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Imtiaz N, Poskus MD, Stoddard WA, Gaborski TR, Day SW. Empirical and Computational Evaluation of Hemolysis in a Microfluidic Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenator Prototype. MICROMACHINES 2024; 15:790. [PMID: 38930760 PMCID: PMC11205701 DOI: 10.3390/mi15060790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2024] [Revised: 06/07/2024] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
Microfluidic devices promise to overcome the limitations of conventional hemodialysis and oxygenation technologies by incorporating novel membranes with ultra-high permeability into portable devices with low blood volume. However, the characteristically small dimensions of these devices contribute to both non-physiologic shear that could damage blood components and laminar flow that inhibits transport. While many studies have been performed to empirically and computationally study hemolysis in medical devices, such as valves and blood pumps, little is known about blood damage in microfluidic devices. In this study, four variants of a representative microfluidic membrane-based oxygenator and two controls (positive and negative) are introduced, and computational models are used to predict hemolysis. The simulations were performed in ANSYS Fluent for nine shear stress-based parameter sets for the power law hemolysis model. We found that three of the nine tested parameters overpredict (5 to 10×) hemolysis compared to empirical experiments. However, three parameter sets demonstrated higher predictive accuracy for hemolysis values in devices characterized by low shear conditions, while another three parameter sets exhibited better performance for devices operating under higher shear conditions. Empirical testing of the devices in a recirculating loop revealed levels of hemolysis significantly lower (<2 ppm) than the hemolysis ranges observed in conventional oxygenators (>10 ppm). Evaluating the model's ability to predict hemolysis across diverse shearing conditions, both through empirical experiments and computational validation, will provide valuable insights for future micro ECMO device development by directly relating geometric and shear stress with hemolysis levels. We propose that, with an informed selection of hemolysis parameters based on the shear ranges of the test device, computational modeling can complement empirical testing in the development of novel high-flow blood-contacting microfluidic devices, allowing for a more efficient iterative design process. Furthermore, the low device-induced hemolysis measured in our study at physiologically relevant flow rates is promising for the future development of microfluidic oxygenators and dialyzers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nayeem Imtiaz
- Rochester Institute of Technology, Kate Gleason College of Engineering, Rochester, NY 14623, USA; (N.I.); (W.A.S.); (T.R.G.)
| | - Matthew D. Poskus
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA;
| | - William A. Stoddard
- Rochester Institute of Technology, Kate Gleason College of Engineering, Rochester, NY 14623, USA; (N.I.); (W.A.S.); (T.R.G.)
| | - Thomas R. Gaborski
- Rochester Institute of Technology, Kate Gleason College of Engineering, Rochester, NY 14623, USA; (N.I.); (W.A.S.); (T.R.G.)
| | - Steven W. Day
- Rochester Institute of Technology, Kate Gleason College of Engineering, Rochester, NY 14623, USA; (N.I.); (W.A.S.); (T.R.G.)
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Qi X, Ma S, Jiang X, Wu H, Zheng J, Wang S, Han K, Zhang T, Gao J, Li X. Single-cell characterization of deformation and dynamics of mesenchymal stem cells in microfluidic systems: A computational study. Phys Rev E 2023; 108:054402. [PMID: 38115453 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.108.054402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the homing dynamics of individual mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in physiologically relevant microenvironments is crucial for improving the efficacy of MSC-based therapies for therapeutic and targeting purposes. This study investigates the passive homing behavior of individual MSCs in micropores that mimic interendothelial clefts through predictive computational simulations informed by previous microfluidic experiments. Initially, we quantified the size-dependent behavior of MSCs in micropores and elucidated the underlying mechanisms. Subsequently, we analyzed the shape deformation and traversal dynamics of each MSC. In addition, we conducted a systematic investigation to understand how the mechanical properties of MSCs impact their traversal process. We considered geometric and mechanical parameters, such as reduced cell volume, cell-to-nucleus diameter ratio, and cytoskeletal prestress states. Furthermore, we quantified the changes in the MSC traversal process and identified the quantitative limits in their response to variations in micropore length. Taken together, the computational results indicate the complex dynamic behavior of individual MSCs in the confined microflow. This finding offers an objective way to evaluate the homing ability of MSCs in an interendothelial-slit-like microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojing Qi
- Department of Engineering Mechanics and Center for X-Mechanics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Shuhao Ma
- Department of Engineering Mechanics and Center for X-Mechanics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Xinchi Jiang
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Honghui Wu
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Juanjuan Zheng
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Shuo Wang
- Department of Engineering Mechanics and Center for X-Mechanics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Keqin Han
- Department of Engineering Mechanics and Center for X-Mechanics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Tianyuan Zhang
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Jianqing Gao
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Xuejin Li
- Department of Engineering Mechanics and Center for X-Mechanics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
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Barbosa F, Dueñas-Pamplona J, Abreu CS, Oliveira MSN, Lima RA. Numerical Model Validation of the Blood Flow through a Microchannel Hyperbolic Contraction. MICROMACHINES 2023; 14:1886. [PMID: 37893323 PMCID: PMC10608998 DOI: 10.3390/mi14101886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2023] [Revised: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023]
Abstract
A computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model of blood flow through hyperbolic contraction with a discrete phase model (DPM) was experimentally validated. For this purpose, the positions and velocities of red blood cells (RBCs) flowing in a microchannel with hyperbolic contraction were experimentally assessed using image analysis techniques, and were subsequently compared with the numerical results. The numerically and experimentally obtained velocity fields were in good agreement, with errors smaller than 10%. Additionally, a nearly constant strain rate was observed in the contraction region, which can be attributed to the quasilinear increase in the velocity along the hyperbolic contraction. Therefore, the numerical technique used was validated due to the close similarity between the numerically and experimentally obtained results. The tested CFD model can be used to optimize the microchannel design by minimizing the need to fabricate prototypes and evaluate them experimentally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filipe Barbosa
- Mechanical Engineering and Resource Sustainability Center (METRICS), University of Minho, 4800-058 Guimarães, Portugal;
| | - Jorge Dueñas-Pamplona
- Departamento de Ingeniería Energética, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Cristiano S. Abreu
- Center for MicroElectromechanical Systems (CMEMS-UMinho), University of Minho, 4800-058 Guimarães, Portugal;
- LABBELS—Associate Laboratory, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
- Physics Department, Porto Superior Engineering Institute, ISEP, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal
| | - Mónica S. N. Oliveira
- James Weir Fluids Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G1 1XJ, UK;
| | - Rui A. Lima
- Mechanical Engineering and Resource Sustainability Center (METRICS), University of Minho, 4800-058 Guimarães, Portugal;
- CEFT—Transport Phenomena Research Center, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
- ALiCE—Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
