1
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Radman BA, Alhameed AMM, Shu G, Yin G, Wang M. Cellular elasticity in cancer: a review of altered biomechanical features. J Mater Chem B 2024; 12:5299-5324. [PMID: 38742281 DOI: 10.1039/d4tb00328d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
A large number of studies have shown that changes in biomechanical characteristics are an important indicator of tumor transformation in normal cells. Elastic deformation is one of the more studied biomechanical features of tumor cells, which plays an important role in tumourigenesis and development. Altered cell elasticity often brings many indications. This manuscript reviews the effects of altered cellular elasticity on cell characteristics, including adhesion viscosity, migration, proliferation, and differentiation elasticity and stiffness. Also, the physical factors that may affect cell elasticity, such as temperature, cell height, cell-viscosity, and aging, are summarized. Then, the effects of cell-matrix, cytoskeleton, in vitro culture medium, and cell-substrate with different three-dimensional structures on cell elasticity during cell tumorigenesis are outlined. Importantly, we summarize the current signaling pathways that may affect cellular elasticity, as well as tests for cellular elastic deformation. Finally, we summarize current hybrid materials: polymer-polymer, protein-protein, and protein-polymer hybrids, also, nano-delivery strategies that target cellular resilience and cases that are at least in clinical phase 1 trials. Overall, the behavior of cancer cell elasticity is modulated by biological, chemical, and physical changes, which in turn have the potential to alter cellular elasticity, and this may be an encouraging prediction for the future discovery of cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bakeel A Radman
- Department of Pathology, Xiangya Hospital, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China.
- Department of Biology, College of Science and Education, Albaydha University, Yemen
| | | | - Guang Shu
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, China
- China-Africa Research Center of Infectious Diseases, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, China
| | - Gang Yin
- Department of Pathology, Xiangya Hospital, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China.
| | - Maonan Wang
- Department of Pathology, Xiangya Hospital, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China.
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2
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Bontempi M, Marchiori G, Petretta M, Capozza R, Grigolo B, Giavaresi G, Gambardella A. Nanomechanical Mapping of Three Dimensionally Printed Poly-ε-Caprolactone Single Microfibers at the Cell Scale for Bone Tissue Engineering Applications. Biomimetics (Basel) 2023; 8:617. [PMID: 38132556 PMCID: PMC10742115 DOI: 10.3390/biomimetics8080617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Revised: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Poly-ε-caprolactone (PCL) has been widely used in additive manufacturing for the construction of scaffolds for bone tissue engineering. However, its use is limited by its lack of bioactivity and inability to induce cell adhesion, hence limiting bone tissue regeneration. Biomimicry is strongly influenced by the dynamics of cell-substrate interaction. Thus, characterizing scaffolds at the cell scale could help to better understand the relationship between surface mechanics and biological response. We conducted atomic force microscopy-based nanoindentation on 3D-printed PCL fibers of ~300 µm thickness and mapped the near-surface Young's modulus at loading forces below 50 nN. In this non-disruptive regime, force mapping did not show clear patterns in the spatial distribution of moduli or a relationship with the topographic asperities within a given region. Remarkably, we found that the average modulus increased linearly with the logarithm of the strain rate. Finally, a dependence of the moduli on the history of nanoindentation was demonstrated on locations of repeated nanoindentations, likely due to creep phenomena capable of hindering viscoelasticity. Our findings can contribute to the rational design of scaffolds for bone regeneration that are capable of inducing cell adhesion and proliferation. The methodologies described are potentially applicable to various tissue-engineered biopolymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Bontempi
- Scienze e Tecnologie Chirurgiche, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Via di Barbiano 1/10, 40136 Bologna, Italy; (M.B.); (G.M.); (G.G.)
| | - Gregorio Marchiori
- Scienze e Tecnologie Chirurgiche, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Via di Barbiano 1/10, 40136 Bologna, Italy; (M.B.); (G.M.); (G.G.)
| | - Mauro Petretta
- REGENHU SA, Z.I Du Vivier 22, CH-1690 Villaz-St-Pierre, Switzerland;
| | - Rosario Capozza
- School of Engineering, Institute for Bioengineering, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3DW, UK;
| | - Brunella Grigolo
- Laboratorio RAMSES, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Via di Barbiano 1/10, 40136 Bologna, Italy;
| | - Gianluca Giavaresi
- Scienze e Tecnologie Chirurgiche, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Via di Barbiano 1/10, 40136 Bologna, Italy; (M.B.); (G.M.); (G.G.)
| | - Alessandro Gambardella
- Scienze e Tecnologie Chirurgiche, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Via di Barbiano 1/10, 40136 Bologna, Italy; (M.B.); (G.M.); (G.G.)
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3
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Chin SM, Unnold-Cofre C, Naismith T, Jansen S. The actin-bundling protein, PLS3, is part of the mechanoresponsive machinery that regulates osteoblast mineralization. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1141738. [PMID: 38089885 PMCID: PMC10711096 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1141738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Plastin-3 (PLS3) is a calcium-sensitive actin-bundling protein that has recently been linked to the development of childhood-onset osteoporosis. Clinical data suggest that PLS3 mutations lead to a defect in osteoblast function, however the underlying mechanism remains elusive. To investigate the role of PLS3 in bone mineralization, we generated MC3T3-E1 preosteoblast cells that are stably depleted of PLS3. Analysis of osteogenic differentiation of control and PLS3 knockdown (PLS3 KD) cells showed that depletion of PLS3 does not alter the first stage of osteoblast mineralization in which a collagen matrix is deposited, but severely affects the subsequent mineralization of that matrix. During this phase, osteoblasts heavily rely on mechanosensitive signaling pathways to sustain mineral deposition in response to increasing stiffness of the extracellular matrix (ECM). PLS3 prominently localizes to focal adhesions (FAs), which are intricately linked to mechanosensation. In line with this, we observed that depletion of PLS3 rendered osteoblasts unresponsive to changes in ECM stiffness and showed the same cell size, FA lengths and number of FAs when plated on soft (6 kPa) versus stiff (100 kPa) substrates in contrast to control cells, which showed an increased in each of these parameters when plated on 100 kPa substrates. Defective cell spreading of PLS3 KD cells on stiff substrates could be rescued by expression of wildtype PLS3, but not by expression of three PLS3 mutations that were identified in patients with early onset osteoporosis and that have aberrant actin-bundling activity. Altogether, our results show that actin-bundling by PLS3 is part of the mechanosensitive mechanism that promotes osteoblast mineralization and thus begins to elucidate how PLS3 contributes to the development of bone defects such as osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Silvia Jansen
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University in St. Louis, Saint Louis, MO, United States
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Vis MAM, Zhao F, Bodelier ESR, Bood CM, Bulsink J, van Doeselaar M, Amirabadi HE, Ito K, Hofmann S. Osteogenesis and osteoclastogenesis on a chip: Engineering a self-assembling 3D coculture. Bone 2023; 173:116812. [PMID: 37236415 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2023.116812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Revised: 05/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Healthy bone is maintained by the process of bone remodeling. An unbalance in this process can lead to pathologies such as osteoporosis which are often studied with animal models. However, data from animals have limited power in predicting the results that will be obtained in human clinical trials. In search for alternatives to animal models, human in vitro models are emerging as they address the principle of reduction, refinement, and replacement of animal experiments (3Rs). At the moment, no complete in vitro model for bone-remodeling exists. Microfluidic chips offer great possibilities, particularly because of the dynamic culture options, which are crucial for in vitro bone formation. In this study, a scaffold free, fully human, 3D microfluidic coculture model of bone remodeling is presented. A bone-on-a-chip coculture system was developed in which human mesenchymal stromal cells differentiated into the osteoblastic lineage and self-assembled into scaffold free bone-like tissues with the shape and dimensions of human trabeculae. Human monocytes were able to attach to these tissues and to fuse into multinucleated osteoclast-like cells, establishing the coculture. Computational modeling was used to determine the fluid flow induced shear stress and strain in the formed tissue. Furthermore, a set-up was developed allowing for long-term (35 days) on-chip cell culture with benefits including continuous fluid-flow, low bubble formation risk, easy culture medium exchange inside the incubator and live cell imaging options. This on-chip coculture is a crucial advance towards developing in vitro bone remodeling models to facilitate drug testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A M Vis
- Orthopaedic Biomechanics, Department of Biomedical Engineering and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS), Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, Netherlands.
| | - F Zhao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Zienkiewicz Centre for Computational Engineering, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Swansea University, Swansea, United Kingdom
| | - E S R Bodelier
- Orthopaedic Biomechanics, Department of Biomedical Engineering and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS), Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, Netherlands
| | - C M Bood
- Orthopaedic Biomechanics, Department of Biomedical Engineering and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS), Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, Netherlands
| | - J Bulsink
- Orthopaedic Biomechanics, Department of Biomedical Engineering and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS), Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, Netherlands
| | - M van Doeselaar
- Orthopaedic Biomechanics, Department of Biomedical Engineering and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS), Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, Netherlands
| | | | - K Ito
- Orthopaedic Biomechanics, Department of Biomedical Engineering and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS), Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, Netherlands
| | - S Hofmann
- Orthopaedic Biomechanics, Department of Biomedical Engineering and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS), Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, Netherlands
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5
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McCreery KP, Luetkemeyer CM, Calve S, Neu CP. Hyperelastic characterization reveals proteoglycans drive the nanoscale strain-stiffening response in hyaline cartilage. J Biomech 2023; 146:111397. [PMID: 36469996 PMCID: PMC9922104 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2022.111397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Revised: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Degenerative diseases such as osteoarthritis (OA) result in deterioration of cartilage extracellular matrix (ECM) components, significantly compromising tissue function. For measurement of mechanical properties at micron resolution, atomic force microscopy (AFM) is a leading technique in biomaterials research, including in the study of OA. It is common practice to determine material properties by applying classical Hertzian contact theory to AFM data. However, errors are consequential because the application of a linear elastic contact model to tissue ignores the fact that soft materials exhibit nonlinear properties even at small strains, influencing the biological conclusions of clinically-relevant studies. Additionally, nonlinear material properties are not well characterized, limiting physiological relevance of Young's modulus. Here, we probe the ECM of hyaline cartilage with AFM and explore the application of Hertzian theory in comparison to five hyperelastic models: NeoHookean, Mooney-Rivlin, Arruda-Boyce, Fung, and Ogden. The Fung and Ogden models achieved the best fits of the data, but the Fung model demonstrated robust sensitivity during model validation, demonstrating its ideal application to cartilage ECM and potentially other connective tissues. To develop a biological understanding of the Fung nonlinear parameter, we selectively degraded ECM components to target collagens (purified collagenase), hyaluronan (bacterial hyaluronidase), and glycosaminoglycans (chondroitinase ABC). We found significant differences in both Fung parameters in response to enzymatic treatment, indicating that proteoglycans drive the nonlinear response of cartilage ECM, and validating biological relevance of these phenomenological parameters. Our findings add value to the biomechanics community of using two-parameter material models for microindentation of soft biomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaitlin P McCreery
- Paul M. Rady Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA; Biomedical Engineering Program, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Callan M Luetkemeyer
- Paul M. Rady Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA.
| | - Sarah Calve
- Paul M. Rady Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA; Biomedical Engineering Program, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Corey P Neu
- Paul M. Rady Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA; Biomedical Engineering Program, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA.
