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Debeljak P, Baltar F. Fungal Diversity and Community Composition across Ecosystems. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:jof9050510. [PMID: 37233221 DOI: 10.3390/jof9050510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Fungi have shaped the biosphere since the development of life on Earth. Despite fungi being present in all environments, most of the available fungal research has focused on soils. As a result, the role and composition of fungal communities in aquatic (marine and freshwater) environments remain largely unexplored. The use of different primers to characterise fungal communities has additionally complicated intercomparisons among studies. Consequently, we lack a basic global assessment of fungal diversity across major ecosystems. Here, we took advantage of a recently published 18S rRNA dataset comprising samples from major ecosystems (terrestrial, freshwater, and marine) to attempt a global assessment of fungal diversity and community composition. We found the highest fungal diversities for terrestrial > freshwater > marine environments, and pronounced gradients of fungal diversity along temperature, salinity, and latitude in all ecosystems. We also identified the most abundant taxa in each of these ecosystems, mostly dominated by Ascomycota and Basidiomycota, except in freshwater rivers where Chytridiomycota dominated. Collectively, our analysis provides a global analysis of fungal diversity across all major environmental ecosystems, highlighting the most distinct order and ASVs (amplicon sequencing variants) by ecosystem, and thus filling a critical gap in the study of the Earth's mycobiome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavla Debeljak
- Fungal & Biogeochemical Oceanography, Department of Functional and Evolutionary Ecology, University of Vienna, 1030 Vienna, Austria
- SupBiotech, 94800 Villejuif, France
| | - Federico Baltar
- Fungal & Biogeochemical Oceanography, Department of Functional and Evolutionary Ecology, University of Vienna, 1030 Vienna, Austria
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2
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Cha HJ, Chiang MWL, Guo SY, Lin SM, Pang KL. Culturable Fungal Community of Pterocladiella capillacea in Keelung, Taiwan: Effects of Surface Sterilization Method and Isolation Medium. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:651. [PMID: 34436190 PMCID: PMC8399158 DOI: 10.3390/jof7080651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Revised: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Fungi associated with macroalgae are less known when compared with those on wood in the marine environment. In this study, we assessed the diversity of fungi associated with the red alga Pterocladiella capillacea at Chao-Jin Park, Keelung, Taiwan. Algal segments of healthy and dead thalli were washed/sterilized with different solutions (sterile artificial seawater, 70% ethanol, and 4% sodium hypochlorite), plated on three different media (glucose-yeast extract-peptone seawater agar (GYPS), potato dextrose seawater agar (PDAS), and artificial seawater agar (SA)), and isolated as pure cultures. Identification was mainly based on BLAST search analysis of the internal transcribed spacers of rDNA (ITS). The highest isolation frequency (no. of segment with fungi/total no. of segment × 100) was in dead thalli (61.23%), thalli washed with seawater (88.38%), and thalli plated on GYPS (62.10%). A total of 3187 isolates were cultured, representing 129 taxa (in 67 genera); the higher species richness was isolated from healthy thalli (119 species), thalli washed with seawater (111 species), and on GYPS (112 species). Ascomycota (Eurotiales, Hypocreales, Capnodiales, Pleosporales, Xylariales) dominated the fungal community in P. capillacea with many basidiomycetous yeasts and few Mucoromycota. Aspergillus, Cladosporium, Penicillium (Ascomycota), and Rhodosporidium (Basidiomycota) were the dominant genera associated with the alga. The surface washing/sterilization schemes of algal thalli affected fungal diversity, but the isolation media used did not. While these genera are known producers of antimicrobial secondary metabolites, they might form a mutualistic relationship with P. capillacea by exchanging nutrients from photosynthesis for protection from microbial diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyo-Jung Cha
- Centre of Excellence for the Oceans and Institute of Marine Biology, National Taiwan Ocean University, 2 Pei-Ning Road, Keelung 202301, Taiwan; (H.-J.C.); (S.-Y.G.); (S.-M.L.)
| | - Michael W. L. Chiang
- Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong;
| | - Sheng-Yu Guo
- Centre of Excellence for the Oceans and Institute of Marine Biology, National Taiwan Ocean University, 2 Pei-Ning Road, Keelung 202301, Taiwan; (H.-J.C.); (S.-Y.G.); (S.-M.L.)
| | - Showe-Mei Lin
- Centre of Excellence for the Oceans and Institute of Marine Biology, National Taiwan Ocean University, 2 Pei-Ning Road, Keelung 202301, Taiwan; (H.-J.C.); (S.-Y.G.); (S.-M.L.)
| | - Ka-Lai Pang
- Centre of Excellence for the Oceans and Institute of Marine Biology, National Taiwan Ocean University, 2 Pei-Ning Road, Keelung 202301, Taiwan; (H.-J.C.); (S.-Y.G.); (S.-M.L.)
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3
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An overview on marine cellulolytic enzymes and their potential applications. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2020; 104:6873-6892. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-020-10692-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Revised: 05/10/2020] [Accepted: 05/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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4
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Greco G, Di Piazza S, Gallus L, Amaroli A, Pozzolini M, Ferrando S, Bertolino M, Scarfì S, Zotti M. First identification of a fatal fungal infection of the marine sponge Chondrosia reniformis by Aspergillus tubingensis. DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS 2019; 135:227-239. [PMID: 31535618 DOI: 10.3354/dao03397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Sponges are considered promising sources of biomolecules for both pharmaceutical and cosmetic interests as well as for the production of biomaterials suitable for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. Accordingly, the ability to grow sponges in captivity and in healthy conditions to increase their biomass is a required goal for the development of sponge aquaculture systems. To date, little information is available about the pathogenicity of fungi associated with sponges. In our study, we identified an infection in freshly collected specimens of Chondrosia reniformis (Porifera, Demospongiae) and determined that the fungus Aspergillus tubingensis was the pathogen responsible. This is the first description of a natural infection of C. reniformis by A. tubingensis. Despite raising an inflammatory response by means of an increase in tumour necrosis factor (TNF) mRNA, the infected C. reniformis specimens were not able to control the fungal infection, leading to rotting in 15 d. Characterization of this infection shows that a widely distributed fungus can represent a potential hazard to sponge aquaculture industries and how, especially in stressed or compromised marine environments, this fungus could represent a fatal opportunistic pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Greco
- Department of Earth, Environment and Life Sciences (DISTAV), University of Genova, Corso Europa 26, 16132, Italy
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5
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Asfour HZ, Awan ZA, Bagalagel AA, Elfaky MA, Abdelhameed RFA, Elhady SS. Large-Scale Production of Bioactive Terrein by Aspergillus terreus Strain S020 Isolated from the Saudi Coast of the Red Sea. Biomolecules 2019; 9:biom9090480. [PMID: 31547354 PMCID: PMC6769563 DOI: 10.3390/biom9090480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Revised: 09/08/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The diversity of symbiotic fungi derived from two marine sponges and sediment collected off Obhur, Jeddah (Saudi Arabia), was investigated in the current study. A total of 23 isolates were purified using a culture-dependent approach. Using the morphological properties combined with internal transcribed spacer-rDNA (ITS-rDNA) sequences, 23 fungal strains (in the majority Penicillium and Aspergillus) were identified from these samples. The biological screening (cytotoxic and antimicrobial activities) of small-scale cultures of these fungi yielded several target fungal strains which produced bioactive secondary metabolites. Amongst these isolates, the crude extract of Aspergillus terreus strain S020, which was cultured in fermentation static broth, 21 L, for 40 days at room temperature on potato dextrose broth, displayed strong antimicrobial activities against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus and significant antiproliferative effects on human carcinoma cells. Chromatographic separation of the crude extract by silica gel column chromatography indicated that the S020 isolate could produce a series of chemical compounds. Among these, pure crystalline terrein was separated with a high yield of 537.26 ± 23.42 g/kg extract, which represents the highest fermentation production of terrein to date. Its chemical structure was elucidated on the basis of high-resolution electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (HRESIMS) or high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS), 1D, and 2D NMR spectroscopic analyses and by comparison with reported data. The compound showed strong cytotoxic activity against colorectal carcinoma cells (HCT-116) and hepatocellular carcinoma cells (HepG2), with IC50 values of 12.13 and 22.53 µM, respectively. Our study highlights the potential of A. terreus strain S020 for the industrial production of bioactive terrein on a large scale and the importance of future investigations of these strains to identify the bioactive leads in these fungal extracts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hani Z Asfour
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Princess Al-Jawhara Center of Excellence in Research of Hereditary Disorders, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Zuhier A Awan
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Alaa A Bagalagel
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Mahmoud A Elfaky
- Department of Natural Products and Alternative Medicine, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Reda F A Abdelhameed
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt.
| | - Sameh S Elhady
- Department of Natural Products and Alternative Medicine, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia.
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Port Said University, Port Said 42526, Egypt.
