1
|
Kesaite V, Greve J. The impact of excess body weight on employment outcomes: A systematic review of the evidence. ECONOMICS AND HUMAN BIOLOGY 2024; 54:101398. [PMID: 38718448 DOI: 10.1016/j.ehb.2024.101398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Revised: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 08/20/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Excess body weight has been recognised as an important factor in influencing labour market outcomes. Several hypotheses explain the causal effect of excess body weight on employment outcomes, including productivity, labour supply, and discrimination. In this review, we provide a systematic synthesis of the evidence on the causal impact of excess body weight on labour market outcomes worldwide. METHODS We searched Econ Lit, and Web of Science databases for relevant studies published from 1st Jan 2010-20 th Jan 2023. Studies were included if they were either longitudinal analysis, pooled cross-sectional or cross-sectional studies if they used instrumental variable methodology based on Mendelian Randomisation. Only studies with measures of body weight and employment outcomes were included. RESULTS The number of potentially relevant studies constituted 4321 hits. A total of 59 studies met the inclusion criteria and were qualitatively reviewed by the authors. Most of the included studies were conducted in the USA (N=18), followed by the UK (N=9), Germany (N=6), Finland (N=4), and non-EU countries (N=22). Evidence from the included studies suggests that the effect of excess weight differs by gender, ethnicity, country, and time period. White women with excess weight in the USA, the UK, Germany, Canada, and in the EU (multi-country analyses) are less likely to be employed, and when employed they face lower wages compared to normal weight counterparts. For men there is no effect of excess weight on employment outcomes or the magnitude of the effect is much smaller or even positive in some cases. CONCLUSIONS This review has shown that despite ample research on the relationship between excess weight and employment status and wages, robust causal evidence of the effects of excess weight on employment outcomes remains scarce and relies significantly on strong statistical and theoretical assumptions. Further research into these relationships outside of USA and Western Europe context is needed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Viktorija Kesaite
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Box 285 Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom.
| | - Jane Greve
- VIVE - The Danish Center for Social Science Research, Herluf Trolles Gade 11, Copenhagen K 1052, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Pekkurnaz D. Causal effect of obesity on the probability of employment in women in Turkey. ECONOMICS AND HUMAN BIOLOGY 2023; 51:101301. [PMID: 37651829 DOI: 10.1016/j.ehb.2023.101301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
This study aims to investigate the causal effect of obesity on the employment probability of women in Turkey via the instrumental variable approach by using data from the 2018 Turkey and Demographic Health Survey. Obesity prevalence in the area of living and the overweight status of the oldest child, which are the most common types of instruments seen in the literature, are used as instruments. Consistent with the OLS result, the 2SLS estimate indicates that obese women are statistically significantly less likely to be employed when the overweight status of the child is used as an instrument. On the other hand, the statistically significant effect of obesity disappears when the area level obesity prevalence is used as the instrument. In addition, obesity in women decreases the likelihood of employment in the services sector and full-time jobs and employment with social security. Although the results of this study do not indicate the source of the effect found, the presence of a causal relationship for women should not be ignored when the economic burden of obesity for Turkey is considered.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Didem Pekkurnaz
- Başkent University, Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences, Department of Economics, Bağlıca Campus, Fatih Sultan Mahallesi, Eskişehir Yolu 18. Km, Etimesgut, 06790 Ankara, Turkey.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Amenyah SD, Waters D, Tang W, Fenge LA, Murphy JL. Systematic realist synthesis of health-related and lifestyle interventions designed to decrease overweight, obesity and unemployment in adults. BMC Public Health 2022; 22:2100. [PMCID: PMC9668709 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-022-14518-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Obesity and unemployment are complex social and health issues with underlying causes that are interconnected. While a clear link has been established, there is lack of evidence on the underlying causal pathways and how health-related interventions could reduce obesity and unemployment using a holistic approach.
