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Probable positive effects of the photobiomodulation as an adjunctive treatment in COVID-19: A systematic review. Cytokine 2020; 137:155312. [PMID: 33128927 PMCID: PMC7550078 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2020.155312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2020] [Revised: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Photobiomodulation (PBM) can reduce lung edema, cytokines in bronchoalveolar parenchyma, neutrophil influx. PBM reduces TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, ICAM-1, MIP-2 and Reactive oxygen species. Transthoracic approach is the direct methods for reducing lung inflammation. Intravenous approach increases the oxygenation of red blood cells.
Background COVID-19, as a newly-emerged viral infection has now spread all over the world after originating in Wuhan, China. Pneumonia is the hallmark of the disease, with dyspnea in half of the patients and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) in up to one –third of the cases. Pulmonary edema, neutrophilic infiltration, and inflammatory cytokine release are the pathologic signs of this disease. The anti-inflammatory effect of the photobiomodulation (PBM) has been confirmed in many previous studies. Therefore, this review study was conducted to evaluate the direct effect of PBM on the acute lung inflammation or ARDS and also accelerating the regeneration of the damaged tissues. The indirect effects of PBM on modulation of the immune system, increasing the blood flow and oxygenation in other tissues were also considered. Methodology The databases of PubMed, Cochrane library, and Google Scholar were searched to find the relevant studies. Keywords included the PBM and related terms, lung inflammation, and COVID-19 -related signs. Studies were categorized with respect to the target tissue, laser parameters, and their results. Results Seventeen related papers were included in this review. All of them were in animal models. They showed that the PBM could significantly decrease the pulmonary edema, neutrophil influx, and generation of pro-inflammatory cytokines (tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β), interleukin 6 (IL-6), intracellular adhesion molecule (ICAM), reactive oxygen species (ROS), isoform of nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), and macrophage inflammatory protein 2 (MIP-2)). Conclusion Our findings revealed that the PBM could be helpful in reducing the lung inflammation and promoting the regeneration of the damaged tissue. PBM can increase the oxygenation indirectly in order to rehabilitate the affected organs. Thus, the infra-red lasers or light-emitting diodes (LEDs) are recommended in this regard.
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Griffin AS, Cabot P, Wallwork B, Panizza B. Alternative therapies for chronic rhinosinusitis: A review. EAR, NOSE & THROAT JOURNAL 2020:145561320939415. [PMID: 33023328 DOI: 10.1177/0145561320939415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of alternative medicine in chronic rhinosinus-itis (CRS) continues to increase in popularity, for the most part without meeting the burden of being based on sound clinical evidence. New and emerging treat-ments, both natural and developed, are numerous, and it remains a challenge for otolaryngologists as well as general practitioners to keep up to date with these therapies and their efficacy. In this systematic review, we discuss a number of alternative therapies for CRS, their proposed physiologic mechanisms, and evidence supporting their use. This analysis is based on our re-view of the English-language literature on alternative therapies for CRS (we did not include any therapies that are already recommended by accepted profession-al bodies). Data collection was performed using the PubMed database (not restricted to MEDLINE due to the nature of the subject matter), the Cochrane data-bases, and bibliography searches. We found that while many of the alternative therapies we reviewed might have a firm basis in science, they lack any clinical ev-idence to support their use specifically for CRS. Some emerging therapies, such as therapeutic ultrasonog-raphy and phonophoresis, show some promise, based on a growing body of positive evidence. In addition, the use of baby shampoo, thyme honey, and bromelain additives to saline lavage in CRS are all supported by clinical evidence, as is Sinupret, an oral preparation that contains echinacea. However, higher levels of ev-idence gleaned from large, well-designed, prospective, randomized, controlled trials are needed before any of these therapies can be recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron S Griffin
- From the Pharmacy Australia Centre of Excellence, School of Pharmacy, University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Woolloongabba
| | - Peter Cabot
- From the Pharmacy Australia Centre of Excellence, School of Pharmacy, University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia
| | - Ben Wallwork
- From the Pharmacy Australia Centre of Excellence, School of Pharmacy, University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Woolloongabba
| | - Ben Panizza
- From the Pharmacy Australia Centre of Excellence, School of Pharmacy, University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Woolloongabba
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Methods of effective low-level laser therapy in the treatment of patients with bronchial asthma (literature review). Biomedicine (Taipei) 2020; 10:1-20. [PMID: 33854908 PMCID: PMC7608842 DOI: 10.37796/2211-8039.1000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Bronchial asthma is an autoimmune disease, one of the most common and practically non-treatable by standard methods. At present, the used drugs only maintain a state of temporary remission, simultaneously having a negative effect on various organs and structures and causing side effects. At the same time, the experts have ignored more than 50 years of successful experience of low-level laser therapy, the results of hundreds of studies proving the effectiveness of the method in treating patients with all forms of bronchial asthma. It is proved that therapeutic and periodic (2–4 per year) courses of low-level laser therapy can significantly decrease the frequency and severity of attacks, reduce or cancel the reception of medicines, as well as negative consequences. In this brief review, only some part of studies is given as an example; pediatrics issues are almost not discussed. However, the review clearly demonstrates that various methods of laser illumination (specific techniques are given) make it possible to influence almost all the known pathogenesis of the disease, and low-level laser therapy is a truly effective method of treatment. We note that there are very few publications published on the topic outside of Russia. Russian scientists, as always, are ahead of world science and low-level laser therapy practice.
