1
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Urakawa D, Shioiridani Y, Igata S, Hou DX, Sakao K. Comparative Analysis of Acetylated Flavonoids' Chemopreventive Effects in Different Cancer Cell Lines. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:7689. [PMID: 39062932 PMCID: PMC11276853 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25147689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2024] [Revised: 07/07/2024] [Accepted: 07/09/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Flavonoids, a class of natural compounds with anticancer activity, exhibit varying biological activities and potencies based on their structural differences. Acylation, including acetylation of flavonoids, generally increases their structural diversity, which is closely related to the diversity of bioactivity within this group of compounds. However, it remains largely unknown how acetylation affects the bioactivity of many flavonoids. Based on our previous findings that O-acetylation enhances quercetin's bioactivity against various cancer cells, we synthesized 12 acetylated flavonoids, including seven novel compounds, to investigate their anticancer activities in the MDA-MB-231, HCT-116, and HepG2 cell lines. Our results showed that acetylation notably enhanced the cell proliferation inhibitory effect of quercetin and kaempferol across all cancer cell lines tested. Interestingly, while the 5,7,4'-O-triacetate apigenin (3Ac-A) did not show an enhanced the effect of inhibition of cell proliferation through acetylation, it exhibited significantly strong anti-migration activity in MDA-MB-231 cells. In contrast, the 7,4'-O-diacetate apigenin (2Ac-Q), which lacks acetylation at the 5-position hydroxy group, showed enhanced cell proliferation inhibitory effect but had weaker anti-migration effects compared to 3Ac-A. These results indicated that acetylated flavonoids, especially quercetin, kaempferol, and apigenin derivatives, are promising for anticancer applications, with 3Ac-A potentially having unique anti-migration pathways independent of apoptosis induction. This study highlights the potential application of flavonoids in novel chemopreventive strategies for their anti-cancer activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daigo Urakawa
- The United Graduate School of Agriculture Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan; (D.U.); (D.-X.H.)
| | - Yuki Shioiridani
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan
| | - Shinya Igata
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan
| | - De-Xing Hou
- The United Graduate School of Agriculture Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan; (D.U.); (D.-X.H.)
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan
| | - Kozue Sakao
- The United Graduate School of Agriculture Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan; (D.U.); (D.-X.H.)
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan
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2
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Liu X, Liu Y, Xu X, Huang W, Yan Y, Wang Y, Tian W, Mo T, Cui X, Li J, Shi SP, Tu P. Molecular characterization and structure basis of a malonyltransferase with both substrate promiscuity and catalytic regiospecificity from Cistanche tubulosa. Acta Pharm Sin B 2024; 14:2333-2348. [PMID: 38799633 PMCID: PMC11121200 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2024.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 02/04/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Enzymatic malonylation of natural glycosides provides a promising alternative method for drug-like malonylated glycosides supply. However, the catalytic potential and structural basis of plant malonyltransferase are far from being fully elucidated. This work identified a new malonyltransferase CtMaT1 from Cistanche tubulosa. It displayed unprecedented mono- and/or di-malonylation activity toward diverse glucosides with different aglycons. A "one-pot" system by CtMaT1 and a malonyl-CoA synthetase was established to biosynthesize nine new malonylated glucosides. Structural investigations revealed that CtMaT1 possesses an adequately spacious acyl-acceptor pocket capable of accommodating diverse glucosides. Additionally, it recognizes malonyl-CoA through strong electrotactic and hydrogen interactions. QM/MM calculation revealed the H167-mediated SN2 reaction mechanism of CtMaT1, while dynamic simulations detected the formation of stable hydrogen bonds between the glucose-6-OH group and H167, resulting in its high malonylation regiospecificity. Calculated energy profiles of two isomeric glycosides highlighted lower reaction energy barriers towards glucoside substrates, emphasizing CtMaT1's preference for glucosides. Furthermore, a mutant CtMaT1H36A with notably increased di-malonylation activity was obtained. The underlying molecular mechanism was illuminated through MM/GBSA binding free energy calculation. This study significantly advances the understanding of plant acyltransferases from both functional and protein structural perspectives, while also providing a versatile tool for enzymatic malonylation applications in pharmacology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Liu
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Yuyu Liu
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Xiping Xu
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Wenqian Huang
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Yaru Yan
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Yingxia Wang
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Weisheng Tian
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Ting Mo
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Xiaoxue Cui
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Jun Li
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - She-Po Shi
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Pengfei Tu
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
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3
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Song Z, Zhao F, Chu L, Lin H, Xiao Y, Fang Z, Wang X, Dong J, Lyu X, Yu D, Liu B, Gai J, Xu D. The GmSTF1/2-GmBBX4 negative feedback loop acts downstream of blue-light photoreceptors to regulate isoflavonoid biosynthesis in soybean. PLANT COMMUNICATIONS 2024; 5:100730. [PMID: 37817409 PMCID: PMC10873893 DOI: 10.1016/j.xplc.2023.100730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Revised: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/12/2023]
Abstract
Isoflavonoids, secondary metabolites derived from the phenylalanine pathway, are predominantly biosynthesized in legumes, especially soybean (Glycine max). They are not only essential for plant responses to biotic and abiotic stresses but also beneficial to human health. In this study, we report that light signaling controls isoflavonoid biosynthesis in soybean. Blue-light photoreceptors (GmCRY1s, GmCRY2s, GmPHOT1s, and GmPHOT2s) and the transcription factors GmSTF1 and GmSTF2 promote isoflavonoid accumulation, whereas the E3 ubiquitin ligase GmCOP1b negatively regulates isoflavonoid biosynthesis. GmPHOT1s and GmPHOT2s stabilize GmSTF1/2, whereas GmCOP1b promotes the degradation of these two proteins in soybean. GmSTF1/2 regulate the expression of approximately 27.9% of the genes involved in soybean isoflavonoid biosynthesis, including GmPAL2.1, GmPAL2.3, and GmUGT2. They also repress the expression of GmBBX4, a negative regulator of isoflavonoid biosynthesis in soybean. In addition, GmBBX4 physically interacts with GmSTF1 and GmSTF2 to inhibit their transcriptional activation activity toward target genes related to isoflavonoid biosynthesis. Thus, GmSTF1/2 and GmBBX4 form a negative feedback loop that acts downstream of photoreceptors in the regulation of isoflavonoid biosynthesis. Our study provides novel insights into the control of isoflavonoid biosynthesis by light signaling in soybean and will contribute to the breeding of soybean cultivars with high isoflavonoid content through genetic and metabolic engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoqing Song
- National Center for Soybean Improvement, State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Fengyue Zhao
- National Center for Soybean Improvement, State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Li Chu
- National Center for Soybean Improvement, State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Huan Lin
- National Center for Soybean Improvement, State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yuntao Xiao
- National Center for Soybean Improvement, State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Zheng Fang
- National Center for Soybean Improvement, State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Xuncheng Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Management of Fruit Diseases and Pests in North China, Institute of Plant and Environment Protection, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China
| | - Jie Dong
- Institute of Crop Science, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xiangguang Lyu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Resources and Breeding, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Deyue Yu
- National Center for Soybean Improvement, State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Bin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Resources and Breeding, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China.