Objectives
The aim of this realist synthesis was to identify the common strategies used by health-related interventions to reduce obesity, overweight and unemployment and to determine for whom and under what circumstances these interventions were successful or unsuccessful and why.
Methods
A realist synthesis approach was used. Systematic literature searches were conducted in Cochrane library, Medline, SocIndex, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), Scopus, and PsychInfo. The evidence from included studies were synthesised into Context-Mechanism-Outcome configurations (CMOcs) to better understand when and how programmes work, for which participants and to refine the final programme theory.
Results
A total of 83 articles met the inclusion criteria. 8 CMOcs elucidating the contexts of the health-related interventions, underlying mechanisms and outcomes were identified. Interventions that were tailored to the target population using multiple strategies, addressing different aspects of individual and external environments led to positive outcomes for reemployment and reduction of obesity.
Conclusion
This realist synthesis presents a broad array of contexts, mechanisms underlying the success of health-related interventions to reduce obesity and unemployment. It provides novel insights and key factors that influence the success of such interventions and highlights a need for participatory and holistic approaches to maximise the effectiveness of programmes designed to reduce obesity and unemployment.
Trial registration
PROSPERO 2020 CRD42020219897.
Collapse
|
4
|
Digital Anthropometry for Body Circumference Measurements: European Phenotypic Variations throughout the Decades. J Pers Med 2022; 12:jpm12060906. [PMID: 35743690 PMCID: PMC9224732 DOI: 10.3390/jpm12060906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
This review summarizes body circumference-based anthropometrics that are in common use for research and in some cases clinical application. These include waist and hip circumference-based central body indices to predict cardiometabolic risk: waist circumference, waist-to-hip ratio, waist-to-height ratio, waist-to-thigh ratio, body adiposity index, a body shape index (ABSI), hip index (HI), and body roundness index (BRI). Limb circumference measurements are most often used to assess sarcopenia and include: thigh circumference, calf circumference, and mid-arm circumference. Additionally, this review presents fascinating recent developments in optic-based imaging technologies that have elucidated changes over the last decades in average body size and shape in European populations. The classical apple and pear shape concepts of body shape difference remain useful, but novel and exciting 3-D optical “e-taper” measurements provide a potentially powerful new future vista in anthropometrics.
Collapse
|
5
|
Li P, Chen X, Stafford F, Ou J. Body shape and stable employment opportunity analysis of China's nonagricultural labor market. SSM Popul Health 2022; 17:101014. [PMID: 35024421 PMCID: PMC8733337 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssmph.2021.101014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Revised: 12/11/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Based on the integrated data of the China General Social Survey (CGSS) from 2010 to 2017, this study observes that body shape - being overweight or underweight - is important for labor market outcomes. Body shape significantly affects the employment opportunities of Chinese individuals, and this effect differs by gender and across the occupational hierarchy. Women face both slim premium and obesity penalty effects. Slim women, those with normal and lower but not excessively lower body weight, are more likely to gain long-term employment contracts in the labor market, while the opposite is observed for overweight individuals. The relationship between women's body shape and employment opportunities also varies by occupation. The obesity penalty is more pronounced in occupations with a higher International Socio-Economic Index (ISEI), while the slim premium is more evident in occupations with a low ISEI. The results suggest that the Chinese labor market is highly demanding regarding women's figures, while it is relatively tolerant of men's figures. By mechanism analysis, health capital is found to be the leading cause of the body shape effect. In addition, socialization is also a possible pathway of action. This paper has extended implications for the study of stature and employment stability, enriching the empirical research on labor market discrimination.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ping Li