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Bae JS, Kim SH, Kim JH, Kim EH, Lyu L, Chung PS, Mo JH. Effects of Low-Level Laser Irradiation in a Mouse Model of Allergic Rhinitis. Lasers Surg Med 2019; 52:347-357. [PMID: 31338850 DOI: 10.1002/lsm.23141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES To evaluate the antiallergic effect of low-level laser irradiation (LLLI) at 650 nm in a mouse model of allergic rhinitis (AR), and to examine the underlying mechanisms. STUDY DESIGN/MATERIALS AND METHODS BALB/c mice were sensitized with ovalbumin (OVA) and alum and challenged intranasally with OVA. Straight- and diffusion-type LLLI were applied directly into the intranasal cavity of the mice once daily for 10 days (650 nm, 5 mW, 15 min/day) and multiple allergic parameters were evaluated. RESULTS LLLI reduced allergic symptoms, such as rubbing and sneezing, and suppressed the serum total immunoglobulin E (IgE), OVA-specific IgE, and OVA-specific IgG1 levels. Diffusion-type LLLI significantly reduced eosinophil infiltration of nasal mucosa and lymph nodes (LNs). LLLI reduced the expression of interleukin-4 (IL-4) and IL-17 in cervical LN and splenocyte culture supernatant, as well as their messenger RNA levels in nasal mucosa. However, the expression of interferonγ (IFN-γ) and IL-6 was unaffected by LLLI. The levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and nitric oxide (NO) in LN cells and the nasal mucosa, which were increased in the AR group, were reduced by LLLI, suggesting involvement of ROS and NO within their mechanism. CONCLUSIONS LLLI exerted an antiallergic effect by decreasing local and systemic IL-4, IL-17, and IgE levels, as well as eosinophilic infiltration into the nasal mucosa, in a mouse model of AR by modulating ROS and NO levels. Diffusion-type LLLI exhibited greater efficacy against AR than straight-type LLLI. Lasers Surg. Med. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Sang Bae
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Dankook University College of Medicine, Cheonan, 31116, Republic of Korea.,Beckman Laser Institute Korea, Dankook University College of Medicine, Cheonan, 31116, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Hyub Kim
- Beckman Laser Institute Korea, Dankook University College of Medicine, Cheonan, 31116, Republic of Korea
| | - Jie Hye Kim
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Dankook University College of Medicine, Cheonan, 31116, Republic of Korea.,Beckman Laser Institute Korea, Dankook University College of Medicine, Cheonan, 31116, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Hee Kim
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Dankook University College of Medicine, Cheonan, 31116, Republic of Korea.,Beckman Laser Institute Korea, Dankook University College of Medicine, Cheonan, 31116, Republic of Korea
| | - Lele Lyu
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Dankook University College of Medicine, Cheonan, 31116, Republic of Korea.,Beckman Laser Institute Korea, Dankook University College of Medicine, Cheonan, 31116, Republic of Korea
| | - Phil Sang Chung
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Dankook University College of Medicine, Cheonan, 31116, Republic of Korea.,Beckman Laser Institute Korea, Dankook University College of Medicine, Cheonan, 31116, Republic of Korea.,Laser Translational Clinical Trial Center, Dankook University Hospital, Cheonan, 31116, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Hun Mo
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Dankook University College of Medicine, Cheonan, 31116, Republic of Korea.,Beckman Laser Institute Korea, Dankook University College of Medicine, Cheonan, 31116, Republic of Korea.,Laser Translational Clinical Trial Center, Dankook University Hospital, Cheonan, 31116, Republic of Korea
