA
| | - Dan Li
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China; Institute of Neuroscience, Faculty of Basic Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China.
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12
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Mao Q, Zhang L, Guo Y, Sun L, Liu S, He P, Huang R, Sun L, Chen S, Zhang H, Xie P. Identification of suitable reference genes for BDV-infected primary rat hippocampal neurons. Mol Med Rep 2016; 14:5587-5594. [PMID: 27878262 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2016.5959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2015] [Accepted: 09/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Borna disease virus (BDV) is a neurotropic RNA virus that infects the limbic system of mammals and results in behavioral disorders. The hippocampus is a core region in the limbic system, which contributes to memory and learning and is important in the regulation of emotion. However, no validated microRNA housekeeping genes have yet been identified in BDV‑infected rat primary hippocampal neurons. Proper normalization is key in accurate miRNA expression analysis. The present study used reverse transcription‑quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT‑qPCR) to evaluate the expression stability of 10 commonly used reference genes [miR‑92a, 5S, U6, miR‑103, miR‑101a, miR-let-7a, miR‑16, E2 small nucleolar RNA (snoRNA), U87 and miR‑191] in BDV‑infected rat hippocampal neurons and non‑infected controls across 12 days post‑infection. The data was analyzed by four statistical algorithms: geNorm, NormFinder, BestKeeper, and the comparative Δ‑Ct method. Subsequently, the most suitable reference genes (miR‑101a and U87) and the least suitable (snoRNA) were determined by the RankAggreg package. miR‑155 was selected as a standard by which to evaluate the most and least suitable reference genes. When normalized to the most stable reference gene there were significant differences between the two groups. However, when the data were normalized to the less stably expressed gene, the results were not significant. miR‑101a was recommended as a suitable reference gene for BDV-infected rat primary hippocampal neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Mao
- Department of Neurology, Yongchuan Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 402460, P.R. China
| | - Lujun Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Yongchuan Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 402460, P.R. China
| | - Yujie Guo
- Department of Neurology, Yongchuan Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 402460, P.R. China
| | - Lu Sun
- Institute of Neuroscience and The Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Siwen Liu
- Institute of Neuroscience and The Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Peng He
- Institute of Neuroscience and The Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Rongzhong Huang
- Department of Rehabilitation, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Lin Sun
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Shigang Chen
- Institute of Neuroscience and The Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Hong Zhang
- Institute of Neuroscience and The Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Peng Xie
- Department of Neurology, Yongchuan Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 402460, P.R. China
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Zaliunaite V, Steibliene V, Bode L, Podlipskyte A, Bunevicius R, Ludwig H. Primary psychosis and Borna disease virus infection in Lithuania: a case control study. BMC Psychiatry 2016; 16:369. [PMID: 27809822 PMCID: PMC5093928 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-016-1087-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2016] [Accepted: 10/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The hypothesis that microbial infections may be linked to mental disorders has long been addressed for Borna disease virus (BDV), but clinical and epidemiological evidence remained inconsistent due to non-conformities in detection methods. BDV circulating immune complexes (CIC) were shown to exceed the prevalence of serum antibodies alone and to comparably screen for infection in Europe (DE, CZ, IT), the Middle East (IR) and Asia (CN), still seeking general acceptance. METHODS We used CIC and antigen (Ag) tests to investigate BDV infection in Lithuania through a case-control study design comparing in-patients suffering of primary psychosis with blood donors. One hundred and six acutely psychotic in-patients with no physical illness, consecutively admitted to the regional mental hospital, and 98 blood donors from the Blood Donation Centre, Lithuania, were enrolled in the study. The severity of psychosis was assessed twice, prior and after acute antipsychotic therapy, by the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS). BDV-CIC and Ag markers were tested once after therapy was terminated. RESULTS What we found was a significantly higher prevalence of CIC, indicating a chronic BDV infection, in patients with treated primary psychosis than in blood donor controls (39.6 % vs. 22.4 %, respectively). Free BDV Ag, indicating currently active infection, did not show significant differences among study groups. Higher severity of psychosis prior to treatment was inversely correlated to the presence of BDV Ag (42.6 vs. 34.1 BPRS, respectively; p = 0.022). CONCLUSIONS The study concluded significantly higher BDV infection rates in psychotic than in healthy Lithuanians, thus supporting similar global trends for other mental disorders. The study raised awareness to consider the integration of BDV infection surveillance in psychiatry research in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Violeta Zaliunaite
- Behavioral Medicine Institute, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Vyduno str. 4, Palanga, LT-00135, Lithuania.
