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Wang T, Ding L, Luo H, Huang H, Su X, Bai Y, Tu T, Wang Y, Qin X, Zhang H, Wang Y, Yao B, Zhang J, Wang X. Engineering a non-oxidative glycolysis pathway in escherichia coli for high-level citramalate production. Microb Cell Fact 2024; 23:233. [PMID: 39174991 PMCID: PMC11340173 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-024-02505-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2024] [Accepted: 08/08/2024] [Indexed: 08/24/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Methyl methacrylate (MMA) is a key precursor of polymethyl methacrylate, extensively used as a transparent thermoplastic in various industries. Conventional MMA production poses health and environmental risks; hence, citramalate serves as an alternative bacterial compound precursor for MMA production. The highest citramalate titer was previously achieved by Escherichia coli BW25113. However, studies on further improving citramalate production through metabolic engineering are limited, and phage contamination is a persistent problem in E. coli fermentation. RESULTS This study aimed to construct a phage-resistant E. coli BW25113 strain capable of producing high citramalate titers from glucose. First, promoters and heterologous cimA genes were screened, and an effective biosynthetic pathway for citramalate was established by overexpressing MjcimA3.7, a mutated cimA gene from Methanococcus jannaschii, regulated by the BBa_J23100 promoter in E. coli. Subsequently, a phage-resistant E. coli strain was engineered by integrating the Ssp defense system into the genome and mutating key components of the phage infection cycle. Then, the strain was engineered to include the non-oxidative glycolysis pathway while removing the acetate synthesis pathway to enhance the supply of acetyl-CoA. Furthermore, glucose utilization by the strain improved, thereby increasing citramalate production. Ultimately, 110.2 g/L of citramalate was obtained after 80 h fed-batch fermentation. The citramalate yield from glucose and productivity were 0.4 g/g glucose and 1.4 g/(L·h), respectively. CONCLUSION This is the highest reported citramalate titer and productivity in E. coli without the addition of expensive yeast extract and additional induction in fed-bath fermentation, emphasizing its potential for practical applications in producing citramalate and its derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No.2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian district, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Lijuan Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No.2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian district, Beijing, 100193, China
- College of Animal Science, Shanxi Agricultural University, Shanxi, 030600, China
| | - Huiying Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No.2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian district, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Huoqing Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No.2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian district, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Xiaoyun Su
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No.2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian district, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yingguo Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No.2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian district, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Tao Tu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No.2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian district, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No.2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian district, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Xing Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No.2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian district, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Honglian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No.2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian district, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yaru Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No.2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian district, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Bin Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No.2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian district, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No.2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian district, Beijing, 100193, China.
| | - Xiaolu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No.2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian district, Beijing, 100193, China.
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Rajpurohit H, Eiteman MA. Citrate synthase variants improve yield of acetyl-CoA derived 3-hydroxybutyrate in Escherichia coli. Microb Cell Fact 2024; 23:173. [PMID: 38867236 PMCID: PMC11167817 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-024-02444-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The microbial chiral product (R)-3-hydroxybutyrate (3-HB) is a gateway to several industrial and medical compounds. Acetyl-CoA is the key precursor for 3-HB, and several native pathways compete with 3-HB production. The principal competing pathway in wild-type Escherichia coli for acetyl-CoA is mediated by citrate synthase (coded by gltA), which directs over 60% of the acetyl-CoA into the tricarboxylic acid cycle. Eliminating citrate synthase activity (deletion of gltA) prevents growth on glucose as the sole carbon source. In this study, an alternative approach is used to generate an increased yield of 3-HB: citrate synthase activity is reduced but not eliminated by targeted substitutions in the chromosomally expressed enzyme. RESULTS Five E. coli GltA variants were examined for 3-HB production via heterologous overexpression of a thiolase (phaA) and NADPH-dependent acetoacetyl-CoA reductase (phaB) from Cupriavidus necator. In shake flask studies, four variants showed nearly 5-fold greater 3-HB yield compared to the wild-type, although pyruvate accumulated. Overexpression of either native thioesterases TesB or YciA eliminated pyruvate formation, but diverted acetyl-CoA towards acetate formation. Overexpression of pantothenate kinase similarly decreased pyruvate formation but did not improve 3-HB yield. Controlled batch studies at the 1.25 L scale demonstrated that the GltA[A267T] variant produced the greatest 3-HB titer of 4.9 g/L with a yield of 0.17 g/g. In a phosphate-starved repeated batch process, E. coli ldhA poxB pta-ackA gltA::gltA[A267T] generated 15.9 g/L 3-HB (effective concentration of 21.3 g/L with dilution) with yield of 0.16 g/g from glucose as the sole carbon source. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates that GltA variants offer a means to affect the generation of acetyl-CoA derived products. This approach should benefit a wide range of acetyl-CoA derived biochemical products in E. coli and other microbes. Enhancing substrate affinity of the introduced pathway genes like thiolase towards acetyl-CoA will likely further increase the flux towards 3-HB while reducing pyruvate and acetate accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mark A Eiteman
- School of Chemical, Materials and Biomedical Engineering, Athens, GA, USA.