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6
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Rothermel TM, Cook BL, Alford PW. Cellular Microbiaxial Stretching Assay for Measurement and Characterization of the Anisotropic Mechanical Properties of Micropatterned Cells. Curr Protoc 2022; 2:e370. [PMID: 35195953 DOI: 10.1002/cpz1.370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Characterizing the mechanical properties of single cells is important for developing descriptive models of tissue mechanics and improving the understanding of mechanically driven cell processes. Standard methods for measuring single-cell mechanical properties typically provide isotropic mechanical descriptions. However, many cells exhibit specialized geometries in vivo, with anisotropic cytoskeletal architectures reflective of their function, and are exposed to dynamic multiaxial loads, raising the need for more complete descriptions of their anisotropic mechanical properties under complex deformations. Here, we describe the cellular microbiaxial stretching (CμBS) assay in which controlled deformations are applied to micropatterned cells while simultaneously measuring cell stress. CμBS utilizes a set of linear actuators to apply tensile or compressive, short- or long-term deformations to cells micropatterned on a fluorescent bead-doped polyacrylamide gel. Using traction force microscopy principles and the known geometry of the cell and the mechanical properties of the underlying gel, we calculate the stress within the cell to formulate stress-strain curves that can be further used to create mechanical descriptions of the cells, such as strain energy density functions. © 2022 Wiley Periodicals LLC. Basic Protocol 1: Assembly of CμBS stretching constructs Basic Protocol 2: Polymerization of micropatterned, bead-doped polyacrylamide gel on an elastomer membrane Support Protocol: Cell culture and seeding onto CμBS constructs Basic Protocol 3: Implementing CμBS stretching protocols and traction force microscopy Basic Protocol 4: Data analysis and cell stress measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taylor M Rothermel
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Bernard L Cook
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Patrick W Alford
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
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7
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Le PH, Nguyen DHK, Medina AA, Linklater DP, Loebbe C, Crawford RJ, MacLaughlin S, Ivanova EP. Surface Architecture Influences the Rigidity of Candida albicans Cells. NANOMATERIALS 2022; 12:nano12030567. [PMID: 35159912 PMCID: PMC8840568 DOI: 10.3390/nano12030567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 01/29/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Atomic force microscopy (AFM) was used to investigate the morphology and rigidity of the opportunistic pathogenic yeast, Candida albicans ATCC 10231, during its attachment to surfaces of three levels of nanoscale surface roughness. Non-polished titanium (npTi), polished titanium (pTi), and glass with respective average surface roughness (Sa) values of 389 nm, 14 nm, and 2 nm, kurtosis (Skur) values of 4, 16, and 4, and skewness (Sskw) values of 1, 4, and 1 were used as representative examples of each type of nanoarchitecture. Thus, npTi and glass surfaces exhibited similar Sskw and Skur values but highly disparate Sa. C. albicans cells that had attached to the pTi surfaces exhibited a twofold increase in rigidity of 364 kPa compared to those yeast cells attached to the surfaces of npTi (164 kPa) and glass (185 kPa). The increased rigidity of the C. albicans cells on pTi was accompanied by a distinct round morphology, condensed F-actin distribution, lack of cortical actin patches, and the negligible production of cell-associated polymeric substances; however, an elevated production of loose extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) was observed. The differences in the physical response of C. albicans cells attached to the three surfaces suggested that the surface nanoarchitecture (characterized by skewness and kurtosis), rather than average surface roughness, could directly influence the rigidity of the C. albicans cells. This work contributes to the next-generation design of antifungal surfaces by exploiting surface architecture to control the extent of biofilm formation undertaken by yeast pathogens and highlights the importance of performing a detailed surface roughness characterization in order to identify and discriminate between the surface characteristics that may influence the extent of cell attachment and the subsequent behavior of the attached cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phuc H. Le
- STEM College, School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia; (P.H.L.); (D.H.K.N.); (A.A.M.); (D.P.L.); (R.J.C.)
- ARC Research Hub for Australian Steel Manufacturing, STEM College, School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Duy H. K. Nguyen
- STEM College, School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia; (P.H.L.); (D.H.K.N.); (A.A.M.); (D.P.L.); (R.J.C.)
| | - Arturo Aburto Medina
- STEM College, School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia; (P.H.L.); (D.H.K.N.); (A.A.M.); (D.P.L.); (R.J.C.)
- ARC Research Hub for Australian Steel Manufacturing, STEM College, School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Denver P. Linklater
- STEM College, School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia; (P.H.L.); (D.H.K.N.); (A.A.M.); (D.P.L.); (R.J.C.)
| | | | - Russell J. Crawford
- STEM College, School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia; (P.H.L.); (D.H.K.N.); (A.A.M.); (D.P.L.); (R.J.C.)
| | | | - Elena P. Ivanova
- STEM College, School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia; (P.H.L.); (D.H.K.N.); (A.A.M.); (D.P.L.); (R.J.C.)
- Correspondence:
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8
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Browning AP, Maclaren OJ, Buenzli PR, Lanaro M, Allenby MC, Woodruff MA, Simpson MJ. Model-based data analysis of tissue growth in thin 3D printed scaffolds. J Theor Biol 2021; 528:110852. [PMID: 34358535 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2021.110852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Revised: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Tissue growth in three-dimensional (3D) printed scaffolds enables exploration and control of cell behaviour in more biologically realistic geometries than that allowed by traditional 2D cell culture. Cell proliferation and migration in these experiments have yet to be explicitly characterised, limiting the ability of experimentalists to determine the effects of various experimental conditions, such as scaffold geometry, on cell behaviour. We consider tissue growth by osteoblastic cells in melt electro-written scaffolds that comprise thin square pores with sizes that were deliberately increased between experiments. We collect highly detailed temporal measurements of the average cell density, tissue coverage, and tissue geometry. To quantify tissue growth in terms of the underlying cell proliferation and migration processes, we introduce and calibrate a mechanistic mathematical model based on the Porous-Fisher reaction-diffusion equation. Parameter estimates and uncertainty quantification through profile likelihood analysis reveal consistency in the rate of cell proliferation and steady-state cell density between pore sizes. This analysis also serves as an important model verification tool: while the use of reaction-diffusion models in biology is widespread, the appropriateness of these models to describe tissue growth in 3D scaffolds has yet to be explored. We find that the Porous-Fisher model is able to capture features relating to the cell density and tissue coverage, but is not able to capture geometric features relating to the circularity of the tissue interface. Our analysis identifies two distinct stages of tissue growth, suggests several areas for model refinement, and provides guidance for future experimental work that explores tissue growth in 3D printed scaffolds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander P Browning
- School of Mathematical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia; ARC Centre of Excellence for Mathematical and Statistical Frontiers, QUT, Australia.
| | - Oliver J Maclaren
- Department of Engineering Science, University of Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Pascal R Buenzli
- School of Mathematical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Matthew Lanaro
- School of Mechanical, Medical & Process Engineering, Centre for Biomedical Technologies, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Mark C Allenby
- School of Mechanical, Medical & Process Engineering, Centre for Biomedical Technologies, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Maria A Woodruff
- School of Mechanical, Medical & Process Engineering, Centre for Biomedical Technologies, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Matthew J Simpson
- School of Mathematical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia; ARC Centre of Excellence for Mathematical and Statistical Frontiers, QUT, Australia
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Dey K, Roca E, Ramorino G, Sartore L. Progress in the mechanical modulation of cell functions in tissue engineering. Biomater Sci 2021; 8:7033-7081. [PMID: 33150878 DOI: 10.1039/d0bm01255f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
In mammals, mechanics at multiple stages-nucleus to cell to ECM-underlie multiple physiological and pathological functions from its development to reproduction to death. Under this inspiration, substantial research has established the role of multiple aspects of mechanics in regulating fundamental cellular processes, including spreading, migration, growth, proliferation, and differentiation. However, our understanding of how these mechanical mechanisms are orchestrated or tuned at different stages to maintain or restore the healthy environment at the tissue or organ level remains largely a mystery. Over the past few decades, research in the mechanical manipulation of the surrounding environment-known as substrate or matrix or scaffold on which, or within which, cells are seeded-has been exceptionally enriched in the field of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. To do so, traditional tissue engineering aims at recapitulating key mechanical milestones of native ECM into a substrate for guiding the cell fate and functions towards specific tissue regeneration. Despite tremendous progress, a big puzzle that remains is how the cells compute a host of mechanical cues, such as stiffness (elasticity), viscoelasticity, plasticity, non-linear elasticity, anisotropy, mechanical forces, and mechanical memory, into many biological functions in a cooperative, controlled, and safe manner. High throughput understanding of key cellular decisions as well as associated mechanosensitive downstream signaling pathway(s) for executing these decisions in response to mechanical cues, solo or combined, is essential to address this issue. While many reports have been made towards the progress and understanding of mechanical cues-particularly, substrate bulk stiffness and viscoelasticity-in regulating the cellular responses, a complete picture of mechanical cues is lacking. This review highlights a comprehensive view on the mechanical cues that are linked to modulate many cellular functions and consequent tissue functionality. For a very basic understanding, a brief discussion of the key mechanical players of ECM and the principle of mechanotransduction process is outlined. In addition, this review gathers together the most important data on the stiffness of various cells and ECM components as well as various tissues/organs and proposes an associated link from the mechanical perspective that is not yet reported. Finally, beyond addressing the challenges involved in tuning the interplaying mechanical cues in an independent manner, emerging advances in designing biomaterials for tissue engineering are also explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamol Dey
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Science, University of Chittagong, Bangladesh
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Sharma A, Goring A, Staines KA, Emery RJ, Pitsillides AA, Oreffo RO, Mahajan S, Clarkin CE. Raman spectroscopy links differentiating osteoblast matrix signatures to pro-angiogenic potential. Matrix Biol Plus 2020; 5:100018. [PMID: 33543015 PMCID: PMC7852201 DOI: 10.1016/j.mbplus.2019.100018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2019] [Revised: 08/21/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Mineralization of bone is achieved by the sequential maturation of the immature amorphous calcium phase to mature hydroxyapatite (HA) and is central in the process of bone development and repair. To study normal and dysregulated mineralization in vitro, substrates are often coated with poly-l-lysine (PLL) which facilitates cell attachment. This study has used Raman spectroscopy to investigate the effect of PLL coating on osteoblast (OB) matrix composition during differentiation, with a focus on collagen specific proline and hydroxyproline and precursors of HA. Deconvolution analysis of murine derived long bone OB Raman spectra revealed collagen species were 4.01-fold higher in OBs grown on PLL. Further, an increase of 1.91-fold in immature mineral species (amorphous calcium phosphate) was coupled with a 9.32-fold reduction in mature mineral species (carbonated apatite) on PLL versus controls. These unique low mineral signatures identified in OBs were linked with reduced alkaline phosphatase enzymatic activity, reduced Alizarin Red staining and altered osteogenic gene expression. The promotion of immature mineral species and restriction of mature mineral species of OB grown on PLL were linked to increased cell viability and pro-angiogenic vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) production. These results demonstrate the utility of Raman spectroscopy to link distinct matrix signatures with OB maturation and VEGF release. Importantly, Raman spectroscopy could provide a label-free approach to clinically assess the angiogenic potential of bone during fracture repair or degenerative bone loss.