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Wickenheisser VA, Zywot EM, Rabjohns EM, Lee HH, Lawrence DS, Tarrant TK. Laser Light Therapy in Inflammatory, Musculoskeletal, and Autoimmune Disease. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep 2019; 19:37. [PMID: 31267251 DOI: 10.1007/s11882-019-0869-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The goal of this review is to summarize the field to date and to discuss strengths and limitations of low-level laser (light) therapy (LLLT) for the future investigation as a treatment of inflammatory disease. RECENT FINDINGS LLLT is a promising therapeutic, particularly for those diseases of skin and joints because they are most accessible to treatment. Indeed, the known mechanisms of LLLT support its use for anti-inflammatory purposes, as well as stimulation of tissue growth and repair. Although the standard of care for the majority of inflammatory diseases is immunosuppressive agents such as corticosteroids with undesirable toxicities, LLLT offers a unique approach by being non-invasive and incurring minimal side effects. It is also relatively inexpensive and accessible and even has the possibility to be patient directed at home. There is evidence that LLLT is able to modulate the immune system at the skin and joint, and it has been shown to be efficacious in humans by affecting bacterial colonization as it may pertain to chronic rhinosinusitis. However, there is variability in the methods of laser application as well as a lack of evidence for laser type, dose-ranging studies, and wavelength selection that create barriers to the implementation of LLLT without further more rigorous and standardized study. The heterogeneity makes it difficult to draw strong conclusions about the efficacy of LLLT and its mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Emilia Marta Zywot
- Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, USA
| | - Emily Mary Rabjohns
- Duke Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology and Immunology, DUMC 3874, 200 Trent Dr., Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Hyun Ho Lee
- Duke Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology and Immunology, DUMC 3874, 200 Trent Dr., Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - David S Lawrence
- Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, USA
| | - Teresa Kathleen Tarrant
- Duke School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA.
- Duke Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology and Immunology, DUMC 3874, 200 Trent Dr., Durham, NC, 27710, USA.
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Effect of Low-Level Laser Therapy (LLLT) in Pulmonary Inflammation in Asthma Induced by House Dust Mite (HDM): Dosimetry Study. Int J Inflam 2019; 2019:3945496. [PMID: 31015955 PMCID: PMC6448342 DOI: 10.1155/2019/3945496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2018] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Asthma is characterized by chronic inflammation in the airways. Several models have been proposed for the discovery of new therapies. Low-Level Laser Therapy (LLLT) is relatively new and effective, very low cost, with no side effects. However, there is still no consensus on the optimal dose to be used. In this sense, the objective of the present study was to evaluate the best dose in an experimental model of asthma induced by House Dust Mite (HDM). Balb/c mice received administration of 100 ug/animal HDM and LLLT applications (diode laser: 660 nm, 100 mW and four different energies 1J, 3J, 5J, and 7.5J) for 16 days. After 24 hours, we studied inflammatory, functional, and structural parameters. The results showed that LBI was able to modulate the pulmonary inflammation observed by reducing the number of cells in Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid (BALF) as well as reducing the percentage of neutrophils, eosinophils and T lymphocytes. On the other hand, LLLT increased the level of IL-10 and reduced levels of IL-4, IL-5 and IL-13 in BALF. LLLT was able to reduce the production of mucus, peribronchial eosinophils, collagen deposition, bronchoconstriction index, and bronchial and muscular thickening in the airways. We concluded that the use of LLLT in the treatment of chronic inflammation of the airways attenuated the inflammatory process and functional and structural parameters. We emphasize, in general, that the 1J and 3J laser presented better results. Thus, photobiomodulation may be considered a promising tool for the treatment of chronic pulmonary allergic inflammation observed in asthma.