- Associate Professor of Economics, School of Economics and Management, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Xiaozhou Chen
- Associate Professor of Economics, School of Business Administration, Guangdong University of Finance, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Frank Stafford
- Professor of Economics, Department of Economics and Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann arbor, Michigan, 48108, United States
| | - Jinyun Ou
- Ph.D. Candidate, School of Economics and Management, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Viinikainen J, Tikka S, Laaksonen M, Jääskeläinen T, Böckerman P, Karvanen J. Body weight and premature retirement: population-based evidence from Finland. Eur J Public Health 2021; 31:731-736. [PMID: 34293128 PMCID: PMC8514174 DOI: 10.1093/eurpub/ckab116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Health status is a principal determinant of labour market participation. In this study, we examined whether excess weight is associated with withdrawal from the labour market owing to premature retirement. METHODS The analyses were based on nationally representative data from Finland over the period 2001-15 (N ∼ 2500). The longitudinal data included objective measures of body weight (i.e. body mass index and waist circumference) linked to register-based information on actual retirement age. The association between the body weight measures and premature retirement was modelled using cubic b-splines via logistic regression. The models accounted for other possible risk factors and potential confounders, such as smoking and education. RESULTS Excess weight was associated with an increased risk of premature retirement for both men and women. A closer examination revealed that the probability of retirement varied across the weight distribution and the results differed between sexes and weight measures. CONCLUSION Body weight outside a recommended range elevates the risk of premature retirement.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jutta Viinikainen
- Jyväskylä University School of Business and Economics, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Santtu Tikka
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | | | | | - Petri Böckerman
- Jyväskylä University School of Business and Economics, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
- Labour Institute for Economic Research, Helsinki, Finland
- IZA Institute of Labor Economics, Bonn, Germany
| | - Juha Karvanen
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Li P, Chen X, Yao Q. Body Mass and Income: Gender and Occupational Differences. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18189599. [PMID: 34574522 PMCID: PMC8468324 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18189599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 09/04/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This paper aims to examine the influence of body shape on income, which varies with gender and occupational structure in China. The data were obtained from the CGSS (Chinese General Social Survey) 2010-2017 Survey. The overall finding in this paper is that women and men face different body shape-income effects. For females, the obesity penalty is significant and is reinforced with increasing occupational rank. For men, the thinness penalty (or weight premium) is enhanced as the occupational class decreases. Body shape-income gaps are mainly caused by the occupational structure. Twenty-nine percent of the income gap between overweight and average weight women can be explained by the obesity penalty, 37% of the income gap between overweight and average weight men can be interpreted by the weight premium, and 11% of the gap between underweight and normal weight men can be explained by the thinness penalty. The findings also suggest that the effect of body shape on income consists of two pathways: body shape affects health capital and socialization, and therefore income. Healthy lifestyles and scientific employment concepts should be promoted, and measures to close the gender gap should be implemented.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ping Li
- School of Economics and Management, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China; (P.L.); (Q.Y.)
| | - Xiaozhou Chen
- School of Business Administration, Guangdong University of Finance, Guangzhou 510521, China
- Correspondence:
| | - Qi Yao
- School of Economics and Management, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China; (P.L.); (Q.Y.)