| | - Junyi Gai
- National Center for Soybean Improvement, State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Dongqing Xu
- National Center for Soybean Improvement, State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
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4
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Zheng X, Zhang J, Liu S, Yu Y, Peng Q, Peng Y, Yao X, Peng X, Zhou J. Biosynthesis and Anticancer Activity of Genistein Glycoside Derivatives. Anticancer Agents Med Chem 2024; 24:961-968. [PMID: 38639281 DOI: 10.2174/0118715206299272240409043726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Revised: 03/24/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
As a beneficial natural flavonoid, genistein has demonstrated a wide range of biological functions via regulating a number of targets and signaling pathways, such as anti-cancer, antioxidant, antibacterial, antiinflammatory, antifungal, antiviral, iron chelation, anti-obesity, anti-diabetes, and anti-hypertension. Pub- Med/Medline and Web of Science were searched using appropriate keywords until the end of December 2023. Despite its many potential benefits, genistein's clinical application is limited by low hydrophilicity, poor solubility, and suboptimal bioavailability due to its structure. These challenges can be addressed through the conversion of genistein into glycosides. Glycosylation of active small molecules may enhance their solubility, stability, and biological activity. In recent years, extensive research has been conducted on the synthesis, properties, and anticancer activity of glycoconjugates. Previous reviews were devoted to discussing the biological activities of genistin, with a little summary of the biosynthesis and the structure-activity relationship for their anticancer activity of genistein glycoside derivatives. Therefore, we summarized recent advances in the biosynthesis of genistein glycosylation and discussed the antitumor activities of genistein glycoside derivatives in a structure-activity relationship, which may provide important information for further development of genistein derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Zheng
- Department of Pharmacy, Hunan Vocational College of Science and Technology, Third Zhongyi Shan Road, Changsha, Hunan, 410004, China
- Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Hengyang Medicinal School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, 421001, China
| | - Jun Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Hunan Vocational College of Science and Technology, Third Zhongyi Shan Road, Changsha, Hunan, 410004, China
| | - Shun Liu
- Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Hengyang Medicinal School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, 421001, China
| | - Yingzi Yu
- Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Hengyang Medicinal School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, 421001, China
| | - Qingying Peng
- Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Hengyang Medicinal School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, 421001, China
| | - Yaling Peng
- Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Hengyang Medicinal School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, 421001, China
| | - Xu Yao
- Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Hengyang Medicinal School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, 421001, China
| | - Xingxing Peng
- Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Hengyang Medicinal School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, 421001, China
| | - Jing Zhou
- Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Hengyang Medicinal School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, 421001, China
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5
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Sajid M, Kaur P. Protein Modelling Highlighted Key Catalytic Sites Involved in Position-Specific Glycosylation of Isoflavonoids. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:12356. [PMID: 37569733 PMCID: PMC10418691 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241512356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Revised: 07/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Uridine diphosphate glycosyltransferases (UGTs) are known for promiscuity towards sugar acceptors, a valuable characteristic for host plants but not desirable for heterologous biosynthesis. UGTs characterized for the O-glycosylation of isoflavonoids have shown a variable efficiency, substrate preference, and OH site specificity. Thus, 22 UGTs with reported isoflavonoid O-glycosylation activity were analyzed and ranked for OH site specificity and catalysis efficiency. Multiple-sequence alignment (MSA) showed a 33.2% pairwise identity and 4.5% identical sites among selected UGTs. MSA and phylogenetic analysis highlighted a comparatively higher amino acid substitution rate in the N-terminal domain that likely led to a higher specificity for isoflavonoids. Based on the docking score, OH site specificity, and physical and chemical features of active sites, selected UGTs were divided into three groups. A significantly high pairwise identity (67.4%) and identical sites (31.7%) were seen for group 1 UGTs. The structural and chemical composition of active sites highlighted key amino acids that likely define substrate preference, OH site specificity, and glycosylation efficiency towards selected (iso)flavonoids. In conclusion, physical and chemical parameters of active sites likely control the position-specific glycosylation of isoflavonoids. The present study will help the heterologous biosynthesis of glycosylated isoflavonoids and protein engineering efforts to improve the substrate and site specificity of UGTs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Parwinder Kaur
- UWA School of Agriculture and Environment, The University of Western Australia, 35-Stirling Highway, Perth, WA 6009, Australia;
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6
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Koirala N, Khusro A, Malla S. Editorial: Trends in applications and improved production of biologically active metabolites using microbial fermentations. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:1065888. [DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1065888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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7
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Lee NJ, Kwon Y, Kang W, Seo M, Seol Y, Park JW. Enzymatic synthesis of novel unnatural phenoxodiol glycosides with a glycosyl donor flexible glycosyltransferase MeUGT1. Enzyme Microb Technol 2022; 161:110113. [PMID: 35998478 DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2022.110113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Revised: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Isoflavonoids are of great interest due to their human health-promoting properties, which have resulted in studies on exploiting these phytochemicals as hotspots in diverse bio -industries. Biocatalytic glycosylation of isoflavonoid aglycones to glycosides has attracted marked interests because it enable the biosynthesis of isoflavonoid glycosides with high selectivity under mild conditions, and also provide an environmentally friendly option for the chemical synthesis. Thus, these inspired us to exploit new flexible and effective glycosyltransferases from microbes for making glycosides attractive compounds that are in high demand in several industries. Most recently, we have reported the functional characterization of a bacterial-origin recombinant glycosyltransferase (MeUGT1). Herein, more detailed kinetic characteristics of this biocatalyst, using a number of glycosyl donor substrates, were examined for further investigation of its biocatalytic applicability, enabling it feasible to biosynthesize new glycosides; phenoxodiol-4'-O-α-glucuronide, phenoxodiol-4'-O-α-(2''-N-acetyl)glucosaminide, phenoxodiol-4'-O-α-galactoside, phenoxodiol-4'-O-α-(2''-N-acetyl)galactosaminide and phenoxodiol-4'-O-α-(2''-deoxy)glucoside. The thorough kinetic analyses revealed that while the recombinant enzyme can utilize, albeit with different substrate preference and catalytic efficiency, a total five different nucleotide sugars as glycosyl donors, exhibiting its promiscuity towards glycosyl donors. This is the first report that a recombinant glycosyltransferase MeUGT1 that can regio-specifically glycosylate C4'-hydroxyl function of semi-synthetic phenoxodiol isoflavene to biosynthesize a series of unnatural phenoxodiol-4'-O-α-glycosides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Joon Lee