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Siqueira VPC, Evangelista MIS, Dos Santos A, Marcos RL, Ligeiro-de-Oliveira AP, Pavani C, Damazo AS, Lino-Dos-Santos-Franco A. Light-Emitting Diode treatment ameliorates allergic lung inflammation in experimental model of asthma induced by ovalbumin. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2017; 10:1683-1693. [PMID: 28417574 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.201600247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2016] [Revised: 01/19/2017] [Accepted: 01/21/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Since asthma is a multifactorial disease where treatment sometimes is not effective, new therapies that improve the respiratory discomfort of patients are of great importance. Phototherapy as Light-emitting diode (LED) has emerged as a treatment that presents good results for diseases that are characterized by inflammation. Thus, our objective was to investigate the effects of LED on lung inflammation, by an evaluation of lung cell infiltration, mucus secretion, oedema, and the production of cytokines. Male Balb/c mice were or not sensitized and challenged with ovalbumin (OVA) and treated or not with LED therapy (1 h and 4 h after each OVA challenge). Twenty-four hours after the last OVA challenge, analyzes were performed. Our results showed that LED treatment in asthmatic mice reduced the lung cell infiltration, the mucus production, the oedema, and the tracheal's contractile response. It also increased the IL-10 and the IFN-gamma levels. The effects of LED treatment on lung inflammation may be modulated by IL-10, IFN-gamma, and by mast cells. This study may provide important information about the effects of LED, and in addition, it may open the possibility of a new approach for the treatment of asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Alana Dos Santos
- Post Graduate Program in Biophotonics Applied to Health Sciences, University Nove de Julho (UNINOVE), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Labat Marcos
- Post Graduate Program in Biophotonics Applied to Health Sciences, University Nove de Julho (UNINOVE), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula Ligeiro-de-Oliveira
- Post Graduate Program in Biophotonics Applied to Health Sciences, University Nove de Julho (UNINOVE), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Christiane Pavani
- Post Graduate Program in Biophotonics Applied to Health Sciences, University Nove de Julho (UNINOVE), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Amílcar Sabino Damazo
- Department of Basic Science in Health, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Federal University of Cuiabá, Cuiabá, Brazil
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Photobiomodulation therapy improves both inflammatory and fibrotic parameters in experimental model of lung fibrosis in mice. Lasers Med Sci 2017; 32:1825-1834. [PMID: 28712048 DOI: 10.1007/s10103-017-2281-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2017] [Accepted: 06/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Lung fibrosis (LF) is a chronic and progressive lung disease characterized by pulmonary parenchyma progressive lesion, inflammatory infiltration, and interstitial fibrosis. It is developed by excessive collagen deposition and other cellular matrix components, resulting in severe changes in the alveolar architecture. Considering the absence of effective treatment, the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of photobiomodulation therapy (PBMT) on the development of PF. For this purpose, we used C57BL6 mice subjected to induction of LF by bleomycin administration (1.5 U/kg) by orotracheal route and, after 14 days of the induction, mice were treated with PBMT applied to the thorax 1×/day for 8 days (wavelength 660 ± 20 nm, power 100 mW, radiant exposure 5 J/cm2, irradiance 33.3 mW/cm2, spot size 2.8cm2, total energy 15 J, time of irradiation: 150 s) and inflammatory and fibrotic parameters were evaluated with or without PBMT. Our results showed that PBMT significantly reduced the number of inflammatory cells in the alveolar space, collagen production, interstitial thickening, and static and dynamic pulmonary elastance. In addition, we observed reduced levels of IL-6 e CXCL1/KC released by pneumocytes in culture as well as reduced level of CXCL1/KC released by fibroblasts in culture. We can conclude that the PBMT improves both inflammatory and fibrotic parameters showing a promising therapy which is economical and has no side effects.