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An L, Ji F, Zhao E, Liu Y, Liu Y. Measuring cell deformation by microfluidics. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2023; 11:1214544. [PMID: 37434754 PMCID: PMC10331473 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1214544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Microfluidics is an increasingly popular method for studying cell deformation, with various applications in fields such as cell biology, biophysics, and medical research. Characterizing cell deformation offers insights into fundamental cell processes, such as migration, division, and signaling. This review summarizes recent advances in microfluidic techniques for measuring cellular deformation, including the different types of microfluidic devices and methods used to induce cell deformation. Recent applications of microfluidics-based approaches for studying cell deformation are highlighted. Compared to traditional methods, microfluidic chips can control the direction and velocity of cell flow by establishing microfluidic channels and microcolumn arrays, enabling the measurement of cell shape changes. Overall, microfluidics-based approaches provide a powerful platform for studying cell deformation. It is expected that future developments will lead to more intelligent and diverse microfluidic chips, further promoting the application of microfluidics-based methods in biomedical research, providing more effective tools for disease diagnosis, drug screening, and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling An
- School of Engineering, Dali University, Dali, Yunnan, China
| | - Fenglong Ji
- School of Textile Materials and Engineering, Wuyi University, Jiangmen, Guangdong, China
| | - Enming Zhao
- School of Engineering, Dali University, Dali, Yunnan, China
| | - Yi Liu
- School of Engineering, Dali University, Dali, Yunnan, China
| | - Yaling Liu
- Department of Bioengineering, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA, United States
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Mechanics, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA, United States
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Porcaro C, Saeedipour M. Hemolysis prediction in bio-microfluidic applications using resolved CFD-DEM simulations. COMPUTER METHODS AND PROGRAMS IN BIOMEDICINE 2023; 231:107400. [PMID: 36774792 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmpb.2023.107400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Revised: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Hemolysis, namely hemoglobin leakage from red blood cells (RBCs), is one of the major sources of incorrect results in clinical tests, especially when passive microfluidics is involved. This is due to small characteristic dimensions which could cause strong RBCs deformation. Prediction of hemolysis is essential in the design and optimization of lab-on-a-chip devices for cell sorting and plasma separation. The aim of this work is to provide a numerical simulation tool this purpose applicable to real-scale bio-microfluidic devices with affordable computational cost. METHODS Blood is modelled as a suspension of biological cells, mainly RBCs, in liquid plasma assumed as a Newtonian, incompressible carrier fluid. Therefore, the physics of cells and carrier fluid is coupled by means of an immersed boundary concept known as resolved CFD-DEM. In this approach, the Navier-Stokes equations are numerically solved through a finite volume method with an additional penalty term to account for the presence of RBCs. RBCs' positions and velocities are updated by solving Newton and Euler equations for conservation of linear and angular momentum. To model the RBCs deformation, a reduced-order model is employed, where each RBC is represented by a clump of overlapping rigid spheres connected by fictional numerical bonds, whose properties are tuned to reproduce the ones of RBCs viscoelastic membrane. This coupled approach allows access to cell-level information and facilitates the usage of strain-based hemolysis models. RESULTS Different micro-channel geometries and blood hematocrits are simulated, to explore the influence of these factors on RBCs damage. Statistical analysis is performed to extract relevant biophysical quantities from numerical simulations such as hemolysis index distribution at the channel exit. Finally, the effect of carrier fluid viscosity is studied in relation to cell-cell interactions. CONCLUSIONS Simulation results show that hemolysis occurrence is almost independent of the hematocrit values in the microchannel, implying the possibility to speed up calculation using low hematocrit values. Nevertheless, using whole blood viscosity for the carrier fluid overestimates the value of the hemolysis index by almost one order of magnitude.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmine Porcaro
- Department of Particulate Flow Modelling, Johannes Kepler University, A-4040 Linz, Austria; Linz Institute of Technology (LIT), Johannes Kepler University, A-4040 Linz, Austria; Christian Doppler Laboratory for Multi-scale Modelling of Multiphase Processes, Johannes Kepler University, A-4040 Linz, Austria
| | - Mahdi Saeedipour
- Department of Particulate Flow Modelling, Johannes Kepler University, A-4040 Linz, Austria; Linz Institute of Technology (LIT), Johannes Kepler University, A-4040 Linz, Austria.
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Saha BK, Chong WH, Saha S, Aiman A, Bonnier A. Proposed Pathogenesis of Diffuse Alveolar Hemorrhage in Idiopathic Pulmonary Hemosiderosis. Lung 2022; 200:205-215. [PMID: 35267072 DOI: 10.1007/s00408-022-00523-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary hemosiderosis (IPH) is a rare disease that causes diffuse alveolar hemorrhage (DAH). The latest data suggests an immunologic origin of IPH, and a new name, immune mediated pulmonary hemosiderosis (ImPH), has been proposed. However, the exact immunologic mechanism has remained elusive for nearly eight decades despite extensive research, including detailed histopathologic analysis. Although several hypotheses have been proposed to describe the pathobiology of IPH, none of them explain the clinical and histopathologic findings conclusively. In this manuscript, we have presented a new hypothesis for the pathogenesis of DAH in IPH. We hypothesize that DAH in IPH is not immunocomplex mediated but due to histamine, eosinophilic cationic protein (ECP), and possibly vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). These bioactive proteins induce endothelial and alveolar epithelial damage, leading to the peri-capillary and intraalveolar escape of RBCs. The deformability of the RBC likely also plays a role. The supranormal secretion of histamine, ECP and VEGF occurs in genetically predisposed individuals with an aberrant immunologic response. The histamine is released from the basophils and possibly the mast cells in response to cytokines secreted by activated lymphocytes. The lymphocyte activation occurs after exposure to a known (gluten) or unknown antigen. The same lymphocyte-derived cytokines also induce eosinophilic degranulation of ECP and VEGF in the pulmonary circulation. We believe that our hypothesis unifies the observed clinical variabilities and histopathologic findings in IPH, and we hope that would promote future research in the field of IPH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biplab K Saha
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Ozarks Medical Center, 1100 Kentucky Avenue, West Plains, Missouri, MO, 65775, USA.
| | - Woon H Chong
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Albany Medical Center, Albany, NY, USA
| | - Santu Saha
- Department of Internal Medicine, Bangladesh Medical College, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Alexis Aiman
- New York Institute of Technology College of Osteopathic Medicine, Arkansas State University, Arkansas, USA
| | - Alyssa Bonnier
- Department of Critical Care Nursing, Goldfarb School of Nursing, Barnes Jewish College, St. Louis, MO, USA
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Microfluidics Approach to the Mechanical Properties of Red Blood Cell Membrane and Their Effect on Blood Rheology. MEMBRANES 2022; 12:membranes12020217. [PMID: 35207138 PMCID: PMC8878405 DOI: 10.3390/membranes12020217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In this article, we describe the general features of red blood cell membranes and their effect on blood flow and blood rheology. We first present a basic description of membranes and move forward to red blood cell membranes’ characteristics and modeling. We later review the specific properties of red blood cells, presenting recent numerical and experimental microfluidics studies that elucidate the effect of the elastic properties of the red blood cell membrane on blood flow and hemorheology. Finally, we describe specific hemorheological pathologies directly related to the mechanical properties of red blood cells and their effect on microcirculation, reviewing microfluidic applications for the diagnosis and treatment of these diseases.
