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Otsuki M, Horimoto T, Kobayashi M, Morita Y, Ijiri S, Mitani Y. Testosterone levels in hair of free-ranging male northern fur seals ( Callorhinus ursinus) in relation to sampling month, age class and spermatogenesis. CONSERVATION PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 9:coab031. [PMID: 34026214 PMCID: PMC8129824 DOI: 10.1093/conphys/coab031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Revised: 02/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Information about the reproductive status of free-ranging pinnipeds provides useful insight into their population dynamics, which is essential to their management and conservation. To determine the reproductive status of individual animals, blood sampling is often required despite being impractical to collect in open water. Hair as an endocrine marker has been used to less invasively assess the reproductive status of terrestrial animals. However, it is unknown whether pinniped reproductive status can be assessed from hair samples. Here, we examine testosterone levels in hair obtained from 57 male northern fur seals and used it to compare their age class and spermatogenesis during the non-breeding season off Hokkaido. We isolated testosterone from the samples using gas chromatography and measured testosterone levels using time-resolved fluoroimmunoassay. Testosterone levels in hair increased towards the breeding season. In May, testosterone levels were the highest in seals aged between 4 and 7 years, followed by those over the age of 8 years and under the age of 4 years. Spermatids, the final phase of spermatogenesis, were present in the seals sampled between April and June, even though testosterone levels were low in April. The seals with spermatids in May showed the highest testosterone levels. Our results demonstrate that seals with higher testosterone levels in May are likely to be mature males (≥4 years). Since hair can be collected using biopsy darts in the field, it will be possible to less invasively determine testosterone levels of male seals in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayuko Otsuki
- Field Science Center for Northern Biosphere, Hokkaido University, Hakodate, 0400051, Japan
| | - Takanori Horimoto
- Wakkanai Fisheries Research Institute, Hokkaido Research Organization, Wakkanai, 0970001, Japan
| | - Motoki Kobayashi
- Field Science Center for Northern Biosphere, Hokkaido University, Hakodate, 0400051, Japan
| | - Yuka Morita
- Institute for East China Sea Research, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, 8512213, Japan
| | - Shigeho Ijiri
- Graduate School of Fisheries Sciences, Hokkaido University, Hakodate, 0418611, Japan
| | - Yoko Mitani
- Field Science Center for Northern Biosphere, Hokkaido University, Hakodate, 0400051, Japan
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Radosavljević I, Antonić O, Hruševar D, Križan J, Satovic Z, Turković D, Liber Z. The Influence of a Seedling Recruitment Strategy and a Clonal Architecture on a Spatial Genetic Structure of a Salvia brachyodon (Lamiaceae) Population. PLANTS 2020; 9:plants9070828. [PMID: 32630143 PMCID: PMC7412074 DOI: 10.3390/plants9070828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Revised: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
By performing a high-resolution spatial-genetic analysis of a partially clonal Salvia brachyodon population, we elucidated its clonal architecture and seedling recruitment strategy. The sampling of the entire population was based on a 1 × 1 m grid and each sampled individual was genotyped. Population-genetic statistics were combined with geospatial analyses. On the population level, the presence of both sexual and clonal reproduction and repeated seedling recruitment as the prevailing strategy of new genets establishment were confirmed. On the patch level, a phalanx clonal architecture was detected. A significant negative correlation between patches' sizes and genotypic richness was observed as young plants were not identified within existing patches of large genets but almost exclusively in surrounding areas. The erosion of the genetic variability of older patches is likely caused by the inter-genet competition and resulting selection or by a random die-off of individual genets accompanied by the absence of new seedlings establishment. This study contributes to our understanding of how clonal architecture and seedling recruitment strategies can shape the spatial-genetic structure of a partially clonal population and lays the foundation for the future research of the influence of the population's clonal organization on its sexual reproduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Radosavljević
- Division of Botany, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, HR 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (D.H.); (D.T.); (Z.L.)
- Centre of Excellence for Biodiversity and Molecular Plant Breeding, HR 10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +385-99-8353-230
| | - Oleg Antonić
- Subdepartment of Quantitative Ecology, Department of Biology, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, HR 31000 Osijek, Croatia;
| | - Dario Hruševar
- Division of Botany, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, HR 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (D.H.); (D.T.); (Z.L.)
| | | | - Zlatko Satovic
- Centre of Excellence for Biodiversity and Molecular Plant Breeding, HR 10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
- Department of Seed Science and Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zagreb, HR 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Doroteja Turković
- Division of Botany, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, HR 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (D.H.); (D.T.); (Z.L.)
| | - Zlatko Liber
- Division of Botany, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, HR 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (D.H.); (D.T.); (Z.L.)