- Department of Integrated Biomedical and Life Sciences, Korea University, Seoul 02841, South Korea
| | - Younghae Kwon
- Transdisciplinary Major in Learning Health Systems, Department of Integrated Biomedical and Life Sciences, Korea University, Seoul 02841, South Korea
| | - Woongshin Kang
- Transdisciplinary Major in Learning Health Systems, Department of Integrated Biomedical and Life Sciences, Korea University, Seoul 02841, South Korea
| | - Minsuk Seo
- Transdisciplinary Major in Learning Health Systems, Department of Integrated Biomedical and Life Sciences, Korea University, Seoul 02841, South Korea
| | - Yurin Seol
- Transdisciplinary Major in Learning Health Systems, Department of Integrated Biomedical and Life Sciences, Korea University, Seoul 02841, South Korea
| | - Je Won Park
- Department of Integrated Biomedical and Life Sciences, Korea University, Seoul 02841, South Korea; School of Biosystems and Biomedical Sciences, Korea University, Seoul 02841, South Korea.
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8
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Yan Y, Mo T, Huang W, Xu X, Tian W, Wang Y, Song Y, Li J, Shi S, Liu X, Tu P. Glycosylation of Aromatic Glycosides by a Promiscuous Glycosyltransferase UGT71BD1 from Cistanche tubulosa. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2022; 85:1826-1836. [PMID: 35791759 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.2c00407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Multiple-glycosylated glycosides are a major source of bioactive leads. However, most of the currently reported glycosyltransferases (GTases) mainly catalyze glycosylation of aglycones without sugar group substitution. GTases accepting diverse glycosides as substrates are rarely reported. In this article, a new GTase UGT71BD1 was identified from Cistanche tubulosa, a desert herb plant abundant with various phenylethanoid glycosides (PhGs). Interestingly, UGT71BD1 showed no activity toward the aglycone of PhGs. Instead, it could catalyze the further glycosylation of PhG compounds to produce new phenylethanoid multiglycosylated glycosides, including the natural rarely separated tetraglycoside PhGs. Extensive assays found the unprecedented substrate promiscuity of UGT71BD1 toward diverse glycosides including flavonoid glycosides, stilbene glycosides, and coumarin glycosides, performing further mono- or diglycosylation with efficient conversion rates. Using UGT71BD1, six multiglycosylated glycosides were prepared and structurally identified by NMR spectroscopy. These products showed enhanced pharmacological activities compared with the substrates. Docking, dynamic simulation, and mutagenesis studies identified key residues for UGT71BD1's activity and revealed that the sugar modules in glycosides play crucial roles in substrate recognition, thus partly illuminating the unusual substrate preference of UGT71BD1 toward diverse glycosides. UGT71BD1 could be a potential enzyme tool for glycosylation of diverse glycosides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaru Yan
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, People's Republic of China
| | - Ting Mo
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenqian Huang
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiping Xu
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, People's Republic of China
| | - Weisheng Tian
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, People's Republic of China
| | - Yingxia Wang
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuelin Song
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Li
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, People's Republic of China
| | - Shepo Shi
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao Liu
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, People's Republic of China
| | - Pengfei Tu
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, People's Republic of China
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9
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Engineering of cyclodextrin glycosyltransferase from Paenibacillus macerans for enhanced product specificity of long-chain glycosylated sophoricosides. MOLECULAR CATALYSIS 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mcat.2022.112147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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10
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Liu Q, Liu Y, Li G, Savolainen O, Chen Y, Nielsen J. De novo biosynthesis of bioactive isoflavonoids by engineered yeast cell factories. Nat Commun 2021; 12:6085. [PMID: 34667183 PMCID: PMC8526750 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-26361-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Isoflavonoids comprise a class of plant natural products with great nutraceutical, pharmaceutical and agricultural significance. Their low abundance in nature and structural complexity however hampers access to these phytochemicals through traditional crop-based manufacturing or chemical synthesis. Microbial bioproduction therefore represents an attractive alternative. Here, we engineer the metabolism of Saccharomyces cerevisiae to become a platform for efficient production of daidzein, a core chemical scaffold for isoflavonoid biosynthesis, and demonstrate its application towards producing bioactive glucosides from glucose, following the screening-reconstruction-application engineering framework. First, we rebuild daidzein biosynthesis in yeast and its production is then improved by 94-fold through screening biosynthetic enzymes, identifying rate-limiting steps, implementing dynamic control, engineering substrate trafficking and fine-tuning competing metabolic processes. The optimized strain produces up to 85.4 mg L-1 of daidzein and introducing plant glycosyltransferases in this strain results in production of bioactive puerarin (72.8 mg L-1) and daidzin (73.2 mg L-1). Our work provides a promising step towards developing synthetic yeast cell factories for de novo biosynthesis of value-added isoflavonoids and the multi-phased framework may be extended to engineer pathways of complex natural products in other microbial hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quanli Liu
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Kemivägen 10, SE-412 96, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-412 96, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Yi Liu
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Kemivägen 10, SE-412 96, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-412 96, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Gang Li
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Kemivägen 10, SE-412 96, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-412 96, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Otto Savolainen
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Kemivägen 10, SE-412 96, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Chalmers Mass Spectrometry Infrastructure, Chalmers University of Technology, Kemivägen 10, SE-412 96, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, FI-70211, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Yun Chen
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Kemivägen 10, SE-412 96, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-412 96, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Jens Nielsen
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Kemivägen 10, SE-412 96, Gothenburg, Sweden. .,Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-412 96, Gothenburg, Sweden. .,Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, 2800, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark. .,BioInnovation Institute, Ole Maaløes vej 3, 2200, Copenhagen N, Denmark.