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Almeida EL, Carrillo Rincón AF, Jackson SA, Dobson ADW. Comparative Genomics of Marine Sponge-Derived Streptomyces spp. Isolates SM17 and SM18 With Their Closest Terrestrial Relatives Provides Novel Insights Into Environmental Niche Adaptations and Secondary Metabolite Biosynthesis Potential. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:1713. [PMID: 31404169 PMCID: PMC6676996 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.01713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The emergence of antibiotic resistant microorganisms has led to an increased need for the discovery and development of novel antimicrobial compounds. Frequent rediscovery of the same natural products (NPs) continues to decrease the likelihood of the discovery of new compounds from soil bacteria. Thus, efforts have shifted toward investigating microorganisms and their secondary metabolite biosynthesis potential, from diverse niche environments, such as those isolated from marine sponges. Here we investigated at the genomic level two Streptomyces spp. strains, namely SM17 and SM18, isolated from the marine sponge Haliclona simulans, with previously reported antimicrobial activity against clinically relevant pathogens; using single molecule real-time (SMRT) sequencing. We performed a series of comparative genomic analyses on SM17 and SM18 with their closest terrestrial relatives, namely S. albus J1074 and S. pratensis ATCC 33331 respectively; in an effort to provide further insights into potential environmental niche adaptations (ENAs) of marine sponge-associated Streptomyces, and on how these adaptations might be linked to their secondary metabolite biosynthesis potential. Prediction of secondary metabolite biosynthetic gene clusters (smBGCs) indicated that, even though the marine isolates are closely related to their terrestrial counterparts at a genomic level; they potentially produce different compounds. SM17 and SM18 displayed a better ability to grow in high salinity medium when compared to their terrestrial counterparts, and further analysis of their genomes indicated that they possess a pool of 29 potential ENA genes that are absent in S. albus J1074 and S. pratensis ATCC 33331. This ENA gene pool included functional categories of genes that are likely to be related to niche adaptations and which could be grouped based on potential biological functions such as osmotic stress, defense; transcriptional regulation; symbiotic interactions; antimicrobial compound production and resistance; ABC transporters; together with horizontal gene transfer and defense-related features.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Stephen A. Jackson
- School of Microbiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- Environmental Research Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Alan D. W. Dobson
- School of Microbiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- Environmental Research Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
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Mathivanan A, Ravikumar S, Selvakumar G. Bioprospecting of sponge and its symbionts: New tool for mosquitocidal & insecticidal metabolites. BIOCATALYSIS AND AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcab.2019.101158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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8
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Bovio E, Garzoli L, Poli A, Luganini A, Villa P, Musumeci R, McCormack GP, Cocuzza CE, Gribaudo G, Mehiri M, Varese GC. Marine Fungi from the Sponge Grantia compressa: Biodiversity, Chemodiversity, and Biotechnological Potential. Mar Drugs 2019; 17:E220. [PMID: 30978942 PMCID: PMC6520677 DOI: 10.3390/md17040220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2018] [Revised: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The emergence of antibiotic resistance and viruses with high epidemic potential made unexplored marine environments an appealing target source for new metabolites. Marine fungi represent one of the most suitable sources for the discovery of new compounds. Thus, the aim of this work was (i) to isolate and identify fungi associated with the Atlantic sponge Grantia compressa; (ii) to study the fungal metabolites by applying the OSMAC approach (one strain; many compounds); (iii) to test fungal compounds for their antimicrobial activities. Twenty-one fungal strains (17 taxa) were isolated from G. compressa. The OSMAC approach revealed an astonishing metabolic diversity in the marine fungus Eurotium chevalieri MUT 2316, from which 10 compounds were extracted, isolated, and characterized. All metabolites were tested against viruses and bacteria (reference and multidrug-resistant strains). Dihydroauroglaucin completely inhibited the replication of influenza A virus; as for herpes simplex virus 1, total inhibition of replication was observed for both physcion and neoechinulin D. Six out of 10 compounds were active against Gram-positive bacteria with isodihydroauroglaucin being the most promising compound (minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) 4-64 µg/mL) with bactericidal activity. Overall, G. compressa proved to be an outstanding source of fungal diversity. Marine fungi were capable of producing different metabolites; in particular, the compounds isolated from E. chevalieri showed promising bioactivity against well-known and emerging pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Bovio
- Mycotheca Universitatis Taurinensis, Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, Viale Mattioli 25, 10125 Turin, Italy.
- University Nice Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Nice Institute of Chemistry, UMR 7272, Marine Natural Products Team, 60103 Nice, France.
| | - Laura Garzoli
- Mycotheca Universitatis Taurinensis, Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, Viale Mattioli 25, 10125 Turin, Italy.
| | - Anna Poli
- Mycotheca Universitatis Taurinensis, Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, Viale Mattioli 25, 10125 Turin, Italy.
| | - Anna Luganini
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Virology, Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, Via Accademia Albertina 13, 10123 Turin, Italy.
| | - Pietro Villa
- Laboratory of Clinical Microbiology and Virology, Department of Medicine, University of Milano-Bicocca, via Cadore 48, 20900 Monza, Italy.
| | - Rosario Musumeci
- Laboratory of Clinical Microbiology and Virology, Department of Medicine, University of Milano-Bicocca, via Cadore 48, 20900 Monza, Italy.
| | - Grace P McCormack
- Zoology, Ryan Institute, School of Natural Sciences, National University of Ireland Galway, University Road, Galway H91 TK33, Ireland.
| | - Clementina E Cocuzza
- Laboratory of Clinical Microbiology and Virology, Department of Medicine, University of Milano-Bicocca, via Cadore 48, 20900 Monza, Italy.
| | - Giorgio Gribaudo
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Virology, Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, Via Accademia Albertina 13, 10123 Turin, Italy.
| | - Mohamed Mehiri
- University Nice Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Nice Institute of Chemistry, UMR 7272, Marine Natural Products Team, 60103 Nice, France.
| | - Giovanna C Varese
- Mycotheca Universitatis Taurinensis, Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, Viale Mattioli 25, 10125 Turin, Italy.
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9
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Zhang XY, Hao HL, Lau SCK, Wang HY, Han Y, Dong LM, Huang RM. Biodiversity and antifouling activity of fungi associated with two soft corals from the South China Sea. Arch Microbiol 2019; 201:757-767. [PMID: 30840101 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-019-01639-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2018] [Revised: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Bacteria in corals have been studied in detail in the past decades. However, the biodiversity and bioactivity of fungi in corals are still poorly understood. This study investigated the biodiversity and antifouling activity of fungi in soft corals Cladiella krempfi and Sarcophyton tortuosum from the South China Sea. A high diverse and abundant fungal community was found in the two soft corals. Furthermore, five isolates shared 83-95% similarity with their closest relatives, indicating that they might be novel species in genera Phaeoshaeria and Mucor. In addition, approximately 50% of the representative isolates exhibited distinct antifouling activity. In particular, isolates Fungal sp. SCAU132 and Fungal sp. SCAU133 displayed very strong antifouling activity against Bugula neritina, suggesting they can provide a potential resource for further investigation on isolation of novel antifouling metabolites. To our knowledge, this study is the first report to investigate the biodiversity and antifouling activity of fungi in C. krempfi and S. tortuosum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Yong Zhang
- Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province and Hong Kong Region on Marine Bior-esource Conservation and Exploitation, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, 510642, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hui-Li Hao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, 510642, Guangzhou, China
| | - Stanley Chun Kwan Lau
- Department of Ocean Science, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clearwater Bay, 999077, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Huai-You Wang
- Division of Life Science and Center for Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clearwater Bay, 999077, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yu Han
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, 510642, Guangzhou, China
| | - Li-Mei Dong
- College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, 510642, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Ri-Ming Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, 510642, Guangzhou, China.
