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Vergine M, Vita F, Casati P, Passera A, Ricciardi L, Pavan S, Aprile A, Sabella E, De Bellis L, Luvisi A. Characterization of the olive endophytic community in genotypes displaying a contrasting response to Xylella fastidiosa. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 24:337. [PMID: 38664617 PMCID: PMC11044560 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-024-04980-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Endophytes mediate the interactions between plants and other microorganisms, and the functional aspects of interactions between endophytes and their host that support plant-growth promotion and tolerance to stresses signify the ecological relevance of the endosphere microbiome. In this work, we studied the bacterial and fungal endophytic communities of olive tree (Olea europaea L.) asymptomatic or low symptomatic genotypes sampled in groves heavily compromised by Xylella fastidiosa subsp. pauca, aiming to characterize microbiota in genotypes displaying differential response to the pathogen. RESULTS The relationships between bacterial and fungal genera were analyzed both separately and together, in order to investigate the intricate correlations between the identified Operational Taxonomic Units (OTUs). Results suggested a dominant role of the fungal endophytic community compared to the bacterial one, and highlighted specific microbial taxa only associated with asymptomatic or low symptomatic genotypes. In addition, they indicated the occurrence of well-adapted genetic resources surviving after years of pathogen pressure in association with microorganisms such as Burkholderia, Quambalaria, Phaffia and Rhodotorula. CONCLUSIONS This is the first study to overview endophytic communities associated with several putatively resistant olive genotypes in areas under high X. fastidiosa inoculum pressure. Identifying these negatively correlated genera can offer valuable insights into the potential antagonistic microbial resources and their possible development as biocontrol agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marzia Vergine
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Salento, Lecce, Italy
| | - Federico Vita
- Department of Biology, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Bari, Italy.
| | - Paola Casati
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Production, Landscape, Agroenergy, University of Milan, Milano, Italy
| | - Alessandro Passera
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Production, Landscape, Agroenergy, University of Milan, Milano, Italy
| | - Luigi Ricciardi
- Department of Soil, Plant and Food Science, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Bari, Italy
| | - Stefano Pavan
- Department of Soil, Plant and Food Science, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Bari, Italy
| | - Alessio Aprile
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Salento, Lecce, Italy
| | - Erika Sabella
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Salento, Lecce, Italy
| | - Luigi De Bellis
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Salento, Lecce, Italy
| | - Andrea Luvisi
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Salento, Lecce, Italy
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2
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Sabella E, Buja I, Negro C, Vergine M, Cherubini P, Pavan S, Maruccio G, De Bellis L, Luvisi A. The Significance of Xylem Structure and Its Chemical Components in Certain Olive Tree Genotypes with Tolerance to Xylella fastidiosa Infection. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:930. [PMID: 38611461 PMCID: PMC11013585 DOI: 10.3390/plants13070930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2024] [Revised: 03/21/2024] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024]
Abstract
Olive quick decline syndrome (OQDS) is a devastating plant disease caused by the bacterium Xylella fastidiosa (Xf). Exploratory missions in the Salento area led to the identification of putatively Xf-resistant olive trees (putatively resistant plants, PRPs) which were pauci-symptomatic or asymptomatic infected plants belonging to different genetic clusters in orchards severely affected by OQDS. To investigate the defense strategies employed by these PRPs to contrast Xf infection, the PRPs were analyzed for the anatomy and histology of xylem vessels, patterns of Xf distribution in host tissues (by the fluorescent in situ hybridization technique-FISH) and the presence of secondary metabolites in stems. The xylem vessels of the PRPs have an average diameter significantly lower than that of susceptible plants for each annual tree ring studied. The histochemical staining of xylem vessels highlighted an increase in the lignin in the parenchyma cells of the medullary rays of the wood. The 3D images obtained from FISH-LSM (laser scanning microscope) revealed that, in the PRPs, Xf cells mostly appeared as individual cells or as small aggregates; in addition, these bacterial cells looked to be incorporated in the autofluorescence signal of gels and phenolic compounds regardless of hosts' genotypes. In fact, the metabolomic data from asymptomatic PRP stems showed a significant increase in compounds like salicylic acid, known as a signal molecule which mediates host responses upon pathogen infection, and luteolin, a naturally derived flavonoid compound with antibacterial properties and with well-known anti-biofilm effects. Findings indicate that the xylem vessel geometry together with structural and chemical defenses are among the mechanisms operating to control Xf infection and may represent a common resistance trait among different olive genotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Sabella
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Salento, Via Prov.le Monteroni 165, 73100 Lecce, Italy; (E.S.); (I.B.); (C.N.); (L.D.B.); (A.L.)
- National Biodiversity Future Center, 90133 Palermo, Italy
| | - Ilaria Buja
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Salento, Via Prov.le Monteroni 165, 73100 Lecce, Italy; (E.S.); (I.B.); (C.N.); (L.D.B.); (A.L.)
| | - Carmine Negro
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Salento, Via Prov.le Monteroni 165, 73100 Lecce, Italy; (E.S.); (I.B.); (C.N.); (L.D.B.); (A.L.)
| | - Marzia Vergine
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Salento, Via Prov.le Monteroni 165, 73100 Lecce, Italy; (E.S.); (I.B.); (C.N.); (L.D.B.); (A.L.)
| | - Paolo Cherubini
- WSL Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research, Zürcherstrasse 111, 8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland
- Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, University of British Columbia, 3041-2424 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Stefano Pavan
- Department of Soil, Plant and Food Science, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70126 Bari, Italy;
| | - Giuseppe Maruccio
- Omnics Research Group, Department of Mathematics and Physics, University of Salento, CNR-Institute of Nanotechnology, INFN Sezione di Lecce, Via per Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy;
| | - Luigi De Bellis
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Salento, Via Prov.le Monteroni 165, 73100 Lecce, Italy; (E.S.); (I.B.); (C.N.); (L.D.B.); (A.L.)
- National Biodiversity Future Center, 90133 Palermo, Italy
| | - Andrea Luvisi
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Salento, Via Prov.le Monteroni 165, 73100 Lecce, Italy; (E.S.); (I.B.); (C.N.); (L.D.B.); (A.L.)
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3
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Feitosa-Junior OR, Lubbe A, Kosina SM, Martins-Junior J, Barbosa D, Baccari C, Zaini PA, Bowen BP, Northen TR, Lindow SE, da Silva AM. The Exometabolome of Xylella fastidiosa in Contact with Paraburkholderia phytofirmans Supernatant Reveals Changes in Nicotinamide, Amino Acids, Biotin, and Plant Hormones. Metabolites 2024; 14:82. [PMID: 38392974 PMCID: PMC10890622 DOI: 10.3390/metabo14020082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Microbial competition within plant tissues affects invading pathogens' fitness. Metabolomics is a great tool for studying their biochemical interactions by identifying accumulated metabolites. Xylella fastidiosa, a Gram-negative bacterium causing Pierce's disease (PD) in grapevines, secretes various virulence factors including cell wall-degrading enzymes, adhesion proteins, and quorum-sensing molecules. These factors, along with outer membrane vesicles, contribute to its pathogenicity. Previous studies demonstrated that co-inoculating X. fastidiosa with the Paraburkholderia phytofirmans strain PsJN suppressed PD symptoms. Here, we further investigated the interaction between the phytopathogen and the endophyte by analyzing the exometabolome of wild-type X. fastidiosa and a diffusible signaling factor (DSF) mutant lacking quorum sensing, cultivated with 20% P. phytofirmans spent media. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) and the Method for Metabolite Annotation and Gene Integration (MAGI) were used to detect and map metabolites to genomes, revealing a total of 121 metabolites, of which 25 were further investigated. These metabolites potentially relate to host adaptation, virulence, and pathogenicity. Notably, this study presents the first comprehensive profile of X. fastidiosa in the presence of a P. phytofirmans spent media. The results highlight that P. phytofirmans and the absence of functional quorum sensing affect the ratios of glutamine to glutamate (Gln:Glu) in X. fastidiosa. Additionally, two compounds with plant metabolism and growth properties, 2-aminoisobutyric acid and gibberellic acid, were downregulated when X. fastidiosa interacted with P. phytofirmans. These findings suggest that P. phytofirmans-mediated disease suppression involves modulation of the exometabolome of X. fastidiosa, impacting plant immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oseias R Feitosa-Junior
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo 05508-900, SP, Brazil
- The DOE Joint Genome Institute, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Andrea Lubbe
- Environmental Genomics and Systems Biology Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Suzanne M Kosina
- Environmental Genomics and Systems Biology Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Joaquim Martins-Junior
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo 05508-900, SP, Brazil
| | - Deibs Barbosa
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo 05508-900, SP, Brazil
| | - Clelia Baccari
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Paulo A Zaini
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Benjamin P Bowen
- The DOE Joint Genome Institute, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Environmental Genomics and Systems Biology Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Trent R Northen
- The DOE Joint Genome Institute, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Environmental Genomics and Systems Biology Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Steven E Lindow
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Aline M da Silva
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo 05508-900, SP, Brazil
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4
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Surano A, del Grosso C, Musio B, Todisco S, Giampetruzzi A, Altamura G, Saponari M, Gallo V, Mastrorilli P, Boscia D, Saldarelli P. Exploring the xylem-sap to unravel biological features of Xylella fastidiosa subspecies pauca ST53 in immune, resistant and susceptible crop species through metabolomics and in vitro studies. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 14:1343876. [PMID: 38312355 PMCID: PMC10834688 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1343876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 02/06/2024]
Abstract