- Centre of Excellence for Biodiversity and Molecular Plant Breeding, HR 10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
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Castilla AR, Godoy JA, Delibes M, Rodriguez-Prieto A, Fedriani JM. Microgeographic variation in recruitment under adult trees: arrival of new genotypes or perpetuation of the existing ones? PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2019; 21:695-705. [PMID: 30849217 DOI: 10.1111/plb.12982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2018] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Investigating spatial variation in the relative importance of sexual reproduction and clonal propagation is critical to obtain more accurate estimates of future effective population sizes and genetic diversity, as well as to identify ecological correlates of clonality. We combined a stratified sampling scheme with microsatellite genetic analyses to estimate variation in the proportion of sexual versus clonal recruits among saplings in five populations of the tree Pyrus bourgaeana. Using a likelihood framework, we identified clones among the genotypes analysed and examined variation among populations regarding the proportion of saplings coming from clonal propagation. We also examined the relationship between the relative abundance of clonal shoots across the studied populations and their herbivory levels. Our results revealed that one third of the saplings examined (N = 225 saplings) had a probability above 0.9 of being clones of nearby (<10 m) trees, with the ratio between clonal propagation and sexual recruitment varying up to eight-fold among populations. A small portion of these putative clonal shoots reached sexual maturity. Relative abundance of clonal shoots did not significantly relate to the herbivory by ungulates. Our results call into question optimistic expectations of previous studies reporting sufficient levels of recruitment under parental trees without animal seed dispersal services. Nevertheless, given that some of these clonal shoots reach sexual maturity, clonal propagation can ultimately facilitate the long-term persistence of populations during adverse periods (e.g. environmental stress, impoverished pollinator communities, seed dispersal limitation).
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Affiliation(s)
- A R Castilla
- Centre for Applied Ecology "Prof. Baeta Neves"/INBIO, Instituto Superior of Agronomy, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
- Departamento de Ecología Integrativa, Estación Biológica de Doñana (EBD), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Sevilla, Spain
| | - J A Godoy
- Departamento de Ecología Integrativa, Estación Biológica de Doñana (EBD), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Sevilla, Spain
| | - M Delibes
- Departamento de Biología de la Conservación, Estación Biológica de Doñana (EBD), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Sevilla, Spain
| | | | - J M Fedriani
- Centre for Applied Ecology "Prof. Baeta Neves"/INBIO, Instituto Superior of Agronomy, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
- Departamento de Biología de la Conservación, Estación Biológica de Doñana (EBD), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Sevilla, Spain
- Centro de Investigaciones sobre Desertificación CIDE, CSIC-UVEG-GV, Carretera de Moncada a Náquera, Moncada, Valencia, Spain
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Mori H, Ueno S, Matsumoto A, Kamijo T, Tsumura Y, Masaki T. Large contribution of clonal reproduction to the distribution of deciduous liana species (Wisteria floribunda) in an old-growth cool temperate forest: evidence from genetic analysis. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2018; 121:359-365. [PMID: 29293888 PMCID: PMC5808794 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcx153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2017] [Accepted: 10/18/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Background and Aims Extensive clonal (vegetative) reproduction in lianas is a common and important life history strategy for regeneration and colonization success. However, few studies have evaluated the contribution of clonal reproduction to stand-level distribution of lianas in their natural habitat using genetic tools. The objectives of the present study were to investigate (1) the contribution of clonal reproduction to the distribution of Wisteria floribunda, (2) the size of clonal patches and (3) how the distribution patterns of W. floribunda clones are affected by micro-topography. Methods The contribution of clonal reproduction to the distribution of the deciduous liana species W. floribunda was evaluated using genetic analysis across a 6-ha plot of an old-growth temperate forest in Japan and preference in landform between clonal ramets and non-clonal ramets was assessed. Key Results Of the 391 ramets sampled, clonal reproduction contributed to 71 and 62 % of the total abundance and basal area, respectively, or 57 and 31 % when the largest ramet within a genet was excluded. The large contribution of clonal reproduction to the density and basal area of W. floribunda was consistent with previous observational studies. The largest genet included a patch size of 0.47 ha and ranged over 180 m. Preferred landforms of clonal and non-clonal ramets were significantly different when evaluated by both abundance and basal area. Non-clonal ramets distributed more on lower part of the slope than other landforms in comparison with clonal ramets and trees, possibly reflecting the limitation of clonal growth by stolons. Conclusions Using genetic analysis, the present study found evidence of a large contribution of clonal reproduction on the distribution of W. floribunda in its natural habitat. The results indicate that clonal reproduction plays an important role not only in the formation of populations but also in determining the distribution patterns of liana species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideki Mori