| | - Vesta Steibliene
- Psychiatry Clinic, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Mickeviciaus str. 9, Kaunas, LT-44307 Lithuania
| | - Liv Bode
- Freelance Bornavirus Workgroup, Joint Senior Scientists, Beerenstr. 41, Berlin, D-14163 Germany
| | - Aurelija Podlipskyte
- Behavioral Medicine Institute, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Vyduno str. 4, Palanga, LT-00135 Lithuania
| | - Robertas Bunevicius
- Behavioral Medicine Institute, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Vyduno str. 4, Palanga, LT-00135 Lithuania
| | - Hanns Ludwig
- Freelance Bornavirus Workgroup, Joint Senior Scientists, Beerenstr. 41, Berlin, D-14163 Germany
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14
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Zhang H, He P, Huang R, Sun L, Liu S, Zhou J, Guo Y, Yang D, Xie P. Identification and bioinformatic analysis of dysregulated microRNAs in human oligodendroglial cells infected with borna disease virus. Mol Med Rep 2016; 14:4715-4722. [PMID: 27748825 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2016.5842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2015] [Accepted: 05/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are recognized as important regulators of gene expression via translational depression or mRNA degradation. Previously, dysregulated miRNAs have been found in neurodegenerative and neuropsychiatric disorders. Borna disease virus (BDV) is a neurotropic, negative single‑stranded RNA virus, which may be a cause of human neuropsychiatric disease. BDV is regarded as an ideal model to analyze the molecular mechanisms of mental disorders caused by viral infection. In the present study, 10 miRNAs were dysregulated in human oligodendrocytes (OL cells) infected with the BDV strain, Hu‑H1 (OL/BDV). The predicted target genes of those different miRNAs were closely associated with DNA binding, receptor activity, cytoplasm and membrane, biopolymer metabolic process and signal transduction, which were ranked highest using Gene Ontology (GO) analysis, and were predominantly involved in 'Immune system and adaptive Immune system pathways' on pathway analysis. Reverse transcription‑quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis confirmed that seven miRNAs (miR‑1290, miR‑1908, miR‑146a‑5p, miR‑424‑5p, miR‑3676‑3p, miR‑296‑3p and miR‑7‑5p) were significantly downregulated in the OL/BDV cells, whereas two miRNAs (miR‑1244 and miR‑4521) showed no significant differences between the two groups. The present study revealed for the first time, to the best of our knowledge, the miRNA profile of BDV Hu‑H1‑infected human OL cells. Based on GO and pathway analyses, further investigation of the signaling processes in BDV‑infected oligodendrocytes may offer particular promise in improving understanding of the neuropathogenesis of BDV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Yongchuan Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 402460, P.R. China
| | - Peng He
- Department of Neurology, Yongchuan Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 402460, P.R. China
| | - Rongzhong Huang
- Department of Rehabilitation, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Lin Sun
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Siwen Liu
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Jingjing Zhou
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Yujie Guo
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Deyu Yang
- Department of Neurology, Yongchuan Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 402460, P.R. China
| | - Peng Xie
- Department of Neurology, Yongchuan Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 402460, P.R. China
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15
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Li Z, He W, Lan Y, Zhao K, Lv X, Lu H, Ding N, Zhang J, Shi J, Shan C, Gao F. The evidence of porcine hemagglutinating encephalomyelitis virus induced nonsuppurative encephalitis as the cause of death in piglets. PeerJ 2016; 4:e2443. [PMID: 27672502 PMCID: PMC5028786 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.2443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2016] [Accepted: 08/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