Xylella fastidiosa subsp. pauca ST53 (Xfp) is a pathogenic bacterium causing one of the most severe plant diseases currently threatening the olive-growing areas of the Mediterranean, the Olive Quick Decline Syndrome (OQDS). The majority of the olive cultivars upon infections more or less rapidly develop severe desiccation phenomena, while few are resistant (e.g. Leccino and FS17), being less impacted by the infections. The present study contributes to elucidating the basis of the resistance phenomenon by investigating the influence of the composition of the xylem sap of plant species on the rate of bacterial multiplication. Xylem saps from Xfp host and non-host species were used for growing the bacterium in vitro, monitoring bacterial growth, biofilm formation, and the expression of specific genes. Moreover, species-specific metabolites, such as mannitol, quinic acid, tartaric acid, and choline were identified by non-targeted NMR-based metabolomic analysis in olive, grapevine, and citrus. In general, the xylem saps of immune species, including grapevine and citrus, were richer in amino acids, organic acids, and glucose. The results showed greater bacterial growth in the olive cultivar notoriously susceptible to Xfp (Cellina di Nardò), compared to that recorded in the resistant cultivar Leccino. Conversely, higher biofilm formation occurred in Leccino compared to Cellina di Nardò. Using the xylem saps of two Xfp-immune species (citrus and grapevine), a divergent bacterial behavior was recorded: low planktonic growth and biofilm production were detected in citrus compared to the grapevine. A parallel evaluation of the expression of 15 genes showed that Xfp directs its molecular functions mainly to virulence. Overall, the results gained through this multidisciplinary study contribute to extending the knowledge on the host-pathogen interaction, while confirming that the host response and resistance mechanism have a multifactorial basis, most likely with a cumulative effect on the phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antony Surano
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council (CNR), Bari, Italy
| | - Carmine del Grosso
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council (CNR), Bari, Italy
| | - Biagia Musio
- Department of Civil, Environmental, Land, Building Engineering and Chemistry (DICATECh), Polytechnic University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Stefano Todisco
- Department of Civil, Environmental, Land, Building Engineering and Chemistry (DICATECh), Polytechnic University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Annalisa Giampetruzzi
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council (CNR), Bari, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Altamura
- CRSFA-Centro Ricerca, Sperimentazione e Formazione in Agricoltura Basile Caramia, Locorotondo, Italy
| | - Maria Saponari
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council (CNR), Bari, Italy
| | - Vito Gallo
- Department of Civil, Environmental, Land, Building Engineering and Chemistry (DICATECh), Polytechnic University of Bari, Bari, Italy
- Innovative Solutions S.r.l.—Spin-Off Company of Polytechnic University of Bari, Noci, Italy
| | - Piero Mastrorilli
- Department of Civil, Environmental, Land, Building Engineering and Chemistry (DICATECh), Polytechnic University of Bari, Bari, Italy
- Innovative Solutions S.r.l.—Spin-Off Company of Polytechnic University of Bari, Noci, Italy
| | - Donato Boscia
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council (CNR), Bari, Italy
| | - Pasquale Saldarelli
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council (CNR), Bari, Italy
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5
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Karolkowski A, Meudec E, Bruguière A, Mitaine-Offer AC, Bouzidi E, Levavasseur L, Sommerer N, Briand L, Salles C. Faba Bean ( Vicia faba L. minor) Bitterness: An Untargeted Metabolomic Approach to Highlight the Impact of the Non-Volatile Fraction. Metabolites 2023; 13:964. [PMID: 37623907 PMCID: PMC10456379 DOI: 10.3390/metabo13080964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Revised: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
In the context of climate change, faba beans are an interesting alternative to animal proteins but are characterised by off-notes and bitterness that decrease consumer acceptability. However, research on pulse bitterness is often limited to soybeans and peas. This study aimed to highlight potential bitter non-volatile compounds in faba beans. First, the bitterness of flours and air-classified fractions (starch and protein) of three faba bean cultivars was evaluated by a trained panel. The fractions from the high-alkaloid cultivars and the protein fractions exhibited higher bitter intensity. Second, an untargeted metabolomic approach using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-diode array detector-tandem-high resolution mass spectrometry (UHPLC-DAD-HRMS) was correlated with the bitter perception of the fractions. Third, 42 tentatively identified non-volatile compounds were associated with faba bean bitterness by correlated sensory and metabolomic data. These compounds mainly belonged to different chemical classes such as alkaloids, amino acids, phenolic compounds, organic acids, and terpenoids. This research provided a better understanding of the molecules responsible for bitterness in faba beans and the impact of cultivar and air-classification on the bitter content. The bitter character of these highlighted compounds needs to be confirmed by sensory and/or cellular analyses to identify removal or masking strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adeline Karolkowski
- Centre des Sciences du Goût et de L’Alimentation, CNRS, INRAE, Institut Agro, Université de Bourgogne, F-21000 Dijon, France; (A.K.); (A.B.); (A.-C.M.-O.)
- Groupe Soufflet-Invivo, F-10400 Nogent-sur-Seine, France;
| | - Emmanuelle Meudec
- SPO, Université de Montpellier, INRAE, Institut Agro, F-34000 Montpellier, France; (E.M.); (N.S.)
- INRAE, PROBE Research Infrastructure, PFP Polyphenol Analysis Facility, F-34060 Montpellier, France
| | - Antoine Bruguière
- Centre des Sciences du Goût et de L’Alimentation, CNRS, INRAE, Institut Agro, Université de Bourgogne, F-21000 Dijon, France; (A.K.); (A.B.); (A.-C.M.-O.)
| | - Anne-Claire Mitaine-Offer
- Centre des Sciences du Goût et de L’Alimentation, CNRS, INRAE, Institut Agro, Université de Bourgogne, F-21000 Dijon, France; (A.K.); (A.B.); (A.-C.M.-O.)
| | - Emilie Bouzidi
- Vivien Paille (Groupe Avril), F-59300 Valenciennes, France;
| | | | - Nicolas Sommerer
- SPO, Université de Montpellier, INRAE, Institut Agro, F-34000 Montpellier, France; (E.M.); (N.S.)
- INRAE, PROBE Research Infrastructure, PFP Polyphenol Analysis Facility, F-34060 Montpellier, France
| | - Loïc Briand
- Centre des Sciences du Goût et de L’Alimentation, CNRS, INRAE, Institut Agro, Université de Bourgogne, F-21000 Dijon, France; (A.K.); (A.B.); (A.-C.M.-O.)
| | - Christian Salles
- Centre des Sciences du Goût et de L’Alimentation, CNRS, INRAE, Institut Agro, Université de Bourgogne, F-21000 Dijon, France; (A.K.); (A.B.); (A.-C.M.-O.)
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6
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Morales-Cruz A, Aguirre-Liguori J, Massonnet M, Minio A, Zaccheo M, Cochetel N, Walker A, Riaz S, Zhou Y, Cantu D, Gaut BS. Multigenic resistance to Xylella fastidiosa in wild grapes (Vitis sps.) and its implications within a changing climate. Commun Biol 2023; 6:580. [PMID: 37253933 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-023-04938-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Xylella fastidiosa is a bacterium that infects crops like grapevines, coffee, almonds, citrus and olives. There is little understanding of the genes that contribute to plant resistance, the genomic architecture of resistance, and the potential role of climate in shaping resistance, in part because major crops like grapevines (Vitis vinifera) are not resistant to the bacterium. Here we study a wild grapevine species, V. arizonica, that segregates for resistance. Using genome-wide association, we identify candidate resistance genes. Resistance-associated kmers are shared with a sister species of V. arizonica but not with more distant species, suggesting that resistance evolved more than once. Finally, resistance is climate dependent, because individuals from low ( < 10 °C) temperature locations in the wettest quarter were typically susceptible to infection, likely reflecting a lack of pathogen pressure in colder climates. In fact, climate is as effective a predictor of resistance phenotypes as some genetic markers. We extend our climate observations to additional crops, predicting that increased pathogen pressure is more likely for grapevines and almonds than some other susceptible crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abraham Morales-Cruz
- U.S. Department of Energy, Joint Genome Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Lab, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Jonas Aguirre-Liguori
- Dept. of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Mélanie Massonnet
- Dept. of Viticulture and Enology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Andrea Minio
- Dept. of Viticulture and Enology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Mirella Zaccheo
- Dept. of Viticulture and Enology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Noe Cochetel
- Dept. of Viticulture and Enology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Andrew Walker
- Dept. of Viticulture and Enology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Summaira Riaz
- San Joaquin Valley Agricultural Center, United States Dept of Agriculture, Parlier, CA, USA
| | - Yongfeng Zhou
- Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, China.
- Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 7 Pengfei Road, Shenzen, 518120, China.
| | - Dario Cantu
- Dept. of Viticulture and Enology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA.
- Dept. of Viticulture and Enology, One Shields Avenue, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, 95616-5270, USA.
| | - Brandon S Gaut
- Dept. of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA.
- Dept. of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, 321 Steinhaus Hall UC Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92617-2525, USA.
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Anguita-Maeso M, Navas-Cortés JA, Landa BB. Insights into the Methodological, Biotic and Abiotic Factors Influencing the Characterization of Xylem-Inhabiting Microbial Communities of Olive Trees. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:912. [PMID: 36840260 PMCID: PMC9967459 DOI: 10.3390/plants12040912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2023] [Revised: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Vascular pathogens are the causal agents of some of the most devastating plant diseases in the world, which can cause, under specific conditions, the destruction of entire crops. These plant pathogens activate a range of physiological and immune reactions in the host plant following infection, which may trigger the proliferation of a specific microbiome to combat them by, among others, inhibiting their growth and/or competing for space. Nowadays, it has been demonstrated that the plant microbiome can be modified by transplanting specific members of the microbiome, with exciting results for the control of plant diseases. However, its practical application in agriculture for the control of vascular plant pathogens is hampered by the limited knowledge of the plant endosphere, and, in particular, of the xylem niche. In this review, we present a comprehensive overview of how research on the plant microbiome has evolved during the last decades to unravel the factors and complex interactions that affect the associated microbial communities and their surrounding environment, focusing on the microbial communities inhabiting the xylem vessels of olive trees (Olea europaea subsp. europaea), the most ancient and important woody crop in the Mediterranean Basin. For that purpose, we have highlighted the role of xylem composition and its associated microorganisms in plants by describing the methodological approaches explored to study xylem microbiota, starting from the methods used to extract xylem microbial communities to their assessment by culture-dependent and next-generation sequencing approaches. Additionally, we have categorized some of the key biotic and abiotic factors, such as the host plant niche and genotype, the environment and the infection with vascular pathogens, that can be potential determinants to critically affect olive physiology and health status in a holobiont context (host and its associated organisms). Finally, we have outlined future directions and challenges for xylem microbiome studies based on the recent advances in molecular biology, focusing on metagenomics and culturomics, and bioinformatics network analysis. A better understanding of the xylem olive microbiome will contribute to facilitate the exploration and selection of specific keystone microorganisms that can live in close association with olives under a range of environmental/agronomic conditions. These microorganisms could be ideal targets for the design of microbial consortia that can be applied by endotherapy treatments to prevent or control diseases caused by vascular pathogens or modify the physiology and growth of olive trees.