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Deng YX, Chang HY, Li H. Recent Advances in Computational Modeling of Biomechanics and Biorheology of Red Blood Cells in Diabetes. Biomimetics (Basel) 2022; 7:15. [PMID: 35076493 PMCID: PMC8788472 DOI: 10.3390/biomimetics7010015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Revised: 01/01/2022] [Accepted: 01/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus, a metabolic disease characterized by chronically elevated blood glucose levels, affects about 29 million Americans and more than 422 million adults all over the world. Particularly, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) accounts for 90-95% of the cases of vascular disease and its prevalence is increasing due to the rising obesity rates in modern societies. Although multiple factors associated with diabetes, such as reduced red blood cell (RBC) deformability, enhanced RBC aggregation and adhesion to the endothelium, as well as elevated blood viscosity are thought to contribute to the hemodynamic impairment and vascular occlusion, clinical or experimental studies cannot directly quantify the contributions of these factors to the abnormal hematology in T2DM. Recently, computational modeling has been employed to dissect the impacts of the aberrant biomechanics of diabetic RBCs and their adverse effects on microcirculation. In this review, we summarize the recent advances in the developments and applications of computational models in investigating the abnormal properties of diabetic blood from the cellular level to the vascular level. We expect that this review will motivate and steer the development of new models in this area and shift the attention of the community from conventional laboratory studies to combined experimental and computational investigations, aiming to provide new inspirations for the development of advanced tools to improve our understanding of the pathogenesis and pathology of T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Xiang Deng
- School of Engineering, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA;
| | - Hung-Yu Chang
- Division of Applied Mathematics, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA;
| | - He Li
- Center for Biomedical Engineering, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
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Liu ZL, Li H, Qiang Y, Buffet P, Dao M, Karniadakis GE. Computational modeling of biomechanics and biorheology of heated red blood cells. Biophys J 2021; 120:4663-4671. [PMID: 34619119 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2021.09.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Revised: 09/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Because of their compromised deformability, heat denatured erythrocytes have been used as labeled probes to visualize spleen tissue or to assess the ability of the spleen to retain stiff red blood cells (RBCs) for over three decades, e.g., see Looareesuwan et al. N. Engl. J. Med. (1987). Despite their good accessibility, it is still an open question how heated RBCs compare to certain diseased RBCs in terms of their biomechanical and biorheological responses, which may undermine their effective usage and even lead to misleading experimental observations. To help answering this question, we perform a systematic computational study of the hemorheological properties of heated RBCs with several physiologically relevant static and hemodynamic settings, including optical-tweezers test, relaxation of prestretched RBCs, RBC traversal through a capillary-like channel and a spleen-like slit, and a viscometric rheology test. We show that our in silico RBC models agree well with existing experiments. Moreover, under static tests, heated RBCs exhibit deformability deterioration comparable to certain disease-impaired RBCs such as those in malaria. For RBC traversal under confinement (through microchannel or slit), heated RBCs show prolonged transit time or retention depending on the level of confinement and heating procedure, suggesting that carefully heat-treated RBCs may be useful for studying splenic- or vaso-occlusion in vascular pathologies. For the rheology test, we expand the existing bulk viscosity data of heated RBCs to a wider range of shear rates (1-1000 s-1) to represent most pathophysiological conditions in macro- or microcirculation. Although heated RBC suspension shows elevated viscosity comparable to certain diseased RBC suspensions under relatively high shear rates (100-1000 s-1), they underestimate the elevated viscosity (e.g., in sickle cell anemia) at low shear rates (<10 s-1). Our work provides mechanistic rationale for selective usage of heated RBC as a potentially useful model for studying the abnormal traversal dynamics and hemorheology in certain blood disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - He Li
- School of Engineering, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island.
| | - Yuhao Qiang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Pierre Buffet
- Université Paris Descartes, Institut National de la Transfusion Sanguine, Paris, France
| | - Ming Dao
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - George Em Karniadakis
- Division of Applied Mathematics, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island; School of Engineering, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island.
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Nikfar M, Razizadeh M, Paul R, Muzykantov V, Liu Y. A numerical study on drug delivery via multiscale synergy of cellular hitchhiking onto red blood cells. NANOSCALE 2021; 13:17359-17372. [PMID: 34590654 PMCID: PMC10169096 DOI: 10.1039/d1nr04057j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Red blood cell (RBC)-hitchhiking, in which different nanocarriers (NCs) shuttle on the erythrocyte membrane and disassociate from RBCs to the first organ downstream of the intravenous injection spot, has recently been introduced as a solution to enhance target site uptake. Several experimental studies have already approved that cellular hitchhiking onto the RBC membrane can improve the delivery of a wide range of NCs in mice, pigs, and ex vivo human lungs. In these studies, the impact of NC size, NC surface chemistry, and shear rate on the delivery process and biodistribution has been widely explored. To shed light on the underlying physics in this type of drug delivery system, we present a computational platform in the context of the lattice Boltzmann method, spring connected network, and frictional immersed boundary method. The proposed algorithm simulates nanoparticle (NP) dislodgment from the RBC surface in shear flow and biomimetic microfluidic channels. The numerical simulations are performed for various NP sizes and RBC-NP adhesion strengths. In shear flow, NP detachment increases upon increasing the shear rate. RBC-RBC interaction can also significantly boost shear-induced particle detachment. Larger NPs have a higher propensity to be disconnected from the RBC surface. The results illustrate that changing the interaction between the NPs and RBCs can control the desorption process. All the findings agree with in vivo and in vitro experimental observations. We believe that the proposed setup can be exploited as a predictive tool to estimate optimum parameters in NP-bound RBCs for better targeting procedures in tissue microvasculature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Nikfar
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Mechanics, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania 18015, USA.
| | - Meghdad Razizadeh
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Mechanics, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania 18015, USA.
| | - Ratul Paul
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Mechanics, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania 18015, USA.
| | - Vladimir Muzykantov
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics and Center for Translational Targeted Therapeutics and Nanomedicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Yaling Liu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Mechanics, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania 18015, USA.
- Department of Bioengineering, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania 18015, USA
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11
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Nikfar M, Razizadeh M, Paul R, Zhou Y, Liu Y. Numerical simulation of intracellular drug delivery via rapid squeezing. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2021; 15:044102. [PMID: 34367404 PMCID: PMC8331209 DOI: 10.1063/5.0059165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Intracellular drug delivery by rapid squeezing is one of the most recent and simple cell membrane disruption-mediated drug encapsulation approaches. In this method, cell membranes are perforated in a microfluidic setup due to rapid cell deformation during squeezing through constricted channels. While squeezing-based drug loading has been successful in loading drug molecules into various cell types, such as immune cells, cancer cells, and other primary cells, there is so far no comprehensive understanding of the pore opening mechanism on the cell membrane and the systematic analysis on how different channel geometries and squeezing speed influence drug loading. This article aims to develop a three-dimensional computational model to study the intracellular delivery for compound cells squeezing through microfluidic channels. The Lattice Boltzmann method, as the flow solver, integrated with a spring-connected network via frictional coupling, is employed to capture compound capsule dynamics over fast squeezing. The pore size is proportional to the local areal strain of triangular patches on the compound cell through mathematical correlations derived from molecular dynamics and coarse-grained molecular dynamics simulations. We quantify the drug concentration inside the cell cytoplasm by introducing a new mathematical model for passive diffusion after squeezing. Compared to the existing models, the proposed model does not have any empirical parameters that depend on operating conditions and device geometry. Since the compound cell model is new, it is validated by simulating a nucleated cell under a simple shear flow at different capillary numbers and comparing the results with other numerical models reported in literature. The cell deformation during squeezing is also compared with the pattern found from our compound cell squeezing experiment. Afterward, compound cell squeezing is modeled for different cell squeezing velocities, constriction lengths, and constriction widths. We reported the instantaneous cell center velocity, variations of axial and vertical cell dimensions, cell porosity, and normalized drug concentration to shed light on the underlying physics in fast squeezing-based drug delivery. Consistent with experimental findings in the literature, the numerical results confirm that constriction width reduction, constriction length enlargement, and average cell velocity promote intracellular drug delivery. The results show that the existence of the nucleus increases cell porosity and loaded drug concentration after squeezing. Given geometrical parameters and cell average velocity, the maximum porosity is achieved at three different locations: constriction entrance, constriction middle part, and outside the constriction. Our numerical results provide reasonable justifications for experimental findings on the influences of constriction geometry and cell velocity on the performance of cell-squeezing delivery. We expect this model can help design and optimize squeezing-based cargo delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Nikfar