An acute outbreak of porcine hemagglutinating encephalomyelitis virus (PHEV) infection in piglets, characterized with neurological symptoms, vomiting, diarrhea, and wasting, occurred in China. Coronavirus-like particles were observed in the homogenized tissue suspensions of the brain of dead piglets by electron microscopy, and a wild PHEV strain was isolated, characterized, and designated as PHEV-CC14. Histopathologic examinations of the dead piglets showed characteristics of non-suppurative encephalitis, and some neurons in the cerebral cortex were degenerated and necrotic, and neuronophagia. Similarly, mice inoculated with PHEV-CC14 were found to have central nervous system (CNS) dysfunction, with symptoms of depression, arched waists, standing and vellicating front claws. Furthmore, PHEV-positive labeling of neurons in cortices of dead piglets and infected mice supported the viral infections of the nervous system. Then, the major structural genes of PHEV-CC14 were sequenced and phylogenetically analyzed, and the strain shared 95%–99.2% nt identity with the other PHEV strains available in GenBank. Phylogenetic analysis clearly proved that the wild strain clustered into a subclass with a HEV-JT06 strain. These findings suggested that the virus had a strong tropism for CNS, in this way, inducing nonsuppurative encephalitis as the cause of death in piglets. Simultaneously, the predicted risk of widespread transmission showed a certain variation among the PHEV strains currently circulating around the world. Above all, the information presented in this study can not only provide good reference for the experimental diagnosis of PHEV infection for pig breeding, but also promote its new effective vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi Li
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Jilin, China
| | - Wenqi He
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Jilin, China
| | - Yungang Lan
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Jilin, China
| | - Kui Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Jilin, China
| | - Xiaoling Lv
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Jilin, China
| | - Huijun Lu
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, Jilin University, Jilin, China
| | - Ning Ding
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Jilin, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Jilin, China
| | - Junchao Shi
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Jilin, China
| | - Changjian Shan
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Jilin, China
| | - Feng Gao
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Jilin, China
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Knock-Down of Endogenous Bornavirus-Like Nucleoprotein 1 Inhibits Cell Growth and Induces Apoptosis in Human Oligodendroglia Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:435. [PMID: 27023521 PMCID: PMC4848891 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17040435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2016] [Revised: 03/16/2016] [Accepted: 03/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Endogenous bornavirus-like nucleoprotein elements (EBLNs) have been discovered in the genomes of various animals including humans, whose functions have been seldom studied. To explore the biological functions of human EBLNs, we constructed a lentiviral vector expressing a short-hairpin RNA against human EBLN1, which successfully inhibited EBLN1 expression by above 80% in infected human oligodendroglia cells (OL cells). We found that EBLN1 silencing suppressed cell proliferation, induced G2/M phase arrest, and promoted apoptosis in OL cells. Gene expression profiling demonstrated that 1067 genes were up-regulated, and 2004 were down-regulated after EBLN1 silencing. The top 10 most upregulated genes were PI3, RND3, BLZF1, SOD2, EPGN, SBSN, INSIG1, OSMR, CREB3L2, and MSMO1, and the top 10 most-downregulated genes were KRTAP2-4, FLRT2, DIDO1, FAT4, ESCO2, ZNF804A, SUV420H1, ZC3H4, YAE1D1, and NCOA5. Pathway analysis revealed that these differentially expressed genes were mainly involved in pathways related to the cell cycle, the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway, p53 signaling, and apoptosis. The gene expression profiles were validated by using quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) for detecting these 20 most-changed genes. Three genes closely related to glioma, RND3, OSMR, and CREB3L2, were significantly upregulated and might be the key factors in EBLN1 regulating the proliferation and apoptosis of OL cells. This study provides evidence that EBLN1 plays a key role in regulating cell life and death, thereby opening several avenues of investigation regarding EBLN1 in the future.