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Calabon MS, Sadaba RB, Campos WL. Fungal diversity of mangrove-associated sponges from New Washington, Aklan, Philippines. Mycology 2018; 10:6-21. [PMID: 30834148 PMCID: PMC6394314 DOI: 10.1080/21501203.2018.1518934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 08/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Sponge-associated fungi are the least explored marine fungal groups. It is only in recent years that fungal symbionts of marine sponges have received attention mainly due to the isolation of bioactive metabolites while not much attention was given to their specificity, biogeography and exact roles in marine sponges. The diversity of fungi associated with mangrove sponges (Axinella sp., Halichondria cf. panicea, Haliclona sp., Tedania sp.) collected from New Washington, Aklan, Philippines were investigated using morphological observation. A total of 110 species of sponge-associated fungi belonging to 22 genera of ascomycetes with 18 genera of asexual morphs whose sexual stage is unknown, 2 genera of basidiomycetes, 21 morphospecies of Mycelia sterilia, 1 unidentified yeast species and 11 unidentified hyphomycetes were isolated from four species of mangrove sponges. This is the first study that explored the diversity and ecology of sponge-associated fungi in mangrove habitats from the Philippines. The results of the study suggest host-preference by various fungal taxa and the development of fungi on these hosts appeared to be strongly influenced by the characteristics or nature of the immediate environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark S Calabon
- National Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of the Philippines Visayas, Miagao, Philippines
| | - Resurreccion B Sadaba
- Division of Biological Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, University of the Philippines Visayas, Miagao, Iloilo, Philippines
| | - Wilfredo L Campos
- Division of Biological Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, University of the Philippines Visayas, Miagao, Iloilo, Philippines.,OceanBio and MarineBio Laboratories, Division of Biological Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, University of the Philippines Visayas, Miagao, Iloilo, Philippines
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11
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Nguyen MT, Thomas T. Diversity, host-specificity and stability of sponge-associated fungal communities of co-occurring sponges. PeerJ 2018; 6:e4965. [PMID: 29888140 PMCID: PMC5991299 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.4965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Fungi play a critical role in a range of ecosystems; however, their interactions and functions in marine hosts, and particular sponges, is poorly understood. Here we assess the fungal community composition of three co-occurring sponges (Cymbastela concentrica, Scopalina sp., Tedania anhelans) and the surrounding seawater over two time points to help elucidate host-specificity, stability and potential core members, which may shed light into the ecological function of fungi in sponges. The results showed that ITS-amplicon-based community profiling likely provides a more realistic assessment of fungal diversity in sponges than cultivation-dependent approaches. The sponges studied here were found to contain phylogenetically diverse fungi (eight fungal classes were observed), including members of the family Togniniaceae and the genus Acrostalagmus, that have so far not been reported to be cultured from sponges. Fungal communities within any given sponge species were found to be highly variable compared to bacterial communities, and influenced in structure by the community of the surrounding seawater, especially considering temporal variation. Nevertheless, the sponge species studied here contained a few "variable/core" fungi that appeared in multiple biological replicates and were enriched in their relative abundance compared to seawater communities. These fungi were the same or highly similar to fungal species detected in sponges around the world, which suggests a prevalence of horizontal transmission where selectivity and enrichment of some fungi occur for those that can survive and/or exploit the sponge environment. Our current sparse knowledge about sponge-associated fungi thus indicate that fungal communities may perhaps not play as an important ecological role in the sponge holobiont compared to bacterial or archaeal symbionts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary T.H.D. Nguyen
- Centre for Marine Bio-Innovation and School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Torsten Thomas
- Centre for Marine Bio-Innovation and School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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12
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Bovio E, Garzoli L, Poli A, Prigione V, Firsova D, McCormack G, Varese G. The culturable mycobiota associated with three Atlantic sponges, including two new species: Thelebolus balaustiformis and T. spongiae. Fungal Syst Evol 2018; 1:141-167. [PMID: 32490365 PMCID: PMC7259239 DOI: 10.3114/fuse.2018.01.07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Covering 70 % of Earth, oceans are at the same time the most common and the environment least studied by microbiologists. Considering the large gaps in our knowledge on the presence of marine fungi in the oceans, the aim of this research was to isolate and identify the culturable fungal community within three species of sponges, namely Dysidea fragilis, Pachymatisma johnstonia and Sycon ciliatum, collected in the Atlantic Ocean and never studied for their associated mycobiota. Applying different isolation methods, incubation temperatures and media, and attempting to mimic the marine and sponge environments, were fundamental to increase the number of cultivable taxa. Fungi were identified using a polyphasic approach, by means of morpho-physiological, molecular and phylogenetic techniques. The sponges revealed an astonishing fungal diversity represented by 87 fungal taxa. Each sponge hosted a specific fungal community with more than half of the associated fungi being exclusive of each invertebrate. Several species isolated and identified in this work, already known in terrestrial environment, were first reported in marine ecosystems (21 species) and in association with sponges (49 species), including the two new species Thelebolus balaustiformis and Thelebolus spongiae, demonstrating that oceans are an untapped source of biodiversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- E. Bovio
- Mycotheca Universitatis Taurinensis (MUT), Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, 10125 Turin, Italy
- Marine Natural Products Team, CNRS, Institute of Chemistry (UMR 7272), University Nice Côte d’Azur, Nice, 06100, France
| | - L. Garzoli
- Mycotheca Universitatis Taurinensis (MUT), Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, 10125 Turin, Italy
| | - A. Poli
- Mycotheca Universitatis Taurinensis (MUT), Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, 10125 Turin, Italy
| | - V. Prigione
- Mycotheca Universitatis Taurinensis (MUT), Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, 10125 Turin, Italy
| | - D. Firsova
- School of Chemistry, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - G.P. McCormack
- Zoology, Ryan Institute, School of Natural Sciences, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - G.C. Varese
- Mycotheca Universitatis Taurinensis (MUT), Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, 10125 Turin, Italy
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14
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Naim MA, Smidt H, Sipkema D. Fungi found in Mediterranean and North Sea sponges: how specific are they? PeerJ 2017; 5:e3722. [PMID: 28894639 PMCID: PMC5591636 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.3722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2017] [Accepted: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Fungi and other eukaryotes represent one of the last frontiers of microbial diversity in the sponge holobiont. In this study we employed pyrosequencing of 18S ribosomal RNA gene amplicons containing the V7 and V8 hypervariable regions to explore the fungal diversity of seven sponge species from the North Sea and the Mediterranean Sea. For most sponges, fungi were present at a low relative abundance averaging 0.75% of the 18S rRNA gene reads. In total, 44 fungal OTUs (operational taxonomic units) were detected in sponges, and 28 of these OTUs were also found in seawater. Twenty-two of the sponge-associated OTUs were identified as yeasts (mainly Malasseziales), representing 84% of the fungal reads. Several OTUs were related to fungal sequences previously retrieved from other sponges, but all OTUs were also related to fungi from other biological sources, such as seawater, sediments, lakes and anaerobic digesters. Therefore our data, supported by currently available data, point in the direction of mostly accidental presence of fungi in sponges and do not support the existence of a sponge-specific fungal community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Azrul Naim
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands.,Department of Biotechnology, International Islamic University, Jalan Istana, Malaysia
| | - Hauke Smidt
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Detmer Sipkema
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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15
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Batista-García RA, Sutton T, Jackson SA, Tovar-Herrera OE, Balcázar-López E, Sánchez-Carbente MDR, Sánchez-Reyes A, Dobson ADW, Folch-Mallol JL. Characterization of lignocellulolytic activities from fungi isolated from the deep-sea sponge Stelletta normani. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0173750. [PMID: 28339473 PMCID: PMC5365110 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0173750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2015] [Accepted: 02/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Extreme habitats have usually been regarded as a source of microorganisms that possess robust proteins that help enable them to survive in such harsh conditions. The deep sea can be considered an extreme habitat due to low temperatures (<5°C) and high pressure, however marine sponges survive in these habitats. While bacteria derived from deep-sea marine sponges have been studied, much less information is available on fungal biodiversity associated with these sponges. Following screening of fourteen fungi isolated from the deep-sea sponge Stelletta normani sampled at a depth of 751 metres, three halotolerant strains (TS2, TS11 and TS12) were identified which displayed high CMCase and xylanase activities. Molecular based taxonomic approaches identified these strains as Cadophora sp. TS2, Emericellopsis sp. TS11 and Pseudogymnoascus sp. TS 12. These three fungi displayed psychrotolerance and halotolerant growth on CMC and xylan as sole carbon sources, with optimal growth rates at 20°C. They produced CMCase and xylanase activities, which displayed optimal temperature and pH values of between 50-70°C and pH 5-8 respectively, together with good thermostability and halotolerance. In solid-state fermentations TS2, TS11 and TS12 produced CMCases, xylanases and peroxidase/phenol oxidases when grown on corn stover and wheat straw. This is the first time that CMCase, xylanase and peroxidase/phenol oxidase activities have been reported in these three fungal genera isolated from a marine sponge. Given the biochemical characteristics of these ligninolytic enzymes it is likely that they may prove useful in future biomass conversion strategies involving lignocellulosic materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramón Alberto Batista-García
- Centro de Investigación en Dinámica Celular, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
- Centro de Investigación en Biotecnología, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Thomas Sutton
- School of Microbiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Stephen A. Jackson
- School of Microbiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- Marine Biotechnology Centre, Environmental Research Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Omar Eduardo Tovar-Herrera
- Instituto de Biotecnología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, San Nicolás de los Garza, Nuevo León, Mexico
| | - Edgar Balcázar-López
- Centro de Investigación en Dinámica Celular, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
- Centro de Investigación en Biotecnología, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | | | - Ayixon Sánchez-Reyes
- Centro de Investigación en Dinámica Celular, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
- Centro de Investigación en Biotecnología, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Alan D. W. Dobson
- School of Microbiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- Marine Biotechnology Centre, Environmental Research Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Jorge Luis Folch-Mallol
- Centro de Investigación en Biotecnología, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
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16