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Hladnik M, Unković N, Janakiev T, Grbić ML, Arbeiter AB, Stanković S, Janaćković P, Gavrilović M, Rančić D, Bandelj D, Dimkić I. An Insight into an Olive Scab on the "Istrska Belica" Variety: Host-Pathogen Interactions and Phyllosphere Mycobiome. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 2022:10.1007/s00248-022-02131-4. [PMID: 36307735 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-022-02131-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The olive tree is one of the most important agricultural plants, affected by several pests and diseases that cause a severe decline in health status leading to crop losses. Olive leaf spot disease caused by the fungus Venturia oleaginea can result in complete tree defoliation and consequently lower yield. The aim of the study was to obtain new knowledge related to plant-pathogen interaction, reveal mechanisms of plant defense against the pathogen, and characterize fungal phyllosphere communities on infected and symptomless leaves that could contribute to the development of new plant breeding strategies and identification of novel biocontrol agents. The highly susceptible olive variety "Istrska Belica"' was selected for a detailed evaluation. Microscopy analyses led to the observation of raphides in the mesophyll and parenchyma cells of infected leaves and gave new insight into the complex V. oleaginea pathogenesis. Culturable and total phyllosphere mycobiota, obtained via metabarcoding approach, highlighted Didymella, Aureobasidium, Cladosporium, and Alternaria species as overlapping between infected and symptomless leaves. Only Venturia and Erythrobasidium in infected and Cladosporium in symptomless samples with higher abundance showed statistically significant differences. Based on the ecological role of identified taxa, it can be suggested that Cladosporium species might have potential antagonistic effects on V. oleaginea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matjaž Hladnik
- Faculty of Mathematics, Natural Sciences and Information Technologies (FAMNIT), University of Primorska, Glagoljaška 8, Sl-6000, Koper, Slovenia
| | - Nikola Unković
- Faculty of Biology, University of Belgrade, Studentski Trg 16, 11158, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Tamara Janakiev
- Faculty of Biology, University of Belgrade, Studentski Trg 16, 11158, Belgrade, Serbia
| | | | - Alenka Baruca Arbeiter
- Faculty of Mathematics, Natural Sciences and Information Technologies (FAMNIT), University of Primorska, Glagoljaška 8, Sl-6000, Koper, Slovenia
| | - Slaviša Stanković
- Faculty of Biology, University of Belgrade, Studentski Trg 16, 11158, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Peđa Janaćković
- Faculty of Biology, University of Belgrade, Studentski Trg 16, 11158, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Milan Gavrilović
- Faculty of Biology, University of Belgrade, Studentski Trg 16, 11158, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Dragana Rančić
- Faculty of Agriculture, University of Belgrade, Nemanjina 6, 11080, Belgrade, Zemun, Serbia
| | - Dunja Bandelj
- Faculty of Mathematics, Natural Sciences and Information Technologies (FAMNIT), University of Primorska, Glagoljaška 8, Sl-6000, Koper, Slovenia
| | - Ivica Dimkić
- Faculty of Biology, University of Belgrade, Studentski Trg 16, 11158, Belgrade, Serbia.
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Mofokeng MM, Prinsloo G, Araya HT, Amoo SO, du Plooy CP, Mashela PW. NADES Compounds Identified in Hypoxis hemerocallidea Corms during Dormancy. PLANTS 2022; 11:plants11182387. [PMID: 36145788 PMCID: PMC9503605 DOI: 10.3390/plants11182387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2022] [Revised: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Soaking Hypoxis hemerocallidea corms in distilled water improved the propagation and development of cormlets, suggesting the potential leaching-out of inhibitory chemical compounds. To investigate the presence of inhibitory compounds, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectral data of the leachate from dormant H. hemerocallidea corms were obtained using a 600 MHz 1H-NMR spectrometer. The 1H-NMR analysis led to the identification of choline, succinate, propylene glycol, and lactose, as inhibitory compounds. These four chemical compounds are part of the “Natural Deep Eutectic Solvents” (NADES) that protect plant cells during stress periods, each of which has the potential to inhibit bud growth and development. These compounds are supposedly leached out of the corms during the first rain under natural conditions, possibly accompanied by changes in the ratios of dormancy-breaking phytohormones and inhibitory compounds, to release bud dormancy. The identified chemical compounds heralded a novel frontier in the vegetative propagation of H. hemerocallidea as a medicinal plant, and for its enhanced sustainable uses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Motiki M. Mofokeng
- Agricultural Research Council—Vegetable, Industrial and Medicinal Plants (ARC-VIMP), Private Bag X293, Pretoria 0001, South Africa
- Green Technologies Research Centre, University of Limpopo, Private Bag X1106, Sovenga 0727, South Africa
- Correspondence: (M.M.M.); (H.T.A.); (S.O.A.); Tel.: +27-12-808-8000 (M.M.M. & H.T.A. & S.O.A)
| | - Gerhard Prinsloo
- Department of Agriculture and Animal Health, University of South Africa, Private Bag X6, Johannesburg 1710, South Africa
| | - Hintsa T. Araya
- Agricultural Research Council—Vegetable, Industrial and Medicinal Plants (ARC-VIMP), Private Bag X293, Pretoria 0001, South Africa
- Correspondence: (M.M.M.); (H.T.A.); (S.O.A.); Tel.: +27-12-808-8000 (M.M.M. & H.T.A. & S.O.A)
| | - Stephen O. Amoo
- Agricultural Research Council—Vegetable, Industrial and Medicinal Plants (ARC-VIMP), Private Bag X293, Pretoria 0001, South Africa
- Department of Botany and Plant Biotechnology, University of Johannesburg, P.O. Box 524, Auckland Park, Johannesburg 2006, South Africa
- Correspondence: (M.M.M.); (H.T.A.); (S.O.A.); Tel.: +27-12-808-8000 (M.M.M. & H.T.A. & S.O.A)
| | - Christian P. du Plooy
- Agricultural Research Council—Vegetable, Industrial and Medicinal Plants (ARC-VIMP), Private Bag X293, Pretoria 0001, South Africa
| | - Phatu W. Mashela
- Green Technologies Research Centre, University of Limpopo, Private Bag X1106, Sovenga 0727, South Africa
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10
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Moll L, Baró A, Montesinos L, Badosa E, Bonaterra A, Montesinos E. Induction of Defense Responses and Protection of Almond Plants Against Xylella fastidiosa by Endotherapy with a Bifunctional Peptide. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2022; 112:1907-1916. [PMID: 35384723 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-12-21-0525-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Xylella fastidiosa is a plant pathogenic bacterium that has been introduced in the European Union (EU), causing significant yield losses in economically important Mediterranean crops. Almond leaf scorch (ALS) is currently one of the most relevant diseases observed in Spain, and no cure has been found to be effective for this disease. In previous reports, the peptide BP178 has shown a strong bactericidal activity in vitro against X. fastidiosa and to other plant pathogens, and to trigger defense responses in tomato plants. In the present work, BP178 was applied by endotherapy to almond plants of cultivar Avijor using preventive and curative strategies. The capacity of BP178 to reduce the population levels of X. fastidiosa and to decrease disease symptoms and its persistence over time were demonstrated under greenhouse conditions. The most effective treatment consisted of a combination of preventive and curative applications, and the peptide was detected in the stem up to 60 days posttreatment. Priming plants with BP178 induced defense responses mainly through the salicylic acid pathway, but also overexpressed some genes of the jasmonic acid and ethylene pathways. It is concluded that the bifunctional peptide is a promising candidate to be further developed to manage ALS caused by X. fastidiosa.[Formula: see text] Copyright © 2022 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luís Moll
- Institute of Food and Agricultural Technology-XaRTA-CIDSAV, University of Girona, Girona, 17003, Spain
| | - Aina Baró
- Institute of Food and Agricultural Technology-XaRTA-CIDSAV, University of Girona, Girona, 17003, Spain
| | - Laura Montesinos
- Institute of Food and Agricultural Technology-XaRTA-CIDSAV, University of Girona, Girona, 17003, Spain
| | - Esther Badosa
- Institute of Food and Agricultural Technology-XaRTA-CIDSAV, University of Girona, Girona, 17003, Spain
| | - Anna Bonaterra
- Institute of Food and Agricultural Technology-XaRTA-CIDSAV, University of Girona, Girona, 17003, Spain
| | - Emilio Montesinos
- Institute of Food and Agricultural Technology-XaRTA-CIDSAV, University of Girona, Girona, 17003, Spain
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11
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Krugner R, Rogers EE, Burbank LP, Wallis CM, Ledbetter CA. Insights Regarding Resistance of 'Nemaguard' Rootstock to the Bacterium Xylella fastidiosa. PLANT DISEASE 2022; 106:2074-2081. [PMID: 35253489 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-01-22-0136-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
'Nemaguard' is a commonly used rootstock for almond and stone fruits due to resistance to nematodes and enhanced scion vigor. Nemaguard also happens to be resistant to strains of Xylella fastidiosa that cause almond leaf scorch disease. Previous research showed that prior to June-budding, this rootstock can prevent infection of almond nursery stock by X. fastidiosa. Further, the rootstock also promotes recovery from infection in susceptible almond scions. Objectives of this study were to 1) compare movement and bacterial populations of X. fastidiosa in almond and Nemaguard, 2) determine whether the metabolic profile of infected versus noninfected plants of each species correspond with differences in pathogen distribution, and 3) evaluate the impact of feeding on Nemaguard on transmission efficiency and pathogen populations in insects. Results showed limited or no movement of X. fastidiosa beyond the point of mechanical inoculation in Nemaguard, whereas X. fastidiosa was detected in susceptible almond and isolated from plant samples distal to the point of inoculation. Large differences in the concentration of phenolic compounds between Nemaguard and almond were also found, although this was not impacted by infection status. After acquiring X. fastidiosa from infected plants, vector access periods of up to 14 days on Nemaguard neither reduced pathogen populations in vectors nor reduced transmission efficiency of X. fastidiosa to susceptible plants when compared with similar vector-access periods on susceptible grapevines. Results suggest Nemaguard, in spite of having high phenolic concentrations in its xylem, does not directly impact X. fastidiosa survival and that future research should focus on identification of potential physical traits that prevent bacterial attachment, multiplication, or movement within the plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Krugner
