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Powell CJ, Kapeghian JC, Bernal JC, Foster JR. Hepatitis A Virus Infection in Cynomolgus Monkeys Confounds the Safety Evaluation of a Drug Candidate. Int J Toxicol 2024; 43:368-376. [PMID: 38501993 PMCID: PMC11155213 DOI: 10.1177/10915818241237992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
In a 3-month toxicity study in cynomolgus monkeys at a European contract laboratory, animals were infected with HAV, initially resulting in hepatic injury being incorrectly attributed to the test compound. Elevated serum ALT/AST/GLDH (5- to 10-fold) were noted in individual animals from all groups including controls, with no apparent dose, exposure, or time-related relationship. Liver histopathology revealed minimal to slight inflammatory cell accumulation in periportal zones of most animals, and minimal to slight hepatocyte degeneration/necrosis in 10/42 animals from all groups. As these findings were more pronounced in 6 drug-treated animals, including 2/6 in the low dose group, the draft report concluded: "treatment-related hepatotoxicity at all dose levels precluded determination of a NOAEL." However, the unusual pattern of hepatotoxicity suggested a factor other than drug exposure might have caused the hepatic effects. Therefore, snap-frozen liver samples were tested for hepatitis viruses using a PCR method. Tests for hepatitis B, C, and E virus were negative; however, 20/42 samples were positive for hepatitis A virus (HAV). Infection was strongly associated with increased serum ALT/GLDH, and/or hepatocyte degeneration/necrosis. Re-evaluation of the study in light of these data concluded that the hepatic injury was not drug-related. A subsequent 6-month toxicology study in HAV-vaccinated cynomolgus monkeys confirmed the absence of hepatotoxicity. Identification of HAV infection supported progression of the drug candidate into later clinical trials. Although rarely investigated, subclinical HAV infection has occasionally been reported in laboratory primates, including those used for toxicology studies and it may be more prevalent than the literature indicates.
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Abstract
Common marmosets are highly susceptible to several viral pathogens that exist as latent or subclinical infections in their natural reservoir hosts but cause severe disease or death when interspecies transmission occurs. Examples of such viruses in marmosets are herpes simplex virus infections, parainfluenza virus 1 infections, and measles acquired from humans, Saimiriine herpesvirus 1 infection after transmission from squirrel monkeys, and infections with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus originating from mice. Other relevant viral infections causing spontaneous disease in common marmoset colonies include cowpox virus infections and paramyxovirus saguinus infections. Callitrichine herpesvirus 3 is a newly recognized lymphocryptovirus that is associated with the development of intestinal lymphoproliferative disease in common marmosets. Most viral pathogens causing disease in common marmosets are potential zoonotic agents, and protective measures should be implemented when handling these small New World monkeys.
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Lowenstine LJ, McManamon R, Terio KA. Apes. PATHOLOGY OF WILDLIFE AND ZOO ANIMALS 2018. [PMCID: PMC7173580 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-805306-5.00015-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Viral seroprevalence in northern pig-tailed macaques (Macaca leonina) derived from Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. Primates 2016; 57:413-9. [PMID: 26993123 DOI: 10.1007/s10329-016-0531-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2015] [Accepted: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Non-human primates are natural virus reservoirs, whether wild or domestic. In this study, we determined the seroprevalence of common viruses by ELISA in a northern pig-tailed macaque (Macaca leonina) colony derived from Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. A total of 20 types of virus which are commonly selected as target microorganisms for specific-pathogen-free colonies, or which have zoonotic potential were included in this study. The results showed only 2 in 90 northern pig-tailed macaques were seronegative for all the detected viruses, and at least 16 out of the total 20 types of virus tested were prevalent in this colony, so these macaques were commonly infected by various viruses. These macaques should be carefully assessed for viral seroprevalence in order to prevent zoonotic diseases from being transferred to human beings.
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Svoboda WK, Soares MDCP, Alves MM, Rocha TC, Gomes EC, Menoncin F, Batista PM, Silva LRD, Headley SA, Hilst CLS, Aguiar LM, Ludwig G, Passos FDC, Souza JCD, Navarro IT. SEROLOGICAL DETECTION OF HEPATITIS A VIRUS IN FREE-RANGING NEOTROPICAL PRIMATES (Sapajus spp., Alouatta caraya) FROM THE PARANÁ RIVER BASIN, BRAZIL. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 2016; 58:9. [PMID: 26910453 PMCID: PMC4793950 DOI: 10.1590/s1678-994658009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2014] [Accepted: 05/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Nonhuman primates are considered as the natural hosts of Hepatitis A virus (HAV), as
well as other pathogens, and can serve as natural sentinels to investigate epizootics
and endemic diseases that are of public health importance. During this study, blood
samples were collected from 112 Neotropical primates (NTPs) (Sapajus nigritus and S.