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17
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Persistent human Borna disease virus infection modifies the acetylome of human oligodendroglia cells towards higher energy and transporter levels. Virology 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2015.06.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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18
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GC-MS-Based Metabonomic Profiling Displayed Differing Effects of Borna Disease Virus Natural Strain Hu-H1 and Laboratory Strain V Infection in Rat Cortical Neurons. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:19347-68. [PMID: 26287181 PMCID: PMC4581300 DOI: 10.3390/ijms160819347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2015] [Revised: 07/25/2015] [Accepted: 08/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Borna disease virus (BDV) persists in the central nervous systems of a wide variety of vertebrates and causes behavioral disorders. Previous studies have revealed that metabolic perturbations are associated with BDV infection. However, the pathophysiological effects of different viral strains remain largely unknown. Rat cortical neurons infected with human strain BDV Hu-H1, laboratory BDV Strain V, and non-infected control (CON) cells were cultured in vitro. At day 12 post-infection, a gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC–MS) metabonomic approach was used to differentiate the metabonomic profiles of 35 independent intracellular samples from Hu-H1-infected cells (n = 12), Strain V-infected cells (n = 12), and CON cells (n = 11). Partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) was performed to demonstrate discrimination between the three groups. Further statistical testing determined which individual metabolites displayed significant differences between groups. PLS-DA demonstrated that the whole metabolic pattern enabled statistical discrimination between groups. We identified 31 differential metabolites in the Hu-H1 and CON groups (21 decreased and 10 increased in Hu-H1 relative to CON), 35 differential metabolites in the Strain V and CON groups (30 decreased and 5 increased in Strain V relative to CON), and 21 differential metabolites in the Hu-H1 and Strain V groups (8 decreased and 13 increased in Hu-H1 relative to Strain V). Comparative metabonomic profiling revealed divergent perturbations in key energy and amino acid metabolites between natural strain Hu-H1 and laboratory Strain V of BDV. The two BDV strains differentially alter metabolic pathways of rat cortical neurons in vitro. Their systematic classification provides a valuable template for improved BDV strain definition in future studies.
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19
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Zhao M, Sun L, Chen S, Li D, Zhang L, He P, Liu X, Zhang L, Zhang H, Yang D, Huang R, Xie P. Borna disease virus infection impacts microRNAs associated with nervous system development, cell differentiation, proliferation and apoptosis in the hippocampi of neonatal rats. Mol Med Rep 2015; 12:3697-3703. [PMID: 26004383 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2015.3828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2014] [Accepted: 04/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) regulate gene expression by inhibiting transcription or translation and are involved in diverse biological processes, including development, cellular differentiation and tumor generation. miRNA microarray technology is a high‑throughput global analysis tool for miRNA expression profiling. Here, the hippocampi of four borna disease virus (BDV)‑infected and four non‑infected control neonatal rats were selected for miRNA microarray and bioinformatic analysis. Reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT‑qPCR) analysis was subsequently performed to validate the dysregulated miRNAs. Seven miRNAs (miR‑145*, miR‑146a*, miR‑192*, miR‑200b, miR‑223*, miR‑449a and miR‑505), showed increased expression, whereas two miRNAs (miR‑126 and miR‑374) showed decreased expression in the BDV‑infected group. By RT‑qPCR validation, five miRNAs (miR‑126, miR‑200b, miR‑374, miR‑449a and miR‑505) showed significantly decreased expression (P<0.05) in response to BDV infection. Biocarta pathway analysis predicted target genes associated with 'RNA', 'IGF1mTOR', 'EIF2', 'VEGF', 'EIF', 'NTHI', 'extrinsic', 'RB', 'IL1R' and 'IGF1' pathways. Gene Ontology analysis predicted target genes associated with 'peripheral nervous system development', 'regulation of small GTPase-mediated signal transduction', 'regulation of Ras protein signal transduction', 'aerobic respiration', 'membrane fusion', 'positive regulation of cell cycle', 'cellular respiration', 'heterocycle metabolic process', 'protein tetramerization' and 'regulation of Rho protein signal transduction' processes. Among the five dysregulated miRNAs identified by RT‑qPCR, miR‑126, miR‑200b and miR‑449a showed a strong association with nervous system development, cell differentiation, proliferation and apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingjun Zhao
- Department of Neurology, Yongchuan Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 402460, P.R. China
| | - Lin Sun
- Institute of Neuroscience and the Collaborative Innovation Centre for Brain Science, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Shigang Chen