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Key Words
- ACP, amorphous calcium phosphate
- ALP, tissue non-specific alkaline phosphatase
- CAP, carbonated apatite
- CCEC, collagenase-collagenase-EDTA-collagenase
- ECM, extracellular matrix
- HA, hydroxyapatite
- HBSS, Hank's balanced salt solution
- MV, matrix vesicles
- OB, osteoblast
- OCP, octacalcium phosphate
- Osteoblast mineralization
- PCA, principle component analysis
- PLL, poly-l-lysine
- Poly-l-lysine
- RT-qPCR, reverse transcription-quantiative PCR
- Raman spectroscopy
- VEGF
- VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor
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Affiliation(s)
- Aikta Sharma
- School of Biological Sciences, Highfield Campus, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Alice Goring
- School of Biological Sciences, Highfield Campus, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Katherine A. Staines
- School of Applied Sciences, Sighthill Campus, Edinburgh Napier University, Edinburgh, EH11 4BN, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Roger J.H. Emery
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, St Mary's Campus, Imperial College London, London, W2 1PG, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Andrew A. Pitsillides
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, London, NW1 0TU, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Richard O.C. Oreffo
- Centre for Human Development, Stem Cell and Regeneration, Institute of Developmental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, SO16 6YD, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Sumeet Mahajan
- School of Chemistry and Institute for Life Sciences, Highfield Campus, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Claire E. Clarkin
- School of Biological Sciences, Highfield Campus, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
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Effects of Encapsulated Cells on the Physical-Mechanical Properties and Microstructure of Gelatin Methacrylate Hydrogels. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20205061. [PMID: 31614713 PMCID: PMC6834176 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20205061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Revised: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Gelatin methacrylate (GelMA) has been gaining popularity in recent years as a photo-crosslinkable biomaterial widely used in a variety of bioprinting and tissue engineering applications. Several studies have established the effects of process-based and material-based parameters on the physical–mechanical properties and microstructure of GelMA hydrogels. However, the effect of encapsulated cells on the physical–mechanical properties and microstructure of GelMA hydrogels has not been fully understood. In this study, 3T3 fibroblasts were encapsulated at different cell densities within the GelMA hydrogels and incubated over 96 h. The effects of encapsulated cells were investigated in terms of mechanical properties (tensile modulus and strength), physical properties (swelling and degradation), and microstructure (pore size). Cell viability was also evaluated to confirm that most cells were alive during the incubation. It was found that with an increase in cell density, the mechanical properties decreased, while the degradation and the pore size increased.
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12
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Dasbiswas K, Hu S, Bershadsky AD, Safran SA. Registry Kinetics of Myosin Motor Stacks Driven by Mechanical Force-Induced Actin Turnover. Biophys J 2019; 117:856-866. [PMID: 31427069 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2019.07.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Revised: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Actin filaments associated with myosin motors constitute the cytoskeletal force-generating machinery for many types of adherent cells. These actomyosin units are structurally ordered in muscle cells and, in particular, may be spatially registered across neighboring actin bundles. Such registry or stacking of myosin filaments have been recently observed in ordered actin bundles of even fibroblasts with super-resolution microscopy techniques. We introduce here a model for the dynamics of stacking arising from long-range mechanical interactions between actomyosin units through mutual contractile deformations of the intervening cytoskeletal network. The dynamics of registry involve two key processes: 1) polymerization and depolymerization of actin filaments and 2) remodeling of cross-linker-rich actin adhesion zones, both of which are, in principle, mechanosensitive. By calculating the elastic forces that drive registry and their effect on actin polymerization rates, we estimate a characteristic timescale of tens of minutes for registry to be established, in agreement with experimentally observed timescales for individual kinetic processes involved in myosin stack formation, which we track and quantify. This model elucidates the role of actin turnover dynamics in myosin stacking and explains the loss of stacks seen when actin assembly or disassembly and cross-linking is experimentally disrupted in fibroblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kinjal Dasbiswas
- Department of Physics, University of California, Merced, California.
| | - Shiqiong Hu
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Alexander D Bershadsky
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore; Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Samuel A Safran
- Department of Chemical and Biological Physics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
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13
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Liu J, Han Y, Hua W, Wang Y, You G, Li P, Liao F, Zhao L, Ding Y. Improved flowing behaviour and gas exchange of stored red blood cells by a compound porous structure. ARTIFICIAL CELLS NANOMEDICINE AND BIOTECHNOLOGY 2019; 47:1888-1897. [PMID: 31072140 DOI: 10.1080/21691401.2019.1614018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Storage lesions in red blood cells (RBCs) hinder efficient circulation and tissue oxygenation. The absence of flow mechanics and gas exchange may contribute to this problem. To test if in vitro compensation of flow mechanics and gas exchange helps RBC recovery, three-dimensional polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) porous structures were fabricated with a sugar mould, simulating lung alveoli. RBC suspensions were passed through the porous structure cyclically, simulating in vivo blood circulation. Acid-base indices, partial gas pressures, ions, glucose and RBC indices were analyzed. An atomic force microscope was used to investigate local mechanical properties of intact RBCs. RBCs suspensions that passed through the porous structures had a higher pH and oxygen partial pressure, and a lower potassium concentration and carbon dioxide partial pressure. Meantime they had better biochemical properties relative to static samples, namely, they exhibited a more homogenous distribution of Young's Modulus. RBCs that passed through a PDMS porous structure were healthier than static ones, giving hints to prevent RBC storage lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Liu
- a College of Life Sciences , University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing , P. R. China
| | - Yusu Han
- b Chinese Medical College , Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine , Tianjin , P. R. China
| | - Wenda Hua
- c National Centre for Nanoscience and Technology , Beijing , P. R. China
| | - Ying Wang
- d Institute of Health Service and Transfusion Medicine, Beijing Key Laboratory of Blood Safety and Supply Technologies , Academy of Military Medical Sciences , Beijing , P. R. China
| | - Guoxing You
- d Institute of Health Service and Transfusion Medicine, Beijing Key Laboratory of Blood Safety and Supply Technologies , Academy of Military Medical Sciences , Beijing , P. R. China
| | - Penglong Li
- d Institute of Health Service and Transfusion Medicine, Beijing Key Laboratory of Blood Safety and Supply Technologies , Academy of Military Medical Sciences , Beijing , P. R. China
| | - Fulong Liao
- c National Centre for Nanoscience and Technology , Beijing , P. R. China
| | - Lian Zhao
- d Institute of Health Service and Transfusion Medicine, Beijing Key Laboratory of Blood Safety and Supply Technologies , Academy of Military Medical Sciences , Beijing , P. R. China
| | - Yongsheng Ding
- a College of Life Sciences , University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing , P. R. China
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14
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Lee T. Mechanical and Mechanosensing Properties of Tumor Affected Bone Cells Were Inhibited via PI3K/Akt Pathway. J Bone Metab 2019; 26:179-191. [PMID: 31555615 PMCID: PMC6746668 DOI: 10.11005/jbm.2019.26.3.179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Revised: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 08/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Osteolytic metastasis is a common destructive form of metastasis, in which there is an increased bone resorption but impaired bone formation. It is hypothesized that the changed mechanical properties of tumor affected bone cells could inhibit its mechanosensing, thus contributing to differences in bone remodeling. Methods Here, atomic force microscopy indentation on primary bone cells exposed to 50% conditioned medium from Walker 256 (W) carcinoma cell line or its adaptive tumor (T) cells was carried out. Nitric oxide levels of bone cells were monitored in response to low-magnitude, high-frequency (LMHF) vibrations. Results A stronger sustained inhibitive effect on bone cell viability and differentiation by T cells as compared to that of its cell line was demonstrated. This could be attributed to the higher levels of transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) in the T-conditioned medium as compared to W-conditioned medium. Bone cell elastic moduli in W and T-groups were found to decrease significantly by 61.0% and 69.6%, respectively compared to control and corresponded to filamentous actin changes. Nitric oxide responses were significantly inhibited in T-conditioned group but not in W-conditioned group. Conclusions It implied that a change in cell mechanical properties is not sufficient as an indicator of change in mechanosensing ability. Moreover, inhibition of phosphoinositide 3-kinase/Akt downstream signaling pathway of TGF-β1 alleviated the inhibition effects on mechanosensing in T-conditioned cells, further suggesting that growth factors such as TGF-β could be good therapeutic targets for osteoblast treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taeyong Lee
- Division of Mechanical and Biomedical Engineering, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Korea
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15
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Wu Y, Cooper KM. Elastic modulus of Dictyostelium is affected by mechanotransduction. J Biol Phys 2019; 45:293-305. [PMID: 31363883 DOI: 10.1007/s10867-019-09529-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The stiffness of adherent mammalian cells is regulated by the elasticity of substrates due to mechanotransduction via integrin-based focal adhesions. Dictyostelium discoideum is an ameboid protozoan model organism that does not carry genes for classical integrin and can adhere to substrates without forming focal adhesions. It also has a life cycle that naturally includes both single-cellular and multicellular life forms. In this article, we report the measurements of the elastic modulus of single cells on varied substrate stiffnesses and the elastic modulus of the multicellular "slug" using atomic force microscopy (AFM) as a microindenter/force transducer. The results show that the elastic modulus of the Dictyostelium cell is regulated by the stiffness of the substrate and its surrounding cells, which is similar to the mechanotransduction behavior of mammalian cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Wu
- Department of Engineering Physics, University of Wisconsin-Platteville, 1 University Plaza, Platteville, WI, 53818, USA
| | - Kate M Cooper
- Department of Biology, Loras College, 1450 Alta Vista Street, Dubuque, IA, 52001, USA.