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Wang B. Diagnosis of Waist Muscle Injury after Exercise Based on High-Frequency Ultrasound Image. JOURNAL OF HEALTHCARE ENGINEERING 2021; 2021:5528309. [PMID: 33833856 PMCID: PMC8018867 DOI: 10.1155/2021/5528309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Revised: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The low back is the weight-bearing part of the human trunk and has a complex anatomy with a variety of lesions. The traditional diagnostic imaging methods include X-ray, CT, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). With the rapid development of ultrasound diagnostic instruments and diagnostic techniques, high-frequency ultrasonography plays a more important role in the diagnosis of musculoskeletal disorders by virtue of its advantages of being safe, noninvasive, inexpensive, repeatable in a short period of time, and real-time imaging, especially for the display of fine structures of soft tissues, which is superior to CT and MRI. In this paper, the puncture needle was punctured near the intervertebral foramen, anti-inflammatory analgesics were injected under ultrasound surveillance. The anti-inflammatory and analgesic drugs mainly consist of local anesthetics and glucocorticoids. Local anesthetics can immediately block the nociceptive transmission of the diseased nerve, improve muscle tension, and eliminate muscle spasm, and glucocorticoids can effectively eliminate edema and inflammation of the lumbar nerve root and its surrounding tissues. The results showed that high-frequency ultrasound, as a noninvasive imaging examination, can clearly display the structure and spatial hierarchy of the skin, superficial fascia, deep fascia, and muscles of the low back, can provide real-time dynamic bilateral contrast observation, which can be the preferred imaging examination method for soft tissue disorders of the low back, and can compensate with general X-ray, CT, and magnetic resonance imaging to provide richer clinical diagnosis and treatment. It can provide richer imaging information for clinical diagnosis and treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bingke Wang
- Sports Institute, Pingdingshan University, Pingdingshan 467000, China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Wei Z, Qin X, Kang X, Zhou H, Wang S, Wei D. MiR-142-3p inhibits adipogenic differentiation and autophagy in obesity through targeting KLF9. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2020; 518:111028. [PMID: 32911017 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2020.111028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND MiR-142-3p has been shown to be suppressed in obese patients, while the underlying regulatory mechanism is unclear. METHODS Body shape indexes as well as peripheral blood for biochemical parameter analysis were obtained from obese and healthy subjects. When 3T3-L1 cells were induced to differentiate, miR-142-3p expression was detected by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). The effects of miR-142-3p on triglyceride (TG) and adipogenic differentiation-related genes during the adipogenic differentiation of 3T3-L1 cells were detected by transfection, Oil Red O staining, and Western blot. The targeting relationship between miR-142-3p and Krueppel-like transcription factor 9 (KLF9) was verified by TargetScan and dual-luciferase experiment. The specific regulatory effects of miR-142-3p on cell adipogenic differentiation and autophagy were analyzed by rescue experiments. In vivo experiments further validated the results of in vitro experiments through obese mouse models. RESULTS Obesity-marked biochemical indicators increased whereas high density lipoprotein and miR-142-3p decreased in obese patients. The content of miR-142-3p gradually decreased with cell lipid differentiation. Overexpression of miR-142-3p reduced TG deposition in cells by down-regulating lipid formation and fatty acid synthesis genes and up-regulating fatty acid oxidation genes. KLF9 targeting miR-142-3p was suppressed by miR-142-3p. KLF9 overexpression partially reversed the inhibitory effect of miR-142-3p mimic on adipogenic differentiation and the expressions of autophagy related-genes in 3T3-L1 cells. MiR-142-3p overexpression also inhibited fat cell differentiation and autophagy in obese mice. CONCLUSION Overexpressed miR-142-3p inhibited adipogenic differentiation and autophagy through targeting KLF9.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ziwen Wei
- Department of Invasive Intervention, Tongji Medical College of HUST, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, China
| | - Xiaoli Qin
- Department of Invasive Intervention, Neihuang County No.2 People's Hospital, Anyang City, Henan Province, 456300, China
| | - Xiaojie Kang
- Department of Invasive Intervention, Neihuang County No.2 People's Hospital, Anyang City, Henan Province, 456300, China
| | - Haixia Zhou
- Department of Invasive Intervention, Neihuang County No.2 People's Hospital, Anyang City, Henan Province, 456300, China