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11
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Sajid M, Channakesavula CN, Stone SR, Kaur P. Synthetic Biology towards Improved Flavonoid Pharmacokinetics. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11050754. [PMID: 34069975 PMCID: PMC8157843 DOI: 10.3390/biom11050754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Revised: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Flavonoids are a structurally diverse class of natural products that have been found to have a range of beneficial activities in humans. However, the clinical utilisation of these molecules has been limited due to their low solubility, chemical stability, bioavailability and extensive intestinal metabolism in vivo. Recently, the view has been formed that site-specific modification of flavonoids by methylation and/or glycosylation, processes that occur in plants endogenously, can be used to improve and adapt their biophysical and pharmacokinetic properties. The traditional source of flavonoids and their modified forms is from plants and is limited due to the low amounts present in biomass, intrinsic to the nature of secondary metabolite biosynthesis. Access to greater amounts of flavonoids, and understanding of the impact of modifications, requires a rethink in terms of production, more specifically towards the adoption of plant biosynthetic pathways into ex planta synthesis approaches. Advances in synthetic biology and metabolic engineering, aided by protein engineering and machine learning methods, offer attractive and exciting avenues for ex planta flavonoid synthesis. This review seeks to explore the applications of synthetic biology towards the ex planta biosynthesis of flavonoids, and how the natural plant methylation and glycosylation pathways can be harnessed to produce modified flavonoids with more favourable biophysical and pharmacokinetic properties for clinical use. It is envisaged that the development of viable alternative production systems for the synthesis of flavonoids and their methylated and glycosylated forms will help facilitate their greater clinical application.
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12
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Zhu TT, Liu H, Wang PY, Ni R, Sun CJ, Yuan JC, Niu M, Lou HX, Cheng AX. Functional characterization of UDP-glycosyltransferases from the liverwort Plagiochasma appendiculatum and their potential for biosynthesizing flavonoid 7-O-glucosides. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 299:110577. [PMID: 32900434 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2020.110577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Revised: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Flavonoid glucosides, typically generated from aglycones via the action of uridine diphosphate-dependent glycosyltransferases (UGTs), both contribute to plant viability and are pharmacologically active. The properties of UGTs produced by liverworts, one of the basal groups of non-vascular land plants, have not been systematically explored. Here, two UGTs potentially involved in flavonoids synthesis were identified from the transcriptome of Plagiochasma appendiculatum. Enzymatic analysis showed that PaUGT1 and PaUGT2 accepted various flavones, flavonols, flavanones and dihydrochalcones as substrates. A mutated form PaUGT1-Q19A exhibited a higher catalytic efficiency than did the wild type enzyme. When expressed in Escherichia coli, the yield of flavonol 7-O-glucosides reached to over 70 %. Co-expression of PaUGT1-Q19A with the upstream flavone synthase I PaFNS I-1 proved able to convert the flavanone aglycones naringenin and eriodictyol into the higher-yield apigenin 7-O-glucoside (A7G) and luteolin 7-O-glucoside (L7G). The maximum concentration of 81.0 μM A7G and 88.6 μM L7G was achieved upon supplementation with 100 μM naringenin and 100 μM eriodictyol under optimized conditions. This is the first time that flavonoids UGTs have been characterized from liverworts and co-expression of UGTs and FNS Is from the same species serves as an effective strategy to synthesize flavone 7-O-glucosides in E. coli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting-Ting Zhu
- Department of Natural Product Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, PR China
| | - Hui Liu
- Department of Natural Product Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, PR China
| | - Piao-Yi Wang
- Department of Natural Product Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, PR China
| | - Rong Ni
- Department of Natural Product Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, PR China
| | - Chun-Jing Sun
- Department of Natural Product Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, PR China
| | - Jing-Cong Yuan
- Department of Natural Product Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, PR China
| | - Meng Niu
- Department of Natural Product Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, PR China
| | - Hong-Xiang Lou
- Department of Natural Product Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, PR China
| | - Ai-Xia Cheng
- Department of Natural Product Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, PR China.
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13
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Engineering of Cyclodextrin Glycosyltransferase Reveals pH-Regulated Mechanism of Enhanced Long-Chain Glycosylated Sophoricoside Specificity. Appl Environ Microbiol 2020; 86:AEM.00004-20. [PMID: 32005733 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00004-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Sophoricoside glycosylated derivatives, especially long-chain glycosylated sophoricosides (LCGS), have greatly improved water solubility compared with sophoricoside. Here, cyclodextrin glycosyltransferase from Paenibacillus macerans (PmCGTase) was employed for sophoricoside glycosylation. Saturation mutagenesis of alanine 156, alanine 166, glycine 173, and leucine 174 was performed due to their nonconservative properties among α-, β-, and γ-CGTases with different product specificities. Variants L174P, A156V/L174P, and A156V/L174P/A166Y greatly improved the product specificity for LCGS. pH significantly affected the extent of glycosylation catalyzed by the variants. Further investigations revealed that the pH-regulated mechanism for LCGS synthesis mainly depends on a disproportionation route at a lower pH (pH 4) and a cyclization-coupling route at a higher pH (pH 8) and equivalent effects of cyclization-coupling and disproportionation routes at pH 5. Whereas short-chain glycosylated sophoricosides (SCGS) are primarily produced via disproportionation of maltodextrin at pH 4 and secondary disproportionation of LCGS at pH 8. At pH 5, SCGS synthesis mainly depends on a hydrolysis route by the wild type (WT) and a secondary disproportionation route by variant A156V/L174P/A166Y. Kinetics analysis showed a decreased Km value of variant A156V/L174P/A166Y. Dynamics simulation results demonstrated that the improved LCGS specificity of the variant is possibly attributed to the enhanced affinity to long-chain substrates, which may be caused by the changes of hydrogen bond interactions at the -5, -6, and -7 subsites. Our results reveal a pH-regulated mechanism for product specificity of CGTase and provide guidance for engineering CGTase toward products with different sugar chain lengths.IMPORTANCE The low water solubility of sophoricoside seriously limits its applications in the food and pharmaceutical industries. Long-chain glycosylated sophoricosides show greatly improved water solubility. Here, the product specificity of cyclodextrin glycosyltransferase (CGTase) for long-chain glycosylated sophoricosides was significantly affected by pH. Our results reveal the pH-regulated mechanism of the glycosylated product specificity of CGTase. This work adds to our understanding of the synthesis of long-chain glycosylated sophoricosides and provides guidance for exploring related product specificity of CGTase based on pH regulation.