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Nikolaivits E, Dimarogona M, Fokialakis N, Topakas E. Marine-Derived Biocatalysts: Importance, Accessing, and Application in Aromatic Pollutant Bioremediation. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:265. [PMID: 28265269 PMCID: PMC5316534 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.00265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2016] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present review is to highlight the potential use of marine biocatalysts (whole cells or enzymes) as an alternative bioprocess for the degradation of aromatic pollutants. Firstly, information about the characteristics of the still underexplored marine environment and the available scientific tools used to access novel marine-derived biocatalysts is provided. Marine-derived enzymes, such as dioxygenases and dehalogenases, and the involved catalytic mechanisms for the degradation of aromatic and halogenated compounds, are presented, with the purpose of underpinning their potential use in bioremediation. Emphasis is given on persistent organic pollutants (POPs) that are organic compounds with significant impact on health and environment due to their resistance in degradation. POPs bioaccumulate mainly in the fatty tissue of living organisms, therefore current efforts are mostly focused on the restriction of their use and production, since their removal is still unclear. A brief description of the guidelines and criteria that render a pollutant POP is given, as well as their potential biodegradation by marine microorganisms by surveying recent developments in this rather unexplored field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Efstratios Nikolaivits
- Industrial Biotechnology & Biocatalysis Group, Biotechnology Laboratory, School of Chemical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens Athens, Greece
| | - Maria Dimarogona
- Industrial Biotechnology & Biocatalysis Group, Biotechnology Laboratory, School of Chemical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens Athens, Greece
| | - Nikolas Fokialakis
- Division of Pharmacognosy and Chemistry of Natural Products, Department of Pharmacy, University of Athens Athens, Greece
| | - Evangelos Topakas
- Industrial Biotechnology & Biocatalysis Group, Biotechnology Laboratory, School of Chemical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens Athens, Greece
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17
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Chen Y, Mao WJ, Yan MX, Liu X, Wang SY, Xia Z, Xiao B, Cao SJ, Yang BQ, Li J. Purification, Chemical Characterization, and Bioactivity of an Extracellular Polysaccharide Produced by the Marine Sponge Endogenous Fungus Alternaria sp. SP-32. MARINE BIOTECHNOLOGY (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2016; 18:301-313. [PMID: 27153822 DOI: 10.1007/s10126-016-9696-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2015] [Accepted: 01/15/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Marine sponges are ancient and simple multicellular filter-feeding invertebrates attached to solid substrates in benthic habitats and host a variety of fungi both inside and on their surface because of its unique ingestion and digest system. Investigation on marine sponge-associated fungi mainly focused on the small molecular metabolites, yet little attention had been paid to the extracellular polysaccharides. In this study, a homogeneous extracellular polysaccharide AS2-1 was obtained from the fermented broth of the marine sponge endogenous fungus Alternaria sp. SP-32 using ethanol precipitation, anion-exchange, and size-exclusion chromatography. Results of chemical and spectroscopic analyses showed that AS2-1 was composed of mannose, glucose, and galactose with a molar ratio of 1.00:0.67:0.35, and its molecular weight was 27.4 kDa. AS2-1 consists of a mannan core and a galactoglucan chain. The mannan core is composed of (1→6)-α-Manp substituted at C-2 by (1→2)-α-Manp with different degrees of polymerization. The galactoglucan chain consists of (1→6)-α-Glcp residues with (1→6)-β-Galf residues attached to the last glucopyranose residue at C-6. (1→6)-β-Galf residues have additional branches at C-2 consisting of disaccharide units of (1→2)-β-Galf and (1→2)-α-Glcp residues. The glucopyranose residue of the galactoglucan chain is linked to the mannan core. AS2-1 possessed a high antioxidant activity as evaluated by scavenging of 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl and hydroxyl radicals in vitro. AS2-1 was also evaluated for cytotoxic activity on Hela, HL-60, and K562 cell lines by the MTT and SRB methods. The investigation demonstrated that AS2-1 was a novel extracellular polysaccharide with different characterization from extracellular polysaccharides produced by other marine microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin Chen
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education, Institute of Marine Drugs and Foods, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao, 266003, People's Republic of China
- College of Food and Pharmacy, Zhejiang Ocean University, 18 Haiyuan Road, Zhoushan, 316000, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen-Jun Mao
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education, Institute of Marine Drugs and Foods, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao, 266003, People's Republic of China.
| | - Meng-Xia Yan
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education, Institute of Marine Drugs and Foods, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao, 266003, People's Republic of China
| | - Xue Liu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education, Institute of Marine Drugs and Foods, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao, 266003, People's Republic of China
| | - Shu-Yao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education, Institute of Marine Drugs and Foods, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao, 266003, People's Republic of China
| | - Zheng Xia
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education, Institute of Marine Drugs and Foods, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao, 266003, People's Republic of China
| | - Bo Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education, Institute of Marine Drugs and Foods, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao, 266003, People's Republic of China
| | - Su-Jian Cao
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education, Institute of Marine Drugs and Foods, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao, 266003, People's Republic of China
| | - Bao-Qin Yang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education, Institute of Marine Drugs and Foods, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao, 266003, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Li
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education, Institute of Marine Drugs and Foods, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao, 266003, People's Republic of China
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18
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Kelly M, Cárdenas P. An unprecedented new genus and family of Tetractinellida (Porifera, Demospongiae) from New Zealand's Colville Ridge, with a new type of mitochondrial group I intron. Zool J Linn Soc 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/zoj.12365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Kelly
- Coasts and Oceans National Centre; National Institute of Water & Atmospheric Research Ltd; Private Bag 99940 Newmarket Auckland New Zealand
| | - Paco Cárdenas
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry; Division of Pharmacognosy; BioMedical Centre; Husargatan 3; Uppsala University; 751 23 Uppsala Sweden
- Department of Systematic Biology; Evolutionary Biology Centre; Uppsala University; Norbyvägen 18D 752 36 Uppsala Sweden
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19
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Bolaños J, De León LF, Ochoa E, Darias J, Raja HA, Shearer CA, Miller AN, Vanderheyden P, Porras-Alfaro A, Caballero-George C. Phylogenetic Diversity of Sponge-Associated Fungi from the Caribbean and the Pacific of Panama and Their In Vitro Effect on Angiotensin and Endothelin Receptors. MARINE BIOTECHNOLOGY (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2015; 17:533-564. [PMID: 26026948 DOI: 10.1007/s10126-015-9634-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2014] [Accepted: 04/17/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Fungi occupy an important ecological niche in the marine environment, and marine fungi possess an immense biotechnological potential. This study documents the fungal diversity associated with 39 species of sponges and determines their potential to produce secondary metabolites capable of interacting with mammalian G-protein-coupled receptors involved in blood pressure regulation. Total genomic DNA was extracted from 563 representative fungal strains obtained from marine sponges collected by SCUBA from the Caribbean and the Pacific regions of Panama. A total of 194 operational taxonomic units were found with 58% represented by singletons based on the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and partial large subunit (LSU) rDNA regions. Marine sponges were highly dominated by Ascomycota fungi (95.6%) and represented by two major classes, Sordariomycetes and Dothideomycetes. Rarefaction curves showed no saturation, indicating that further efforts are needed to reveal the entire diversity at this site. Several unique clades were found during phylogenetic analysis with the highest diversity of unique clades in the order Pleosporales. From the 65 cultures tested to determine their in vitro effect on angiotensin and endothelin receptors, the extracts of Fusarium sp. and Phoma sp. blocked the activation of these receptors by more than 50% of the control and seven others inhibited between 30 and 45%. Our results indicate that marine sponges from Panama are a "hot spot" of fungal diversity as well as a rich resource for capturing, cataloguing, and assessing the pharmacological potential of substances present in previously undiscovered fungi associated with marine sponges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Bolaños
- Institute of Scientific Research and High Technology Services, Bld. 219, City of Knowledge, Clayton, Panama, Republic of Panama
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20
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Seghal Kiran G, Nishanth Lipton A, Kennedy J, Dobson ADW, Selvin J. A halotolerant thermostable lipase from the marine bacterium Oceanobacillus sp. PUMB02 with an ability to disrupt bacterial biofilms. Bioengineered 2015; 5:305-18. [PMID: 25482232 DOI: 10.4161/bioe.29898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
A halotolerant thermostable lipase was purified and characterized from the marine bacterium Oceanobacillus sp. PUMB02. This lipase displayed a high degree of stability over a wide range of conditions including pH, salinity, and temperature. It was optimally active at 30 °C and pH 8.0 respectively and was stable at higher temperatures (50-70 °C) and alkaline pH. The molecular mass of the lipase was approximately 31 kDa based on SDS-PAGE and MALDI-ToF fingerprint analysis. Conditions for enhanced production of lipase by Oceanobacillus sp. PUMB02 were attained in response surface method-guided optimization with factors such as olive oil, sucrose, potassium chromate, and NaCl being evaluated, resulting in levels of 58.84 U/ml being achieved. The biofilm disruption potential of the PUMB02 lipase was evaluated and compared with a marine sponge metagenome derived halotolerant lipase Lpc53E1. Good biofilm disruption activity was observed with both lipases against potential food pathogens such as Bacillus cereus MTCC1272, Listeria sp. MTCC1143, Serratia sp. MTCC4822, Escherichia coli MTCC443, Pseudomonas fluorescens MTCC1748, and Vibrio parahemolyticus MTCC459. Phase contrast microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and confocal laser scanning microscopy showed very effective disruption of pathogenic biofilms. This study reveals that marine derived hydrolytic enzymes such as lipases may have potential utility in inhibiting biofilm formation in a food processing environment and is the first report of the potential application of lipases from the genus Oceanobacillus in biofilm disruption strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Seghal Kiran
- a Department of Food Science and Technology; Pondicherry University; Puducherry, India
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21
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Phylogenetic diversity of culturable endophytic fungi in Dongxiang wild rice (Oryza rufipogon Griff), detection of polyketide synthase gene and their antagonistic activity analysis. Fungal Biol 2015; 119:1032-1045. [PMID: 26466878 DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2015.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2015] [Revised: 06/24/2015] [Accepted: 07/31/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The biodiversity of plant endophytic fungi is enormous, numerous competent endophytic fungi are capable of providing different forms of fitness benefits to host plants and also could produce a wide array of bioactive natural products, which make them a largely unexplored source of novel compounds with potential bioactivity. In this study, we provided a first insights into revealing the diversity of culturable endophytic fungi in Dongxiang wild rice (Oryza rufipogon Griff.) from China using rDNA-ITS phylogenetic analysis. Here, the potential of fungi in producing bioactive natural products was estimated based on the beta-ketosynthase detected in the polyketide synthase (PKS) gene cluster and on the bioassay of antagonistic activity against two rice phytopathogens Thanatephorus cucumeris and Xanthomonas oryzae. A total of 229 endophytic fungal strains were validated in 19 genera. Among the 24 representative strains, 13 strains displayedantagonistic activity against the phytopathogens. Furthermore, PKS genes were detected in 9 strains, indicating their potential for synthesising PKS compounds. Our study confirms the phylogenetic diversity of endophytic fungi in O. rufipogon G. and highlights that endophytic fungi are not only promising resources of biocontrol agents against phytopathogens of rice plants, but also of bioactive natural products and defensive secondary metabolites.