- Department of Neurology, Yongchuan Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 402460, P.R. China
| | - Dan Li
- Institute of Neuroscience and the Collaborative Innovation Centre for Brain Science, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Liang Zhang
- Institute of Neuroscience and the Collaborative Innovation Centre for Brain Science, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Peng He
- Department of Neurology, Yongchuan Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 402460, P.R. China
| | - Xia Liu
- Institute of Neuroscience and the Collaborative Innovation Centre for Brain Science, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Lujun Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Yongchuan Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 402460, P.R. China
| | - Hong Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Yongchuan Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 402460, P.R. China
| | - Deyu Yang
- Department of Neurology, Yongchuan Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 402460, P.R. China
| | - Rongzhong Huang
- Institute of Neuroscience and the Collaborative Innovation Centre for Brain Science, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Peng Xie
- Department of Neurology, Yongchuan Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 402460, P.R. China
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20
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Zhang L, Liu S, Zhang L, You H, Huang R, Sun L, He P, Chen S, Zhang H, Xie P. Real-time qPCR identifies suitable reference genes for Borna disease virus-infected rat cortical neurons. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:21825-39. [PMID: 25431926 PMCID: PMC4284680 DOI: 10.3390/ijms151221825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2014] [Revised: 09/21/2014] [Accepted: 09/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Quantitative real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) is the most commonly-used technique to identify gene expression profiles. The selection of stably expressed reference genes is a prerequisite to properly evaluating gene expression. Here, the suitability of commonly-used reference genes in normalizing RT-qPCR assays of mRNA expression in cultured rat cortical neurons infected with Borna disease virus (BDV) was assessed. The expressions of eight commonly-used reference genes were comparatively analyzed in BDV-infected rat cortical neurons and non-infected control neurons mainly across 9 and 12 days post-infection. These reference genes were validated by RT-qPCR and separately ranked by four statistical algorithms: geNorm, NormFinder, BestKeeper and the comparative delta-Ct method. Then, the RankAggreg package was used to construct consensus rankings. ARBP was found to be the most stable internal control gene at Day 9, and ACTB at Day 12. As the assessment of the validity of the selected reference genes confirms the suitability of applying a combination of the two most stable references genes, combining the two most stable genes for normalization of RT-qPCR studies in BDV-infected rat cortical neurons is recommended at each time point. This study can contribute to improving BDV research by providing the means by which to obtain more reliable and accurate gene expression measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lujun Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Yongchuan Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 402460, China.
| | - Siwen Liu
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing 400016, China.
| | - Liang Zhang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing 400016, China.
| | - Hongmin You
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing 400016, China.
| | - Rongzhong Huang
- Department of Rehabilitation, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China.
| | - Lin Sun
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing 400016, China.
| | - Peng He
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing 400016, China.
| | - Shigang Chen
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing 400016, China.
| | - Hong Zhang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing 400016, China.
| | - Peng Xie
- Department of Neurology, Yongchuan Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 402460, China.
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21
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Zimmermann V, Rinder M, Kaspers B, Staeheli P, Rubbenstroth D. Impact of antigenic diversity on laboratory diagnosis of Avian bornavirus infections in birds. J Vet Diagn Invest 2014; 26:769-77. [PMID: 25135010 DOI: 10.1177/1040638714547258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Avian bornaviruses (ABVs) are a group of genetically diverse viruses within the Bornaviridae family that can infect numerous avian species and represent the causative agents of proventricular dilatation disease, an often fatal disease that is widely distributed in captive populations of parrots and related species. The current study was designed to assess the antigenic variability of the family Bornaviridae and to determine its impact on ABV diagnosis by employing fluorescent antibody assays. It was shown that polyclonal rabbit sera directed against recombinant bornavirus nucleoprotein, X protein, phosphoprotein, and matrix protein provided sufficient cross-reactivity for the detection