- Department of Microbiology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA.
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Nam SH, Ye DY, Hwang HG, Jung GY. Convergent Synthesis of Two Heterogeneous Fluxes from Glucose and Acetate for High-Yield Citramalate Production. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024; 72:5797-5804. [PMID: 38465388 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c09466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
Biological production of citramalate has garnered attention due to its wide application for food additives and pharmaceuticals, although improvement of yield is known to be challenging. When glucose is used as the sole carbon source, carbon loss through decarboxylation steps for providing acetyl-CoA from pyruvate is inevitable. To avoid this, we engineered a strain to co-utilize glucose and cost-effective acetate while preventing carbon loss for enhancing citramalate production. The production pathway diverged to independently supply the precursors required for the synthesis of citramalate from glucose and acetate, respectively. Moreover, the phosphotransferase system was inactivated and the acetate assimilation pathway and the substrate ratio were optimized to enable the simultaneous and efficient utilization of both carbon sources. This yielded results (5.0 g/L, 0.87 mol/mol) surpassing the yield and titer of the control strain utilizing glucose as the sole carbon source in flask cultures, demonstrating an economically efficient strain redesign strategy for synthesizing various products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung Hyun Nam
- School of Interdisciplinary Bioscience and Bioengineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, 77 Cheongam-Ro, Nam-Gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, Korea
| | - Dae-Yeol Ye
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, 77 Cheongam-Ro, Nam-Gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, Korea
| | - Hyun Gyu Hwang
- Institute of Environmental and Energy Technology, Pohang University of Science and Technology, 77 Cheongam-Ro, Nam-Gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, Korea
| | - Gyoo Yeol Jung
- School of Interdisciplinary Bioscience and Bioengineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, 77 Cheongam-Ro, Nam-Gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, Korea
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, 77 Cheongam-Ro, Nam-Gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, Korea
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Lee HK, Woo S, Baek D, Min M, Jung GY, Lim HG. Direct and robust citramalate production from brown macroalgae using fast-growing Vibrio sp. dhg. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2024; 394:130304. [PMID: 38211713 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2024.130304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Revised: 12/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/06/2024] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
Brown macroalgae is a promising feedstock for biorefinery owing to its high biomass productivity and contents of carbohydrates such as alginate and mannitol. However, the limited availability of microbial platforms efficiently catabolizing the brown macroalgae sugars has restricted its utilization. In this study, the direct production of citramalate, an important industrial compound, was demonstrated from brown macroalgae by utilizing Vibrio sp. dhg, which has a remarkably efficient catabolism of alginate and mannitol. Specifically, citramalate synthase from Methanocaldococcus jannaschii was synthetically expressed, and competing pathways were removed to maximally redirect the carbon flux toward citramalate production. Notably, a resulting strain, VXHC, produced citramalate up to 9.8 g/L from a 20 g/L mixture of alginate and mannitol regardless of their ratios. Citramalate was robustly produced even when diverse brown macroalgae were provided directly. Collectively, this study showcased the high potential of brown macroalgae biorefinery using Vibrio sp. dhg.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye Kyung Lee
- School of Interdisciplinary Bioscience and Bioengineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, 77 Cheongam-Ro, Nam-Gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, Korea
| | - Sunghwa Woo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, 77 Cheongam-Ro, Nam-Gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, Korea
| | - Dongyeop Baek
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, 77 Cheongam-Ro, Nam-Gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, Korea
| | - Myeongwon Min
- School of Interdisciplinary Bioscience and Bioengineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, 77 Cheongam-Ro, Nam-Gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, Korea
| | - Gyoo Yeol Jung
- School of Interdisciplinary Bioscience and Bioengineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, 77 Cheongam-Ro, Nam-Gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, Korea; Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, 77 Cheongam-Ro, Nam-Gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, Korea.
| | - Hyun Gyu Lim
- Department of Biological Engineering, Inha University, 100 Inha-Ro, Michuhol-Gu, Incheon 22212, Korea.