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22
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Bonugli-Santos RC, dos Santos Vasconcelos MR, Passarini MRZ, Vieira GAL, Lopes VCP, Mainardi PH, dos Santos JA, de Azevedo Duarte L, Otero IVR, da Silva Yoshida AM, Feitosa VA, Pessoa A, Sette LD. Marine-derived fungi: diversity of enzymes and biotechnological applications. Front Microbiol 2015; 6:269. [PMID: 25914680 PMCID: PMC4392690 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.00269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2014] [Accepted: 03/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The ocean is considered to be a great reservoir of biodiversity. Microbial communities in marine environments are ecologically relevant as intermediaries of energy, and play an important role in nutrient regeneration cycles as decomposers of dead and decaying organic matter. In this sense, marine-derived fungi can be considered as a source of enzymes of industrial and/or environmental interest. Fungal strains isolated from different substrates, such as invertebrates, decaying wood, seawater, sediments, and mangrove detritus, have been reported to be producers of hydrolytic and/or oxidative enzymes, with alginate lyase, amylase, cellulase, chitinase, glucosidase, inulinase, keratinase, ligninase, lipase, nuclease, phytase, protease, and xylanase being among the enzymes produced by fungi of marine origin. These enzymes present temperature and pH optima ranging from 35 to 70(∘)C, and 3.0 to 11.0, respectively. High-level production in bioreactors is mainly performed using submerged-state fermentation. Certain marine-derived fungal strains present enzymes with alkaline and cold-activity characteristics, and salinity is considered an important condition in screening and production processes. The adaptability of marine-derived fungi to oceanic conditions can be considered an attractive point in the field of fungal marine biotechnology. In this review, we focus on the advances in discovering enzymes from marine-derived fungi and their biotechnological relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafaella C. Bonugli-Santos
- Instituto Latino Americano de Ciências da Vida e da Natureza, Centro Interdisciplinar de Ciências da Vida, Universidade Federal da Integração Latino-AmericanaParaná, Brazil
| | - Maria R. dos Santos Vasconcelos
- Divisão de Recursos Microbianos, Centro Pluridisciplinar de Pesquisas Químicas, Biológicas e Agrícolas, Universidade Estadual de CampinasPaulínia, Brazil
| | - Michel R. Z. Passarini
- Divisão de Recursos Microbianos, Centro Pluridisciplinar de Pesquisas Químicas, Biológicas e Agrícolas, Universidade Estadual de CampinasPaulínia, Brazil
| | - Gabriela A. L. Vieira
- Laboratório de Micologia Ambiental e Industrial, Departamento de Bioquímica e Microbiologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita FilhoRio Claro, Brazil
| | - Viviane C. P. Lopes
- Laboratório de Micologia Ambiental e Industrial, Departamento de Bioquímica e Microbiologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita FilhoRio Claro, Brazil
| | - Pedro H. Mainardi
- Laboratório de Micologia Ambiental e Industrial, Departamento de Bioquímica e Microbiologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita FilhoRio Claro, Brazil
| | - Juliana A. dos Santos
- Laboratório de Micologia Ambiental e Industrial, Departamento de Bioquímica e Microbiologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita FilhoRio Claro, Brazil
| | - Lidia de Azevedo Duarte
- Laboratório de Micologia Ambiental e Industrial, Departamento de Bioquímica e Microbiologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita FilhoRio Claro, Brazil
| | - Igor V. R. Otero
- Laboratório de Micologia Ambiental e Industrial, Departamento de Bioquímica e Microbiologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita FilhoRio Claro, Brazil
| | - Aline M. da Silva Yoshida
- Laboratório de Micologia Ambiental e Industrial, Departamento de Bioquímica e Microbiologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita FilhoRio Claro, Brazil
| | - Valker A. Feitosa
- Departamento de Tecnologia Bioquímico-Farmacêutica, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade de São PauloSão Paulo, Brazil
| | - Adalberto Pessoa
- Departamento de Tecnologia Bioquímico-Farmacêutica, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade de São PauloSão Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lara D. Sette
- Divisão de Recursos Microbianos, Centro Pluridisciplinar de Pesquisas Químicas, Biológicas e Agrícolas, Universidade Estadual de CampinasPaulínia, Brazil
- Laboratório de Micologia Ambiental e Industrial, Departamento de Bioquímica e Microbiologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita FilhoRio Claro, Brazil
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23
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Qin XY, Yang KL, Li J, Wang CY, Shao CL. Phylogenetic diversity and antibacterial activity of culturable fungi derived from the zoanthid Palythoa haddoni in the South China Sea. MARINE BIOTECHNOLOGY (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2015; 17:99-109. [PMID: 25117478 DOI: 10.1007/s10126-014-9598-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2014] [Accepted: 07/25/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Investigation on diversity of culturable fungi mainly focused on sponges and corals, yet little attention had been paid to the fungal communities associated with zoanthid corals. In this study, a total of 193 culturable fungal strains were isolated from the zoanthid Palythoa haddoni collected in the South China Sea, of which 49 independent isolates were identified using both morphological characteristics and internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequence analyses. Thirty-five strains were selected for phylogenetic analysis based on fungal ITS sequences. The results indicated that 18 genera within eight taxonomic orders of two phyla (seven orders of the phylum Ascomycota and one order of the phylum Basidiomycota) together with one unidentified fungal strain have been achieved, and Cladosporium sp. represented the dominant culturable genus. Particularly, 14 genera were isolated from a zoanthid for the first time. The antibacterial activities of organic extracts of mycelia and fermentation broth of 49 identified fungi were evaluated, and 29 (59.2 %) of the isolates displayed broad-spectrum or selective antibacterial activity. More interestingly, more than 60 % of the active fungal strains showed strong activity against two aquatic pathogenic bacteria Nocardia brasiliensis and Vibrio parahaemolyticus, compared with other pathogenic bacteria, indicating that zoanthid-derived fungi may protect its host against pathogens. This is the first report of systematically phylogenetic diversity and extensively antibacterial activity of zoanthid-derived fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Yan Qin
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, The Ministry of Education of China, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao, 266003, People's Republic of China
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24
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Hoppers A, Stoudenmire J, Wu S, Lopanik NB. Antibiotic activity and microbial community of the temperate sponge, Haliclona sp. J Appl Microbiol 2014; 118:419-30. [PMID: 25431341 DOI: 10.1111/jam.12709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2014] [Revised: 11/06/2014] [Accepted: 11/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Sessile marine invertebrates engage in a diverse array of beneficial interactions with bacterial symbionts. One feature of some of these relationships is the presence of bioactive natural products that can defend the holobiont from predation, competition or disease. In this study, we investigated the antimicrobial activity and microbial community of a common temperate sponge from coastal North Carolina. METHODS AND RESULTS The sponge was identified as a member of the genus Haliclona, a prolific source of bioactive natural products, based on its 18S rRNA gene sequence. The crude chemical extract and methanol partition had broad activity against the assayed Gram-negative and Gram-positive pathogenic bacteria. Further fractionation resulted in two groups of compounds with differing antimicrobial activity, primarily against Gram-positive test organisms. There was, however, notable activity against the Gram-negative marine pathogen, Vibrio parahaemolyticus. Microbial community analysis of the sponge and surrounding sea water via denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) indicates that it harbours a distinct group of bacterial associates. CONCLUSIONS The common temperate sponge, Haliclona sp., is a source of multiple antimicrobial compounds and has some consistent microbial community members that may play a role in secondary metabolite production. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY These data suggest that common temperate sponges can be a source of bioactive chemical and microbial diversity. Further studies may reveal the importance of the microbial associates to the sponge and natural product biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Hoppers
- Department of Biology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
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25
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Jin L, Liu F, Sun W, Zhang F, Karuppiah V, Li Z. Pezizomycotinadominates the fungal communities of South China Sea SpongesTheonella swinhoeiandXestospongia testudinaria. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2014; 90:935-45. [DOI: 10.1111/1574-6941.12446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2014] [Revised: 10/14/2014] [Accepted: 10/19/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Liling Jin
- Marine Biotechnology Laboratory; State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism and School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology; Shanghai Jiao Tong University; Shanghai China
| | - Fang Liu
- Marine Biotechnology Laboratory; State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism and School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology; Shanghai Jiao Tong University; Shanghai China
| | - Wei Sun
- Marine Biotechnology Laboratory; State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism and School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology; Shanghai Jiao Tong University; Shanghai China
| | - Fengli Zhang
- Marine Biotechnology Laboratory; State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism and School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology; Shanghai Jiao Tong University; Shanghai China
| | - Valliappan Karuppiah