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Mechanics, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania 18015, USA
| | - Meghdad Razizadeh
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Mechanics, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania 18015, USA
| | - Ratul Paul
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Mechanics, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania 18015, USA
| | - Yuyuan Zhou
- Department of Bioengineering, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania 18015, USA
| | - Yaling Liu
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed:
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Yu Z, Tan J, Wang S. Enhanced discrete phase model for multiphase flow simulation of blood flow with high shear stress. Sci Prog 2021; 104:368504211008064. [PMID: 33788651 PMCID: PMC10358624 DOI: 10.1177/00368504211008064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Shear stress is often present in the blood flow within blood-contacting devices, which is the leading cause of hemolysis. However, the simulation method for blood flow with shear stress is still not perfect, especially the multiphase flow model and experimental verification. In this regard, this study proposes an enhanced discrete phase model for multiphase flow simulation of blood flow with shear stress. This simulation is based on the discrete phase model (DPM). According to the multiphase flow characteristics of blood, a virtual mass force model and a pressure gradient influence model are added to the calculation of cell particle motion. In the experimental verification, nozzle models were designed to simulate the flow with shear stress, varying the degree of shear stress through different nozzle sizes. The microscopic flow was measured by the Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) experimental method. The comparison of the turbulence models and the verification of the simulation accuracy were carried out based on the experimental results. The result demonstrates that the simulation effect of the SST k-ω model is better than other standard turbulence models. Accuracy analysis proves that the simulation results are accurate and can capture the movement of cell-level particles in the flow with shear stress. The results of the research are conducive to obtaining accurate and comprehensive analysis results in the equipment development phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheqin Yu
- College of Energy and Power Engineering, Changsha University of Science & Technology, Hunan, China
- College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Jianping Tan
- College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Shuai Wang
- College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
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Nikfar M, Razizadeh M, Paul R, Liu Y. Multiscale modeling of hemolysis during microfiltration. MICROFLUIDICS AND NANOFLUIDICS 2020; 24:33. [PMID: 33235552 PMCID: PMC7682248 DOI: 10.1007/s10404-020-02337-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/28/2020] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, we propose a multiscale numerical algorithm to simulate the hemolytic release of hemoglobin (Hb) from red blood cells (RBCs) flowing through sieves containing micropores with mean diameters smaller than RBCs. Analyzing the RBC damage in microfiltration is important in the sense that it can quantify the sensitivity of human erythrocytes to mechanical hemolysis while they undergo high shear rate and high deformation. Here, the numerical simulations are carried out via lattice Boltzmann method and spring connected network (SN) coupled by an immersed boundary method. To predict the RBC sublytic damage, a sub-cellular damage model derived from molecular dynamic simulations is incorporated in the cellular solver. In the proposed algorithm, the local RBC strain distribution calculated by the cellular solver is used to obtain the pore radius on the RBC membrane. Index of hemolysis (IH) is calculated by resorting to the resulting pore radius and solving a diffusion equation considering the effects of steric hinderance and increased hydrodynamic drag due to the size of the hemoglobin molecule. It should be mentioned that current computational hemolysis models usually utilize empirical fitting of the released free hemoglobin (Hb) in plasma from damaged RBCs. These empirical correlations contain ad hoc parameters that depend on specific device and operating conditions, thus cannot be used to predict hemolysis under different conditions. In contrast to the available hemolysis model, the proposed algorithm does not have any empirical parameters. Therefore, it can predict the IH in microfilter with different sieve pore sizes and filtration pressures. Also, in contrast to empirical correlations in which the Hb release is related to shear stress and exposure time without considering the physical processes, the proposed model links flow-induced deformation of the RBC membrane to membrane permeabilization and hemoglobin release. In this paper, the cellular solver is validated by simulating optical tweezers experiment, shear flow experiment as well as an experiment to measure RBC deformability in a very narrow microchannel. Moreover, the shape of a single RBC at the rupture moment is compared with corresponding experimental data. Finally, to validate the damage model, the results obtained from our parametric study on the role of filtration pressure and sieve pore size in Hb release are compared with experimental data. Numerical results are in good agreement with experimental data. Similar to the corresponding experiment, the numerical results confirm that hemolysis increases with increasing the filtration pressure and reduction in pore size on the sieve. While in experiment, the RBC pore size cannot be measured, the numerical results can quantify the RBC pore size. The numerical results show that at the sieve pore size of 2.2 μm above 25 cm Hg, RBC pore size is above 75 nm and RBCs experience rupture. More importantly, the results demonstrate that the proposed approach is independent from the operating conditions and it can estimate the hemolysis in a wide range of filtration pressure and sieve pore size with reasonable accuracy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Nikfar
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Mechanics, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA 18015, USA
| | - Meghdad Razizadeh
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Mechanics, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA 18015, USA
| | - Ratul Paul
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Mechanics, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA 18015, USA
| | - Yaling Liu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Mechanics, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA 18015, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA 18015, USA
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14
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Selvan R, Parthasarathi P, Iyengar SS, Ananthamurthy S, Bhattacharya S. Estimation of membrane bending modulus of stiffness tuned human red blood cells from micropore filtration studies. PLoS One 2020; 14:e0226640. [PMID: 31891585 PMCID: PMC6938315 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0226640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 11/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Human red blood cells (RBCs) need to deform in order to pass through capillaries in human vasculature with diameter smaller than that of the RBC. An altered RBC cell membrane stiffness (CMS), thereby, is likely to have consequences on their flow rate. RBC CMS is known to be affected by several commonly encountered disease conditions. This study was carried out to investigate whether an increase in RBC CMS, to the extent seen in such commonly encountered medical conditions, affects the RBC flow rate through channels with diameters comparable to that of the RBC. To do this, we use RBCs extracted from a healthy individual with no known medical conditions and treated with various concentrations of Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA). We study their flow through polycarbonate membranes with pores of diameter 5μm and 8μm which are smaller than and comparable to the RBC diameter respectively. The studies are carried out at constant hematocrit and volumetric flow rate. We find that when the diameter of the capillary is smaller than that of the RBC, the flow rate of the RBCs is lowered as the concentration of BSA is increased while the reverse is true when the diameter is comparable to that of the RBC. We confirm that this is a consequence of altered CMS of the RBCs from their reorientation dynamics in an Optical Tweezer. We find that a treatment with 0.50mg/ml BSA mimics the situation for RBCs extracted from a healthy individual while concentrations higher than 0.50mg/ml elevate the RBC CMS across a range expected for individuals with a condition of hyperglycemia. Using a simple theoretical model of the RBC deformation process at the entry of a narrow channel, we extract the RBC membrane bending modulus from their flow rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rekha Selvan
- Department of Physics, Bangalore University, Bangalore, India
| | | | | | - Sharath Ananthamurthy
- Department of Physics, Bangalore University, Bangalore, India
- School of Physics, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
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15
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van Rooij BJM, Závodszky G, Azizi Tarksalooyeh VW, Hoekstra AG. Identifying the start of a platelet aggregate by the shear rate and the cell-depleted layer. J R Soc Interface 2019; 16:20190148. [PMID: 31575344 PMCID: PMC6833312 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2019.0148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Computer simulations were performed to study the transport of red blood cells and platelets in high shear flows, mimicking earlier published in vitro experiments in microfluidic devices with high affinity for platelet aggregate formation. The goal is to understand and predict where thrombus formation starts. Additionally, the need of cell-based modelling in these microfluidic devices is demonstrated by comparing our results with macroscopic models, wherein blood is modelled as a continuous fluid. Hemocell, a cell-based blood flow simulation framework is used to investigate the transport physics in the microfluidic devices. The simulations show an enlarged cell-depleted layer at the site where a platelet aggregate forms in the experiments. In this enlarged cell-depleted layer, the probability to find a platelet is higher than in the rest of the microfluidic device. In addition, the shear rates are sufficiently high to allow for the von Willebrand factor to elongate in this region. We hypothesize that the enlarged cell-depleted layer combined with a sufficiently large platelet flux and sufficiently high shear rates result in an haemodynamic environment that is a preferred location for initial platelet aggregation.