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Gu P, Li F, Huang Z, Gao J. Application of Acetate as a Substrate for the Production of Value-Added Chemicals in Escherichia coli. Microorganisms 2024; 12:309. [PMID: 38399713 PMCID: PMC10891810 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12020309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
At present, the production of the majority of valuable chemicals is dependent on the microbial fermentation of carbohydrate substrates. However, direct competition is a potential problem for microbial feedstocks that are also used within the food/feed industries. The use of alternative carbon sources, such as acetate, has therefore become a research focus. As a common organic acid, acetate can be generated from lignocellulosic biomass and C1 gases, as well as being a major byproduct in microbial fermentation, especially in the presence of an excess carbon source. As a model microorganism, Escherichia coli has been widely applied in the production of valuable chemicals using different carbon sources. Recently, several valuable chemicals (e.g., succinic acid, itaconic acid, isobutanol, and mevalonic acid) have been investigated for synthesis in E. coli using acetate as the sole carbon source. In this review, we summarize the acetate metabolic pathway in E. coli and recent research into the microbial production of chemical compounds in E. coli using acetate as the carbon source. Although microbial synthetic pathways for different compounds have been developed in E. coli, the production titer and yield are insufficient for commercial applications. Finally, we discuss the development prospects and challenges of using acetate for microbial fermentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengfei Gu
- School of Biological Science and Technology, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, China;
| | - Fangfang Li
- Yantai Food and Drug Control and Test Center, Yantai 264003, China;
| | - Zhaosong Huang
- School of Biological Science and Technology, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, China;
| | - Juan Gao
- School of Biological Science and Technology, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, China;
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Ye DY, Moon JH, Jung GY. Recent Progress in Metabolic Engineering of Escherichia coli for the Production of Various C4 and C5-Dicarboxylic Acids. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:10916-10931. [PMID: 37458388 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c02156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/27/2023]
Abstract
As an alternative to petrochemical synthesis, well-established industrial microbes, such as Escherichia coli, are employed to produce a wide range of chemicals, including dicarboxylic acids (DCAs), which have significant potential in diverse areas including biodegradable polymers. The demand for biodegradable polymers has been steadily rising, prompting the development of efficient production pathways on four- (C4) and five-carbon (C5) DCAs derived from central carbon metabolism to meet the increased demand via the biosynthesis. In this context, E. coli is utilized to produce these DCAs through various metabolic engineering strategies, including the design or selection of metabolic pathways, pathway optimization, and enhancement of catalytic activity. This review aims to highlight the recent advancements in metabolic engineering techniques for the production of C4 and C5 DCAs in E. coli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dae-Yeol Ye
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, 77 Cheongam-Ro, Nam-Gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Jo Hyun Moon
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, 77 Cheongam-Ro, Nam-Gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Gyoo Yeol Jung
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, 77 Cheongam-Ro, Nam-Gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, Republic of Korea
- School of Interdisciplinary Bioscience and Bioengineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, 77 Cheongam-Ro, Nam-Gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, Republic of Korea
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Analyzing Citramalic Acid Enantiomers in Apples and Commercial Fruit Juice by Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry with Pre-Column Derivatization. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28041556. [PMID: 36838544 PMCID: PMC9959191 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28041556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Optically active citramalic acid (CMA) is naturally present as an acidic taste component in fruits, such as apples. The absolute configuration of CMA in such fruits was investigated by high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) following pre-column derivatization with a chiral reagent, benzyl 5-(2-aminoethyl)-3-methyl-4-oxoimidazolidine-1-carboxylate. The developed LC-MS/MS method successfully separated the enantiomers of CMA using an octadecylsilica column with a resolution and separation factor of 2.19 and 1.09, respectively. Consequently, the R-form of CMA was detected in the peel and fruit of three kinds of apple at concentrations in the 1.24-37.8 and 0.138-1.033 mg/wet 100 g ranges, respectively. In addition, R- CMA was present in commercial apple juice, whereas no quantity was detected in commercial blueberry, perilla, or Japanese apricot juice.