cay, n = 75; Alouatta caraya, n = 37) trap-captured at the Paraná River basin,
Brazil, located between the States of Paraná and Mato Grosso do Sul. Anti-HAV IgG
antibodies were detected in 4.5% (5/112) of NTPs, specifically in 6.7% (5/75) of
Sapajus spp. and 0% (0/37) of A. caraya. In addition, all samples were negative for
the presence of IgM anti-HAV antibodies. These results suggest that free-ranging NTPs
were exposed to HAV within the geographical regions evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Paulo Mira Batista
- Secretaria de Estado de Saúde do Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brasil
| | | | - Selwyn Arlington Headley
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária e Preventiva e Clínica de Pequenos Animais, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Paraná, Brasil
| | - Carmen Lúcia Scortecci Hilst
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária e Preventiva e Clínica de Pequenos Animais, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Paraná, Brasil
| | - Lucas M Aguiar
- Universidade Federal da Integração Latino-Americana, Foz do Iguaçu, Paraná, Brasil
| | - Gabriela Ludwig
- Centro Nacional de Pesquisa e Conservação de Primatas Brasileiros, Instituto Chico Mendes de Conservação da Biodiversidade, João Pessoa, Paraíba, Brasil
| | | | | | - Italmar Teodorico Navarro
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária e Preventiva e Clínica de Pequenos Animais, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Paraná, Brasil
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Song YJ, Park WJ, Park BJ, Kwak SW, Kim YH, Lee JB, Park SY, Song CS, Lee SW, Seo KH, Kang YS, Park CK, Song JY, Choi IS. Experimental evidence of hepatitis A virus infection in pigs. J Med Virol 2015; 88:631-8. [PMID: 26381440 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.24386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis A virus (HAV) is the leading cause of acute viral hepatitis worldwide, with HAV infection being restricted to humans and nonhuman primates. In this study, HAV infection status was serologically determined in domestic pigs and experimental infections of HAV were attempted to verify HAV infectivity in pigs. Antibodies specific to HAV or HAV-like agents were detected in 3.5% of serum samples collected from pigs in swine farms. When the pigs were infected intravenously with 2 × 10(5) 50% tissue culture infectious dose (TCID50 ) of HAV, shedding of the virus in feces, viremia, and seroconversion were detected. In pigs orally infected with the same quantity of HAV, viral shedding was detected only in feces. HAV genomic RNA was detected in the liver and bile of intravenously infected pigs, but only in the bile of orally infected pigs. In further experiments, pigs were intravenously infected with 6 × 10(5) TCID50 of HAV. Shedding of HAV in feces, along with viremia and seroconversion, were confirmed in infected pigs but not in sentinel pigs. HAV genomic RNA was detected in the liver, bile, spleen, lymph node, and kidney of the infected pigs. HAV antigenomic RNA was detected in the spleen of one HAV-infected pig, suggesting HAV replication in splenic cells. Infiltration of inflammatory cells was observed in the livers of infected pigs but not in controls. This is the first experimental evidence to demonstrate that human HAV strains can infect pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Jo Song
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Woo-Jung Park
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Byung-Joo Park
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sang-Woo Kwak
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yong-Hyeon Kim
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Joong-Bok Lee
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seung-Yong Park
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Chang-Seon Song
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sang-Won Lee
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kun-Ho Seo
- Department of Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Young-Sun Kang
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Choi-Kyu Park
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
| | - Jae-Young Song
- Viral Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Anyang, Korea
| | - In-Soo Choi
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
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Abstract
Describing the viral diversity of wildlife can provide interesting and useful insights into the natural history of established human pathogens. In this study, we describe a previously unknown picornavirus in harbor seals (tentatively named phopivirus) that is related to human hepatitis A virus (HAV). We show that phopivirus shares several genetic and phenotypic characteristics with HAV, including phylogenetic relatedness across the genome, a specific and seemingly quiescent tropism for hepatocytes, structural conservation in a key functional region of the type III internal ribosomal entry site (IRES), and a codon usage bias consistent with that of HAV. Hepatitis A virus (HAV) is an important viral hepatitis in humans because of the substantial number of cases each year in regions with low socioeconomic status. The origin of HAV is unknown, and no nonprimate HAV-like viruses have been described. Here, we describe the discovery of an HAV-like virus in seals. This finding suggests that the diversity and evolutionary history of these viruses might be far greater than previously thought and may provide insight into the origin and pathogenicity of HAV.
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Theamboonlers A, Abe K, Thongmee C, Poovorawan Y. Complete coding sequence and molecular analysis of hepatitis A virus from a chimpanzee with fulminant hepatitis. J Med Primatol 2011; 41:11-7. [PMID: 22017331 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0684.2011.00515.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatitis A virus (HAV) infects both humans and non-human primates, in experimentally infected chimpanzees is typically milder than in humans. In 1982, Abe and Shikata reported a first case of a chimpanzee with fulminant hepatitis caused by spontaneous HAV infection, and the underlying mechanisms of the disease remain unknown. METHODS To characterize denoted CFH-HAV, we conducted cloning and near full-length sequence analysis. RESULTS Phylogenetic analyses of VP1-2A and complete sequence comparison between various genotypes and the sample sequence showed clustering in genotype IB. Based on BLAST analysis, the sequence was most closely related to the wild-type (HM175/WT) isolate. Amino acid and nucleic acid similarities were 99.8% and 94.41%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS The chimpanzee may have been infected with human HAV genotype IB. The substitutions in VP2, VP4, 2B, 2C, and 3D, which may enhance virus proliferation, contributed to disease severity culminating in fulminant hepatic failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Apiradee Theamboonlers
- Centre of Excellence in Clinical Virology, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University and King Memorial Hospital, Thai Red Cross Society, Bangkok, Thailand
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Sulbaran Y, Bonilla J, Gutierrez G, Pernalete JM, Pujol FH. Low prevalence of hepatitis A virus infection among autochthonous populations of New World non-human primates. J Med Primatol 2011; 41:71-3. [PMID: 21967448 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0684.2011.00519.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yoneira Sulbaran
- Laboratorio de Virología Molecular, CMBC, IVIC, Caracas, Venezuela
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