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16
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Yu C, Xing M, Sun S, Guan G, Wang L. In vitro evaluation of vascular endothelial cell behaviors on biomimetic vascular basement membranes. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2019; 182:110381. [PMID: 31351274 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2019.110381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Revised: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Vascular basement membrane (VBM) is a thin layer of fibrous extracellular matrix linking endothelium, and collagen type IV (COL IV) is its main composition. VBM plays a crucial role in anchoring down the endothelium to its loose connective tissue underneath. For vascular grafts, constructing biomimetic VBMs on the luminal surface is thus an effective approach to improve endothelialization in situ. In the present work, three types of polycaprolactone (PCL) membranes were produced and characterized through cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8) assay, adhesion force and elastic modulus test to examine the influence of fiber diameter and membrane composition on vascular endothelial cell (EC) behaviors. The PCL membranes with finer fibers of 54.77 nm (PCL-54) could biomimic the nanotopography of VBMs more efficiently than 544.64 nm (PCL-544), and they were more suitable for Pig iliac endothelium cells (PIECs) adhesion and proliferation, meanwhile, inducing higher elastic modulus and adhesion force of PIECs. On this foundation, we further immobilized COL IV onto PCL-54 (PCL-COL IV) to biomimic VBMs compositionally. Results showed that PIECs on PCL-COL IV exhibited the highest viability and proliferation. Besides, quantitative data indicated that the elastic modulus of the PIECs on PCL-COL IV (4441.00 Pa) was as two times higher than that on PCL-54 (2312.26 Pa), and the adhesion force grew to 1120.99 pN from 673.58 pN of PIECs on PCL-54. In summary, the PCL-COL IV membranes show high similarity with the native VBMs in terms of structure and composition, suggesting a promising potential for surface modification to vascular grafts for improved endothelialization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenglong Yu
- Engineering Research Center of Technical Textile, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Textile Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Textile Industry for Biomedical Textile materials and Technology, College of Textiles, Donghua University, 2999 North Renmin Road, Shanghai, 201620, China
| | - Meiyi Xing
- Engineering Research Center of Technical Textile, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Textile Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Textile Industry for Biomedical Textile materials and Technology, College of Textiles, Donghua University, 2999 North Renmin Road, Shanghai, 201620, China
| | - Shibo Sun
- Engineering Research Center of Technical Textile, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Textile Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Textile Industry for Biomedical Textile materials and Technology, College of Textiles, Donghua University, 2999 North Renmin Road, Shanghai, 201620, China
| | - Guoping Guan
- Engineering Research Center of Technical Textile, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Textile Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Textile Industry for Biomedical Textile materials and Technology, College of Textiles, Donghua University, 2999 North Renmin Road, Shanghai, 201620, China.
| | - Lu Wang
- Engineering Research Center of Technical Textile, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Textile Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Textile Industry for Biomedical Textile materials and Technology, College of Textiles, Donghua University, 2999 North Renmin Road, Shanghai, 201620, China.
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17
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Fohlerova Z, Mozalev A. Anodic formation and biomedical properties of hafnium-oxide nanofilms. J Mater Chem B 2019; 7:2300-2310. [PMID: 32254678 DOI: 10.1039/c8tb03180k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Hafnium dioxide (HfO2) is attracting attention for bio-related applications due to its good cytocompatibility, high density, and resistance to corrosion and mechanical damage. Here we synthesize two types of hafnium-oxide thin films on substrates via self-organized electrochemical anodization: (1) an array of hierarchically structured nanorods anchored to a thin oxide layer and (2) a microscopically flat oxide film. The nanostructured film is composed of a unique mixture of HfO2, suboxide Hf2O3, and oxide-hydroxide compound HfO2·nH2O whereas the flat film is mainly HfO2. In vitro interaction of the two films with MG-63 osteoblast-like cells and Gram-negative E. coli bacteria is studied for the first time to assess the potential of the films for biomedical application. Both films reveal good cytocompatibility and affinity for proteins, represented by fibronectin and especially albumin, which is absorbed in a nine times larger amount. The morphology and specific surface chemistry of the nanostructured film cause a two-fold enhanced antibacterial effect, better cell attachment, significantly improved proliferation of cells, five-fold rise in the cellular Young's modulus, slightly stronger production of reactive oxygen species, and formation of cell clusters. Compared with the flat film, the nanostructured one features the weakening of AFM-measured adhesion force at the cell/surface interface, probably caused by partially lifting the nanorods from the substrate due to the strong contact with cells. The present findings deepen the understanding of biological processes at the living cell/metal-oxide interface, underlying the role of surface chemistry and the impact of nanostructuring at the nanoscale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zdenka Fohlerova
- CEITEC - Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Purkynova 123, 612 00 Brno, Czech Republic.
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18
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Marcotti S, Reilly GC, Lacroix D. Effect of cell sample size in atomic force microscopy nanoindentation. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2019; 94:259-266. [PMID: 30928670 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2019.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Revised: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 03/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Single-cell technologies are powerful tools to evaluate cell characteristics. In particular, Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) nanoindentation experiments have been widely used to study single cell mechanical properties. One important aspect related to single cell techniques is the need for sufficient statistical power to obtain reliable results. This aspect is often overlooked in AFM experiments were sample sizes are arbitrarily set. The aim of the present work was to propose a tool for sample size estimation in the context of AFM nanoindentation experiments of single cell. To this aim, a retrospective approach was used by acquiring a large dataset of experimental measurements on four bone cell types and by building saturation curves for increasing sample sizes with a bootstrap resampling method. It was observed that the coefficient of variation (CV%) decayed with a function of the form y = axb with similar parameters for all samples tested and that sample sizes of 21 and 83 cells were needed for the specific cells and protocol employed if setting a maximum threshold on CV% of 10% or 5%, respectively. The developed tool is made available as an open-source repository and guidelines are provided for its use for AFM nanoindentation experimental design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Marcotti
- Insigneo Institute for in silico Medicine, University of Sheffield, Mappin Street, Sheffield S1 3JD, UK; Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK; Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, Guy's Campus, London SE1 1UL, UK.
| | - Gwendolen C Reilly
- Insigneo Institute for in silico Medicine, University of Sheffield, Mappin Street, Sheffield S1 3JD, UK; Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK.
| | - Damien Lacroix
- Insigneo Institute for in silico Medicine, University of Sheffield, Mappin Street, Sheffield S1 3JD, UK; Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK.
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19
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Mollaeian K, Liu Y, Bi S, Wang Y, Ren J, Lu M. Nonlinear Cellular Mechanical Behavior Adaptation to Substrate Mechanics Identified by Atomic Force Microscope. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19113461. [PMID: 30400365 PMCID: PMC6274799 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19113461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Revised: 10/13/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell–substrate interaction plays an important role in intracellular behavior and function. Adherent cell mechanics is directly regulated by the substrate mechanics. However, previous studies on the effect of substrate mechanics only focused on the stiffness relation between the substrate and the cells, and how the substrate stiffness affects the time-scale and length-scale of the cell mechanics has not yet been studied. The absence of this information directly limits the in-depth understanding of the cellular mechanotransduction process. In this study, the effect of substrate mechanics on the nonlinear biomechanical behavior of living cells was investigated using indentation-based atomic force microscopy. The mechanical properties and their nonlinearities of the cells cultured on four substrates with distinct mechanical properties were thoroughly investigated. Furthermore, the actin filament (F-actin) cytoskeleton of the cells was fluorescently stained to investigate the adaptation of F-actin cytoskeleton structure to the substrate mechanics. It was found that living cells sense and adapt to substrate mechanics: the cellular Young’s modulus, shear modulus, apparent viscosity, and their nonlinearities (mechanical property vs. measurement depth relation) were adapted to the substrates’ nonlinear mechanics. Moreover, the positive correlation between the cellular poroelasticity and the indentation remained the same regardless of the substrate stiffness nonlinearity, but was indeed more pronounced for the cells seeded on the softer substrates. Comparison of the F-actin cytoskeleton morphology confirmed that the substrate affects the cell mechanics by regulating the intracellular structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keyvan Mollaeian
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA.
| | - Yi Liu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA.
| | - Siyu Bi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA.
| | - Yifei Wang
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA.
| | - Juan Ren
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA.
| | - Meng Lu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA.