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Chen A, Xie Y, Xie S, Liu Y, Liu M, Shi J, Sun J. Production of citramalate in Escherichia coli by mediating colonic acid metabolism and fermentation optimization. Process Biochem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2022.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Son J, Joo JC, Baritugo KA, Jeong S, Lee JY, Lim HJ, Lim SH, Yoo JI, Park SJ. Consolidated microbial production of four-, five-, and six-carbon organic acids from crop residues: Current status and perspectives. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2022; 351:127001. [PMID: 35292386 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2022.127001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Revised: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The production of platform organic acids has been heavily dependent on petroleum-based industries. However, petrochemical-based industries that cannot guarantee a virtuous cycle of carbons released during various processes are now facing obsolescence because of the depletion of finite fossil fuel reserves and associated environmental pollutions. Thus, the transition into a circular economy in terms of the carbon footprint has been evaluated with the development of efficient microbial cell factories using renewable feedstocks. Herein, the recent progress on bio-based production of organic acids with four-, five-, and six-carbon backbones, including butyric acid and 3-hydroxybutyric acid (C4), 5-aminolevulinic acid and citramalic acid (C5), and hexanoic acid (C6), is discussed. Then, the current research on the production of C4-C6 organic acids is illustrated to suggest future directions for developing crop-residue based consolidated bioprocessing of C4-C6 organic acids using host strains with tailor-made capabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jina Son
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Graduate Program in System Health Science and Engineering, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Chan Joo
- Department of Biotechnology, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon-si, Gyeonggi-do 14662, Republic of Korea
| | - Kei-Anne Baritugo
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Graduate Program in System Health Science and Engineering, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea
| | - Seona Jeong
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Graduate Program in System Health Science and Engineering, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Yeon Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Graduate Program in System Health Science and Engineering, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Jin Lim
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Graduate Program in System Health Science and Engineering, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea
| | - Seo Hyun Lim
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Graduate Program in System Health Science and Engineering, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea
| | - Jee In Yoo
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Graduate Program in System Health Science and Engineering, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea
| | - Si Jae Park
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Graduate Program in System Health Science and Engineering, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea.
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Metabolic Profiling of Organic Acids Reveals the Involvement of HuIPMS2 in Citramalic Acid Synthesis in Pitaya. HORTICULTURAE 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/horticulturae8020167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Pitayas are rich in organic acids, especially citramalic acid, which is significantly higher than the plants. However, the mechanism of citramalic acid biosynthesis remains to be fully elucidated. In this study, organic acid compositions and contents, as well as expression patterns of key genes related to organic acid metabolism were analyzed during fruit maturation of four different pitaya cultivars i.e., ‘Guanhuabai’ (GHB), ‘Guanhuahong’ (GHH), ‘Wucihuanglong’ (WCHL), and ‘Youcihuanglong’ (YCHL). The total organic acid contents increased first and then declined during fruit maturation. The main organic acids were citramalic acid during the early stages of GHB, GHH, and WCHL pitayas, and dominated by malic acid as fruit maturation. In comparison, citric acid and malic acid were main organic acid for ‘YCHL’ pitaya. Citramalate synthase (IPMS) was involved in the synthesis of citramalic acid, and three types of HuIPMS i.e., HuIPMS1, HuIPMS2, and HuIPMS3, were obtained in our study. Highest expression levels of HuIPMS1 were detected in sepals, while HuIPMS2 and HuIPMS3 exhibited preferential expression in tender stems and ovaries. The expression levels of HuIPMS2 and HuIPMS3 were positively correlated with the content of citramalic acid in the four pitaya cultivars. HuIPMS2 was a chloroplast-localized protein, while HuIPMS3 presented a cytoplasmic-like and nuclear subcellular localization. These findings provide an important basis for further understanding of the molecular mechanism that leads to citramalic acid metabolism during pitaya fruit maturation.