| | - Shaodan Wang
- Department of Invasive Intervention, Neihuang County No.2 People's Hospital, Anyang City, Henan Province, 456300, China
| | - Dong Wei
- Department of Invasive Intervention, Neihuang County No.2 People's Hospital, Anyang City, Henan Province, 456300, China.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Hatani Y, Tanaka H, Mochizuki Y, Suto M, Yokota S, Mukai J, Takada H, Soga F, Hatazawa K, Matsuzoe H, Matsumoto K, Hirota Y, Ogawa W, Hirata KI. Association of body fat mass with left ventricular longitudinal myocardial systolic function in type 2 diabetes mellitus. J Cardiol 2020; 75:189-195. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jjcc.2019.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Revised: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
|
11
|
Leonardi M, Guido D, Quintas R, Silvaggi F, Guastafierro E, Martinuzzi A, Chatterji S, Koskinen S, Tobiasz-Adamczyk B, Haro JM, Cabello M, Raggi A. Factors Related to Unemployment in Europe. A Cross-Sectional Study from the COURAGE Survey in Finland, Poland and Spain. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2018; 15:ijerph15040722. [PMID: 29641485 PMCID: PMC5923764 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph15040722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Revised: 04/05/2018] [Accepted: 04/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Background: Research addressing the impact of a large number of factors on unemployment is scarce. We aimed to comprehensively identify factors related to unemployment in a sample of persons aged 18-64 from Finland, Poland and Spain. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, factors from different areas were considered: socio-demographic indicators, health habits, chronic conditions, health state markers, vision and hearing indicators, and social networks and built environment scores. Results: Complete data were available for 5003 participants, mean age 48.1 (SD 11.5), 45.4% males. The most important factors connected to unemployment were health status indicators such as physical disability (OR = 2.944), self-rated health (OR = 2.629), inpatient care (OR = 1.980), and difficulties with getting to the toilet (OR = 2.040), while the most relevant factor related to employment were moderate alcohol consumption (OR = 0.732 for non-heavy drinkers; OR = 0.573 for infrequent heavy drinkers), and being married (OR = 0.734), or having been married (OR = 0.584). Other factors that played a significant role included presence of depression (OR = 1.384) and difficulties with near vision (OR = 1.584) and conversation hearing (OR = 1.597). Conclusions: Our results highlight the importance of selected factors related to unemployment, and suggest public health indications that could support concrete actions on modifiable factors, such as those aimed to promote physical activity and healthy behaviors, tackling depression or promoting education, in particular for the younger.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matilde Leonardi
- Neurological Institute C. Besta IRCCS Foundation, Neurology, Public Health and Disability Unit, 20133 Milan, Italy.
| | - Davide Guido
- Neurological Institute C. Besta IRCCS Foundation, Neurology, Public Health and Disability Unit, 20133 Milan, Italy.
| | - Rui Quintas
- Neurological Institute C. Besta IRCCS Foundation, Neurology, Public Health and Disability Unit, 20133 Milan, Italy.
- Neurological Institute C. Besta IRCCS Foundation, Clinical and Experimental Epileptology Unit, 20133 Milan, Italy.
| | - Fabiola Silvaggi
- Neurological Institute C. Besta IRCCS Foundation, Neurology, Public Health and Disability Unit, 20133 Milan, Italy.
| | - Erika Guastafierro
- Neurological Institute C. Besta IRCCS Foundation, Neurology, Public Health and Disability Unit, 20133 Milan, Italy.
| | - Andrea Martinuzzi
- E. Medea Scientific Institute, Conegliano-Pieve di Soligo Research Centre, 31015 Conegliano Veneto, Italy.
| | - Somnath Chatterji
- Information, Evidence and Research Unit, World Health Organization, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland.
| | - Seppo Koskinen
- Ageing, Disability and Functioning Unit, National Institute for Health and Welfare, 00271 Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Beata Tobiasz-Adamczyk
- Department of Medical Sociology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-034 Krakow, Poland.
| | - Josep Maria Haro
- Parc Sanitari Sant Joan de Déu, University of Barcelona, CIBERSAM, 08830 Barcelona, Spain.
- Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental, CIBERSAM, 28029 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Maria Cabello
- Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental, CIBERSAM, 28029 Madrid, Spain.
- Department of Psychiatry, Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, 28029 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Alberto Raggi
- Neurological Institute C. Besta IRCCS Foundation, Neurology, Public Health and Disability Unit, 20133 Milan, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|