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Zha J, Wu X, Gong G, Koffas MAG. Pathway enzyme engineering for flavonoid production in recombinant microbes. Metab Eng Commun 2019; 9:e00104. [PMID: 31720219 PMCID: PMC6838514 DOI: 10.1016/j.mec.2019.e00104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Revised: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 10/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic engineering of microbial strains for the production of flavonoids of industrial interest has attracted great attention due to its promising advantages over traditional extraction approaches, such as independence of plantation, facile downstream separation, and ease of process and quality control. However, most of the constructed microbial production systems suffer from low production titers, low yields and low productivities, restricting their commercial applications. One important reason of the inefficient production is that the expression conditions and the detailed functions of the flavonoid pathway enzymes are not well understood. In this review, we have collected the biochemical properties, structural details, and genetic information of the enzymes in the flavonoid biosynthetic pathway as a guide for the expression and analysis of these enzymes in microbial systems. Additionally, we have summarized the engineering approaches used in improving the performances of these enzymes in recombinant microorganisms. Major challenges and future directions on the flavonoid pathway are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Zha
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, 710021, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xia Wu
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, 710021, Shaanxi, China
| | - Guoli Gong
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, 710021, Shaanxi, China
| | - Mattheos A G Koffas
- Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, 12180, NY, USA.,Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Department of Biological Sciences, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, 12180, NY, USA
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15
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Li J, Schuman MC, Halitschke R, Li X, Guo H, Grabe V, Hammer A, Baldwin IT. The decoration of specialized metabolites influences stylar development. eLife 2018; 7:e38611. [PMID: 30289384 PMCID: PMC6192696 DOI: 10.7554/elife.38611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2018] [Accepted: 09/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Plants produce many different specialized (secondary) metabolites that function in solving ecological challenges; few are known to function in growth or other primary processes. 17-Hydroxygeranylinalool diterpene glycosides (DTGs) are abundant herbivory-induced, structurally diverse and commonly malonylated defense metabolites in Nicotiana attenuata plants. By identifying and silencing a malonyltransferase, NaMaT1, involved in DTG malonylation, we found that DTG malonylation percentages are normally remarkably uniform, but when disrupted, result in DTG-dependent reduced floral style lengths, which in turn result from reduced stylar cell sizes, IAA contents, and YUC activity; phenotypes that could be restored by IAA supplementation or by silencing the DTG pathway. Moreover, the Nicotiana genus-specific JA-deficient short-style phenotype also results from alterations in DTG malonylation patterns. Decorations of plant specialized metabolites can be tuned to remarkably uniform levels, and this regulation plays a central but poorly understood role in controlling the development of specific plant parts, such as floral styles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiancai Li
- Department of Molecular EcologyMax Planck Institute for Chemical EcologyJenaGermany
| | - Meredith C Schuman
- Department of Molecular EcologyMax Planck Institute for Chemical EcologyJenaGermany
- Department of GeographyUniversity of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Rayko Halitschke
- Department of Molecular EcologyMax Planck Institute for Chemical EcologyJenaGermany
| | - Xiang Li
- Department of Molecular EcologyMax Planck Institute for Chemical EcologyJenaGermany
| | - Han Guo
- Department of Molecular EcologyMax Planck Institute for Chemical EcologyJenaGermany
| | - Veit Grabe
- Department of Evolutionary NeuroethologyMax Planck Institute for Chemical EcologyJenaGermany
| | - Austin Hammer
- Department of BiologyBrigham Young UniversityProvoUnited States
| | - Ian T Baldwin
- Department of Molecular EcologyMax Planck Institute for Chemical EcologyJenaGermany
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16
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Thuan NH, Dhakal D, Pokhrel AR, Chu LL, Van Pham TT, Shrestha A, Sohng JK. Genome-guided exploration of metabolic features of Streptomyces peucetius ATCC 27952: past, current, and prospect. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2018; 102:4355-4370. [PMID: 29602983 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-018-8957-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Revised: 03/19/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Streptomyces peucetius ATCC 27952 produces two major anthracyclines, doxorubicin (DXR) and daunorubicin (DNR), which are potent chemotherapeutic agents for the treatment of several cancers. In order to gain detailed insight on genetics and biochemistry of the strain, the complete genome was determined and analyzed. The result showed that its complete sequence contains 7187 protein coding genes in a total of 8,023,114 bp, whereas 87% of the genome contributed to the protein coding region. The genomic sequence included 18 rRNA, 66 tRNAs, and 3 non-coding RNAs. In silico studies predicted ~ 68 biosynthetic gene clusters (BCGs) encoding diverse classes of secondary metabolites, including non-ribosomal polyketide synthase (NRPS), polyketide synthase (PKS I, II, and III), terpenes, and others. Detailed analysis of the genome sequence revealed versatile biocatalytic enzymes such as cytochrome P450 (CYP), electron transfer systems (ETS) genes, methyltransferase (MT), glycosyltransferase (GT). In addition, numerous functional genes (transporter gene, SOD, etc.) and regulatory genes (afsR-sp, metK-sp, etc.) involved in the regulation of secondary metabolites were found. This minireview summarizes the genome-based genome mining (GM) of diverse BCGs and genome exploration (GE) of versatile biocatalytic enzymes, and other enzymes involved in maintenance and regulation of metabolism of S. peucetius. The detailed analysis of genome sequence provides critically important knowledge useful in the bioengineering of the strain or harboring catalytically efficient enzymes for biotechnological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nguyen Huy Thuan
- Center for Molecular Biology, Institute of Research and Development, Duy Tan University, 03 Quang Trung Street, Da Nang City, Vietnam
| | - Dipesh Dhakal
- Department of Life Science and Biochemical Engineering, Sun Moon University, 70 Sunmoon-ro 221, Tangjeong-myeon, Asan-si, Chungnam, 31460, Republic of Korea
| | - Anaya Raj Pokhrel
- Department of Life Science and Biochemical Engineering, Sun Moon University, 70 Sunmoon-ro 221, Tangjeong-myeon, Asan-si, Chungnam, 31460, Republic of Korea
| | - Luan Luong Chu
- Department of Life Science and Biochemical Engineering, Sun Moon University, 70 Sunmoon-ro 221, Tangjeong-myeon, Asan-si, Chungnam, 31460, Republic of Korea
| | - Thi Thuy Van Pham
- Department of Life Science and Biochemical Engineering, Sun Moon University, 70 Sunmoon-ro 221, Tangjeong-myeon, Asan-si, Chungnam, 31460, Republic of Korea
| | - Anil Shrestha
- Department of Life Science and Biochemical Engineering, Sun Moon University, 70 Sunmoon-ro 221, Tangjeong-myeon, Asan-si, Chungnam, 31460, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Kyung Sohng
- Department of Life Science and Biochemical Engineering, Sun Moon University, 70 Sunmoon-ro 221, Tangjeong-myeon, Asan-si, Chungnam, 31460, Republic of Korea.