- USDA-Agricultural Research Service, San Joaquin Valley Agricultural Sciences Center, Parlier, CA 93648
| | - Elizabeth E Rogers
- USDA-Agricultural Research Service, Foreign Disease-Weed Science Research Unit, Fort Detrick, MD 21702-5023
| | - Lindsey P Burbank
- USDA-Agricultural Research Service, San Joaquin Valley Agricultural Sciences Center, Parlier, CA 93648
| | - Christopher M Wallis
- USDA-Agricultural Research Service, San Joaquin Valley Agricultural Sciences Center, Parlier, CA 93648
| | - Craig A Ledbetter
- USDA-Agricultural Research Service, San Joaquin Valley Agricultural Sciences Center, Parlier, CA 93648
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12
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Jabeen M, Akram NA, Ashraf M, Tyagi A, El-Sheikh MA, Ahmad P. Thiamin stimulates growth, yield quality and key biochemical processes of cauliflower (Brassica oleracea L. var. Botrytis) under arid conditions. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0266372. [PMID: 35613077 PMCID: PMC9132317 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0266372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Thiamin is a crucial vitamin with a vast variety of anti-oxidative and physiological roles in plants subjected to abiotic stresses. We examined the efficiency of foliar-applied thiamin (50 and 100 mM) on growth, yield quality and key-biochemical characteristics of two cultivars (FD1 and FD3) of cauliflower (Brassica oleracea L.) under water-deficit stress. Water stress at the rate of 50% field capacity (F.C.) markedly decreased the plant biomass, leaf total phenolics and ascorbic acid (AsA) contents. In contrast, drought-induced increase was noted in the leaf [hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), AsA, proline, malondialdehyde (MDA), glycinebetaine (GB), total soluble proteins and oxidative defense system in terms of high activities of peroxidase (POD), and catalase (CAT) enzymes] and the inflorescence (total phenolics, proline, GB, MDA, H2O2, and activities of SOD and CAT enzymes) characteristics of cauliflower. However, foliar-applied thiamin significantly improved growth and physio-biochemical attributes except leaf and inflorescence MDA and H2O2 contents of both cauliflower cultivars under water stress. Overall, application of thiamin enhanced the plant growth may be associated with suppressed reactive oxygen species (ROS) and upregulated antioxidants defense system of cauliflower.
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Affiliation(s)
- Munifa Jabeen
- Department of Botany, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Nudrat Aisha Akram
- Department of Botany, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
- * E-mail: (NAA); (PA)
| | | | - Anshika Tyagi
- Department of Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, South Korea
| | - Mohamed A. El-Sheikh
- Botany and Microbiology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Parvaiz Ahmad
- Department of Botany, Govt. Degree College, Pulwama, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India
- * E-mail: (NAA); (PA)
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13
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Falsini S, Tani C, Sambuco G, Papini A, Faraoni P, Campigli S, Ghelardini L, Bleve G, Rizzo D, Ricciolini M, Scarpelli I, Drosera L, Gnerucci A, Hand FP, Marchi G, Schiff S. Anatomical and biochemical studies of Spartium junceum infected by Xylella fastidiosa subsp. multiplex ST 87. PROTOPLASMA 2022; 259:103-115. [PMID: 33860374 PMCID: PMC8752565 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-021-01640-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Spartium junceum L. is a typical species of Mediterranean shrubland areas, also grown in gardens and parks as an ornamental. In recent years in Europe, S. junceum has been recurrently found to be infected by different subspecies and genotypes of the quarantine regulated bacterium Xylella fastidiosa (Xf). This work presents for the first time the anatomy of S. junceum plants that we found, by means of genetic and immunochemistry analysis, to be naturally infected by Xf subsp. multiplex ST87 (XfmST87) in Monte Argentario (Grosseto, Tuscany, Italy), a new outbreak area within the EU. Our anatomical observations showed that bacteria colonized exclusively the xylem conductive elements and moved horizontally to adjacent vessels through pits. Interestingly, a pink/violet matrix was observed with Toluidine blue staining in infected conduits indicating a high content of acidic polysaccharides. In particular, when this pink-staining matrix was observed, bacterial cells were either absent or degenerated, suggesting that the matrix was produced by the host plant as a defense response against bacterial spread. In addition, a blue-staining phenolic material was found in the vessels and, at high concentration, in the pits and inter-vessels. SEM micrographs confirmed that polysaccharide and phenolic components showed different structures, which appear to be related to two different morphologies: fibrillary and granular, respectively. Moreover, our LM observations revealed bacterial infection in xylem conductive elements of green shoots and leaves only, and not in those of other plant organs such as roots and flowers.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Falsini
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università degli studi di Firenze, via P.A. Micheli 3, 50121, Firenze, Italy.
| | - C Tani
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università degli studi di Firenze, via P.A. Micheli 3, 50121, Firenze, Italy
| | - G Sambuco
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università degli studi di Firenze, via P.A. Micheli 3, 50121, Firenze, Italy
| | - A Papini
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università degli studi di Firenze, via P.A. Micheli 3, 50121, Firenze, Italy
| | - P Faraoni
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Sperimentali e Cliniche, Università degli Studi di Firenze, viale G. Pieraccini 6, 50139, Firenze, Italy
| | - S Campigli
- Dipartimento di Scienze delle Produzioni Agroalimentari e dell'Ambiente, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Piazzale delle Cascine 28, 50100, Firenze, Italy
| | - L Ghelardini
- Dipartimento di Scienze delle Produzioni Agroalimentari e dell'Ambiente, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Piazzale delle Cascine 28, 50100, Firenze, Italy
| | - G Bleve
- Istituto di Scienze delle Produzioni Alimentari, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Lecce, Italy
| | - D Rizzo
- Regione Toscana, Servizio Fitosanitario Regionale e di Vigilanza e Controllo Agroforestale, Via A. Manzoni 16, 50121, Firenze, Italy
| | - M Ricciolini
- Regione Toscana, Servizio Fitosanitario Regionale e di Vigilanza e Controllo Agroforestale, Via A. Manzoni 16, 50121, Firenze, Italy
| | - I Scarpelli
- Regione Toscana, Servizio Fitosanitario Regionale e di Vigilanza e Controllo Agroforestale, Via A. Manzoni 16, 50121, Firenze, Italy
| | - L Drosera
- Regione Toscana, Servizio Fitosanitario Regionale e di Vigilanza e Controllo Agroforestale, Via A. Manzoni 16, 50121, Firenze, Italy
| | - A Gnerucci
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Sperimentali e Cliniche, Università degli Studi di Firenze, viale G. Pieraccini 6, 50139, Firenze, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, Università di Firenze, Via Sansone 1, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, (FI), Italy
| | - F Peduto Hand
- Department of Plant Pathology, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43220, USA
| | - G Marchi
- Dipartimento di Scienze delle Produzioni Agroalimentari e dell'Ambiente, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Piazzale delle Cascine 28, 50100, Firenze, Italy
| | - S Schiff
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università degli studi di Firenze, via P.A. Micheli 3, 50121, Firenze, Italy.
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14
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How to Choose a Good Marker to Analyze the Olive Germplasm ( Olea europaea L.) and Derived Products. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12101474. [PMID: 34680869 PMCID: PMC8535536 DOI: 10.3390/genes12101474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Revised: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The olive tree (Olea europaea L.) is one of the most cultivated crops in the Mediterranean basin. Its economic importance is mainly due to the intense production of table olives and oil. Cultivated varieties are characterized by high morphological and genetic variability and present a large number of synonyms and homonyms. This necessitates the introduction of a rapid and accurate system for varietal identification. In the past, the recognition of olive cultivars was based solely on analysis of the morphological traits, however, these are highly influenced by environmental conditions. Therefore, over the years, several methods based on DNA analysis were developed, allowing a more accurate and reliable varietal identification. This review aims to investigate the evolving history of olive tree characterization approaches, starting from the earlier morphological methods to the latest technologies based on molecular markers, focusing on the main applications of each approach. Furthermore, we discuss the impact of the advent of next generation sequencing and the recent sequencing of the olive genome on the strategies used for the development of new molecular markers.