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Costa Carvalho JL, de Brito AA, de Oliveira APL, de Castro Faria Neto HC, Pereira TM, de Carvalho RA, Anatriello E, Aimbire F. The chemokines secretion and the oxidative stress are targets of low-level laser therapy in allergic lung inflammation. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2016; 9:1208-1221. [PMID: 27649282 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.201600061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2016] [Revised: 07/23/2016] [Accepted: 07/24/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies show that low-level laser therapy (LLLT) has an important anti-inflammatory action in acute lung inflammation. The present work explored if laser therapy is able to antagonize eosinophils and allergic inflammation induced by oxidative stress in Balb/c mice. Forty-eight hours after challenge, the leukocyte counting, ROS and nitrite/nitrate level, RANTES, CCL3, CCL8 as well as eotaxins were measured in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) of laser-treated mice or not. Into the lung, some chemokines receptors, the iNOS activity and mRNA expression, and the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase, gluthatione, NADPH oxidase activities and thiobarbituric acid reactive species (T-Bars) were measured. Laser-treated allergic mice presented reduction of both the ICAM-1 and eosinophil in the lungs. RANTES, CCL8, CCL3 and eotaxins were reduced in BALF of laser-treated allergic mice. In allergic mice lung LLLT decreased the CCR1 and CCR3 and restored the oxidative stress balance as well. Laser decreased the lipidic peroxidation in allergic mice lung as much as increased SOD, GPx and GR. It shows that LLLT on allergic lung inflammation involves leukocyte-attractant chemokines and endogenous antioxidant. Based on results, LLLT may ultimately become a non- invasive option in allergic lung disease treatment. The top figure illustrates the laser decreasing the eosinophils migration into BALF and the bottom figure shows the laser upregulating the expression of heme-oxygenase (anti-oxidant enzyme) in lung tissue anti-oxidant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Luis Costa Carvalho
- Department of Science and Technology, Federal University of São Paulo - UNIFESP, Rua Talim, 330 - Vila Nair, PO Box 12231-280, São José dos Campos, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Auriléia Aparecida de Brito
- Laboratory of Pulmonary and Exercise Immunology-LABPEI, Nove de Julho University (UNINOVE), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | | | - Thiago Martini Pereira
- Laboratory of Pulmonary and Exercise Immunology-LABPEI, Nove de Julho University (UNINOVE), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Regiane Albertini de Carvalho
- Department of Science and Technology, Federal University of São Paulo - UNIFESP, Rua Talim, 330 - Vila Nair, PO Box 12231-280, São José dos Campos, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Elen Anatriello
- Department of Science and Technology, Federal University of São Paulo - UNIFESP, Rua Talim, 330 - Vila Nair, PO Box 12231-280, São José dos Campos, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Flávio Aimbire
- Department of Science and Technology, Federal University of São Paulo - UNIFESP, Rua Talim, 330 - Vila Nair, PO Box 12231-280, São José dos Campos, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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Yu Z, Liu N, Zhao J, Li Y, McCarthy TJ, Tedford CE, Lo EH, Wang X. Near infrared radiation rescues mitochondrial dysfunction in cortical neurons after oxygen-glucose deprivation. Metab Brain Dis 2015; 30:491-6. [PMID: 24599760 PMCID: PMC4156924 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-014-9515-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2014] [Accepted: 02/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Near infrared radiation (NIR) is known to penetrate and affect biological systems in multiple ways. Recently, a series of experimental studies suggested that low intensity NIR may protect neuronal cells against a wide range of insults that mimic diseases such as stroke, brain trauma and neurodegeneration. However, the potential molecular mechanisms of neuroprotection with NIR remain poorly defined. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that low intensity NIR may attenuate hypoxia/ischemia-induced mitochondrial dysfunction in neurons. Primary cortical mouse neuronal cultures were subjected to 4 h oxygen-glucose deprivation followed by reoxygenation for 2 h, neurons were then treated with a 2 min exposure to 810-nm NIR. Mitochondrial function markers including MTT reduction and mitochondria membrane potential were measured at 2 h after treatment. Neurotoxicity was quantified 20 h later. Our results showed that 4 h oxygen-glucose deprivation plus 20 h reoxygenation caused 33.8 ± 3.4 % of neuron death, while NIR exposure significantly reduced neuronal death to 23.6 ± 2.9 %. MTT reduction rate was reduced to 75.9 ± 2.7 % by oxygen-glucose deprivation compared to normoxic controls, but NIR exposure significantly rescued MTT reduction to 87.6 ± 4.5 %. Furthermore, after oxygen-glucose deprivation, mitochondria membrane potential was reduced to 48.9 ± 4.39 % of normoxic control, while NIR exposure significantly ameliorated this reduction to 89.6 ± 13.9 % of normoxic control. Finally, NIR significantly rescued OGD-induced ATP production decline at 20 min after NIR. These findings suggest that low intensity NIR can protect neurons against oxygen-glucose deprivation by rescuing mitochondrial function and restoring neuronal energetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhanyang Yu
- Departments of Neurology and Radiology, Neuroprotection Research Laboratory, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, 02129, USA,
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