of viral antigen from a broad range of bornavirus genotypes grown in cell culture. In contrast, a rabbit anti-glycoprotein serum and 2 monoclonal antibodies directed against nucleoprotein and phosphoprotein proteins reacted more specifically. Antibodies were readily detected in sera from avian patients infected with known ABV genotypes if cells persistently infected with a variety of different bornavirus genotypes were used for analysis. For all sera, calculated antibody titers were highest when the homologous or a closely related target virus was used for the assay. Cross-reactivity with more distantly related genotypes of other phylogenetic groups was usually reduced, resulting in titer reduction of up to 3 log units. The presented results contribute to a better understanding of the antigenic diversity of family Bornaviridae and further emphasize the importance of choosing appropriate diagnostic tools for sensitive detection of ABV infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Zimmermann
- Institute for Virology, University Medical Center Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany (Zimmermann, Staeheli, Rubbenstroth)Clinic for Birds, Reptiles, Amphibians and Ornamental Fish, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, University Ludwig Maximilian Munich, Oberschleißheim, Germany (Rinder)Department of Veterinary Sciences, University Ludwig Maximilian Munich, Munich, Germany (Kaspers)
| | - Monika Rinder
- Institute for Virology, University Medical Center Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany (Zimmermann, Staeheli, Rubbenstroth)Clinic for Birds, Reptiles, Amphibians and Ornamental Fish, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, University Ludwig Maximilian Munich, Oberschleißheim, Germany (Rinder)Department of Veterinary Sciences, University Ludwig Maximilian Munich, Munich, Germany (Kaspers)
| | - Bernd Kaspers
- Institute for Virology, University Medical Center Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany (Zimmermann, Staeheli, Rubbenstroth)Clinic for Birds, Reptiles, Amphibians and Ornamental Fish, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, University Ludwig Maximilian Munich, Oberschleißheim, Germany (Rinder)Department of Veterinary Sciences, University Ludwig Maximilian Munich, Munich, Germany (Kaspers)
| | - Peter Staeheli
- Institute for Virology, University Medical Center Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany (Zimmermann, Staeheli, Rubbenstroth)Clinic for Birds, Reptiles, Amphibians and Ornamental Fish, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, University Ludwig Maximilian Munich, Oberschleißheim, Germany (Rinder)Department of Veterinary Sciences, University Ludwig Maximilian Munich, Munich, Germany (Kaspers)
| | - Dennis Rubbenstroth
- Institute for Virology, University Medical Center Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany (Zimmermann, Staeheli, Rubbenstroth)Clinic for Birds, Reptiles, Amphibians and Ornamental Fish, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, University Ludwig Maximilian Munich, Oberschleißheim, Germany (Rinder)Department of Veterinary Sciences, University Ludwig Maximilian Munich, Munich, Germany (Kaspers)
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22
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Tsai SY, Yang TY, Chen HJ, Chen CS, Lin WM, Shen WC, Kuo CN, Kao CH. Increased risk of chronic fatigue syndrome following herpes zoster: a population-based study. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2014; 33:1653-9. [PMID: 24715153 DOI: 10.1007/s10096-014-2095-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2014] [Accepted: 03/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) is a complex disorder accompanied by unexplainable persistent fatigue, in which several etiological factors exist, such as viral infections. Using the National Health Insurance Research Database (NHIRD) of Taiwan, this study evaluated the association between herpes zoster (HZ) infection and the risk of CFS, and examined the possibility of patients developing postviral fatigue effects, including the possibility of developing other unexplainable chronic fatigue conditions. In this prospective cohort study using the NHIRD, we identified 9,205 patients with HZ infection [ICD-9 (International Classification of Disease, Ninth Revision), code 053] and 36,820 patients without HZ infection (non-HZ) from 2005 to 2007, and followed up to the end of 2010. The incidence rate of CFS was higher in the HZ cohort than in the non-HZ cohort (4.56 vs. 3.44 per 1,000 person-years), with an adjusted hazard ratio of 1.29 [95 % confidence interval (CI) = 1.09-1.53]. It was shown that the risk of CFS without comorbidity for each patient increased from 1.25- to 1.36-fold between the CFS and non-CFS cohorts; with long-term follow-up, the HZ cohort showed a significantly higher cumulative incidence rate of developing CFS than the non-HZ patients. We propose that patients with chronic fatigue might exist in a subset of patients that would be associated with HZ infection. The actual mechanism of development of CFS that is attributed to HZ infection remains unclear. The findings of this population cohort study provide pivotal evidence of postviral fatigue among patients with HZ infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- S-Y Tsai
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
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