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Saneyoshi Ueno
- Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Asako Matsumoto
- Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Takashi Kamijo
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Yoshihiko Tsumura
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Takashi Masaki
- Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
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Tambarussi EV, Boshier D, Vencovsky R, Freitas MLM, Sebbenn AM. Paternity analysis reveals significant isolation and near neighbor pollen dispersal in small Cariniana legalis Mart. Kuntze populations in the Brazilian Atlantic Forest. Ecol Evol 2015; 5:5588-600. [PMID: 27069608 PMCID: PMC4813111 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.1816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2015] [Revised: 10/06/2015] [Accepted: 10/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Throughout the world, large trees are increasingly rare. Cariniana legalis is the tallest tree species of the Brazilian Atlantic Forest, reaching up to 60 m in height. Due to extensive deforestation of the Atlantic Forest, remnant C. legalis populations are small and spatially isolated, requiring the development of strategies for their conservation. For in situ and ex situ genetic conservation to be effective, it is important to understand the levels and patterns of spatial genetic structure (SGS), and gene flow. We investigated SGS and pollen flow in three small, physically isolated C. legalis stands using microsatellite loci. We measured, mapped, and sampled all C. legalis trees in the three stands: 65 trees from Ibicatu population, 22 trees from MGI, and 4 trees from MGII. We also collected and genotyped 600 seeds from Ibicatu, 250 seeds from MGI, and 200 seeds from MGII. Significant SGS was detected in Ibicatu up to 150 m, but substantial levels of external pollen flow were also detected in Ibicatu (8%), although not in MGI (0.4%) or MGII (0%). Selfing was highest in MGII (18%), the smallest group of trees, compared to MGI (6.4%) and Ibicatu (6%). In MGI and MGII, there was a strong pattern of mating among near‐neighbors. Seed collection strategies for breeding, in situ and ex situ conservation and ecological restoration, must ensure collection from seed trees located at distances greater than 350 m and from several forest fragments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evandro V Tambarussi
- Escola Superior de Agricultura "Luiz de Queiroz" Universidade de São Paulo Av. Pádua Dias, 11 Caixa Postal 9 Piracicaba 13418-900 Brazil
| | - David Boshier
- Department of Plant Sciences South Parks Road Oxford OX1 3RB UK
| | - Roland Vencovsky
- Escola Superior de Agricultura "Luiz de Queiroz" Universidade de São Paulo Av. Pádua Dias, 11 Caixa Postal 9 Piracicaba 13418-900 Brazil
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Consequences of clonality for sexual fitness: Clonal expansion enhances fitness under spatially restricted dispersal. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015. [PMID: 26195748 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1501720112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Clonality is a pervasive feature of sessile organisms, but this form of asexual reproduction is thought to interfere with sexual fitness via the movement of gametes among the modules that comprise the clone. This within-clone movement of gametes is expected to reduce sexual fitness via mate limitation of male reproductive success and, in some cases, via the production of highly inbred (i.e., self-fertilized) offspring. However, clonality also results in the spatial expansion of the genetic individual (i.e., genet), and this should decrease distances gametes and sexually produced offspring must travel to avoid competing with other gametes and offspring from the same clone. The extent to which any negative effects of clonality on mating success might be offset by the positive effects of spatial expansion is poorly understood. Here, we develop spatially explicit models in which fitness was determined by the success of genets through their male and female sex functions. Our results indicate that clonality serves to increase sexual fitness when it is associated with the outward expansion of the genet. Our models further reveal that the main fitness benefit of clonal expansion might occur through the dispersal of offspring over a wider area compared with nonclonal phenotypes. We conclude that, instead of interfering with sexual reproduction, clonal expansion should often serve to enhance sexual fitness.