- Department of BT-Convergent Pharmaceutical Engineering, Sun Moon University, 70 Sunmoon-ro 221, Tangjeong-myeon, Asan-si, Chungnam, 31460, Republic of Korea.
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17
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Koirala N, Pandey RP, Thuan NH, Ghimire GP, Jung HJ, Oh TJ, Sohng JK. Metabolic engineering of Escherichia coli for the production of isoflavonoid-4'-O-methoxides and their biological activities. Biotechnol Appl Biochem 2017; 66:484-493. [PMID: 26498482 DOI: 10.1002/bab.1452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2015] [Accepted: 10/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Isoflavonoid representatives such as genistein and daidzein are highly potent anticancer, antibacterial, and antioxidant agents. It have been demonstrated that methylation of flavonoids enhanced the transporting ability, which lead to facilitated absorption and greatly increased bioavailability. In this paper, genetically engineered Escherichia coli was reconstructed by harboring E. coli K12-derived metK encoding S-adenosine-l-methionine (SAM) synthase (accession number: K02129) for enhancement of SAM as a precursor and Streptomyces avermitilis originated SaOMT2 (O-methyltransferase, accession number: NP_823558) for methylation of daidzein and genistein as preferred substrates. The formation of desired products via biotransformation including 4'-O-methyl-genistein and 4'-O-methyl-daidzein was confirmed individually by using chromatographical methods such as high-performance liquid chromatography, liquid chromatography/time-of-flight/mass spectrometry (LC-TOF-MS), and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), and NMR (1 H and 13 C). Furthermore, substrates concentration, incubation time, and media parameters were optimized using flask culture. Finally, the most fit conditions were applied for fed-batch fermentation with scale-up to 3 L (working volume) to obtain the maximum yield of the products including 164.25 µM (46.81 mg/L) and 382.50 µM (102.88 mg/L) for 4'-O-methyl genistein and 4'-O-methyl daidzein, respectively. In particular, potent inhibitory activities of those isoflavonoid methoxides against the growth of cancer line (B16F10, AGS, and HepG2) and human umbilical vein endothelial cells were investigated and demonstrated. Taken together, this research work described the production of isoflavonoid-4'-O-methoxides by E. coli engineering, improvement of production, characterization of produced compounds, and preliminary in vitro biological activities of the flavonoids being manufactured.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niranjan Koirala
- Department of BT-Convergent Pharmaceutical Engineering, Sun Moon University, Asansi, Chungnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Ramesh Prasad Pandey
- Department of BT-Convergent Pharmaceutical Engineering, Sun Moon University, Asansi, Chungnam, Republic of Korea.,Department of Life Science and Biochemical Engineering, Sun Moon University, Asansi, Chungnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Nguyen Huy Thuan
- Center for Molecular Biology, Institute of Research and Development, Duy Tan University, Danang city, Vietnam
| | - Gopal Prasad Ghimire
- Department of BT-Convergent Pharmaceutical Engineering, Sun Moon University, Asansi, Chungnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Jin Jung
- Department of BT-Convergent Pharmaceutical Engineering, Sun Moon University, Asansi, Chungnam, Republic of Korea.,Department of Life Science and Biochemical Engineering, Sun Moon University, Asansi, Chungnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Jin Oh
- Department of BT-Convergent Pharmaceutical Engineering, Sun Moon University, Asansi, Chungnam, Republic of Korea.,Department of Life Science and Biochemical Engineering, Sun Moon University, Asansi, Chungnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Kyung Sohng
- Department of BT-Convergent Pharmaceutical Engineering, Sun Moon University, Asansi, Chungnam, Republic of Korea.,Department of Life Science and Biochemical Engineering, Sun Moon University, Asansi, Chungnam, Republic of Korea
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18
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Ma T, Dai YQ, Li N, Huo Q, Li HM, Zhang YX, Piao ZH, Wu CZ. Enzymatic biosynthesis of novel neobavaisoflavone glucosides via Bacillus UDP-glycosyltransferase. Chin J Nat Med 2017; 15:281-287. [PMID: 28527513 DOI: 10.1016/s1875-5364(17)30045-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The present study was designed to perform structural modifications of of neobavaisoflavone (NBIF), using an in vitro enzymatic glycosylation reaction, in order to improve its water-solubility. Two novel glucosides of NBIF were obtained from an enzymatic glycosylation by UDP-glycosyltransferase. The glycosylated products were elucidated by LC-MS, HR-ESI-MS, and NMR analysis. The HPLC peaks were integrated and the concentrations in sample solutions were calculated. The MTT assay was used to detect the cytotoxic activity of compounds in cancer cell lines. Based on the spectroscopic analyses, the two novel glucosides were identified as neobavaisoflavone-4'-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (1) and neobavaisoflavone-4', 7-di-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (2). Additionally, the water-solubilities of compounds 1 and 2 were approximately 175.1- and 4 031.9-fold higher than that of the substrate, respectively. Among the test compounds, only NBIF exhibited weak cytotoxicity against four human cancer cell lines, with IC50 values ranging from 63.47 to 72.81 µmol·L-1. These results suggest that in vitro enzymatic glycosylation is a powerful approach to structural modification, improving water-solubility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Ma
- School of Pharmacy, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu 233030, China
| | - Yi-Qun Dai
- School of Pharmacy, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu 233030, China
| | - Nan Li
- School of Pharmacy, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu 233030, China
| | - Qiang Huo
- School of Pharmacy, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu 233030, China
| | - Hong-Mei Li
- School of Pharmacy, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu 233030, China
| | - Yu-Xin Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu 233030, China
| | - Zheng-Hao Piao
- Department of Basic Medical Science, School of Medicine, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 321004, China
| | - Cheng-Zhu Wu
- School of Pharmacy, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu 233030, China.