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15
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Kesawat MS, Kherawat BS, Singh A, Dey P, Kabi M, Debnath D, Saha D, Khandual A, Rout S, Manorama, Ali A, Palem RR, Gupta R, Kadam AA, Kim HU, Chung SM, Kumar M. Genome-Wide Identification and Characterization of the Brassinazole-resistant ( BZR) Gene Family and Its Expression in the Various Developmental Stage and Stress Conditions in Wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.). Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:8743. [PMID: 34445448 PMCID: PMC8395832 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22168743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Revised: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Brassinosteroids (BRs) play crucial roles in various biological processes, including plant developmental processes and response to diverse biotic and abiotic stresses. However, no information is currently available about this gene family in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). In the present investigation, we identified the BZR gene family in wheat to understand the evolution and their role in diverse developmental processes and under different stress conditions. In this study, we performed the genome-wide analysis of the BZR gene family in the bread wheat and identified 20 TaBZR genes through a homology search and further characterized them to understand their structure, function, and distribution across various tissues. Phylogenetic analyses lead to the classification of TaBZR genes into five different groups or subfamilies, providing evidence of evolutionary relationship with Arabidopsis thaliana, Zea mays, Glycine max, and Oryza sativa. A gene exon/intron structure analysis showed a distinct evolutionary path and predicted the possible gene duplication events. Further, the physical and biochemical properties, conserved motifs, chromosomal, subcellular localization, and cis-acting regulatory elements were also examined using various computational approaches. In addition, an analysis of public RNA-seq data also shows that TaBZR genes may be involved in diverse developmental processes and stress tolerance mechanisms. Moreover, qRT-PCR results also showed similar expression with slight variation. Collectively, these results suggest that TaBZR genes might play an important role in plant developmental processes and various stress conditions. Therefore, this work provides valuable information for further elucidate the precise role of BZR family members in wheat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahipal Singh Kesawat
- Institute for Molecular Biology and Genetics, School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea;
- Faculty of Agriculture, Sri Sri University, Cuttack 754-006, India; (A.S.); (P.D.); (M.K.); (D.D.); (A.K.); (S.R.)
| | - Bhagwat Singh Kherawat
- Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Bikaner II, Swami Keshwanand Rajasthan Agricultural University, Bikaner 334603, India;
| | - Anupama Singh
- Faculty of Agriculture, Sri Sri University, Cuttack 754-006, India; (A.S.); (P.D.); (M.K.); (D.D.); (A.K.); (S.R.)
| | - Prajjal Dey
- Faculty of Agriculture, Sri Sri University, Cuttack 754-006, India; (A.S.); (P.D.); (M.K.); (D.D.); (A.K.); (S.R.)
| | - Mandakini Kabi
- Faculty of Agriculture, Sri Sri University, Cuttack 754-006, India; (A.S.); (P.D.); (M.K.); (D.D.); (A.K.); (S.R.)
| | - Debanjana Debnath
- Faculty of Agriculture, Sri Sri University, Cuttack 754-006, India; (A.S.); (P.D.); (M.K.); (D.D.); (A.K.); (S.R.)
| | - Debanjana Saha
- Department of Biotechnology, Centurion University of Technology and Management, Bhubaneshwar 752050, India;
| | - Ansuman Khandual
- Faculty of Agriculture, Sri Sri University, Cuttack 754-006, India; (A.S.); (P.D.); (M.K.); (D.D.); (A.K.); (S.R.)
| | - Sandeep Rout
- Faculty of Agriculture, Sri Sri University, Cuttack 754-006, India; (A.S.); (P.D.); (M.K.); (D.D.); (A.K.); (S.R.)
| | - Manorama
- Department of Dairy Microbiology, College of Dairy Science and Food Technology, Raipur 49200, India;
| | - Asjad Ali
- Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, Mareeba, QLD 4880, Australia;
| | - Ramasubba Reddy Palem
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Biomedical Campus, Dongguk University, Seoul 10326, Korea;
| | - Ravi Gupta
- Department of Botany, School of Chemical and Life Sciences, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India;
| | - Avinash Ashok Kadam
- Research Institute of Biotechnology and Medical Converged Science, Dongguk University-Seoul, 32 Dongguk-ro, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang 10326, Korea;
| | - Hyun-Uk Kim
- Department of Bioindustry and Bioresource Engineering, Plant Engineering Research Institute, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Korea;
| | - Sang-Min Chung
- Department of Life Science, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Dongguk University, Goyang 10326, Korea;
| | - Manu Kumar
- Department of Life Science, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Dongguk University, Goyang 10326, Korea;
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Petit G, Bleve G, Gallo A, Mita G, Montanaro G, Nuzzo V, Zambonini D, Pitacco A. Susceptibility to Xylella fastidiosa and functional xylem anatomy in Olea europaea: revisiting a tale of plant-pathogen interaction. AOB PLANTS 2021; 13:plab027. [PMID: 34316336 PMCID: PMC8300559 DOI: 10.1093/aobpla/plab027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Xylella fastidiosa is a xylem-limited bacterium causing the Olive Quick Decline Syndrome, which is currently devastating the agricultural landscape of Southern Italy. The bacterium is injected into the xylem vessels of leaf petioles after the penetration of the insect vector's stylet. From here, it is supposed to colonize the xylem vasculature moving against water flow inside conductive vessels. Widespread vessel clogging following the bacterial infection and causing the failure of water transport seemed not to fully supported by the recent empirical xylem anatomical observations in infected olive trees. We tested the hypothesis that the higher susceptibility to the X. fastidiosa's infection in Cellina di Nardò compared with Leccino is associated to the higher vulnerability to air embolism of its larger vessels. Such hypothesis is motivated by the recognized ability of X. fastidiosa in degrading pit membranes and also because air embolism would possibly provide microenvironmental conditions more favourable to its more efficient aerobic metabolism. We revised the relevant literature on bacterium growth and xylem physiology, and carried out empirical field, mid-summer measurements of xylem anatomy and native embolism in olive cultivars with high (Cellina di Nardò) and low susceptibility (Leccino) to the infection by X. fastidiosa. Both cultivars had similar shoot mass traits and vessel length (~80 cm), but the highly susceptible one had larger vessels and a lower number of vessels supplying a given leaf mass. Native air embolism reduced mean xylem hydraulic conductance by ~58 % (Cellina di Nardò) and ~38 % (Leccino). The higher air-embolism vulnerability of the larger vessels in Cellina di Nardò possibly facilitates the X. fastidiosa's infection compared to Leccino. Some important characteristics of the vector-pathogen-plant interactions still require deep investigations acknowledging both the pathogen metabolic pathways and the biophysical principles of xylem hydraulics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giai Petit
- Department of Land, Environment, Agriculture and Forestry (LEAF/TESAF), University of Padua, Viale dell’Università 16, 35020 Legnaro (PD), Italy
| | - Gianluca Bleve
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, National research Council (ISPA-CNR), via Provinciale Lecce-Monteroni 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Antonia Gallo
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, National research Council (ISPA-CNR), via Provinciale Lecce-Monteroni 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Giovanni Mita
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, National research Council (ISPA-CNR), via Provinciale Lecce-Monteroni 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Montanaro
- Department of European and Mediterranean Culture (DiCEM), University of Basilicata, Via Lanera, 20, 75100 Matera, Italy
| | - Vitale Nuzzo
- Department of European and Mediterranean Culture (DiCEM), University of Basilicata, Via Lanera, 20, 75100 Matera, Italy
| | - Dario Zambonini
- Department of Land, Environment, Agriculture and Forestry (LEAF/TESAF), University of Padua, Viale dell’Università 16, 35020 Legnaro (PD), Italy
| | - Andrea Pitacco
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural resources, Animals and Environment (DAFNAE), University of Padua, Viale dell’Università 16, 35020 Legnaro (PD), Italy
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17
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Sajid M, Stone SR, Kaur P. Recent Advances in Heterologous Synthesis Paving Way for Future Green-Modular Bioindustries: A Review With Special Reference to Isoflavonoids. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2021; 9:673270. [PMID: 34277582 PMCID: PMC8282456 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.673270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Isoflavonoids are well-known plant secondary metabolites that have gained importance in recent time due to their multiple nutraceutical and pharmaceutical applications. In plants, isoflavonoids play a role in plant defense and can confer the host plant a competitive advantage to survive and flourish under environmental challenges. In animals, isoflavonoids have been found to interact with multiple signaling pathways and have demonstrated estrogenic, antioxidant and anti-oncologic activities in vivo. The activity of isoflavonoids in the estrogen pathways is such that the class has also been collectively called phytoestrogens. Over 2,400 isoflavonoids, predominantly from legumes, have been identified so far. The biosynthetic pathways of several key isoflavonoids have been established, and the genes and regulatory components involved in the biosynthesis have been characterized. The biosynthesis and accumulation of isoflavonoids in plants are regulated by multiple complex environmental and genetic factors and interactions. Due to this complexity of secondary metabolism regulation, the export and engineering of isoflavonoid biosynthetic pathways into non-endogenous plants are difficult, and instead, the microorganisms Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Escherichia coli have been adapted and engineered for heterologous isoflavonoid synthesis. However, the current ex-planta production approaches have been limited due to slow enzyme kinetics and traditionally laborious genetic engineering methods and require further optimization and development to address the required titers, reaction rates and yield for commercial application. With recent progress in metabolic engineering and the availability of advanced synthetic biology tools, it is envisaged that highly efficient heterologous hosts will soon be engineered to fulfill the growing market demand.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Parwinder Kaur
- UWA School of Agriculture and Environment, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
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Investigating the Drought and Salinity Effect on the Redox Components of Sulla Coronaria (L.) Medik. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10071048. [PMID: 34209774 PMCID: PMC8300714 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10071048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
For the Mediterranean region, climate models predict an acceleration of desertification processes, thus threatening agriculture. The present work aimed to investigate the effect of drought and salinity on Sulla coronaria (L.) Medik., a Mediterranean forage legume, for understanding plant defence systems activated by these stressors. In detail, we focused our attention on the variations on the plant redox status. Plants were subjected to suboptimal watering and irrigation with sodium chloride (NaCl) solutions. The same salt treatment was applied for in vitro tests on seedlings. Water content did not change after treatments. Salt negatively influenced seed germination and seedling development, but it did not affect photosynthesis parameters, contrary to what was observed in adult plants. Proline concentration increased in all samples, while abscisic acid level increased exclusively in seedlings. NaCl caused accumulation of superoxide anion in plants and seedlings and hydrogen peroxide only in seedlings; nevertheless, lipid peroxidation was not detected. Total phenolics, glutathione, expression level, and activity of antioxidant enzymes were assayed, revealing a complex antiradical molecular response, depending on the type of stress and development stage. Our results confirm Sulla as a drought- and salt-tolerant species and highlight its ability to counteract oxidative stress. This evidence suggests a key role for the redox components, as signal transduction messengers, in Sulla acclimation to desertification. Finally, plants and seedlings showed different acclimation capacity to salinity, revealing a greater genomic plasticity for seedlings.