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20
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Gulyuk AV, LaJeunesse DR, Collazo R, Ivanisevic A. Characterization of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Films on Different Inorganic Surfaces before and after UV Light Exposure. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2018; 34:10806-10815. [PMID: 30122052 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.8b02079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The changes of the surface properties of Au, GaN, and SiO x after UV light irradiation were used to actively influence the process of formation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa films. The interfacial properties of the substrates were characterized by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and atomic force microscopy. The changes in the P. aeruginosa film properties were accessed by analyzing adhesion force maps and quantifying the intracellular Ca2+ concentration. The collected analysis indicates that the alteration of the inorganic materials' surface chemistry can lead to differences in biofilm formation and variable response from P. aeruginosa cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexey V Gulyuk
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , North Carolina State University , Raleigh , North Carolina 27695 , United States
| | - Dennis R LaJeunesse
- Joint School of Nanoscience and Nanoengineering , University of North Carolina-Greensboro and North Carolina A&T State University , Greensboro , North Carolina 27401 , United States
| | - Ramon Collazo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , North Carolina State University , Raleigh , North Carolina 27695 , United States
| | - Albena Ivanisevic
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , North Carolina State University , Raleigh , North Carolina 27695 , United States
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21
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Antmen E, Ermis M, Demirci U, Hasirci V. Engineered natural and synthetic polymer surfaces induce nuclear deformation in osteosarcoma cells. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2018; 107:366-376. [DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.34128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2017] [Revised: 02/22/2018] [Accepted: 03/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ezgi Antmen
- BIOMATEN, Middle East Technical University (METU); Center of Excellence in Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering; Ankara Turkey
- Department of Biotechnology; Middle East Technical University; Ankara Turkey
| | - Menekse Ermis
- BIOMATEN, Middle East Technical University (METU); Center of Excellence in Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering; Ankara Turkey
- Department of Biomedical Engineering; Middle East Technical University; Ankara Turkey
| | - Utkan Demirci
- Department of Radiology; School of Medicine, Stanford University; Palo Alto CA 94304 USA
| | - Vasif Hasirci
- BIOMATEN, Middle East Technical University (METU); Center of Excellence in Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering; Ankara Turkey
- Department of Biotechnology; Middle East Technical University; Ankara Turkey
- Department of Biomedical Engineering; Middle East Technical University; Ankara Turkey
- Department of Biological Sciences; Middle East Technical University; Ankara Turkey
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22
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Continuous hypergravity alters the cytoplasmic elasticity of MC3T3-E1 osteoblasts via actin filaments. J Biomech 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2018.02.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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23
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Bai L, Du Z, Du J, Yao W, Zhang J, Weng Z, Liu S, Zhao Y, Liu Y, Zhang X, Huang X, Yao X, Crawford R, Hang R, Huang D, Tang B, Xiao Y. A multifaceted coating on titanium dictates osteoimmunomodulation and osteo/angio-genesis towards ameliorative osseointegration. Biomaterials 2018; 162:154-169. [PMID: 29454274 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2018.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2017] [Revised: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 02/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
A multifaceted coating for hard tissue implants, with favorable osteogenesis, angiogenesis, and osteoimmunomodulation abilities, would be of great value since it could improve osseointegration and alleviate prosthesis loosening. However, to date there are few coatings that fully satisfy these criteria. Herein we describe a microporous TiO2 coating decorated with hydroxyapatite (HA) nanoparticles that is generated by micro-arc oxidation of pure titanium (Ti) and followed annealing. By altering the annealing temperature, it is possible to simultaneously tune the coating's physical (morphology and wettability) and chemical (composites and crystallinity) properties. A coating produced with micro-arc oxidization (MAO) with an annealing temperature of 650 °C (MAO-650) exhibits numerous favorable physicochemical properties, such as hybrid micro-nano morphology, superhydrophilicity, and highly crystalline HA nanoparticles. In vitro experiments reveal that the MAO-650 coating not only supports proliferation and differentiation of both osteoblasts and endothelial cells, but also inhibits the inflammatory response of macrophages and enables a favorable osteoimmunomodulation to facilitate osteo/angio-genesis. In vivo evaluation mirrors these results, and shows that the MAO-650 coating results in ameliorative osseointegration when compared with the pristine MAO coating. These data highlight the profound effect of surface physicochemical properties on the regulation of osteo/angio-genesis and osteoimmunomodulation in the enhancement of osseointegration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Bai
- Research Institute of Surface Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, China; Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, 4059, Australia; Australia-China Centre for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, 4059, Australia
| | - Zhibin Du
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, 4059, Australia; Australia-China Centre for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, 4059, Australia
| | - Jingjing Du
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Research Center for Nano-biomaterials and Regenerative Medicine, College of Mechanics, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, China
| | - Wei Yao
- College and Hospital of Stomatology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Jiaming Zhang
- Research Institute of Surface Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, China
| | - Zeming Weng
- Research Institute of Surface Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, China
| | - Si Liu
- Research Institute of Surface Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, China
| | - Ya Zhao
- Research Institute of Surface Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, China
| | - Yanlian Liu
- Research Institute of Surface Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, China
| | - Xiangyu Zhang
- Research Institute of Surface Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, China
| | - Xiaobo Huang
- Research Institute of Surface Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, China
| | - Xiaohong Yao
- Research Institute of Surface Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, China
| | - Ross Crawford
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, 4059, Australia; Australia-China Centre for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, 4059, Australia
| | - Ruiqiang Hang
- Research Institute of Surface Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, China.
| | - Di Huang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Research Center for Nano-biomaterials and Regenerative Medicine, College of Mechanics, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, China.
| | - Bin Tang
- Research Institute of Surface Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, China
| | - Yin Xiao
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, 4059, Australia; Australia-China Centre for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, 4059, Australia.
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24
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Zhang C, Wang W, He W, Xi N, Wang Y, Liu L. Dynamic Model for Characterizing Contractile Behaviors and Mechanical Properties of a Cardiomyocyte. Biophys J 2018; 114:188-200. [PMID: 29320686 PMCID: PMC5773758 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2017.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2017] [Revised: 11/01/2017] [Accepted: 11/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Studies on the contractile dynamics of heart cells have attracted broad attention for the development of both heart disease therapies and cardiomyocyte-actuated micro-robotics. In this study, a linear dynamic model of a single cardiomyocyte cell was proposed at the subcellular scale to characterize the contractile behaviors of heart cells, with system parameters representing the mechanical properties of the subcellular components of living cardiomyocytes. The system parameters of the dynamic model were identified with the cellular beating pattern measured by a scanning ion conductance microscope. The experiments were implemented with cardiomyocytes in one control group and two experimental groups with the drugs cytochalasin-D or nocodazole, to identify the system parameters of the model based on scanning ion conductance microscope measurements, measurement of the cellular Young's modulus with atomic force microscopy indentation, measurement of cellular contraction forces using the micro-pillar technique, and immunofluorescence staining and imaging of the cytoskeleton. The proposed mathematical model was both indirectly and qualitatively verified by the variation in cytoskeleton, beating amplitude, and contractility of cardiomyocytes among the control and the experimental groups, as well as directly and quantitatively validated by the simulation and the significant consistency of 90.5% in the comparison between the ratios of the Young's modulus and the equivalent comprehensive cellular elasticities of cells in the experimental groups to those in the control group. Apart from mechanical properties (mass, elasticity, and viscosity) of subcellular structures, other properties of cardiomyocytes have also been studied, such as the properties of the relative action potential pattern and cellular beating frequency. This work has potential implications for research on cytobiology, drug screening, mechanisms of the heart, and cardiomyocyte-based bio-syncretic robotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Robotics, Shenyang Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wenxue Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Robotics, Shenyang Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, China.
| | - Wenhui He
- Department of Pharmacology, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Ning Xi
- Emerging Technologies Institute, Department of Industrial and Manufacturing Systems Engineering, University of Hong Kong Pokfulam, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Yuechao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Robotics, Shenyang Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, China
| | - Lianqing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Robotics, Shenyang Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, China.
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25
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An engineering insight into the relationship of selective cytoskeletal impairment and biomechanics of HeLa cells. Micron 2017; 102:88-96. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micron.2017.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2017] [Revised: 08/22/2017] [Accepted: 09/04/2017] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Mehrnezhad A, Park K. Multifrequency Optomechanical Stiffness Measurement of Single Adherent Cells on a Solid Substrate with High Throughput. Anal Chem 2017; 89:10841-10849. [PMID: 28895727 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b02356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Mechanical properties of a cell reflect its biological and pathological conditions and there have been active research efforts to develop high-throughput platforms to mechanically characterize single cells. Yet, many of these research efforts are focused on suspended cells and use a flow-through configuration. In this paper, the stiffness of single adherent cells are optomechanically characterized using the vibration-induced phase shift (VIPS) without detaching them from the substrate. With the VIPS measurements, the frequency and amplitude dependency of the cell stiffness is investigated and statistically significant difference in the cell stiffness is confirmed after exposure to various drugs affecting cytoskeleton network. Furthermore, a 3-dimensional finite element model of a cell on a vibrating substrate is developed to extract the mechanical property from the measured VIPS. The developed technique can characterize the mechanical properties of single adherent cells at multiple frequencies with high throughput and will provide valuable clues in understanding cell mechanics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Mehrnezhad
- Division of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Electrical Engineering Building, Louisiana State University , Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70809, United States
| | - Kidong Park
- Division of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Electrical Engineering Building, Louisiana State University , Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70809, United States
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27
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Wu XT, Sun LW, Yang X, Ding D, Han D, Fan YB. The potential role of spectrin network in the mechanotransduction of MLO-Y4 osteocytes. Sci Rep 2017; 7:40940. [PMID: 28112189 PMCID: PMC5256107 DOI: 10.1038/srep40940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2016] [Accepted: 12/13/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The spectrin is first identified as the main component of erythrocyte membrane skeleton. It is getting growing attention since being found in multiple nonerythroid cells, providing complex mechanical properties and signal interface under the cell membrane. Recent genomics studies have revealed that the spectrin is highly relevant to bone disorders. However, in osteocytes, the important mechanosensors in bone, the role of spectrin is poorly understood. In this research, the role of spectrin in the mechanotransduction of MLO-Y4 osteocytes was studied. Immunofluorescence staining showed that, the spectrins were elaborately organized as a porous network throughout the cytoplasm, and linked with F-actin into a dense layer underlying the cell membrane. AFM results indicate that, the spectrin is pivotal for maintaining the overall elasticity of osteocytes, especially for the cell cortex stiffiness. Disruption of the spectrin network caused obvious softening of osteocytes, and resulted in a significant increase of Ca2+ influx, NO secretion, cell-cell connections and also induced a translocation of eNOS from membrane to cytoplasm. These results indicate that the spectrin network is a global structural support for osteocytes involving in the mechanotransduction process, making it a potential therapeutic target for bone disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Tong Wu
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, 37th Xue-yuan Road, Hian-dian District, Beijing, China
| | - Lian-Wen Sun
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, 37th Xue-yuan Road, Hian-dian District, Beijing, China.,International Joint Research Center of Aerospace Biotechnology and Medical Engineering, Ministry of Science and Technology of China, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, 37th Xue-yuan Road, Hian-dian District, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao Yang
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, 37th Xue-yuan Road, Hian-dian District, Beijing, China
| | - Dong Ding
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, 37th Xue-yuan Road, Hian-dian District, Beijing, China
| | - Dong Han
- National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Yu-Bo Fan
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, 37th Xue-yuan Road, Hian-dian District, Beijing, China.,National Research Center for Rehabilitation Technical Aids, 1th Ronghuazhong Road, Beijing Economic and Technological Development Zone, China
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28
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Hölzl K, Lin S, Tytgat L, Van Vlierberghe S, Gu L, Ovsianikov A. Bioink properties before, during and after 3D bioprinting. Biofabrication 2016; 8:032002. [PMID: 27658612 DOI: 10.1088/1758-5090/8/3/032002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 537] [Impact Index Per Article: 67.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Bioprinting is a process based on additive manufacturing from materials containing living cells. These materials, often referred to as bioink, are based on cytocompatible hydrogel precursor formulations, which gel in a manner compatible with different bioprinting approaches. The bioink properties before, during and after gelation are essential for its printability, comprising such features as achievable structural resolution, shape fidelity and cell survival. However, it is the final properties of the matured bioprinted tissue construct that are crucial for the end application. During tissue formation these properties are influenced by the amount of cells present in the construct, their proliferation, migration and interaction with the material. A calibrated computational framework is able to predict the tissue development and maturation and to optimize the bioprinting input parameters such as the starting material, the initial cell loading and the construct geometry. In this contribution relevant bioink properties are reviewed and discussed on the example of most popular bioprinting approaches. The effect of cells on hydrogel processing and vice versa is highlighted. Furthermore, numerical approaches were reviewed and implemented for depicting the cellular mechanics within the hydrogel as well as for prediction of mechanical properties to achieve the desired hydrogel construct considering cell density, distribution and material-cell interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja Hölzl
- Institute of Materials Science and Technology, Technical University Vienna, Austria. Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Austria
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29
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Abstract
Stem cells are characterized by their self-renewal and multi-lineage differentiation potential. Stem cell differentiation is a prerequisite for the application of stem cells in regenerative medicine and clinical therapy. In addition to chemical stimulation, mechanical cues play a significant role in regulating stem cell differentiation. The integrity of mechanical sensors is necessary for the ability of cells to respond to mechanical signals. The nucleus, the largest and stiffest cellular organelle, interacts with the cytoskeleton as a key mediator of cell mechanics. Nuclear mechanics are involved in the complicated interactions of lamins, chromatin and nucleoskeleton-related proteins. Thus, stem cell differentiation is intimately associated with nuclear mechanics due to its indispensable role in mechanotransduction and mechanical response. This paper reviews several main contributions of nuclear mechanics, highlights the hallmarks of the nuclear mechanics of stem cells, and provides insight into the relationship between nuclear mechanics and stem cell differentiation, which may guide clinical applications in the future.