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19
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Microbial production of astilbin, a bioactive rhamnosylated flavanonol, from taxifolin. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2017; 33:36. [DOI: 10.1007/s11274-017-2208-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2016] [Accepted: 01/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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20
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Pandey RP, Parajuli P, Chu LL, Kim SY, Sohng JK. Biosynthesis of a novel fisetin glycoside from engineered Escherichia coli. J IND ENG CHEM 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jiec.2016.07.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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21
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Pandey RP, Parajuli P, Koffas MA, Sohng JK. Microbial production of natural and non-natural flavonoids: Pathway engineering, directed evolution and systems/synthetic biology. Biotechnol Adv 2016; 34:634-662. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2016.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2015] [Revised: 02/24/2016] [Accepted: 02/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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22
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Zhang MM, Wang Y, Ang EL, Zhao H. Engineering microbial hosts for production of bacterial natural products. Nat Prod Rep 2016; 33:963-87. [PMID: 27072804 PMCID: PMC4963277 DOI: 10.1039/c6np00017g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Covering up to end 2015Microbial fermentation provides an attractive alternative to chemical synthesis for the production of structurally complex natural products. In most cases, however, production titers are low and need to be improved for compound characterization and/or commercial production. Owing to advances in functional genomics and genetic engineering technologies, microbial hosts can be engineered to overproduce a desired natural product, greatly accelerating the traditionally time-consuming strain improvement process. This review covers recent developments and challenges in the engineering of native and heterologous microbial hosts for the production of bacterial natural products, focusing on the genetic tools and strategies for strain improvement. Special emphasis is placed on bioactive secondary metabolites from actinomycetes. The considerations for the choice of host systems will also be discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingzi M Zhang
- Metabolic Engineering Research Laboratory, Science and Engineering Institutes, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore
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23
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Recent developments in the enzymatic O-glycosylation of flavonoids. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2016; 100:4269-81. [PMID: 27029191 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-016-7465-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2016] [Revised: 03/09/2016] [Accepted: 03/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The glycosylation of bioactive compounds, such as flavonoids, is of particular relevance, as it modulates many of their pharmacokinetic parameters. This article reviews the literature between 2010 and the end of 2015 that deals with the enzymatic O-glycosylation of this class of compounds. Enzymes of glycosyltransferase family 1 remain the biocatalysts of choice for glycodiversification of flavonoids, in spite of relatively low yields. Transfers of 14 different sugars, in addition to glucose, were reported. Several Escherichia coli strains were metabolically engineered to enable a (more efficient) synthesis of the required donor during in vivo glycosylations. For the transfer of glucose, enzymes of glycoside hydrolase families 13 and 70 were successfully assayed with several flavonoids. The number of acceptor substrates and of regiospecificities characterized so far is smaller than for glycosyltransferases. However, their glycosyl donors are much cheaper and yields are considerably higher. A few success stories of enzyme engineering were reported. These improved the catalytic efficiency as well as donor, acceptor, or product ranges. Currently, the development of appropriate high-throughput screening systems appears to be the major bottleneck for this powerful technology.
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24
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Koirala N, Thuan NH, Ghimire GP, Thang DV, Sohng JK. Methylation of flavonoids: Chemical structures, bioactivities, progress and perspectives for biotechnological production. Enzyme Microb Technol 2016; 86:103-16. [PMID: 26992799 DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2016.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2015] [Revised: 02/02/2016] [Accepted: 02/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Among the natural products, flavonoids have been particularly attractive, highly studied and become one of the most important promising agent to treat cancer, oxidant stress, pathogenic bacteria, inflammations, cardio-vascular dysfunctions, etc. Despite many promising roles of flavonoids, expectations have not been fulfilled when studies were extended to the in vivo condition, particularly in humans. Instability and very low oral bioavailability of dietary flavonoids are the reasons behind this. Researches have demonstrated that the methylation of these flavonoids could increase their promise as pharmaceutical agents leading to novel applications. Methylation of the flavonoids via theirs free hydroxyl groups or C atom dramatically increases their metabolic stability and enhances the membrane transport, leading to facilitated absorption and highly increased oral bioavailability. In this paper, we concentrated on analysis of flavonoid methoxides including O- and C-methoxide derivatives in aspect of structure, bioactivities and description of almost all up-to-date O- and C-methyltransferases' enzymatic characteristics. Furthermore, modern biological approaches for synthesis and production of flavonoid methoxides using metabolic engineering and synthetic biology have been focused and updated up to 2015. This review will give a handful information regarding the methylation of flavonoids, methyltransferases and biotechnological synthesis of the same.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niranjan Koirala
- Department of BT-Convergent Pharmaceutical Engineering, Institute of Biomolecule Reconstruction, Sun Moon University, 100, Kalsan-ri, Tangjeonmyun, Asansi, Chungnam 336-708, Republic of Korea.
| | - Nguyen Huy Thuan
- Center for Molecular Biology, Institute of Research and Development, Duy Tan University, K7/25 Quang Trung Street, Haichau District, Danang City, Viet Nam.
| | - Gopal Prasad Ghimire
- Department of BT-Convergent Pharmaceutical Engineering, Institute of Biomolecule Reconstruction, Sun Moon University, 100, Kalsan-ri, Tangjeonmyun, Asansi, Chungnam 336-708, Republic of Korea.
| | - Duong Van Thang
- Department of BT-Convergent Pharmaceutical Engineering, Institute of Biomolecule Reconstruction, Sun Moon University, 100, Kalsan-ri, Tangjeonmyun, Asansi, Chungnam 336-708, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jae Kyung Sohng
- Department of BT-Convergent Pharmaceutical Engineering, Institute of Biomolecule Reconstruction, Sun Moon University, 100, Kalsan-ri, Tangjeonmyun, Asansi, Chungnam 336-708, Republic of Korea.