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Genome-Wide Identification and Expression Patterns of the C2H2-Zinc Finger Gene Family Related to Stress Responses and Catechins Accumulation in Camellia sinensis [L.] O. Kuntze. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22084197. [PMID: 33919599 PMCID: PMC8074030 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22084197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Revised: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The C2H2-zinc finger protein (C2H2-ZFP) is essential for the regulation of plant development and widely responsive to diverse stresses including drought, cold and salt stress, further affecting the late flavonoid accumulation in higher plants. Tea is known as a popular beverage worldwide and its quality is greatly dependent on the physiological status and growing environment of the tea plant. To date, the understanding of C2H2-ZFP gene family in Camellia sinensis [L.] O. Kuntze is not yet available. In the present study, 134 CsC2H2-ZFP genes were identified and randomly distributed on 15 chromosomes. The CsC2H2-ZFP gene family was classified into four clades and gene structures and motif compositions of CsC2H2-ZFPs were similar within the same clade. Segmental duplication and negative selection were the main forces driving the expansion of the CsC2H2-ZFP gene family. Expression patterns suggested that CsC2H2-ZFPs were responsive to different stresses including drought, salt, cold and methyl jasmonate (MeJA) treatment. Specially, several C2H2-ZFPs showed a significant correlation with the catechins content and responded to the MeJA treatment, which might contribute to the tea quality and specialized astringent taste. This study will lay the foundations for further research of C2H2-type zinc finger proteins on the stress responses and quality-related metabolites accumulation in C. sinensis.
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Olive Cultivars Susceptible or Tolerant to Xylella fastidiosa Subsp. pauca Exhibit Mid-Term Different Metabolomes upon Natural Infection or a Curative Treatment. PLANTS 2021; 10:plants10040772. [PMID: 33920775 PMCID: PMC8103516 DOI: 10.3390/plants10040772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Revised: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Xylella fastidiosa subsp. pauca, is a bacterial phytopathogen associated with the "olive quick decline syndrome" (OQDS) causing severe economic losses to olive groves in Salento area (Apulia, Italy). In a previous work, we analyzed by 1H-NMR the metabolic pattern of naturally infected Ogliarola salentina and Cellina di Nardò susceptible cultivars untreated and treated with a zinc-copper citric acid biocomplex and we observed the treatment related variation of the disease biomarker quinic acid. In this study, we focused also on the Leccino cultivar, known to exhibit tolerance to the disease progression. The 1H-NMR-based metabolomic approach was applied with the aim to characterize the overall metabolism of tolerant Leccino in comparison with the susceptible cultivars Ogliarola salentina and Cellina di Nardò under periodic mid-term treatment. In particular, we studied the leaf extract molecular patterns of naturally infected trees untreated and treated with the biocomplex. The metabolic Leccino profiles were analyzed for the first time and compared with those exhibited by the susceptible Cellina di Nardò and Ogliarola salentina cultivars. The study highlighted a specificity in the metabolic response of the tolerant Leccino compared to susceptible cultivars. These differences provide useful information to describe the defensive mechanisms underlying the change of metabolites as a response to the infection, and the occurrence of different levels of disease, season and treatment effects for olive cultivars.
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Jlilat A, Ragone R, Gualano S, Santoro F, Gallo V, Varvaro L, Mastrorilli P, Saponari M, Nigro F, D'Onghia AM. A non-targeted metabolomics study on Xylella fastidiosa infected olive plants grown under controlled conditions. Sci Rep 2021; 11:1070. [PMID: 33441842 PMCID: PMC7806896 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-80090-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
In the last decade, the bacterial pathogen Xylella fastidiosa has devastated olive trees throughout Apulia region (Southern Italy) in the form of the disease called "Olive Quick Decline Syndrome" (OQDS). This study describes changes in the metabolic profile due to the infection by X. fastidiosa subsp. pauca ST53 in artificially inoculated young olive plants of the susceptible variety Cellina di Nardò. The test plants, grown in a thermo-conditioned greenhouse, were also co-inoculated with some xylem-inhabiting fungi known to largely occur in OQDS-affected trees, in order to partially reproduce field conditions in terms of biotic stress. The investigations were performed by combining NMR spectroscopy and MS spectrometry with a non-targeted approach for the analysis of leaf extracts. Statistical analysis revealed that Xylella-infected plants were characterized by higher amounts of malic acid, formic acid, mannitol, and sucrose than in Xylella-non-infected ones, whereas it revealed slightly lower amounts of oleuropein. Attention was paid to mannitol which may play a central role in sustaining the survival of the olive tree against bacterial infection. This study contributes to describe a set of metabolites playing a possible role as markers in the infections by X. fastidiosa in olive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asmae Jlilat
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie e Forestali (DAFNE), Università Degli Studi Della Tuscia, Via San Camillo de Lellis, 01100, Viterbo, Italy
| | - Rosa Ragone
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Civile, Ambientale, del Territorio, Edile e di Chimica (DICATECh), Politecnico di Bari, Via Orabona 4, 70125, Bari, Italy
- Innovative Solutions S.R.L. - Spin Off del Politecnico Di Bari, Zona H 150/B, 70015, Noci, BA, Italy
| | - Stefania Gualano
- Centre International de Hautes Etudes Agronomiques Méditerranéennes (CIHEAM) of Bari, Via Ceglie 9, 70010, Valenzano, BA, Italy
| | - Franco Santoro
- Centre International de Hautes Etudes Agronomiques Méditerranéennes (CIHEAM) of Bari, Via Ceglie 9, 70010, Valenzano, BA, Italy
| | - Vito Gallo
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Civile, Ambientale, del Territorio, Edile e di Chimica (DICATECh), Politecnico di Bari, Via Orabona 4, 70125, Bari, Italy.
- Innovative Solutions S.R.L. - Spin Off del Politecnico Di Bari, Zona H 150/B, 70015, Noci, BA, Italy.
| | - Leonardo Varvaro
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie e Forestali (DAFNE), Università Degli Studi Della Tuscia, Via San Camillo de Lellis, 01100, Viterbo, Italy
| | - Piero Mastrorilli
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Civile, Ambientale, del Territorio, Edile e di Chimica (DICATECh), Politecnico di Bari, Via Orabona 4, 70125, Bari, Italy
- Innovative Solutions S.R.L. - Spin Off del Politecnico Di Bari, Zona H 150/B, 70015, Noci, BA, Italy
| | - Maria Saponari
- Istituto Per La Protezione Sostenibile Delle Piante, CNR, SS Bari, Via Amendola 165/A, 70126, Bari, Italy
| | - Franco Nigro
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Suolo, della Pianta e degli Alimenti, Università Degli Studi di Bari ″Aldo Moro″, Via Amendola 165/A, 70126, Bari, Italy
| | - Anna Maria D'Onghia
- Centre International de Hautes Etudes Agronomiques Méditerranéennes (CIHEAM) of Bari, Via Ceglie 9, 70010, Valenzano, BA, Italy
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Marra R, Coppola M, Pironti A, Grasso F, Lombardi N, d’Errico G, Sicari A, Bolletti Censi S, Woo SL, Rao R, Vinale F. The Application of Trichoderma Strains or Metabolites Alters the Olive Leaf Metabolome and the Expression of Defense-Related Genes. J Fungi (Basel) 2020; 6:jof6040369. [PMID: 33339378 PMCID: PMC7766153 DOI: 10.3390/jof6040369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Biocontrol fungal strains of the genus Trichoderma can antagonize numerous plant pathogens and promote plant growth using different mechanisms of action, including the production of secondary metabolites (SMs). In this work we analyzed the effects of repeated applications of selected Trichoderma strains or SMs on young olive trees on the stimulation of plant growth and on the development of olive leaf spot disease caused by Fusicladium oleagineum. In addition, metabolomic analyses and gene expression profiles of olive leaves were carried out by LC-MS Q-TOF and real-time RT-PCR, respectively. A total of 104 phenolic compounds were detected from olive leave extracts and 20 were putatively identified. Targeted and untargeted approaches revealed significant differences in both the number and type of phenolic compounds accumulated in olive leaves after Trichoderma applications, as compared to water-treated plants. Different secoiridoids were less abundant in treated plants than in controls, while the accumulation of flavonoids (including luteolin and apigenin derivatives) increased following the application of specific Trichoderma strain. The induction of defense-related genes, and of genes involved in the synthesis of the secoiridoid oleuropein, was also analyzed and revealed a significant variation of gene expression according to the strain or metabolite applied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Marra
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Portici, 80055 Naples, Italy; (M.C.); (A.P.); (F.G.); (N.L.); (G.d.); (R.R.)
- BAT Center-Interuniversity Center for Studies on Bioinspired Agro-Environmental Technology, University of Naples Federico II, Portici, 80055 Naples, Italy; (S.L.W.); (F.V.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0812532253
| | - Mariangela Coppola
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Portici, 80055 Naples, Italy; (M.C.); (A.P.); (F.G.); (N.L.); (G.d.); (R.R.)
| | - Angela Pironti
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Portici, 80055 Naples, Italy; (M.C.); (A.P.); (F.G.); (N.L.); (G.d.); (R.R.)
| | - Filomena Grasso
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Portici, 80055 Naples, Italy; (M.C.); (A.P.); (F.G.); (N.L.); (G.d.); (R.R.)
| | - Nadia Lombardi
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Portici, 80055 Naples, Italy; (M.C.); (A.P.); (F.G.); (N.L.); (G.d.); (R.R.)
- BAT Center-Interuniversity Center for Studies on Bioinspired Agro-Environmental Technology, University of Naples Federico II, Portici, 80055 Naples, Italy; (S.L.W.); (F.V.)
| | - Giada d’Errico
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Portici, 80055 Naples, Italy; (M.C.); (A.P.); (F.G.); (N.L.); (G.d.); (R.R.)
| | - Andrea Sicari
- Linfa S.c.a r.l., 89900 Vibo Valentia, Italy; (A.S.); (S.B.C.)
| | | | - Sheridan L. Woo
- BAT Center-Interuniversity Center for Studies on Bioinspired Agro-Environmental Technology, University of Naples Federico II, Portici, 80055 Naples, Italy; (S.L.W.); (F.V.)