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Affiliation(s)
- B J M van Rooij
- Computational Science, Institute for Informatics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - G Závodszky
- Computational Science, Institute for Informatics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - V W Azizi Tarksalooyeh
- Computational Science, Institute for Informatics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - A G Hoekstra
- Computational Science, Institute for Informatics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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16
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A Microfluidic Deformability Assessment of Pathological Red Blood Cells Flowing in a Hyperbolic Converging Microchannel. MICROMACHINES 2019; 10:mi10100645. [PMID: 31557932 PMCID: PMC6843121 DOI: 10.3390/mi10100645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2019] [Revised: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The loss of the red blood cells (RBCs) deformability is related with many human diseases, such as malaria, hereditary spherocytosis, sickle cell disease, or renal diseases. Hence, during the last years, a variety of technologies have been proposed to gain insights into the factors affecting the RBCs deformability and their possible direct association with several blood pathologies. In this work, we present a simple microfluidic tool that provides the assessment of motions and deformations of RBCs of end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) patients, under a well-controlled microenvironment. All of the flow studies were performed within a hyperbolic converging microchannels where single-cell deformability was assessed under a controlled homogeneous extensional flow field. By using a passive microfluidic device, RBCs passing through a hyperbolic-shaped contraction were measured by a high-speed video microscopy system, and the velocities and deformability ratios (DR) calculated. Blood samples from 27 individuals, including seven healthy controls and 20 having ESKD with or without diabetes, were analysed. The obtained data indicates that the proposed device is able to detect changes in DR of the RBCs, allowing for distinguishing the samples from the healthy controls and the patients. Overall, the deformability of ESKD patients with and without diabetes type II is lower in comparison with the RBCs from the healthy controls, with this difference being more evident for the group of ESKD patients with diabetes. RBCs from ESKD patients without diabetes elongate on average 8% less, within the hyperbolic contraction, as compared to healthy controls; whereas, RBCs from ESKD patients with diabetes elongate on average 14% less than the healthy controls. The proposed strategy can be easily transformed into a simple and inexpensive diagnostic microfluidic system to assess blood cells deformability due to the huge progress in image processing and high-speed microvisualization technology.
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17
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Abstract
The mechanisms underlying degradation of biological cells due to mechanical fatigue are not well understood. Specifically, detrimental effects of fatigue on properties and homeostasis of human red blood cells (RBCs), as they repeatedly deform while traversing microvasculature, have remained largely unexplored. We present a general microfluidics method that incorporates amplitude-modulated electrodeformation to induce static and cyclic mechanical deformation of RBCs. Fatigue of RBCs leads to significantly greater loss of membrane deformability, compared to static deformation under the same maximum load and maximum-load duration. These findings establish unique effects of cyclic mechanical deformation on the properties and function of biological cells. Our work provides a means to assess the mechanical integrity and fatigue damage of RBCs in blood circulation. Fatigue arising from cyclic straining is a key factor in the degradation of properties of engineered materials and structures. Fatigue can also induce damage and fracture in natural biomaterials, such as bone, and in synthetic biomaterials used in implant devices. However, the mechanisms by which mechanical fatigue leads to deterioration of physical properties and contributes to the onset and progression of pathological states in biological cells have hitherto not been systematically explored. Here we present a general method that employs amplitude-modulated electrodeformation and microfluidics for characterizing mechanical fatigue in single biological cells. This method is capable of subjecting cells to static loads for prolonged periods of time or to large numbers of controlled mechanical fatigue cycles. We apply the method to measure the systematic changes in morphological and biomechanical characteristics of healthy human red blood cells (RBCs) and their membrane mechanical properties. Under constant amplitude cyclic tensile deformation, RBCs progressively lose their ability to stretch with increasing fatigue cycles. Our results further indicate that loss of deformability of RBCs during cyclic deformation is much faster than that under static deformation at the same maximum load over the same accumulated loading time. Such fatigue-induced deformability loss is more pronounced at higher amplitudes of cyclic deformation. These results uniquely establish the important role of mechanical fatigue in influencing physical properties of biological cells. They further provide insights into the accumulated membrane damage during blood circulation, paving the way for further investigations of the eventual failure of RBCs causing hemolysis in various hemolytic pathologies.
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18
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Modeling Cell Adhesion and Extravasation in Microvascular System. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2018. [PMID: 30315548 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-96445-4_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
The blood flow behaviors in the microvessels determine the transport modes and further affect the metastasis of circulating tumor cells (CTCs). Much biochemical and biological efforts have been made on CTC metastasis; however, precise experimental measurement and accurate theoretical prediction on its mechanical mechanism are limited. To complement these, numerical modeling of a CTC extravasation from the blood circulation, including the steps of adhesion and transmigration, is discussed in this chapter. The results demonstrate that CTCs prefer to adhere at the positive curvature of curved microvessels, which is attributed to the positive wall shear stress/gradient. Then, the effects of particulate nature of blood on CTC adhesion are investigated and are found to be significant in the microvessels. Furthermore, the presence of red blood cell (RBC) aggregates is also found to promote the CTC adhesion by providing an additional wall-directed force. Finally, a single cell passing through a narrow slit, mimicking CTC transmigration, was examined under the effects of cell deformability. It showed that the cell shape and surface area increase play a more important role than the cell elasticity in cell transit across the narrow slit.
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19
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Ahmad A, Dubey V, Singh VR, Tinguely JC, Øie CI, Wolfson DL, Mehta DS, So PTC, Ahluwalia BS. Quantitative phase microscopy of red blood cells during planar trapping and propulsion. LAB ON A CHIP 2018; 18:3025-3036. [PMID: 30132501 PMCID: PMC6161620 DOI: 10.1039/c8lc00356d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2018] [Accepted: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Red blood cells (RBCs) have the ability to undergo morphological deformations during microcirculation, such as changes in surface area, volume and sphericity. Optical waveguide trapping is suitable for trapping, propelling and deforming large cell populations along the length of the waveguide. Bright field microscopy employed with waveguide trapping does not provide quantitative information about structural changes. Here, we have combined quantitative phase microscopy and waveguide trapping techniques to study changes in RBC morphology during planar trapping and transportation. By using interference microscopy, time-lapsed interferometric images of trapped RBCs were recorded in real-time and subsequently utilized to reconstruct optical phase maps. Quantification of the phase differences before and after trapping enabled study of the mechanical effects during planar trapping. During planar trapping, a decrease in the maximum phase values, an increase in the surface area and a decrease in the volume and sphericity of RBCs were observed. QPM was used to analyze the phase values for two specific regions within RBCs: the annular rim and the central donut. The phase value of the annular rim decreases whereas it increases for the central donut during planar trapping. These changes correspond to a redistribution of cytosol inside the RBC during planar trapping and transportation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azeem Ahmad
- Department of Physics and Technology
, UiT The Arctic University of Norway
,
Tromsø N-9037
, Norway
.
;
- Department of Physics
, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi
,
New Delhi 110016
, India
| | - Vishesh Dubey
- Department of Physics and Technology
, UiT The Arctic University of Norway
,
Tromsø N-9037
, Norway
.
;
- Department of Physics
, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi
,
New Delhi 110016
, India
| | - Vijay Raj Singh
- Department of Mechanical & Biological Engineering
, Massachusetts Institute of Technology
,
Cambridge
, MA
02139
, USA
- BioSym IRG
, Singapore-Alliance for Science & Technology Center
,
Singapore
, Singapore
| | - Jean-Claude Tinguely
- Department of Physics and Technology
, UiT The Arctic University of Norway
,
Tromsø N-9037
, Norway
.
;
| | - Cristina Ionica Øie
- Department of Physics and Technology
, UiT The Arctic University of Norway
,
Tromsø N-9037
, Norway
.
;
| | - Deanna L. Wolfson
- Department of Physics and Technology
, UiT The Arctic University of Norway
,
Tromsø N-9037
, Norway
.
;
| | - Dalip Singh Mehta
- Department of Physics
, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi
,
New Delhi 110016
, India
| | - Peter T. C. So
- Department of Mechanical & Biological Engineering
, Massachusetts Institute of Technology
,
Cambridge
, MA
02139
, USA
- BioSym IRG
, Singapore-Alliance for Science & Technology Center
,
Singapore
, Singapore
| | - Balpreet Singh Ahluwalia
- Department of Physics and Technology
, UiT The Arctic University of Norway
,
Tromsø N-9037
, Norway
.