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30
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Luo Q, Kuang D, Zhang B, Song G. Cell stiffness determined by atomic force microscopy and its correlation with cell motility. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2016; 1860:1953-60. [PMID: 27288584 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2016.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2016] [Revised: 05/24/2016] [Accepted: 06/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cell stiffness is a crucial mechanical property that is closely related to cell motility. AFM is the most prevalent method used to determine cell stiffness by the quantitative parameter designated as Young's modulus. Young's modulus is regarded as a biomarker of cell motility, especially in estimating the metastasis of cancer cells, because in recent years, it has been repeatedly shown that cancerous cells are softer than their benign counterparts. However, some conflicting evidence has shown that cells with higher motility are sometimes stiffer than their counterparts. Thus, the correlation between cell stiffness and motility remains a matter of debate. SCOPE OF REVIEW In this review, we first summarize the reports on correlations between cell motility and stiffness determined by AFM and then discuss the major determinants of AFM-determined cell stiffness with a focus on the cytoskeleton, nuclear stiffness and methodological issues. Last, we propose a possible correlation between cell stiffness and motility and the possible explanations for the conflicting evidence. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS The AFM-determined Young's modulus is greatly affected by the characteristics of the cytoskeleton, as well as the procedures and parameters used in detection. Young's modulus is a reliable biomarker for the characterization of metastasis; however, reliability is questioned in the evaluation of pharmacologically or genetically modified motility. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE This review provides an overview of the current understanding of the correlation between AFM-determined cell stiffness and motility, the determinants of this detecting method, as well as clues to optimize detecting parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Luo
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, People's Republic of China.
| | - Dongdong Kuang
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, People's Republic of China
| | - Bingyu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, People's Republic of China
| | - Guanbin Song
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, People's Republic of China.
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31
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Gefen A, Weihs D. Mechanical cytoprotection: A review of cytoskeleton-protection approaches for cells. J Biomech 2016; 49:1321-1329. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2015.10.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2015] [Revised: 10/20/2015] [Accepted: 10/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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32
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Grady ME, Composto RJ, Eckmann DM. Cell elasticity with altered cytoskeletal architectures across multiple cell types. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2016; 61:197-207. [PMID: 26874250 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2016.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2015] [Revised: 01/18/2016] [Accepted: 01/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The cytoskeleton is primarily responsible for providing structural support, localization and transport of organelles, and intracellular trafficking. The structural support is supplied by actin filaments, microtubules, and intermediate filaments, which contribute to overall cell elasticity to varying degrees. We evaluate cell elasticity in five different cell types with drug-induced cytoskeletal derangements to probe how actin filaments and microtubules contribute to cell elasticity and whether it is conserved across cell type. Specifically, we measure elastic stiffness in primary chondrocytes, fibroblasts, endothelial cells (HUVEC), hepatocellular carcinoma cells (HUH-7), and fibrosarcoma cells (HT 1080) subjected to two cytoskeletal destabilizers: cytochalasin D and nocodazole, which disrupt actin and microtubule polymerization, respectively. Elastic stiffness is measured by atomic force microscopy (AFM) and the disruption of the cytoskeleton is confirmed using fluorescence microscopy. The two cancer cell lines showed significantly reduced elastic moduli values (~0.5kPa) when compared to the three healthy cell lines (~2kPa). Non-cancer cells whose actin filaments were disrupted using cytochalasin D showed a decrease of 60-80% in moduli values compared to untreated cells of the same origin, whereas the nocodazole-treated cells showed no change in elasticity. Overall, we demonstrate actin filaments contribute more to elastic stiffness than microtubules but this result is cell type dependent. Cancer cells behaved differently, exhibiting increased stiffness as well as stiffness variability when subjected to nocodazole. We show that disruption of microtubule dynamics affects cancer cell elasticity, suggesting therapeutic drugs targeting microtubules be monitored for significant elastic changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martha E Grady
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, School of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Pennsylvania, 3231 Walnut Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States; Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 3620 Hamilton Walk, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States
| | - Russell J Composto
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, School of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Pennsylvania, 3231 Walnut Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States
| | - David M Eckmann
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 3620 Hamilton Walk, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States.
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33
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Biochemical, biophysical, and genetic changes of porcine trophoblast-derived stem-like cells during differentiation as evaluated using Raman microspectroscopy, Atomic force microscopy, and quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Genesis 2015; 53:749-61. [DOI: 10.1002/dvg.22907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2015] [Revised: 09/19/2015] [Accepted: 10/25/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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34
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A Parallel-Plate Flow Chamber for Mechanical Characterization of Endothelial Cells Exposed to Laminar Shear Stress. Cell Mol Bioeng 2015; 9:127-138. [PMID: 28989541 DOI: 10.1007/s12195-015-0424-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Shear stresses induced by laminar fluid flow are essential to properly recapitulate the physiological microenvironment experienced by endothelial cells (ECs). ECs respond to these stresses via mechanotransduction by modulating their phenotype and biomechanical characteristics, which can be characterized by Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM). Parallel Plate Flow Chambers (PPFCs) apply unidirectional laminar fluid flow to EC monolayers in vitro. Since ECs in sealed PPFCs are inaccessible to AFM probes, cone-and-plate viscometers (CPs) are commonly used to apply shear stress. This paper presents a comparison of the efficacies of both methods. Computational Fluid Dynamic simulation and validation testing using EC responses as a metric have indicated limitations in the use of CPs to apply laminar shear stress. Monolayers subjected to laminar fluid flow in a PPFC respond by increasing cortical stiffness, elongating, and aligning filamentous actin in the direction of fluid flow to a greater extent than CP devices. Limitations using CP devices to provide laminar flow across an EC monolayer suggest they are better suited when studying EC response for disturbed flow conditions. PPFC platforms allow for exposure of ECs to laminar fluid flow conditions, recapitulating cellular biomechanical behaviors, whereas CP platforms allow for mechanical characterization of ECs under secondary flow.
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35
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LeBlon CE, Casey ME, Fodor CR, Zhang T, Zhang X, Jedlicka SS. Correlation between in vitro expansion-related cell stiffening and differentiation potential of human mesenchymal stem cells. Differentiation 2015; 90:1-15. [PMID: 26381795 DOI: 10.1016/j.diff.2015.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2015] [Revised: 08/10/2015] [Accepted: 08/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) are an attractive cell source for tissue regeneration, given their self-renewal and multilineage potential. However, they are present in only small percentages in human bone marrow, and are generally propagated in vitro prior to downstream use. Previous work has shown that hMSC propagation can lead to alterations in cell behavior and differentiation potency, yet optimization of differentiation based on starting cell elastic modulus is an area still under investigation. To further advance the knowledge in this field, hMSCs were cultured and routinely passaged on tissue-culture polystyrene to investigate the correlation between cell stiffening and differentiation potency during in vitro aging. Local cell elastic modulus was measured at every passage using atomic force microscopy indentation. At each passage, cells were induced to differentiate down myogenic and osteogenic paths. Cells induced to differentiate, as well as undifferentiated cells were assessed for gene and protein expression using quantitative polymerase chain reaction and immunofluorescent staining, respectively, for osteogenic and myogenic markers. Myogenic and osteogenic cell potential are highly reliant on the elastic modulus of the starting cell population (of undifferentiated cells), and this potential appears to peak when the innate cell elastic modulus is close to that of differentiated tissue. However, the latent expression of the same markers in undifferentiated cells also appears to undergo a correlative relationship with cell elastic modulus, indicating some endogenous effects of cell elastic modulus and gene/protein expression. Overall, this study correlates age-related changes with regards to innate cell stiffening and gene/protein expression in commercial hMSCs, providing some guidance as to maintenance and future use of hMSCs in future tissue engineering applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Courtney E LeBlon
- Mechanical Engineering & Mechanics, Packard Laboratory, Lehigh University, 19 Memorial Drive, Bethlehem, PA 18015, United States
| | - Meghan E Casey
- Bioengineering Program, Lehigh University, 111 Research Drive, Iacocca Hall, Bethlehem, PA 18015, United States
| | - Caitlin R Fodor
- Bioengineering Program, Lehigh University, 111 Research Drive, Iacocca Hall, Bethlehem, PA 18015, United States
| | - Tony Zhang
- Bioengineering Program, Lehigh University, 111 Research Drive, Iacocca Hall, Bethlehem, PA 18015, United States
| | - Xiaohui Zhang
- Mechanical Engineering & Mechanics, Packard Laboratory, Lehigh University, 19 Memorial Drive, Bethlehem, PA 18015, United States; Bioengineering Program, Lehigh University, 111 Research Drive, Iacocca Hall, Bethlehem, PA 18015, United States
| | - Sabrina S Jedlicka
- Bioengineering Program, Lehigh University, 111 Research Drive, Iacocca Hall, Bethlehem, PA 18015, United States; Materials Science and Engineering, Whitaker Laboratory, Lehigh University, 5 East Packer Ave., Bethlehem, PA 18015, United States; Center for Advanced Materials & Nanotechnology, Whitaker Laboratory, Lehigh University, 5 East Packer Ave., Bethlehem, PA 18015, United States.
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36
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Park K, Mehrnezhad A, Corbin EA, Bashir R. Optomechanical measurement of the stiffness of single adherent cells. LAB ON A CHIP 2015; 15:3460-4. [PMID: 26220705 PMCID: PMC5841955 DOI: 10.1039/c5lc00444f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Recent advances in mechanobiology have accumulated strong evidence showing close correlations between the physiological conditions and mechanical properties of cells. In this paper, a novel optomechanical technique to characterize the stiffness of single adherent cells attached on a substrate is reported. The oscillation in a cell's height on a vertically vibrating reflective substrate is measured with a laser Doppler vibrometer as apparent changes in the phase of the measured velocity. This apparent phase shift and the height oscillation are shown to be affected by the mechanical properties of human colorectal adenocarcinoma cells (HT-29). The reported optomechanical technique can provide high-throughput stiffness measurement of single adherent cells over time with minimal perturbation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kidong Park
- Division of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA.