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
- Task Force on Microbiome Studies, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Rosa Rao
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Portici, 80055 Naples, Italy; (M.C.); (A.P.); (F.G.); (N.L.); (G.d.); (R.R.)
- BAT Center-Interuniversity Center for Studies on Bioinspired Agro-Environmental Technology, University of Naples Federico II, Portici, 80055 Naples, Italy; (S.L.W.); (F.V.)
- Task Force on Microbiome Studies, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Francesco Vinale
- BAT Center-Interuniversity Center for Studies on Bioinspired Agro-Environmental Technology, University of Naples Federico II, Portici, 80055 Naples, Italy; (S.L.W.); (F.V.)
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Naples Federico II, 80137 Naples, Italy
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council, Portici, 80055 Naples, Italy
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Giampetruzzi A, Baptista P, Morelli M, Cameirão C, Lino Neto T, Costa D, D’Attoma G, Abou Kubaa R, Altamura G, Saponari M, Pereira JA, Saldarelli P. Differences in the Endophytic Microbiome of Olive Cultivars Infected by Xylella fastidiosa across Seasons. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9090723. [PMID: 32887278 PMCID: PMC7558191 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9090723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Revised: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The dynamics of Xylella fastidiosa infections in the context of the endophytic microbiome was studied in field-grown plants of the susceptible and resistant olive cultivars Kalamata and FS17. Whole metagenome shotgun sequencing (WMSS) coupled with 16S/ITS rRNA gene sequencing was carried out on the same trees at two different stages of the infections: In Spring 2017 when plants were almost symptomless and in Autumn 2018 when the trees of the susceptible cultivar clearly showed desiccations. The progression of the infections detected in both cultivars clearly unraveled that Xylella tends to occupy the whole ecological niche and suppresses the diversity of the endophytic microbiome. However, this trend was mitigated in the resistant cultivar FS17, harboring lower population sizes and therefore lower Xylella average abundance ratio over total bacteria, and a higher α-diversity. Host cultivar had a negligible effect on the community composition and no clear associations of a single taxon or microbial consortia with the resistance cultivar were found with both sequencing approaches, suggesting that the mechanisms of resistance likely reside on factors that are independent of the microbiome structure. Overall, Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, Firmicutes, and Bacteriodetes dominated the bacterial microbiome while Ascomycota and Basidiomycota those of Fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annalisa Giampetruzzi
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Suolo, della Pianta e degli Alimenti, Università degli Studi di Bari, 70126 Bari, Italy;
| | - Paula Baptista
- Centro de Investigação de Montanha (CIMO), Campus de Santa Apolónia, Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal; (P.B.); (C.C.); (J.A.P.)
| | - Massimiliano Morelli
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile delle Piante, Sede Secondaria di Bari, 70126 Bari, Italy; (M.M.); (G.D.); (R.A.K.); (G.A.); (M.S.)
| | - Cristina Cameirão
- Centro de Investigação de Montanha (CIMO), Campus de Santa Apolónia, Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal; (P.B.); (C.C.); (J.A.P.)
| | - Teresa Lino Neto
- Biosystems & Integrative Sciences Institute (BioISI), Plant Functional Biology Center (CBFP), Campus de Gualtar, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; (T.L.N.); (D.C.)
| | - Daniela Costa
- Biosystems & Integrative Sciences Institute (BioISI), Plant Functional Biology Center (CBFP), Campus de Gualtar, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; (T.L.N.); (D.C.)
| | - Giusy D’Attoma
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile delle Piante, Sede Secondaria di Bari, 70126 Bari, Italy; (M.M.); (G.D.); (R.A.K.); (G.A.); (M.S.)
| | - Raied Abou Kubaa
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile delle Piante, Sede Secondaria di Bari, 70126 Bari, Italy; (M.M.); (G.D.); (R.A.K.); (G.A.); (M.S.)
| | - Giuseppe Altamura
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile delle Piante, Sede Secondaria di Bari, 70126 Bari, Italy; (M.M.); (G.D.); (R.A.K.); (G.A.); (M.S.)
| | - Maria Saponari
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile delle Piante, Sede Secondaria di Bari, 70126 Bari, Italy; (M.M.); (G.D.); (R.A.K.); (G.A.); (M.S.)
| | - José Alberto Pereira
- Centro de Investigação de Montanha (CIMO), Campus de Santa Apolónia, Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal; (P.B.); (C.C.); (J.A.P.)
| | - Pasquale Saldarelli
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile delle Piante, Sede Secondaria di Bari, 70126 Bari, Italy; (M.M.); (G.D.); (R.A.K.); (G.A.); (M.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0805443065
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24
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Vergine M, Nicolì F, Sabella E, Aprile A, De Bellis L, Luvisi A. Secondary Metabolites in Xylella fastidiosa-Plant Interaction. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9090675. [PMID: 32825425 PMCID: PMC7559865 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9090675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Revised: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
During their evolutionary history, plants have evolved the ability to synthesize and accumulate small molecules known as secondary metabolites. These compounds are not essential in the primary cell functions but play a significant role in the plants’ adaptation to environmental changes and in overcoming stress. Their high concentrations may contribute to the resistance of the plants to the bacterium Xylella fastidiosa, which has recently re-emerged as a plant pathogen of global importance. Although it is established in several areas globally and is considered one of the most dangerous plant pathogens, no cure has been developed due to the lack of effective bactericides and the difficulties in accessing the xylem vessels where the pathogen grows and produces cell aggregates and biofilm. This review highlights the role of secondary metabolites in the defense of the main economic hosts of X. fastidiosa and identifies how knowledge about biosynthetic pathways could improve our understanding of disease resistance. In addition, current developments in non-invasive techniques and strategies of combining molecular and physiological techniques are examined, in an attempt to identify new metabolic engineering options for plant defense.
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25
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García-Calderón M, Pérez-Delgado CM, Palove-Balang P, Betti M, Márquez AJ. Flavonoids and Isoflavonoids Biosynthesis in the Model Legume Lotus japonicus; Connections to Nitrogen Metabolism and Photorespiration. PLANTS 2020; 9:plants9060774. [PMID: 32575698 PMCID: PMC7357106 DOI: 10.3390/plants9060774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Phenylpropanoid metabolism represents an important metabolic pathway from which originates a wide number of secondary metabolites derived from phenylalanine or tyrosine, such as flavonoids and isoflavonoids, crucial molecules in plants implicated in a large number of biological processes. Therefore, various types of interconnection exist between different aspects of nitrogen metabolism and the biosynthesis of these compounds. For legumes, flavonoids and isoflavonoids are postulated to play pivotal roles in adaptation to their biological environments, both as defensive compounds (phytoalexins) and as chemical signals in symbiotic nitrogen fixation with rhizobia. In this paper, we summarize the recent progress made in the characterization of flavonoid and isoflavonoid biosynthetic pathways in the model legume Lotus japonicus (Regel) Larsen under different abiotic stress situations, such as drought, the impairment of photorespiration and UV-B irradiation. Emphasis is placed on results obtained using photorespiratory mutants deficient in glutamine synthetase. The results provide different types of evidence showing that an enhancement of isoflavonoid compared to standard flavonol metabolism frequently occurs in Lotus under abiotic stress conditions. The advance produced in the analysis of isoflavonoid regulatory proteins by the use of co-expression networks, particularly MYB transcription factors, is also described. The results obtained in Lotus japonicus plants can be also extrapolated to other cultivated legume species, such as soybean, of extraordinary agronomic importance with a high impact in feeding, oil production and human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margarita García-Calderón
- Departamento de Bioquímica Vegetal y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Química, Universidad de Sevilla, Calle Profesor García González, 1, 41012-Sevilla, Spain; (M.G.-C.); (C.M.P.-D.); (M.B.)
| | - Carmen M. Pérez-Delgado
- Departamento de Bioquímica Vegetal y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Química, Universidad de Sevilla, Calle Profesor García González, 1, 41012-Sevilla, Spain; (M.G.-C.); (C.M.P.-D.); (M.B.)
| | - Peter Palove-Balang
- Institute of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, P.J. Šafárik University in Košice, Mánesova 23, SK-04001 Košice, Slovakia;
| | - Marco Betti
- Departamento de Bioquímica Vegetal y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Química, Universidad de Sevilla, Calle Profesor García González, 1, 41012-Sevilla, Spain; (M.G.-C.); (C.M.P.-D.); (M.B.)
| | - Antonio J. Márquez
- Departamento de Bioquímica Vegetal y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Química, Universidad de Sevilla, Calle Profesor García González, 1, 41012-Sevilla, Spain; (M.G.-C.); (C.M.P.-D.); (M.B.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-954557145
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From Nucleotides to Satellite Imagery: Approaches to Identify and Manage the Invasive Pathogen Xylella fastidiosa and Its Insect Vectors in Europe. SUSTAINABILITY 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/su12114508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Biological invasions represent some of the most severe threats to local communities and ecosystems. Among invasive species, the vector-borne pathogen Xylella fastidiosa is responsible for a wide variety of plant diseases and has profound environmental, social and economic impacts. Once restricted to the Americas, it has recently invaded Europe, where multiple dramatic outbreaks have highlighted critical challenges for its management. Here, we review the most recent advances on the identification, distribution and management of X. fastidiosa and its insect vectors in Europe through genetic and spatial ecology methodologies. We underline the most important theoretical and technological gaps that remain to be bridged. Challenges and future research directions are discussed in the light of improving our understanding of this invasive species, its vectors and host–pathogen interactions. We highlight the need of including different, complimentary outlooks in integrated frameworks to substantially improve our knowledge on invasive processes and optimize resources allocation. We provide an overview of genetic, spatial ecology and integrated approaches that will aid successful and sustainable management of one of the most dangerous threats to European agriculture and ecosystems.