- Marine Biotechnology Laboratory; State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism and School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology; Shanghai Jiao Tong University; Shanghai China
| | - Zhiyong Li
- Marine Biotechnology Laboratory; State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism and School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology; Shanghai Jiao Tong University; Shanghai China
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Gnavi G, Ercole E, Panno L, Vizzini A, Varese GC. Dothideomycetes and Leotiomycetes sterile mycelia isolated from the Italian seagrass Posidonia oceanica based on rDNA data. SPRINGERPLUS 2014; 3:508. [PMID: 25279300 PMCID: PMC4179639 DOI: 10.1186/2193-1801-3-508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2014] [Accepted: 08/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Marine fungi represent a group of organisms extremely important from an ecological and biotechnological point of view, but often still neglected. In this work, an in-depth analysis on the systematic and the phylogenetic position of 21 sterile mycelia, isolated from Posidonia oceanica, was performed. The molecular (ITS and LSU sequences) analysis showed that several of them are putative new species belonging to three orders in the Ascomycota phylum: Pleosporales, Capnodiales and Helotiales. Phylogenetic analyses were performed using Bayesian Inference and Maximum Likelihood approaches. Seven sterile mycelia belong to the genera firstly reported from marine environments. The bioinformatic analysis allowed to identify five sterile mycelia at species level and nine at genus level. Some of the analyzed sterile mycelia could belong to new lineages of marine fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgio Gnavi
- />Mycotheca Universitatis Taurinensis (M.U.T.), Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology (DBIOS), University of Turin, Viale Mattioli, 25, 10125 Turin, Italy
| | - Enrico Ercole
- />Systematic Mycology Lab, Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology (DBIOS), University of Turin, Viale P.A. Mattioli, 25, 10125 Turin, Italy
| | - Luigi Panno
- />Mycotheca Universitatis Taurinensis (M.U.T.), Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology (DBIOS), University of Turin, Viale Mattioli, 25, 10125 Turin, Italy
| | - Alfredo Vizzini
- />Systematic Mycology Lab, Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology (DBIOS), University of Turin, Viale P.A. Mattioli, 25, 10125 Turin, Italy
| | - Giovanna C Varese
- />Mycotheca Universitatis Taurinensis (M.U.T.), Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology (DBIOS), University of Turin, Viale Mattioli, 25, 10125 Turin, Italy
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Fuerst JA. Diversity and biotechnological potential of microorganisms associated with marine sponges. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2014; 98:7331-47. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-014-5861-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2014] [Revised: 05/21/2014] [Accepted: 05/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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He L, Liu F, Karuppiah V, Ren Y, Li Z. Comparisons of the fungal and protistan communities among different marine sponge holobionts by pyrosequencing. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 2014; 67:951-961. [PMID: 24577740 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-014-0393-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2013] [Accepted: 02/10/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
To date, the knowledge of eukaryotic communities associated with sponges remains limited compared with prokaryotic communities. In a manner similar to prokaryotes, it could be hypothesized that sponge holobionts have phylogenetically diverse eukaryotic symbionts, and the eukaryotic community structures in different sponge holobionts were probably different. In order to test this hypothesis, the communities of eukaryota associated with 11 species of South China Sea sponges were compared with the V4 region of 18S ribosomal ribonucleic acid gene using 454 pyrosequencing. Consequently, 135 and 721 unique operational taxonomic units (OTUs) of fungi and protists were obtained at 97 % sequence similarity, respectively. These sequences were assigned to 2 phyla of fungi (Ascomycota and Basidiomycota) and 9 phyla of protists including 5 algal phyla (Chlorophyta, Haptophyta, Streptophyta, Rhodophyta, and Stramenopiles) and 4 protozoal phyla (Alveolata, Cercozoa, Haplosporidia, and Radiolaria) including 47 orders (12 fungi, 35 protists). Entorrhizales of fungi and 18 orders of protists were detected in marine sponges for the first time. Particularly, Tilletiales of fungi and Chlorocystidales of protists were detected for the first time in marine habitats. Though Ascomycota, Alveolata, and Radiolaria were detected in all the 11 sponge species, sponge holobionts have different fungi and protistan communities according to OTU comparison and principal component analysis at the order level. This study provided the first insights into the fungal and protistan communities associated with different marine sponge holobionts using pyrosequencing, thus further extending the knowledge on sponge-associated eukaryotic diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liming He
- Marine Biotechnology Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, People's Republic of China
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Jackson SA, Flemer B, McCann A, Kennedy J, Morrissey JP, O’Gara F, Dobson ADW. Archaea appear to dominate the microbiome of Inflatella pellicula deep sea sponges. PLoS One 2013; 8:e84438. [PMID: 24386380 PMCID: PMC3875569 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0084438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2013] [Accepted: 11/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Microbes associated with marine sponges play significant roles in host physiology. Remarkable levels of microbial diversity have been observed in sponges worldwide through both culture-dependent and culture-independent studies. Most studies have focused on the structure of the bacterial communities in sponges and have involved sponges sampled from shallow waters. Here, we used pyrosequencing of 16S rRNA genes to compare the bacterial and archaeal communities associated with two individuals of the marine sponge Inflatella pellicula from the deep-sea, sampled from a depth of 2,900 m, a depth which far exceeds any previous sequence-based report of sponge-associated microbial communities. Sponge-microbial communities were also compared to the microbial community in the surrounding seawater. Sponge-associated microbial communities were dominated by archaeal sequencing reads with a single archaeal OTU, comprising ~60% and ~72% of sequences, being observed from Inflatella pellicula. Archaeal sequencing reads were less abundant in seawater (~11% of sequences). Sponge-associated microbial communities were less diverse and less even than any other sponge-microbial community investigated to date with just 210 and 273 OTUs (97% sequence identity) identified in sponges, with 4 and 6 dominant OTUs comprising ~88% and ~89% of sequences, respectively. Members of the candidate phyla, SAR406, NC10 and ZB3 are reported here from sponges for the first time, increasing the number of bacterial phyla or candidate divisions associated with sponges to 43. A minor cohort from both sponge samples (~0.2% and ~0.3% of sequences) were not classified to phylum level. A single OTU, common to both sponge individuals, dominates these unclassified reads and shares sequence homology with a sponge associated clone which itself has no known close relative and may represent a novel taxon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen A. Jackson
- Marine Biotechnology Centre, Environmental Research Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Burkhardt Flemer
- Marine Biotechnology Centre, Environmental Research Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Angela McCann
- Marine Biotechnology Centre, Environmental Research Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Jonathan Kennedy
- Marine Biotechnology Centre, Environmental Research Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - John P. Morrissey
- Marine Biotechnology Centre, Environmental Research Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- Department of Microbiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Fergal O’Gara
- Marine Biotechnology Centre, Environmental Research Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- Department of Microbiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- BIOMERIT Research Centre, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Alan D. W. Dobson
- Marine Biotechnology Centre, Environmental Research Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- Department of Microbiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- * E-mail:
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Diversity of cultivable fungi associated with Antarctic marine sponges and screening for their antimicrobial, antitumoral and antioxidant potential. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2013; 30:65-76. [PMID: 23824664 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-013-1418-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2013] [Accepted: 06/23/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The diversity of sponge-associated fungi has been poorly investigated in remote geographical areas like Antarctica. In this study, 101 phenotypically different fungal isolates were obtained from 11 sponge samples collected in King George Island, Antarctica. The analysis of ITS sequences revealed that they belong to the phylum Ascomycota. Sixty-five isolates belong to the genera Geomyces, Penicillium, Epicoccum, Pseudeurotium, Thelebolus, Cladosporium, Aspergillus, Aureobasidium, Phoma, and Trichocladium but 36 isolates could not be identified at genus level. In order to estimate the potential of these isolates as producers of interesting bioactivities, antimicrobial, antitumoral and antioxidant activities of fungal culture extracts were assayed. Around 51% of the extracts, mainly from the genus Geomyces and non identified relatives, showed antimicrobial activity against some of the bacteria tested. On the other hand, around 42% of the extracts showed potent antitumoral activity, Geomyces sp. having the best performance. Finally, the potential of the isolated fungi as producers of antioxidant activity seems to be moderate. Our results suggest that fungi associated with Antarctic sponges, particularly Geomyces, would be valuable sources of antimicrobial and antitumoral compounds. To our knowledge, this is the first report describing the biodiversity and the metabolic potential of fungi associated with Antarctic marine sponges.