;
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20
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Lizarralde Iragorri MA, El Hoss S, Brousse V, Lefevre SD, Dussiot M, Xu T, Ferreira AR, Lamarre Y, Silva Pinto AC, Kashima S, Lapouméroulie C, Covas DT, Le Van Kim C, Colin Y, Elion J, Français O, Le Pioufle B, El Nemer W. A microfluidic approach to study the effect of mechanical stress on erythrocytes in sickle cell disease. LAB ON A CHIP 2018; 18:2975-2984. [PMID: 30168832 DOI: 10.1039/c8lc00637g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
The human red blood cell is a biconcave disc of 6-8 × 2 μm that is highly elastic. This capacity to deform enables it to stretch while circulating through narrow capillaries to ensure its main function of gas exchange. Red cell shape and deformability are altered in membrane disorders because of defects in skeletal or membrane proteins affecting protein-protein interactions. Red cell properties are also altered in other pathologies such as sickle cell disease. Sickle cell disease is a genetic hereditary disorder caused by a single point mutation in the β-globin gene generating sickle haemoglobin (HbS). Hypoxia drives HbS polymerisation that is responsible for red cell sickling and reduced deformability. The main clinical features of sickle cell disease are vaso-occlusive crises and haemolytic anaemia. Foetal haemoglobin (HbF) inhibits HbS polymerisation and positively impacts red cell survival in the circulation but the mechanism through which it exerts this action is not fully characterized. In this study, we designed a microfluidic biochip mimicking the dimensions of human capillaries to measure the impact of repeated mechanical stress on the survival of red cells at the single cell scale under controlled pressure. We show that mechanical stress is a critical parameter underlying intravascular haemolysis in sickle cell disease and that high intracellular levels of HbF protect against lysis. The biochip is a promising tool to address red cell deformability in pathological situations and to screen for molecules positively impacting this parameter in order to improve red cell survival in the circulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Alejandra Lizarralde Iragorri
- Biologie Intégrée du Globule Rouge UMR_S1134, Inserm, Univ. Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Univ. de la Réunion, Univ. des Antilles, INTS, 6 rue Alexandre Cabanel, 75015 Paris, France.
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21
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Hoque SZ, Anand DV, Patnaik BSV. The dynamics of a healthy and infected red blood cell in flow through constricted channels: A DPD simulation. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR NUMERICAL METHODS IN BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING 2018; 34:e3105. [PMID: 29790664 DOI: 10.1002/cnm.3105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2018] [Revised: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the dynamics of red blood cell (RBC) motion under in silico conditions is central to the development of cost-effective diagnostic tools. Specifically, unraveling the relationship between the rheological properties and the nature of shape change in the RBC (healthy or infected) can be extremely useful. In case of malarial infection, RBC progressively loses its deformability and tends to occlude the microvessel. In the present study, detailed mesoscopic simulations are performed to investigate the deformation dynamics of an RBC in flow through a constricted channel. Specifically, the manifestation of viscous forces (through flow rates) on the passage and blockage characteristics of a healthy red blood cell (hRBC) vis-á-vis an infected red blood cell (iRBC) are investigated. A finite-sized dissipative particle dynamics framework is used to model plasma in conjunction with a discrete model for the RBC. Instantaneous wall boundary method was used to model no-slip wall boundary conditions with a good control on the near-wall density fluctuations and compressibility effects. To investigate the microvascular occlusion, the RBC motion through 2 types of constricted channels, viz, (1) a tapered microchannel and (2) a stenosed-type microchannel, were simulated. It was observed that the deformation of an infected cell was much less compared with a healthy cell, with an attendant increase in the passage time. Apart from the qualitative features, deformation indices were obtained. The deformation of hRBC was sudden, while the iRBC deformed slowly as it traversed through the constriction. For higher flow rates, both hRBC and iRBC were found to undergo severe deformation. Even under low flow rates, hRBC could easily traverse past the constricted channel. However, for sufficiently slow flow rates (eg, capillary flows), the microchannel was found to be completely blocked by the iRBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sazid Zamal Hoque
- Department of Applied Mechanics, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, 600036, India
| | - D Vijay Anand
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012, India
| | - B S V Patnaik
- Department of Applied Mechanics, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, 600036, India
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22
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Chang CC, Wang K, Zhang Y, Chen D, Fan B, Hsieh CH, Wang J, Wu MH, Chen J. Mechanical property characterization of hundreds of single nuclei based on microfluidic constriction channel. Cytometry A 2018; 93:822-828. [PMID: 30063818 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.23386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Revised: 02/18/2018] [Accepted: 04/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
As label-free biomarkers, the mechanical properties of nuclei are widely treated as promising biomechanical markers for cell type classification and cellular status evaluation. However, previously reported mechanical parameters were derived from only around 10 nuclei, lacking statistical significances due to low sample numbers. To address this issue, nuclei were first isolated from SW620 and A549 cells, respectively, using a chemical treatment method. This was followed by aspirating them through two types of microfluidic constriction channels for mechanical property characterization. In this study, hundreds of nuclei were characterized, producing passage times of 0.5 ± 1.2 s for SW620 nuclei in type I constriction channel (n = 153), 0.045 ± 0.047 s for SW620 nuclei in type II constriction channel (n = 215) and 0.50 ± 0.86 s for A549 nuclei in type II constriction channel. In addition, neural network based pattern recognition was used to classify the nuclei isolated from SW620 and A549 cells, producing successful classification rates of 87.2% for diameters of nuclei, 85.5% for passage times of nuclei and 89.3% for both passage times and diameters of nuclei. These results indicate that the characterization of the mechanical properties of nuclei may contribute to the classification of different tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Chieh Chang
- Graduate Institute of Biochemical and Biomedical Engineering, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan City, Taiwan
| | - Ke Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Institute of Electronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,School of Electronic, Electrical and Communication Engineering/School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Institute of Electronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,School of Electronic, Electrical and Communication Engineering/School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Deyong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Institute of Electronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,School of Electronic, Electrical and Communication Engineering/School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Beiyuan Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Institute of Electronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,School of Electronic, Electrical and Communication Engineering/School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Chia-Hsun Hsieh
- Division of Haematology/Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Taoyuan City, Taiwan
| | - Junbo Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Institute of Electronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,School of Electronic, Electrical and Communication Engineering/School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Min-Hsien Wu
- Graduate Institute of Biochemical and Biomedical Engineering, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan City, Taiwan.,Division of Haematology/Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Taoyuan City, Taiwan
| | - Jian Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Institute of Electronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,School of Electronic, Electrical and Communication Engineering/School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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23
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Li X, Li H, Chang HY, Lykotrafitis G, Em Karniadakis G. Computational Biomechanics of Human Red Blood Cells in Hematological Disorders. J Biomech Eng 2017; 139:2580906. [PMID: 27814430 DOI: 10.1115/1.4035120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
We review recent advances in multiscale modeling of the biomechanical characteristics of red blood cells (RBCs) in hematological diseases, and their relevance to the structure and dynamics of defective RBCs. We highlight examples of successful simulations of blood disorders including malaria and other hereditary disorders, such as sickle-cell anemia, spherocytosis, and elliptocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuejin Li