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Song L, Wang R, Che L, Jiang Y, Zhou M, Zhao Y, Pang J, Jiang M, Zhou G, Zheng M, Zhang T. Catalytic Aerobic Oxidation of Lignocellulose-Derived Levulinic Acid in Aqueous Solution: A Novel Route to Synthesize Dicarboxylic Acids for Bio-Based Polymers. ACS Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.1c02531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lei Song
- Environmental Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian 116026, People’s Republic of China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Applied Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, People’s Republic of China
| | - Rui Wang
- Division of Energy Materials, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physicals, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, People’s Republic of China
| | - Li Che
- Environmental Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian 116026, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yu Jiang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Applied Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, People’s Republic of China
| | - Mo Zhou
- CAS Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Applied Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yu Zhao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Applied Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jifeng Pang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Applied Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, People’s Republic of China
| | - Min Jiang
- Division of Energy Materials, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physicals, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, People’s Republic of China
| | - Guangyuan Zhou
- Division of Energy Materials, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physicals, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, People’s Republic of China
| | - Mingyuan Zheng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Applied Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, People’s Republic of China
- Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, Dalian 116023, People’s Republic of China
| | - Tao Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Applied Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, People’s Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, People’s Republic of China
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Wu X, Tovilla‐Coutiño DB, Eiteman MA. Engineered citrate synthase improves citramalic acid generation in
Escherichia coli. Biotechnol Bioeng 2020; 117:2781-2790. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.27450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Revised: 05/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xianghao Wu
- School of Chemical, Materials and Biomedical Engineering University of Georgia Athens Georgia
| | | | - Mark A. Eiteman
- School of Chemical, Materials and Biomedical Engineering University of Georgia Athens Georgia
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Wu Y, Xu J, Shi M, Han X, Li W, Zhang X, Wen X. Pitaya: a potential plant resource of citramalic acid. CYTA - JOURNAL OF FOOD 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/19476337.2020.1738557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yawei Wu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm Innovation in Mountainous Region (Ministry of Education), Institute of Agro-Bioengineering/College of Life Sciences, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
- Institute of Pomology Science, Guizhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Juan Xu
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Meiyan Shi
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Xiumei Han
- Institute of Pomology Science, Guizhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Wenyun Li
- Institute of Pomology Science, Guizhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Xingwu Zhang
- Institute of Pomology Science, Guizhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Xiaopeng Wen
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm Innovation in Mountainous Region (Ministry of Education), Institute of Agro-Bioengineering/College of Life Sciences, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
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Systems Analyses Reveal the Resilience of Escherichia coli Physiology during Accumulation and Export of the Nonnative Organic Acid Citramalate. mSystems 2019; 4:4/4/e00187-19. [PMID: 31186337 PMCID: PMC6561320 DOI: 10.1128/msystems.00187-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Citramalate is an attractive biotechnology target because it is a precursor of methylmethacrylate, which is used to manufacture Perspex and other high-value products. Engineered E. coli strains are able to produce high titers of citramalate, despite having to express a foreign enzyme and tolerate the presence of a nonnative biochemical. A systems analysis of the citramalate fermentation was undertaken to uncover the reasons underpinning its productivity. This showed that E. coli readily adjusts to the redirection of metabolic resources toward recombinant protein and citramalate production and suggests that E. coli is an excellent chassis for manufacturing similar small, polar, foreign molecules. Productivity of bacterial cell factories is frequently compromised by stresses imposed by recombinant protein synthesis and carbon-to-product conversion, but little is known about these bioprocesses at a systems level. Production of the unnatural metabolite citramalate in Escherichia coli requires the expression of a single gene coding for citramalate synthase. Multiomic analyses of a fermentation producing 25 g liter−1 citramalate were undertaken to uncover the reasons for its productivity. Metabolite, transcript, protein, and lipid profiles of high-cell-density, fed-batch fermentations of E. coli expressing either citramalate synthase or an inactivated enzyme were similar. Both fermentations showed downregulation of flagellar genes and upregulation of chaperones IbpA and IbpB, indicating that these responses were due to recombinant protein synthesis and not citramalate production. Citramalate production did not perturb metabolite pools, except for an increased intracellular pyruvate pool. Gene expression changes in response to citramalate were limited; none of the general stress response regulons were activated. Modeling of transcription factor activities suggested that citramalate invoked a GadW-mediated acid response, and changes in GadY and RprA regulatory small RNA (sRNA) expression supported this. Although changes in membrane lipid composition were observed, none were unique to citramalate production. This systems analysis of the citramalate fermentation shows that E. coli has capacity to readily adjust to the redirection of resources toward recombinant protein and citramalate production, suggesting that it is an excellent chassis choice for manufacturing organic acids. IMPORTANCE Citramalate is an attractive biotechnology target because it is a precursor of methylmethacrylate, which is used to manufacture Perspex and other high-value products. Engineered E. coli strains are able to produce high titers of citramalate, despite having to express a foreign enzyme and tolerate the presence of a nonnative biochemical. A systems analysis of the citramalate fermentation was undertaken to uncover the reasons underpinning its productivity. This showed that E. coli readily adjusts to the redirection of metabolic resources toward recombinant protein and citramalate production and suggests that E. coli is an excellent chassis for manufacturing similar small, polar, foreign molecules.
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