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El-Amraoui B, Biard JF, Fassouane A. Haliscosamine: a new antifungal sphingosine derivative from the Moroccan marine sponge Haliclona viscosa. SPRINGERPLUS 2013; 2:252. [PMID: 23961377 PMCID: PMC3724984 DOI: 10.1186/2193-1801-2-252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2013] [Accepted: 03/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
In the aim of searching for new antifungal products from marine origin, we have isolated a sphingosine derivative, (9Z)-2-amino-docos-9-ene-1,3,13,14-tetraol (Haliscosamine) from the Moroccan sea sponge Haliclona viscosa using bio-guided (antifungal) HPLC methods. The molecular structure of this compound was elucidated by spectrometric techniques IR, UV, MS and NMR. The isolated metabolite showed a significant antifungal activity against Cryptococcus and Candida species and a weak general toxicity in the brine shrimp lethality test. Further research is needed to study its in vivo activity, as well as to elucidate the mechanism underlying its activity in the hope of a future use in medical mycology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jean-Fançois Biard
- />MMS Research Group, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Aziz Fassouane
- />Faculty of Science, University of Chouaib Doukkali, El-Jadida, Morocco
- />Director of National School of Business and Management (ENCG), El Jadida, Morocco
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In situ extraction of RNA from marine-derived fungi associated with the marine sponge, Haliclona simulans. Mycol Prog 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s11557-011-0796-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Inbaneson SJ, Ravikumar S. In vitro antiplasmodial activity of Clathria vulpina sponge associated bacteria against Plasmodium falciparum. ASIAN PACIFIC JOURNAL OF TROPICAL DISEASE 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/s2222-1808(12)60069-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Phylogenetically diverse endozoic fungi in the South China Sea sponges and their potential in synthesizing bioactive natural products suggested by PKS gene and cytotoxic activity analysis. FUNGAL DIVERS 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s13225-012-0192-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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35
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Abstract
Marine sponges (phylum Porifera) often contain dense and diverse microbial communities, which can constitute up to 35% of the sponge biomass. The genome of one sponge, Amphimedon queenslandica, was recently sequenced, and this has provided new insights into the origins of animal evolution. Complementary efforts to sequence the genomes of uncultivated sponge symbionts have yielded the first glimpse of how these intimate partnerships are formed. The remarkable microbial and chemical diversity of the sponge-microorganism association, coupled with its postulated antiquity, makes sponges important model systems for the study of metazoan host-microorganism interactions, and their evolution, as well as for enabling access to biotechnologically important symbiont-derived natural products. In this Review, we discuss our current understanding of the interactions between marine sponges and their microbial symbiotic consortia, and highlight recent insights into these relationships from genomic studies.
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Schippers KJ, Sipkema D, Osinga R, Smidt H, Pomponi SA, Martens DE, Wijffels RH. Cultivation of sponges, sponge cells and symbionts: achievements and future prospects. ADVANCES IN MARINE BIOLOGY 2012; 62:273-337. [PMID: 22664125 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-394283-8.00006-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Marine sponges are a rich source of bioactive compounds with pharmaceutical potential. Since biological production is one option to supply materials for early drug development, the main challenge is to establish generic techniques for small-scale production of marine organisms. We analysed the state of the art for cultivation of whole sponges, sponge cells and sponge symbionts. To date, cultivation of whole sponges has been most successful in situ; however, optimal conditions are species specific. The establishment of sponge cell lines has been limited by the inability to obtain an axenic inoculum as well as the lack of knowledge on nutritional requirements in vitro. Approaches to overcome these bottlenecks, including transformation of sponge cells and using media based on yolk, are elaborated. Although a number of bioactive metabolite-producing microorganisms have been isolated from sponges, and it has been suggested that the source of most sponge-derived bioactive compounds is microbial symbionts, cultivation of sponge-specific microorganisms has had limited success. The current genomics revolution provides novel approaches to cultivate these microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaske J Schippers
- Bioprocess Engineering, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Zhou K, Zhang X, Zhang F, Li Z. Phylogenetically diverse cultivable fungal community and polyketide synthase (PKS), non-ribosomal peptide synthase (NRPS) genes associated with the South China Sea sponges. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 2011; 62:644-654. [PMID: 21519913 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-011-9859-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2010] [Accepted: 04/10/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Compared with sponge-associated bacteria, the phylogenetic diversity of fungi in sponge and the association of sponge fungi remain largely unknown. Meanwhile, no detection of polyketide synthase (PKS) or non-ribosomal peptide synthase (NRPS) genes in sponge-associated fungi has been attempted. In this study, diverse and novel cultivable fungi including 10 genera (Aspergillus, Ascomycete, Fusarium, Isaria, Penicillium, Plectosphaerella, Pseudonectria, Simplicillium, Trichoderma, and Volutella) in four orders (Eurotiales, Hypocreales, Microascales, and Phyllachorales) of phylum Ascomycota were isolated from 10 species marine sponges in the South China Sea. Eurotiales and Hypocreales fungi were suggested as sponge generalists. The predominant isolates were Penicillium and Aspergillus in Eurotiales followed by Volutella in Hypocreales. Based on the conserved Beta-ketosynthase of PKS and A domain of NRPS, 15 polyketide synthases, and four non-ribosomal peptides synthesis genes, including non-reducing and reducing PKSs and hybrid PKS-NRPS, were detected in these fungal isolates. A lateral gene transfer event was indicated in the comparison between the phylogenetic diversity of 18S rRNA genes and β-ketoacyl synthase domain sequences. Some fungi, especially those with PKS or NRPS genes, showed antimicrobial activity against P. fluorescens, S. aureus and B. subtilis. It was the first time to investigate PKS and NRPS genes in sponge-associated fungi. Based on the detected antibiotics biosynthesis-related PKS and NRPS genes and antimicrobial activity, the potential ecological role of sponge-associated fungi in the chemical defense for sponge host was suggested. This study extended our knowledge of sponge-associated fungal phylogenetic diversity and their potential roles in the chemical defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kang Zhou
- Marine Biotechnology Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, People's Republic of China
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Thirunavukkarasu N, Suryanarayanan TS, Girivasan KP, Venkatachalam A, Geetha V, Ravishankar JP, Doble M. Fungal symbionts of marine sponges from Rameswaram, southern India: species composition and bioactive metabolites. FUNGAL DIVERS 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s13225-011-0137-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Wang YN, Shao CL, Zheng CJ, Chen YY, Wang CY. Diversity and antibacterial activities of fungi derived from the Gorgonian Echinogorgia rebekka from the South China Sea. Mar Drugs 2011; 9:1379-1390. [PMID: 21892352 PMCID: PMC3164380 DOI: 10.3390/md9081379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2011] [Revised: 07/11/2011] [Accepted: 07/15/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The diversity of symbiotic fungi associated with the gorgonian coral Echinogorgia rebekka from the Weizhou coral reef in the South China Sea was investigated. Combined with morphologic traits, ITS-rDNA sequences revealed 18 fungal strains from this gorgonian. All of the 18 fungi belonged to the phylum Ascomycota and were distributed among seven genera in five orders: Eurotiales (Aspergillus and Penicillium), Pleosporales (Alternaria), Capnodiales (Cladosporium), Trichosphaeriales (Nigrospora) and Hypocreales (Hypocrea and Nectria). Antibacterial activities of these fungal strains were investigated with five pathogenic bacteria. All of the 18 fungal strains displayed different levels of antibacterial activities, most of which exhibited moderate to high antibacterial activities to the Gram-positive pathogens Staphylococcus aureus and Micrococcus tetragenus, and showed relatively low bioactivities to other three pathogenic bacteria. Several fungal strains in the genera Penicillium and Cladosporium with strong antibacterial activities provide potential for further research on isolation of bioactive secondary metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Nan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; E-Mails: (Y.-N.W.); (C.-L.S.); (C.-J.Z.); (Y.-Y.C.)