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37
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A comparative mechanical analysis of plant and animal cells reveals convergence across kingdoms. Biophys J 2015; 107:2237-44. [PMID: 25418292 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2014.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2014] [Revised: 09/29/2014] [Accepted: 10/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant and animals have evolved different strategies for their development. Whether this is linked to major differences in their cell mechanics remains unclear, mainly because measurements on plant and animal cells relied on independent experiments and setups, thus hindering any direct comparison. In this study we used the same micro-rheometer to compare animal and plant single cell rheology. We found that wall-less plant cells exhibit the same weak power law rheology as animal cells, with comparable values of elastic and loss moduli. Remarkably, microtubules primarily contributed to the rheological behavior of wall-less plant cells whereas rheology of animal cells was mainly dependent on the actin network. Thus, plant and animal cells evolved different molecular strategies to reach a comparable cytoplasmic mechanical core, suggesting that evolutionary convergence could include the internal biophysical properties of cells.
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38
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Elastic Properties of the Annular Ligament of the Human Stapes--AFM Measurement. J Assoc Res Otolaryngol 2015; 16:433-46. [PMID: 26040214 DOI: 10.1007/s10162-015-0525-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2014] [Accepted: 05/17/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Elastic properties of the human stapes annular ligament were determined in the physiological range of the ligament deflection using atomic force microscopy and temporal bone specimens. The annular ligament stiffness was determined based on the experimental load-deflection curves. The elastic modulus (Young's modulus) for a simplified geometry was calculated using the Kirchhoff-Love theory for thin plates. The results obtained in this study showed that the annular ligament is a linear elastic material up to deflections of about 100 nm, with a stiffness of about 120 N/m and a calculated elastic modulus of about 1.1 MPa. These parameters can be used in numerical and physical models of the middle and/or inner ear.
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39
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Wang C, Xie XD, Huang X, Liang ZH, Zhou CR. A quantitative study of MC3T3-E1 cell adhesion, morphology and biomechanics on chitosan-collagen blend films at single cell level. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2015; 132:1-9. [PMID: 25996415 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2015.04.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2014] [Revised: 04/09/2015] [Accepted: 04/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The interaction between cells and biomaterials plays a key role in cell proliferation and differentiation in tissue engineering. However, a quantitative analysis of those interactions has been less well studied. The objective of this study was to quantitative recapitulate the difference of MC3T3-E1 cell adhesion, morphological and biomechanical properties on chitosan-collagen films in terms of chemical composition. Here, the unbinding force between MC3T3-E1 cell and a series of chitosan-collagen films was probed by a real-time and in situ atomic force microscopy-single cell force spectroscopy (AFM-SCFS). Meanwhile, changes in cell morphology and Young's modulus on different chitosan-collagen films were detected by AFM. The cell area and CCK-8 results showed that cell spreading and proliferation increased with increasing collagen content. AFM observations clearly showed cell height decreased and pseudopod fusion with the collagen content increased. Cell adhesive force increased from 0.76±0.17 nN to 1.70±0.19 nN. On the contrary, cells Young's modulus, which reflected biophysical changes of cells decreased from 11.94±3.19 kPa to 1.81±0.52 kPa, respectively. It suggested that stronger cell-substrate interactions benefit cell adhesion, and better cell flexibility improve cell spreading. The findings indicate that cell morphology, adhesive force and Young's modulus are significant affected by various chitosan-collagen substrates. Those methods and quantitative results have guiding significance for investigating the mechanism of chitosan and/or collagen based cell-targeting drug carrier and the preparation of chitosan-collagen composite biomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuang Wang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, PR China; Engineering Research Center of Artificial Organs and Materials, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510632, PR China
| | - Xu-dong Xie
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, PR China; Engineering Research Center of Artificial Organs and Materials, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510632, PR China
| | - Xun Huang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, PR China; Engineering Research Center of Artificial Organs and Materials, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510632, PR China
| | - Zhi-hong Liang
- Experiment and Technology Center, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, PR China.
| | - Chang-ren Zhou
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, PR China; Engineering Research Center of Artificial Organs and Materials, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510632, PR China.
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40
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Yang Z, Tan S, Shen Y, Chen R, Wu C, Xu Y, Song Z, Fu Q. Inhibition of FSS-induced actin cytoskeleton reorganization by silencing LIMK2 gene increases the mechanosensitivity of primary osteoblasts. Bone 2015; 74:182-90. [PMID: 25549868 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2014.12.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2014] [Revised: 12/21/2014] [Accepted: 12/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Mechanical stimulation plays an important role in bone cell metabolic activity. However, bone cells lose their mechanosensitivity upon continuous mechanical stimulation (desensitization) and they can recover the sensitivity with insertion of appropriate rest period into the mechanical loading profiles. The concrete molecular mechanism behind the regulation of cell mechanosensitivity still remains unclear. As one kind of mechanosensitive cell to react to the mechanical stimulation, osteoblasts respond to fluid shear stress (FSS) with actin cytoskeleton reorganization, and the remodeling of actin cytoskeleton is closely associated with the alteration of cell mechanosensitivity. In order to find out whether inhibiting the actin cytoskeleton reorganization by silencing LIM-kinase 2 (LIMK2) gene would increase the mechanosensitivity of primary osteoblasts, we attenuated the formation of actin stress fiber under FSS in a more specific way: inhibiting the LIMK2 expression by RNA interference. We found that inhibition of LIMK2 expression by RNA interference attenuated the formation of FSS-induced actin stress fiber, and simultaneously maintained the integrity of actin cytoskeleton in primary osteoblasts. We confirmed that the decreased actin cytoskeleton reorganization in response to LIMK2 inhibition during FSS increased the mechanosensitivity of the osteoblasts, based on the increased c-Fos and COX-2 expression as well as the enhanced proliferative activity in response to FSS. These data suggest that osteoblasts can increase their mechanosensitivity under continuous mechanical stimulation by reducing the actin stress fiber formation through inhibiting the LIMK2 expression. This study provides us with a new and more specific method to regulate the osteoblast mechanosensitivity, and also a new therapeutic target to cure bone related diseases, which is of importance in maintaining bone mass and promoting osteogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Yang
- Department of Prosthodontics Guanghua School of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510055, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510055, PR China
| | - Shuyi Tan
- Department of Prosthodontics Guanghua School of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510055, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510055, PR China
| | - Yun Shen
- Department of Prosthodontics Guanghua School of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510055, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510055, PR China; Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200072, PR China
| | - Rui Chen
- Department of Prosthodontics Guanghua School of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510055, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510055, PR China; Guangdong No. 2 Provincial People's Hospital, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510317, PR China
| | - Changjing Wu
- Department of Prosthodontics Guanghua School of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510055, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510055, PR China; Guangzhou Hospital of Integrated Traditional and West Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510800, PR China
| | - Yajuan Xu
- Department of Prosthodontics Guanghua School of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510055, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510055, PR China; Huizhou Stomatological Hospital Zhong Kai Branch, Huizhou, Guangdong 516006, PR China
| | - Zijun Song
- Department of Prosthodontics Guanghua School of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510055, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510055, PR China
| | - Qiang Fu
- Department of Prosthodontics Guanghua School of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510055, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510055, PR China.
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41
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Abstract
Polymers have found widespread applications in cardiology, in particular in coronary vascular intervention as stent platforms (scaffolds) and coating matrices for drug-eluting stents. Apart from permanent polymers, current research is focussing on biodegradable polymers. Since they degrade once their function is fulfilled, their use might contribute to the reduction of adverse events like in-stent restenosis, late stent-thrombosis, and hypersensitivity reactions. After reviewing current literature concerning polymers used for cardiovascular applications, this review deals with parameters of tissue and blood cell functions which should be considered to evaluate biocompatibility of stent polymers in order to enhance physiological appropriate properties. The properties of the substrate on which vascular cells are placed can have a large impact on cell morphology, differentiation, motility, and fate. Finally, methods to assess these parameters under physiological conditions will be summarized.
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van Zwieten RW, Puttini S, Lekka M, Witz G, Gicquel-Zouida E, Richard I, Lobrinus JA, Chevalley F, Brune H, Dietler G, Kulik A, Kuntzer T, Mermod N. Assessing dystrophies and other muscle diseases at the nanometer scale by atomic force microscopy. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2014; 9:393-406. [PMID: 24910872 DOI: 10.2217/nnm.12.215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM Atomic force microscopy nanoindentation of myofibers was used to assess and quantitatively diagnose muscular dystrophies from human patients. MATERIALS & METHODS Myofibers were probed from fresh or frozen muscle biopsies from human dystrophic patients and healthy volunteers, as well as mice models, and Young's modulus stiffness values were determined. RESULTS Fibers displaying abnormally low mechanical stability were detected in biopsies from patients affected by 11 distinct muscle diseases, and Young's modulus values were commensurate to the severity of the disease. Abnormal myofiber resistance was also observed from consulting patients whose muscle condition could not be detected or unambiguously diagnosed otherwise. DISCUSSION & CONCLUSION This study provides a proof-of-concept that atomic force microscopy yields a quantitative read-out of human muscle function from clinical biopsies, and that it may thereby complement current muscular dystrophy diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruthger W van Zwieten
- Laboratory of Molecular Biotechnology, Center for Biotechnology UNIL-EPFL & Institute of Biotechnology, University of Lausanne, Station 6, EPFL, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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43
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Kular JK, Basu S, Sharma RI. The extracellular matrix: Structure, composition, age-related differences, tools for analysis and applications for tissue engineering. J Tissue Eng 2014; 5:2041731414557112. [PMID: 25610589 PMCID: PMC4883592 DOI: 10.1177/2041731414557112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 231] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2014] [Accepted: 09/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The extracellular matrix is a structural support network made up of diverse proteins, sugars and other components. It influences a wide number of cellular processes including migration, wound healing and differentiation, all of which is of particular interest to researchers in the field of tissue engineering. Understanding the composition and structure of the extracellular matrix will aid in exploring the ways the extracellular matrix can be utilised in tissue engineering applications especially as a scaffold. This review summarises the current knowledge of the composition, structure and functions of the extracellular matrix and introduces the effect of ageing on extracellular matrix remodelling and its contribution to cellular functions. Additionally, the current analytical technologies to study the extracellular matrix and extracellular matrix–related cellular processes are also reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaspreet K Kular
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Bath, Bath, UK ; Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Bath, Bath, UK
| | - Shouvik Basu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Bath, Bath, UK
| | - Ram I Sharma
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Bath, Bath, UK ; Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Bath, Bath, UK ; Centre for Sustainable Chemical Technologies, University of Bath, Bath, UK
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44
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Ho MH, Li CH, Hsiao SW, Thien DVH. Preparation of Chitosan/Hydroxyapatite Substrates with Controllable Osteoconductivity Tracked by AFM. Ann Biomed Eng 2014; 43:1024-35. [DOI: 10.1007/s10439-014-1162-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2014] [Accepted: 10/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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45
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Ogneva IV, Buravkov SV, Shubenkov AN, Buravkova LB. Mechanical characteristics of mesenchymal stem cells under impact of silica-based nanoparticles. NANOSCALE RESEARCH LETTERS 2014; 9:284. [PMID: 24948901 PMCID: PMC4055799 DOI: 10.1186/1556-276x-9-284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2014] [Accepted: 05/24/2014] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Silica-based nanoparticles (NPs) pose great potential for medical and biological applications; however, their interactions with living cells have not been investigated in full. The objective of this study was to analyze the mechanical characteristics of mesenchymal stem cells when cultured in the presence of silica (Si) and silica-boron (SiB) nanoparticles. Cell stiffness was measured using atomic force microscopy; F-actin structure was evaluated using TRITC-phalloidin by confocal microscopy. The obtained data suggested that the cell stiffness increased within the following line: 'Control' - 'Si' - 'SiB' (either after 1-h cultivation or 24-h incubation). Moreover, the cell stiffness was found to be higher after 1-h cultivation as compared to 24-h cultivation. This result shows that there is a two-phase process of particle diffusion into cells and that the particles interact directly with the membrane and, further, with the submembranous cytoskeleton. Conversely, the intensity of phalloidin fluorescence dropped within the same line: Control - Si - SiB. It could be suggested that the effects of silica-based particles may result in structural reorganization of cortical cytoskeleton with subsequent stiffness increase and concomitant F-actin content decrease (for example, in recruitment of additional actin-binding proteins within membrane and regrouping of actin filaments).