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Scala V, Pucci N, Salustri M, Modesti V, L’Aurora A, Scortichini M, Zaccaria M, Momeni B, Reverberi M, Loreti S. Xylella fastidiosa subsp. pauca and olive produced lipids moderate the switch adhesive versus non-adhesive state and viceversa. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0233013. [PMID: 32413086 PMCID: PMC7228078 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0233013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Global trade and climate change are re-shaping the distribution map of pandemic pathogens. One major emerging concern is Xylella fastidiosa, a tropical bacterium recently introduced into Europe from America. In last decades, X. fastidiosa was detected in several European countries. X. fastidiosa is an insect vector-transmitted bacterial plant pathogen associated with severe diseases in a wide range of hosts. X. fastidiosa through a tight coordination of the adherent biofilm and the planktonic states, invades the host systemically. The planktonic phase is correlated to low cell density and vessel colonization. Increase in cell density triggers a quorum sensing system based on mixture of cis 2-enoic fatty acids-diffusible signalling factors (DSF) that promote stickiness and biofilm. The lipidome profile of Olea europaea L. (cv. Ogliarola salentina) samples, collected in groves located in infected zones and uninfected zones was performed. The untargeted analysis of the lipid profiles of Olive Quick Decline Syndrome (OQDS) positive (+) and negative (-) plants showed a clustering of OQDS+ plants apart from OQDS-. The targeted lipids profile of plants OQDS+ and OQDS- identified a shortlist of 10 lipids that increase their amount in OQDS+ and X. fastidiosa positive olive trees. These lipid entities, provided to X. fastidiosa subsp. pauca pure culture, impact on the dual phase, e.g. planktonic ↔ biofilm. This study provides novel insights on OQDS lipid hallmarks and on molecules that might modulate biofilm phase in X. fastidiosa subsp. pauca.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Scala
- Council for Agricultural research and Economics (CREA), Research Centre for Plant Protection and Certification, Roma, Italy
| | - Nicoletta Pucci
- Council for Agricultural research and Economics (CREA), Research Centre for Plant Protection and Certification, Roma, Italy
| | - Manuel Salustri
- Dept. of Environmental Biology, Sapienza University, Roma, Italy
| | - Vanessa Modesti
- Council for Agricultural research and Economics (CREA), Research Centre for Plant Protection and Certification, Roma, Italy
| | - Alessia L’Aurora
- Council for Agricultural research and Economics (CREA), Research Centre for Plant Protection and Certification, Roma, Italy
| | - Marco Scortichini
- Council for Agricultural research and Economics (CREA), Research Centre for Olive, Fruit Trees and Citrus, Roma, Italy
| | - Marco Zaccaria
- Department of Biology, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA, United States of America
| | - Babak Momeni
- Department of Biology, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA, United States of America
| | | | - Stefania Loreti
- Council for Agricultural research and Economics (CREA), Research Centre for Plant Protection and Certification, Roma, Italy
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28
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Haghighi R, Sayed Tabatabaei BE, Maibody SAMM, Talebi M, Molina RV, Nebauer SG, Renau-Morata B. A flowering inhibitor of the temperature-dependent pathway in Crocus sativus L. Mol Biol Rep 2020; 47:2171-2179. [PMID: 32065325 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-020-05316-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Saffron is the world highest-priced spice because its production requires intensive hand labour. Reduce saffron production costs require containerised plant production under controlled conditions and expand the flowering period. Controlling the flowering process and identify the factors involved in saffron flowering is crucial to introduce technical improvements. The research carried out so far in saffron has allowed an extensive knowledge of the influence of temperature on the flower induction, but the molecular mechanisms controlling flowering induction processes are largely unknown. The present study is the first conducted to isolate and characterize a regulator gene of saffron floral induction the Short Vegetative Phase (SVP) gene, which represses the floral initiation genes in the temperature response pathway, which involved in saffron flower induction. The results obtained from both phylogenetic analysis and T-coffee alignment confirms that the isolated sequence belongs to the SVP gene clades of MADS-box gene family. Gene expression analysis in different developmental stages revealed the highest expression of SVP transcript (CsSVP) during the dormancy and the vegetative stages, but decrease when flower development initiated and it was the least in late September when flower primordia are developed. Furthermore, its expression increased in the apical bud when corms are storage at 9-10 ºC, thus inhibiting flower induction. Additionally, comparison of the CsSVP transcript in apical buds from big and small corms, differing in their flowering capacity, indicates that the CsSVP transcript is present only in vegetative buds. Taken together, these results suggested inhibitory role of the SVP gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roya Haghighi
- Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, College of Agriculture, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, 8415683111, Iran
| | | | | | - Majid Talebi
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Agriculture, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, 8415683111, Iran
| | - R V Molina
- Departamento de Producciόn Vegetal, Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino de vera s.n, 46022, Valencia, Spain
| | - Sergio G Nebauer
- Departamento de Producciόn Vegetal, Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino de vera s.n, 46022, Valencia, Spain
| | - Begoña Renau-Morata
- Departamento de Producciόn Vegetal, Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino de vera s.n, 46022, Valencia, Spain
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D’Attoma G, Morelli M, Saldarelli P, Saponari M, Giampetruzzi A, Boscia D, Savino VN, De La Fuente L, Cobine PA. Ionomic Differences between Susceptible and Resistant Olive Cultivars Infected by Xylella fastidiosa in the Outbreak Area of Salento, Italy. Pathogens 2019; 8:pathogens8040272. [PMID: 31795218 PMCID: PMC6963573 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens8040272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Revised: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Olive quick decline syndrome (OQDS) is a devastating disease of olive trees in the Salento region, Italy. This disease is caused by the bacterium Xylella fastidiosa, which is widespread in the outbreak area; however, the “Leccino” variety of olives has proven to be resistant with fewer symptoms and lower bacterial populations than the “Ogliarola salentina” variety. We completed an empirical study to determine the mineral and trace element contents (viz; ionome) of leaves from infected trees comparing the two varieties, to develop hypotheses related to the resistance of Leccino trees to X. fastidiosa infection. All samples from both cultivars tested were infected by X. fastidiosa, even if leaves were asymptomatic at the time of collection, due to the high disease pressure in the outbreak area and the long incubation period of this disease. Leaves were binned for the analysis by variety, field location, and infected symptomatic and infected asymptomatic status by visual inspection. The ionome of leaf samples was determined using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) and compared with each other. These analyses showed that Leccino variety consistently contained higher manganese (Mn) levels compared with Ogliarola salentina, and these levels were higher in both infected asymptomatic and infected symptomatic leaves. Infected asymptomatic and infected symptomatic leaves within a host genotype also showed differences in the ionome, particularly a higher concentration of calcium (Ca) and Mn levels in the Leccino cultivar, and sodium (Na) in both varieties. We hypothesize that the ionome differences in the two varieties contribute to protection against disease caused by X. fastidiosa infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giusy D’Attoma
- Department of Soil, Plant and Food Sciences, University of Bari Aldo Moro, 70126 Bari, Italy; (G.D.); (A.G.); (V.N.S.)
- Italian National Research Council, Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, 70126 Bari, Italy; (M.M.); (P.S.); (M.S.); (D.B.)
| | - Massimiliano Morelli
- Italian National Research Council, Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, 70126 Bari, Italy; (M.M.); (P.S.); (M.S.); (D.B.)
| | - Pasquale Saldarelli
- Italian National Research Council, Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, 70126 Bari, Italy; (M.M.); (P.S.); (M.S.); (D.B.)
| | - Maria Saponari
- Italian National Research Council, Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, 70126 Bari, Italy; (M.M.); (P.S.); (M.S.); (D.B.)
| | - Annalisa Giampetruzzi
- Department of Soil, Plant and Food Sciences, University of Bari Aldo Moro, 70126 Bari, Italy; (G.D.); (A.G.); (V.N.S.)
| | - Donato Boscia
- Italian National Research Council, Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, 70126 Bari, Italy; (M.M.); (P.S.); (M.S.); (D.B.)
| | - Vito Nicola Savino
- Department of Soil, Plant and Food Sciences, University of Bari Aldo Moro, 70126 Bari, Italy; (G.D.); (A.G.); (V.N.S.)
| | - Leonardo De La Fuente
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA;
| | - Paul A. Cobine
- Department of Biological Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
- Correspondence:
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Molecular Effects of Xylella fastidiosa and Drought Combined Stress in Olive Trees. PLANTS 2019; 8:plants8110437. [PMID: 31652681 PMCID: PMC6918294 DOI: 10.3390/plants8110437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Revised: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 10/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Due to global climate change, complex combinations of stresses are expected to occur, among which the interaction between pathogens and drought stress may have a significant effect on growth and yield. In this study, the Xylella fastidiosa (Xf)-resistant cultivar Leccino and the susceptible one Cellina di Nardò were subjected to (a) individual drought stress, (b) Xf infection and (c) combination of both stress conditions. Here we report the physiological response to stresses in water content in leaves and the modulation in the expression level of seven genes responsive to plant water status and pathogen infection. In Xf-resistant plants, higher expression levels are reported for genes belonging to ROS-scavenging systems and for genes involved in pathogen stress (pathogenesis-related, PR, and leucine-rich repeat genes, LRR-RLK). However, PR and LRR-RLK were not further induced by water deficit. Interestingly, the genes related to drought response (aquaporin, PIP2.1, dehydration responsive element binding, DREB, and dehydrin, DHN), which induction was higher in Cellina di Nardò compared to Leccino during drought stress, was poorly induced in Xf-susceptible plants when Xf occur. Conversely, DHN was induced by Xf presence in Leccino. These results were consistent with observations on water content. Indeed, response was similar in Leccino regardless kind of stress or combination, whereas a strong reduction was observed in Xf-susceptible plants infected by Xf or in presence of combined stresses. Thus, the reported findings indicate that resistance of Leccino to Xf could be linked to its lower resistance to water stress, probably leading to the activation of alternative defense pathways that support the plant in Xf response.
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