- Division of Applied Mathematics, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912 e-mail:
| | - He Li
- Division of Applied Mathematics, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912
| | - Hung-Yu Chang
- Division of Applied Mathematics, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912
| | - George Lykotrafitis
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269;Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269
| | - George Em Karniadakis
- Fellow ASME Division of Applied Mathematics, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912 e-mail:
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24
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Wiegmann L, de Zélicourt DA, Speer O, Muller A, Goede JS, Seifert B, Kurtcuoglu V. Influence of Standard Laboratory Procedures on Measures of Erythrocyte Damage. Front Physiol 2017; 8:731. [PMID: 29042854 PMCID: PMC5632557 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2017.00731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2017] [Accepted: 09/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The ability to characterize the mechanical properties of erythrocytes is important in clinical and research contexts: to diagnose and monitor hematologic disorders, as well as to optimize the design of cardiovascular implants and blood circulating devices with respect to blood damage. However, investigation of red blood cell (RBC) properties generally involves preparatory and processing steps. Even though these impose mechanical stresses on cells, little is known about their impact on the final measurement results. In this study, we investigated the effect of centrifuging, vortexing, pipetting, and high pressures on several markers of mechanical blood damage and RBC membrane properties. Using human venous blood, we analyzed erythrocyte damage by measuring free hemoglobin, phosphatidylserine exposure by flow cytometry, RBC deformability by ektacytometry and the parameters of a complete blood count. We observed increased levels of free hemoglobin for all tested procedures. The release of hemoglobin into plasma depended significantly on the level of stress. Elevated pressures and centrifuging also altered mean cell volume (MCV) and mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), suggesting changes in erythrocyte population, and membrane properties. Our results show that the effects of blood handling can significantly influence erythrocyte damage metrics. Careful quantification of this influence as well as other unwanted secondary effects should thus be included in experimental protocols and accounted for in clinical laboratories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena Wiegmann
- The Interface Group, Institute of Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Diane A de Zélicourt
- The Interface Group, Institute of Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,National Center of Competence in Research, Kidney.CH, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Oliver Speer
- Division of Haematology, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Alissa Muller
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jeroen S Goede
- Department of Haematology, Kantonsspital Winterthur, Winterthur, Switzerland.,Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Burkhardt Seifert
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Prevention Institute, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Vartan Kurtcuoglu
- The Interface Group, Institute of Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,National Center of Competence in Research, Kidney.CH, Zurich, Switzerland.,Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Neuroscience Center Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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25
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Lykov K, Nematbakhsh Y, Shang M, Lim CT, Pivkin IV. Probing eukaryotic cell mechanics via mesoscopic simulations. PLoS Comput Biol 2017; 13:e1005726. [PMID: 28922399 PMCID: PMC5619828 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1005726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2017] [Revised: 09/28/2017] [Accepted: 08/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell mechanics has proven to be important in many biological processes. Although there is a number of experimental techniques which allow us to study mechanical properties of cell, there is still a lack of understanding of the role each sub-cellular component plays during cell deformations. We present a new mesoscopic particle-based eukaryotic cell model which explicitly describes cell membrane, nucleus and cytoskeleton. We employ Dissipative Particle Dynamics (DPD) method that provides us with the unified framework for modeling of a cell and its interactions in the flow. Data from micropipette aspiration experiments were used to define model parameters. The model was validated using data from microfluidic experiments. The validated model was then applied to study the impact of the sub-cellular components on the cell viscoelastic response in micropipette aspiration and microfluidic experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirill Lykov
- Institute of Computational Science, Faculty of Informatics, USI Lugano, Lugano, Switzerland
| | - Yasaman Nematbakhsh
- NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Menglin Shang
- BioSystems and Micromechanics (BioSyM) IRG, Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology (SMART) Centre, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Chwee Teck Lim
- NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Igor V. Pivkin
- Institute of Computational Science, Faculty of Informatics, USI Lugano, Lugano, Switzerland
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland
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26
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Chang HY, Li X, Karniadakis GE. Modeling of Biomechanics and Biorheology of Red Blood Cells in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Biophys J 2017; 113:481-490. [PMID: 28746858 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2017.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2017] [Revised: 06/09/2017] [Accepted: 06/12/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Erythrocytes in patients with type-2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) are associated with reduced cell deformability and elevated blood viscosity, which contribute to impaired blood flow and other pathophysiological aspects of diabetes-related vascular complications. In this study, by using a two-component red blood cell (RBC) model and systematic parameter variation, we perform detailed computational simulations to probe the alteration of the biomechanical, rheological, and dynamic behavior of T2DM RBCs in response to morphological change and membrane stiffening. First, we examine the elastic response of T2DM RBCs subject to static tensile forcing and their viscoelastic relaxation response upon release of the stretching force. Second, we investigate the membrane fluctuations of T2DM RBCs and explore the effect of cell shape on the fluctuation amplitudes. Third, we subject the T2DM RBCs to shear flow and probe the effects of cell shape and effective membrane viscosity on their tank-treading movement. In addition, we model the cell dynamic behavior in a microfluidic channel with constriction and quantify the biorheological properties of individual T2DM RBCs. Finally, we simulate T2DM RBC suspensions under shear and compare the predicted viscosity with experimental measurements. Taken together, these simulation results and their comparison with currently available experimental data are helpful in identifying a specific parametric model-the first of its kind, to our knowledge-that best describes the main hallmarks of T2DM RBCs, which can be used in future simulation studies of hematologic complications of T2DM patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hung-Yu Chang
- Division of Applied Mathematics, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Xuejin Li
- Division of Applied Mathematics, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island.
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27
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Park JH, Go T, Lee SJ. Label-Free Sensing and Classification of Old Stored Blood. Ann Biomed Eng 2017; 45:2563-2573. [DOI: 10.1007/s10439-017-1902-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2017] [Accepted: 08/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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28
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Microfluidic experimental setup for adhesion and recovery measurements of red blood cells in sickle cell disease. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2017; 71:80-84. [PMID: 28267661 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2017.02.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2016] [Revised: 02/16/2017] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Current microfluidic assays, which aim at quantifying mechanical properties of sickle cell red blood cells (SS-RBCs), suffer from a number of drawbacks in functionalization and flow control. Specifically, physical adsorption functionalization techniques produce inconsistent functional surfaces, and common volumetric flow pumps cannot be used to adjust the flow inside microchannels with minimal delay. We have designed an experimental setup that alleviates these complications by implementing aspiration for microchannel assembly that enables the use of most functionalization techniques and a pressure controller that allows instant and precise changes in the microchannel flow. Utilizing this setup, we have quantified SS-RBC adhesion to the integrin αvβ3, a specific adhesion protein expressed on the endothelium, as well as measured the shear modulus and viscosity of the SS-RBC plasma membrane.