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina V Ogneva
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biomedicine, State Scientific Center of Russian Federation Institute of Biomedical Problems of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Khoroshevskoyoe shosse, 76a, Moscow 123007, Russia
- I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Sergey V Buravkov
- Faculty of Fundamental Medicine, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119192, Russia
| | - Alexander N Shubenkov
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biomedicine, State Scientific Center of Russian Federation Institute of Biomedical Problems of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Khoroshevskoyoe shosse, 76a, Moscow 123007, Russia
| | - Ludmila B Buravkova
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biomedicine, State Scientific Center of Russian Federation Institute of Biomedical Problems of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Khoroshevskoyoe shosse, 76a, Moscow 123007, Russia
- Faculty of Fundamental Medicine, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119192, Russia
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46
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Insights into the alteration of osteoblast mechanical properties upon adhesion on chitosan. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:740726. [PMID: 24987701 PMCID: PMC4058848 DOI: 10.1155/2014/740726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2013] [Revised: 04/16/2014] [Accepted: 05/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Cell adhesion on substrates is accompanied by significant changes in shape and cytoskeleton organization, which affect subsequent cellular and tissue responses, determining the long-term success of an implant. Alterations in osteoblast stiffness upon adhesion on orthopaedic implants with different surface chemical composition and topography are, thus, of central interest in the field of bone implant research. This work aimed to study the mechanical response of osteoblasts upon adhesion on chitosan-coated glass surfaces and to investigate possible correlations with the level of adhesion, spreading, and cytoskeleton reorganization. Using the micropipette aspiration technique, the osteoblast elastic modulus was found higher on chitosan-coated than on uncoated control substrates, and it was found to increase in the course of spreading for both substrates. The cell-surface contact area was measured throughout several time points of adhesion to quantify cell spreading kinetics. Significant differences were found between chitosan and control surfaces regarding the response of cell spreading, while both groups displayed a sigmoidal kinetical behavior with an initially elevated spreading rate which stabilizes in the second hour of attachment. Actin filament structural changes were confirmed after observation with confocal microscope. Biomaterial surface modification can enhance osteoblast mechanical response and induce favorable structural organization for the implant integration.
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47
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Gardinier JD, Gangadharan V, Wang L, Duncan RL. Hydraulic Pressure during Fluid Flow Regulates Purinergic Signaling and Cytoskeleton Organization of Osteoblasts. Cell Mol Bioeng 2014; 7:266-277. [PMID: 24910719 DOI: 10.1007/s12195-014-0329-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
During physiological activities, osteoblasts experience a variety of mechanical forces that stimulate anabolic responses at the cellular level necessary for the formation of new bone. Previous studies have primarily investigated the osteoblastic response to individual forms of mechanical stimuli. However in this study, we evaluated the response of osteoblasts to two simultaneous, but independently controlled stimuli; fluid flow-induced shear stress (FSS) and static or cyclic hydrostatic pressure (SHP or CHP, respectively). MC3T3-E1 osteoblasts-like cells were subjected to 12dyn/cm2 FSS along with SHP or CHP of varying magnitudes to determine if pressure enhances the anabolic response of osteoblasts during FSS. For both SHP and CHP, the magnitude of hydraulic pressure that induced the greatest release of ATP during FSS was 15 mmHg. Increasing the hydraulic pressure to 50 mmHg or 100 mmHg during FSS attenuated the ATP release compared to 15 mmHg during FSS. Decreasing the magnitude of pressure during FSS to atmospheric pressure reduced ATP release to that of basal ATP release from static cells and inhibited actin reorganization into stress fibers that normally occurred during FSS with 15 mmHg of pressure. In contrast, translocation of nuclear factor kappa B (NFκB) to the nucleus was independent of the magnitude of hydraulic pressure and was found to be mediated through the activation of phospholipase-C (PLC), but not src kinase. In conclusion, hydraulic pressure during FSS was found to regulate purinergic signaling and actin cytoskeleton reorganization in the osteoblasts in a biphasic manner, while FSS alone appeared to stimulate NFκB translocation. Understanding the effects of hydraulic pressure on the anabolic responses of osteoblasts during FSS may provide much needed insights into the physiologic effects of coupled mechanical stimuli on osteogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph D Gardinier
- Biomechanics and Movement Science, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, 19716 ; Department of Biological and Materials Science, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | | | - Liyun Wang
- Biomechanics and Movement Science, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, 19716 ; Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, 19716
| | - Randall L Duncan
- Biomechanics and Movement Science, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, 19716 ; Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, 19716 ; Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, 19716
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48
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Gardinier J, Yang W, Madden GR, Kronbergs A, Gangadharan V, Adams E, Czymmek K, Duncan RL. P2Y2 receptors regulate osteoblast mechanosensitivity during fluid flow. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2014; 306:C1058-67. [PMID: 24696143 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00254.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Mechanical stimulation of osteoblasts activates many cellular mechanisms including the release of ATP. Binding of ATP to purinergic receptors is key to load-induced osteogenesis. Osteoblasts also respond to fluid shear stress (FSS) with increased actin stress fiber formation (ASFF) that we postulate is in response to activation of the P2Y2 receptor (P2Y2R). Furthermore, we predict that ASFF increases cell stiffness and reduces the sensitivity to further mechanical stimulation. We found that small interfering RNA (siRNA) suppression of P2Y2R attenuated ASFF in response to FSS and ATP treatment. In addition, RhoA GTPase was activated within 15 min after the onset of FSS or ATP treatment and mediated ASFF following P2Y2R activation via the Rho kinase (ROCK)1/LIM kinase 2/cofilin pathway. We also observed that ASFF in response to FSS or ATP treatment increased the cell stiffness and was prevented by knocking down P2Y2R. Finally, we confirmed that the enhanced cell stiffness and ASFF in response to RhoA GTPase activation during FSS drastically reduced the mechanosensitivity of the osteoblasts based on the intracellular Ca(2+) concentration ([Ca(2+)]i) response to consecutive bouts of FSS. These data suggest that osteoblasts can regulate their mechanosensitivity to continued load through P2Y2R activation of the RhoA GTPase signaling cascade, leading to ASFF and increased cell stiffness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Gardinier
- Biomechanics and Movement Science, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware
| | - Weidong Yang
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware; and
| | - Gregory R Madden
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware; and
| | - Andris Kronbergs
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware; and
| | - Vimal Gangadharan
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware; and
| | - Elizabeth Adams
- Bioimaging Center, Delaware Biotechnology Institute, Newark, Delaware
| | - Kirk Czymmek
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware; and Bioimaging Center, Delaware Biotechnology Institute, Newark, Delaware
| | - Randall L Duncan
- Biomechanics and Movement Science, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware; Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware; and Bioimaging Center, Delaware Biotechnology Institute, Newark, Delaware
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49
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Microtubules mediate changes in membrane cortical elasticity during contractile activation. Exp Cell Res 2014; 322:21-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2013.12.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2013] [Revised: 12/17/2013] [Accepted: 12/31/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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50
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Vichare S, Sen S, Inamdar MM. Cellular mechanoadaptation to substrate mechanical properties: contributions of substrate stiffness and thickness to cell stiffness measurements using AFM. SOFT MATTER 2014; 10:1174-1181. [PMID: 24651595 DOI: 10.1039/c3sm51786a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Mechanosensing by adherent cells is usually studied by quantifying cell responses on hydrogels that are covalently linked to a rigid substrate. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) represents a convenient way of characterizing the mechanoadaptation response of adherent cells on hydrogels of varying stiffness and thickness. Since AFM measurements reflect the effective cell stiffness, therefore, in addition to measuring real cytoskeletal alterations across different conditions, these measurements might also be influenced by the geometry and physical properties of the substrate itself. To better understand how the physical attributes of the gel influence AFM stiffness measurements of cells, we have used finite element analysis to simulate the indentation of cells of various spreads resting on hydrogels of varying stiffness and thickness. Consistent with experimental results, our simulation results indicate that for well spread cells, stiffness values are significantly over-estimated when experiments are performed on cells cultured on soft and thin gels. Using parametric studies, we have developed scaling relationships between the effective stiffness probed by AFM and the bulk cell stiffness, taking cell and tip geometry, hydrogel properties, nuclear stiffness and cell contractility into account. Finally, using simulated mechanoadaptation responses, we have demonstrated that a cell stiffening response may arise purely due to the substrate properties. Collectively, our results demonstrate the need to take hydrogel properties into account while estimating cell stiffness using AFM indentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shirish Vichare
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai 400076, India.
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