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Synthetic analog of anticancer drug daunorubicin from daunorubicinone using one-pot enzymatic UDP-recycling glycosylation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcatb.2015.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Enzymatic synthesis of novel isobavachalcone glucosides via a UDP-glycosyltransferase. Arch Pharm Res 2015; 38:2208-15. [DOI: 10.1007/s12272-015-0658-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2014] [Accepted: 09/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Yang Y, Lin Y, Li L, Linhardt RJ, Yan Y. Regulating malonyl-CoA metabolism via synthetic antisense RNAs for enhanced biosynthesis of natural products. Metab Eng 2015; 29:217-226. [PMID: 25863265 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2015.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2014] [Revised: 03/18/2015] [Accepted: 03/31/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Malonyl-CoA is the building block for fatty acid biosynthesis and also a precursor to various pharmaceutically and industrially valuable molecules, such as polyketides and biopolymers. However, intracellular malonyl-CoA is usually maintained at low levels, which poses great challenges to efficient microbial production of malonyl-CoA derived molecules. Inactivation of the malonyl-CoA consumption pathway to increase its intracellular availability is not applicable, since it is usually lethal to microorganisms. In this work, we employ synthetic antisense RNAs (asRNAs) to conditionally down-regulate fatty acid biosynthesis and achieve malonyl-CoA enrichment in Escherichia coli. The optimized asRNA constructs with a loop-stem structure exhibit high interference efficiency up to 80%, leading to a 4.5-fold increase in intracellular malonyl-CoA concentration when fabD gene expression is inhibited. Strikingly, this strategy allows the improved production of natural products 4-hydroxycoumarin, resveratrol, and naringenin by 2.53-, 1.70-, and 1.53-fold in E. coli, respectively. In addition, down-regulation of other fab genes including fabH, fabB, and fabF also leads to remarkable increases in 4-hydroxycoumarin production. This study demonstrates a novel strategy to enhance intracellular malonyl-CoA and indicates the effectiveness of asRNA as a powerful tool for use in metabolic engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaping Yang
- College of Engineering, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Yuheng Lin
- College of Engineering, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Lingyun Li
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA
| | - Robert J Linhardt
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA
| | - Yajun Yan
- BioChemical Engineering Program, College of Engineering, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
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Kim BG, Yang SM, Kim SY, Cha MN, Ahn JH. Biosynthesis and production of glycosylated flavonoids in Escherichia coli: current state and perspectives. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2015; 99:2979-88. [PMID: 25750049 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-015-6504-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2015] [Revised: 02/19/2015] [Accepted: 02/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Flavonoids are plant secondary metabolites containing several hydroxyl groups that are targets for modification reactions such as methylation and glycosylation. In plants, flavonoids are present as glycones. Although glucose is the most common sugar attached to flavonoids, arabinose, galactose, glucuronic acid, rhamnose, and xylose are also linked to flavonoids. Depending on the kind and the position of the attached sugar, flavonoid glycones show different biological properties. Flavonoid-O-glycosides are synthesized by uridine diphosphate-dependent glycosyltransferases (UGTs), which use nucleotide sugar as a sugar donor and a diverse compound as a sugar acceptor. Recently, diverse flavonoid-O-glycosides have been synthesized in Escherichia coli by introducing UGTs from plants and bacteria and modifying endogenous pathways. The nucleotide sugar biosynthesis pathway in E. coli has been engineered to provide the proper nucleotide sugar for flavonoid-O-glycoside biosynthesis. In this review, we will discuss recent advances in flavonoid-O-glycoside biosynthesis using engineered E. coli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bong Gyu Kim
- Department of Forest Resources, Gyeongnam National University of Science and Technology, 33 Dongjin-ro, Jinju-si, Gyeongsangman-do, 660-758, Republic of Korea
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Modification of emodin and aloe-emodin by glycosylation in engineered Escherihia coli. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2015; 31:611-9. [PMID: 25663173 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-015-1815-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2014] [Accepted: 01/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Glycosyltransferase from Bacillus licheniformis DSM13 (YjiC) was used for enzymatic modification of emodin and aloe-emodin in vitro and in vivo. In order to increase the availability of UDP-glucose, three genes involved in the production of precursors of NDP-sugar in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) viz. D-glucose phosphate isomerase (pgi), D-glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (zwf), and UDP-sugar hydrolase (ushA) were deleted and glucose-1-phosphate urididyltransferase (galU) gene was over expressed. To improve the yield of the products; substrate, time and media parameters were optimized, and the production was scaled up using a 3 L fermentor. The maximum yield of glycosylated products of emodin (emodin-O-β-D-glucoside) and aloe-emodin (aloe-emodin-O-β-D-glucoside) were approximately 144 µM (38 mg/L) and 168 µM (45 mg/L) respectively, representing almost 72 % and 84 % bioconversion of emodin and aloe-emodin when 200 µM of emodin and aloe-emodin were supplemented in the culture. Additionally, the emodin and aloe emodin major glycosylated products exhibited the highest stability at pH 8.0 and the stability of products was up to 70 °C and 60 °C respectively. Furthermore, the biological activities of emodin and its major glucoside (P1) were compared and their anti-cancer activities were assayed in several cancer cell lines. The results demonstrate that YjiC has the capacity to catalyze the glycosylation of these aromatic compounds and that glycosylation of anthraquinones enhances their aqueous solubility while retaining their biological activities.
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