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Matsuo A, Tomimatsu H, Suzuki JI, Saitoh T, Shibata S, Makita A, Suyama Y. Female and male fitness consequences of clonal growth in a dwarf bamboo population with a high degree of clonal intermingling. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2014; 114:1035-1041. [PMID: 25228034 PMCID: PMC4171080 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcu176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2014] [Accepted: 07/08/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Although many studies have reported that clonal growth interferes with sexual reproduction as a result of geitonogamous self-pollination and inbreeding depression, the mating costs of clonal growth are expected to be reduced when genets are spatially intermingled with others. This study examined how clonal growth affects both female and male reproductive success by studying a population of a mass-flowering plant, Sasa veitchii var. hirsuta, with a high degree of clonal intermingling. METHODS In a 10 × 10 m plot, genets were discriminated based on the multilocus genotypes of 11 nuclear microsatellite loci. The relationships between genet size and the components of reproductive success were then investigated. Male siring success and female and male selfing rates were assessed using paternity analysis. KEY RESULTS A total of 111 genets were spatially well intermingled with others. In contrast to previous studies with species forming distinct monoclonal patches, seed production linearly increased with genet size. While male siring success was a decelerating function of genet size, selfing rates were relatively low and not related to genet size. CONCLUSIONS The results, in conjunction with previous studies, emphasize the role of the spatial arrangement of genets on both the quantity and quality of offpsring, and suggest that an intermingled distribution of genets can reduce the mating costs of clonal growth and enhance overall fitness, particularly female fitness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayumi Matsuo
- Field Science Center, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Osaki, Miyagi 989-6711, Japan Faculty of Bioresource Sciences, Akita Prefectural University, Akita 010-0195, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Tomimatsu
- Department of Biology, Yamagata University, Yamagata 990-8560, Japan
| | - Jun-Ichirou Suzuki
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Saitoh
- Tohoku Research Center, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Morioka 020-0123, Japan
| | - Shozo Shibata
- Field Science Education and Research Center, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Akifumi Makita
- Faculty of Bioresource Sciences, Akita Prefectural University, Akita 010-0195, Japan
| | - Yoshihisa Suyama
- Field Science Center, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Osaki, Miyagi 989-6711, Japan
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Vandepitte K, De Meyer T, Jacquemyn H, Roldán-Ruiz I, Honnay O. The impact of extensive clonal growth on fine-scale mating patterns: a full paternity analysis of a lily-of-the-valley population (Convallaria majalis). ANNALS OF BOTANY 2013; 111:623-8. [PMID: 23439847 PMCID: PMC3605957 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mct024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2012] [Accepted: 01/03/2013] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The combination of clonality and a mating system promoting outcrossing is considered advantageous because outcrossing avoids the fitness costs of selfing within clones (geitonogamy) while clonality assures local persistence and increases floral display. The spatial spread of genetically identical plants (ramets) may, however, also decrease paternal diversity (the number of sires fertilizing a given dam) and fertility, particularly towards the centre of large clumped clones. This study aimed to quantify the impact of extensive clonal growth on fine-scale paternity patterns in a population of the allogamous Convallaria majalis. METHODS A full analysis of paternity was performed by genotyping all flowering individuals and all viable seeds produced during a single season using AFLP. Mating patterns were examined and the spatial position of ramets was related to the extent of multiple paternity, fruiting success and seed production. KEY RESULTS The overall outcrossing rate was high (91 %) and pollen flow into the population was considerable (27 %). Despite extensive clonal growth, multiple paternity was relatively common (the fraction of siblings sharing the same father was 0·53 within ramets). The diversity of offspring collected from reproductive ramets surrounded by genetically identical inflorescences was as high as among offspring collected from ramets surrounded by distinct genets. There was no significant relationship between the similarity of the pollen load received by two ramets and the distance between them. Neither the distance of ramets with respect to distinct genets nor the distance to the genet centre significantly affected fruiting success or seed production. CONCLUSIONS Random mating and considerable pollen inflow most probably implied that pollen dispersal distances were sufficiently high to mitigate local mate scarcity despite extensive clonal spread. The data provide no evidence for the intrusion of clonal growth on fine-scale plant mating patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrien Vandepitte
- Plant Conservation and Population Biology, Biology Department, University of Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 31, B-3001 Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Tim De Meyer
- Laboratory for Bioinformatics and Computational Genomics, Mathematical Modelling, Statistics & Bioinformatics Department, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent. Belgium
| | - Hans Jacquemyn
- Plant Conservation and Population Biology, Biology Department, University of Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 31, B-3001 Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Isabel Roldán-Ruiz
- Plant Sciences Unit – Growth and Development, Institute for Agricultural and Fisheries Research ILVO, Caritasstraat 21, B-9090 Melle, Belgium
| | - Olivier Honnay
- Plant Conservation and Population Biology, Biology Department, University of Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 31, B-3001 Heverlee, Belgium
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Vallejo-Marín M, Dorken ME, Barrett SC. The Ecological and Evolutionary Consequences of Clonality for Plant Mating. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ECOLOGY EVOLUTION AND SYSTEMATICS 2010. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.110308.120258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 217] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mario Vallejo-Marín
- School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Stirling, Scotland, FK9 4LA, United Kingdom;
| | - Marcel E. Dorken
- Department of Biology, Trent University, Petersborough, Ontario, K9J 7B8, Canada;
| | - Spencer C.H. Barrett
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3B2; Canada;
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Fine-scale spatial structure of genets and sexes in the dioecious plant Dioscorea japonica, which disperses by both bulbils and seeds. Evol Ecol 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s10682-010-9396-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Dorken ME, Van Drunen WE. Sex allocation in clonal plants: might clonal expansion enhance fitness gains through male function? Evol Ecol 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s10682-010-9393-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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