- Department of Biology, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Chang-Lun Shao
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; E-Mails: (Y.-N.W.); (C.-L.S.); (C.-J.Z.); (Y.-Y.C.)
| | - Cai-Juan Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; E-Mails: (Y.-N.W.); (C.-L.S.); (C.-J.Z.); (Y.-Y.C.)
| | - Yi-Yan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; E-Mails: (Y.-N.W.); (C.-L.S.); (C.-J.Z.); (Y.-Y.C.)
| | - Chang-Yun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; E-Mails: (Y.-N.W.); (C.-L.S.); (C.-J.Z.); (Y.-Y.C.)
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel./Fax: +86-532-8203-1536
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Ding B, Yin Y, Zhang F, Li Z. Recovery and phylogenetic diversity of culturable fungi associated with marine sponges Clathrina luteoculcitella and Holoxea sp. in the South China Sea. MARINE BIOTECHNOLOGY (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2011; 13:713-721. [PMID: 21088979 DOI: 10.1007/s10126-010-9333-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2009] [Accepted: 10/29/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Sponge-associated fungi represent an important source of marine natural products, but little is known about the fungal diversity and the relationship of sponge-fungal association, especially no research on the fungal diversity in the South China Sea sponge has been reported. In this study, a total of 111 cultivable fungi strains were isolated from two South China Sea sponges Clathrina luteoculcitella and Holoxea sp. using eight different media. Thirty-two independent representatives were selected for analysis of phylogenetic diversity according to ARDRA and morphological characteristics. The culturable fungal communities consisted of at least 17 genera within ten taxonomic orders of two phyla (nine orders of the phylum Ascomycota and one order of the phylum Basidiomycota) including some potential novel marine fungi. Particularly, eight genera of Apiospora, Botryosphaeria, Davidiella, Didymocrea, Lentomitella, Marasmius, Pestalotiopsis, and Rhizomucor were isolated from sponge for the first time. Sponge C. luteoculcitella has greater culturable fungal diversity than sponge Holoxea sp. Five genera of Aspergillus, Davidiella, Fusarium, Paecilomyces, and Penicillium were isolated from both sponges, while 12 genera of Apiospora, Botryosphaeria, Candida, Marasmius, Cladosporium, Didymocrea, Hypocrea, Lentomitella, Nigrospora, Pestalotiopsis, Rhizomucor, and Scopulariopsis were isolated from sponge C. luteoculcitella only. Order Eurotiales especially genera Penicillium, Aspergillus, and order Hypocreales represented the dominant culturable fungi in these two South China Sea sponges. Nigrospora oryzae strain PF18 isolated from sponge C. luteoculcitella showed a strong and broad spectrum antimicrobial activities suggesting the potential for antimicrobial compounds production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Ding
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 20240, People's Republic of China
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Bhatnagar I, Kim SK. Immense essence of excellence: marine microbial bioactive compounds. Mar Drugs 2010; 8:2673-701. [PMID: 21116414 PMCID: PMC2993000 DOI: 10.3390/md8102673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 191] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2010] [Revised: 10/05/2010] [Accepted: 10/13/2010] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Oceans have borne most of the biological activities on our planet. A number of biologically active compounds with varying degrees of action, such as anti-tumor, anti-cancer, anti-microtubule, anti-proliferative, cytotoxic, photo protective, as well as antibiotic and antifouling properties, have been isolated to date from marine sources. The marine environment also represents a largely unexplored source for isolation of new microbes (bacteria, fungi, actinomycetes, microalgae-cyanobacteria and diatoms) that are potent producers of bioactive secondary metabolites. Extensive research has been done to unveil the bioactive potential of marine microbes (free living and symbiotic) and the results are amazingly diverse and productive. Some of these bioactive secondary metabolites of microbial origin with strong antibacterial and antifungal activities are being intensely used as antibiotics and may be effective against infectious diseases such as HIV, conditions of multiple bacterial infections (penicillin, cephalosporines, streptomycin, and vancomycin) or neuropsychiatric sequelae. Research is also being conducted on the general aspects of biophysical and biochemical properties, chemical structures and biotechnological applications of the bioactive substances derived from marine microorganisms, and their potential use as cosmeceuticals and nutraceuticals. This review is an attempt to consolidate the latest studies and critical research in this field, and to showcase the immense competence of marine microbial flora as bioactive metabolite producers. In addition, the present review addresses some effective and novel approaches of procuring marine microbial compounds utilizing the latest screening strategies of drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ira Bhatnagar
- Department of Chemistry, Pukyong National University, Busan 608-737, Korea; E-Mail:
| | - Se-Kwon Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Pukyong National University, Busan 608-737, Korea; E-Mail:
- Marine Bioprocess Research Center, Pukyong National University, Busan 608-737, Korea
- * Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +82-51-629-7097, Fax: +82-51-629-7099
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Chu D, Peng C, Ding B, Liu F, Zhang F, Lin H, Li Z. Biological active metabolite cyclo (l-Trp-l-Phe) produced by South China Sea sponge Holoxea sp. associated fungus Aspergillus versicolor strain TS08. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 2010; 34:223-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s00449-010-0464-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2010] [Accepted: 08/13/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Menezes CBA, Bonugli-Santos RC, Miqueletto PB, Passarini MRZ, Silva CHD, Justo MR, Leal RR, Fantinatti-Garboggini F, Oliveira VM, Berlinck RGS, Sette LD. Microbial diversity associated with algae, ascidians and sponges from the north coast of São Paulo state, Brazil. Microbiol Res 2010; 165:466-82. [PMID: 19879115 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2009.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2009] [Revised: 09/24/2009] [Accepted: 09/27/2009] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Little is known about the microbial diversity associated with marine macroorganisms, despite the vital role microorganisms may play in marine ecosystems. The aim of the present study was to investigate the diversity of bacteria and fungi isolated from eight marine invertebrate and one algae samples. Data derived from ARDRA and sequencing analyses allowed the identification of marine-derived microorganisms isolated from those samples. Microbial strains identified up to the genus level revealed 144 distinct ribotypes out of 256 fungal strains and 158 distinct ribotypes out of 181 bacterial strains. Filamentous fungi were distributed among 24 different genera belonging to Ascomycota, Zygomycota and Basidiomycota, some of which had never been reported in the literature as marine invertebrate-inhabiting fungi (Pestalotiopsis, Xylaria, Botrysphaeria and Cunnninghamella). Bacterial isolates were affiliated to 41 different genera, being Bacillus, Ruegeria, Micrococcus, Pseudovibrio and Staphylococcus the most abundant ones. Results revealed an unexpected high microbial diversity associated to the macroorganisms which have been collected and suggested the selection of certain microbial taxonomic groups according to the host. The combined data gathered from this investigation contribute to broaden the knowledge of microbial diversity associated to marine macroorganisms, including as a promising source for the discovery of new natural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cláudia B A Menezes
- Divisão de Recursos Microbianos, Centro Pluridisciplinar de Pesquisas Químicas, Biológicas e Agrícolas, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
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Liu WC, Li CQ, Zhu P, Yang JL, Cheng KD. Phylogenetic diversity of culturable fungi associated with two marine sponges: Haliclona simulans and Gelliodes carnosa, collected from the Hainan Island coastal waters of the South China Sea. FUNGAL DIVERS 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s13225-010-0022-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Baker PW, Kennedy J, Morrissey J, O'Gara F, Dobson ADW, Marchesi JR. Endoglucanase activities and growth of marine-derived fungi isolated from the sponge Haliclona simulans. J Appl Microbiol 2009; 108:1668-75. [PMID: 19840179 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2009.04563.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The conversion of cheap cellulosic biomass to more easily fermentable sugars requires the use of costly cellulases. We have isolated a series of marine sponge-derived fungi and screened these for cellulolytic activity to determine the potential of this unique environmental niche as a source of novel cellulase activities. METHODS AND RESULTS Fungi were isolated from the marine sponge Haliclona simulans. Phylogenetic analysis of these and other fungi previously isolated from H. simulans showed fungi from three phyla with very few duplicate species. Cellulase activities were determined using plate-based assays using different media and sea water concentrations while extracellular cellulase activities were determined using 3,5-dinitrosalicylic acid (DNSA)-based assays. Total and specific cellulase activities were determined using a range of incubation temperatures and compared to those for the cellulase overproducing mutant Hypocrea jecorina QM9414. Several of the strains assayed produced total or relative endoglucanase activities that were higher than H. jecorina, particularly at lower reaction temperatures. CONCLUSIONS Marine sponges harbour diverse fungal species and these fungi are a good source of endoglucanase activities. Analysis of the extracellular endoglucanase activities revealed that some of the marine-derived fungi produced high endoglucanase activities that were especially active at lower temperatures. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY Marine-derived fungi associated with coastal marine sponges are a novel source of highly active endoglucanases with significant activity at low temperatures and could be a source of novel cellulase activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- P W Baker
- Marine Biotechnology Centre, Environmental Research Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
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Comparison of two marine sponge-associatedPenicillium strains DQ25 and SC10: differences in secondary metabolites and their bioactivities. ANN MICROBIOL 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/bf03175149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
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