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29
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Ito H, Murakami R, Sakuma S, Tsai CHD, Gutsmann T, Brandenburg K, Pöschl JMB, Arai F, Kaneko M, Tanaka M. Mechanical diagnosis of human erythrocytes by ultra-high speed manipulation unraveled critical time window for global cytoskeletal remodeling. Sci Rep 2017; 7:43134. [PMID: 28233788 PMCID: PMC5324053 DOI: 10.1038/srep43134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2016] [Accepted: 01/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Large deformability of erythrocytes in microvasculature is a prerequisite to realize smooth circulation. We develop a novel tool for the three-step “Catch-Load-Launch” manipulation of a human erythrocyte based on an ultra-high speed position control by a microfluidic “robotic pump”. Quantification of the erythrocyte shape recovery as a function of loading time uncovered the critical time window for the transition between fast and slow recoveries. The comparison with erythrocytes under depletion of adenosine triphosphate revealed that the cytoskeletal remodeling over a whole cell occurs in 3 orders of magnitude longer timescale than the local dissociation-reassociation of a single spectrin node. Finally, we modeled septic conditions by incubating erythrocytes with endotoxin, and found that the exposure to endotoxin results in a significant delay in the characteristic transition time for cytoskeletal remodeling. The high speed manipulation of erythrocytes with a robotic pump technique allows for high throughput mechanical diagnosis of blood-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroaki Ito
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Osaka University, 565-0871 Suita, Japan.,Department of Physics, Kyoto University, 606-8502 Kyoto, Japan
| | - Ryo Murakami
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Osaka University, 565-0871 Suita, Japan
| | - Shinya Sakuma
- Department of Micro-Nano Systems Engineering, Nagoya University, 464-8603 Nagoya, Japan
| | | | | | | | - Johannes M B Pöschl
- Department of Pediatrics, Clinic of Neonatology, University of Heidelberg, D69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Fumihito Arai
- Department of Micro-Nano Systems Engineering, Nagoya University, 464-8603 Nagoya, Japan
| | - Makoto Kaneko
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Osaka University, 565-0871 Suita, Japan
| | - Motomu Tanaka
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Heidelberg, D69120 Heidelberg, Germany.,Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences (WPI iCeMS), Kyoto University, 606-8501 Kyoto, Japan
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30
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Babahosseini H, Strobl JS, Agah M. Microfluidic Iterative Mechanical Characteristics (iMECH) Analyzer for Single-Cell Metastatic Identification. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2017; 9:847-855. [PMID: 29034007 PMCID: PMC5637398 DOI: 10.1039/c6ay03342c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
This study describes the development of a microfluidic biosensor called the iterative mechanical characteristics (iMECH) analyzer which enables label-free biomechanical profiling of individual cells for distinction between metastatic and non-metastatic human mammary cell lines. Previous results have demonstrated that pulsed mechanical nanoindentation can modulate the biomechanics of cells resulting in distinctly different biomechanical responses in metastatic and non-metastatic cell lines. The iMECH analyzer aims to move this concept into a microfluidic, clinically more relevant platform. The iMECH analyzer directs a cyclic deformation regimen by pulling cells through a test channel comprised of narrow deformation channels and interspersed with wider relaxation regions which together simulate a dynamic microenvironment. The results of the iMECH analysis of human breast cell lines revealed that cyclic deformations produce a resistance in non-metastatic 184A1 and MCF10A cells as determined by a drop in their average velocity in the iterative deformation channels after each relaxation. In contrast, metastatic MDA-MB-231 and MDA-MB-468 cells exhibit a loss of resistance as measured by a velocity raise after each relaxation. These distinctive modulatory mechanical responses of normal-like non-metastatic and metastatic cancer breast cells to the pulsed indentations paradigm provide a unique bio-signature. The iMECH analyzer represents a diagnostic microchip advance for discriminating metastatic cancer at the single-cell level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hesam Babahosseini
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, US
- The Bradley Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, US
| | - Jeannine S. Strobl
- The Bradley Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, US
| | - Masoud Agah
- The Bradley Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, US
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31
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Gaveau A, Coetsier C, Roques C, Bacchin P, Dague E, Causserand C. Bacteria transfer by deformation through microfiltration membrane. J Memb Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2016.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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32
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Gounley J, Draeger EW, Randles A. Numerical simulation of a compound capsule in a constricted microchannel. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 108:175-184. [PMID: 28831291 DOI: 10.1016/j.procs.2017.05.209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Simulations of the passage of eukaryotic cells through a constricted channel aid in studying the properties of cancer cells and their transport in the bloodstream. Compound capsules, which explicitly model the outer cell membrane and nuclear lamina, have the potential to improve computational model fidelity. However, general simulations of compound capsules transiting a constricted microchannel have not been conducted and the influence of the compound capsule model on computational performance is not well known. In this study, we extend a parallel hemodynamics application to simulate the fluid-structure interaction between compound capsules and fluid. With this framework, we compare the deformation of simple and compound capsules in constricted microchannels, and explore how deformation depends on the capillary number and on the volume fraction of the inner membrane. The computational framework's parallel performance in this setting is evaluated and future development lessons are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Gounley
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC
| | - Erik W Draeger
- Center for Applied Scientific Computing, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA
| | - Amanda Randles
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC
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33
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Salehyar S, Zhu Q. Effects of stiffness and volume on the transit time of an erythrocyte through a slit. Biomech Model Mechanobiol 2016; 16:921-931. [PMID: 27889852 DOI: 10.1007/s10237-016-0861-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2016] [Accepted: 11/21/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
By using a fully coupled fluid-cell interaction model, we numerically simulate the dynamic process of a red blood cell passing through a slit driven by an incoming flow. The model is achieved by combining a multiscale model of the composite cell membrane with a boundary element fluid dynamics model based on the Stokes flow assumption. Our concentration is on the correlation between the transit time (the time it takes to finish the whole translocation process) and different conditions (flow speed, cell orientation, cell stiffness, cell volume, etc.) that are involved. According to the numerical prediction (with some exceptions), the transit time rises as the cell is stiffened. It is also highly sensitive to volume increase inside the cell. In general, even slightly swollen cells (i.e., the internal volume is increased while the surface area of the cell kept unchanged) travel dramatically slower through the slit. For these cells, there is also an increased chance of blockage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Salehyar
- Department of Structural Engineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Qiang Zhu
- Department of Structural Engineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA.
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34
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Sové RJ, Fraser GM, Goldman D, Ellis CG. Finite Element Model of Oxygen Transport for the Design of Geometrically Complex Microfluidic Devices Used in Biological Studies. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0166289. [PMID: 27829071 PMCID: PMC5102494 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0166289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2016] [Accepted: 10/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Red blood cells play a crucial role in the local regulation of oxygen supply in the microcirculation through the oxygen dependent release of ATP. Since red blood cells serve as an oxygen sensor for the circulatory system, the dynamics of ATP release determine the effectiveness of red blood cells to relate the oxygen levels to the vessels. Previous work has focused on the feasibility of developing a microfluidic system to measure the dynamics of ATP release. The objective was to determine if a steep oxygen gradient could be developed in the channel to cause a rapid decrease in hemoglobin oxygen saturation in order to measure the corresponding levels of ATP released from the red blood cells. In the present study, oxygen transport simulations were used to optimize the geometric design parameters for a similar system which is easier to fabricate. The system is composed of a microfluidic device stacked on top of a large, gas impermeable flow channel with a hole to allow gas exchange. The microfluidic device is fabricated using soft lithography in polydimethyl-siloxane, an oxygen permeable material. Our objective is twofold: (1) optimize the parameters of our system and (2) develop a method to assess the oxygen distribution in complex 3D microfluidic device geometries. 3D simulations of oxygen transport were performed to simulate oxygen distribution throughout the device. The simulations demonstrate that microfluidic device geometry plays a critical role in molecule exchange, for instance, changing the orientation of the short wide microfluidic channel results in a 97.17% increase in oxygen exchange. Since microfluidic devices have become a more prominent tool in biological studies, understanding the transport of oxygen and other biological molecules in microfluidic devices is critical for maintaining a physiologically relevant environment. We have also demonstrated a method to assess oxygen levels in geometrically complex microfluidic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard J. Sové
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Graham M. Fraser
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
- Cardiovascular Research Group, Division of BioMedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University, St. John’s, Newfoundland, Canada
| | - Daniel Goldman
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
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35
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Pivkin IV, Peng Z, Karniadakis GE, Buffet PA, Dao M, Suresh S. Biomechanics of red blood cells in human spleen and consequences for physiology and disease. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016. [PMID: 27354532 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.l606751113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Red blood cells (RBCs) can be cleared from circulation when alterations in their size, shape, and deformability are detected. This function is modulated by the spleen-specific structure of the interendothelial slit (IES). Here, we present a unique physiological framework for development of prognostic markers in RBC diseases by quantifying biophysical limits for RBCs to pass through the IES, using computational simulations based on dissipative particle dynamics. The results show that the spleen selects RBCs for continued circulation based on their geometry, consistent with prior in vivo observations. A companion analysis provides critical bounds relating surface area and volume for healthy RBCs beyond which the RBCs fail the "physical fitness test" to pass through the IES, supporting independent experiments. Our results suggest that the spleen plays an important role in determining distributions of size and shape of healthy RBCs. Because mechanical retention of infected RBC impacts malaria pathogenesis, we studied key biophysical parameters for RBCs infected with Plasmodium falciparum as they cross the IES. In agreement with experimental results, surface area loss of an infected RBC is found to be a more important determinant of splenic retention than its membrane stiffness. The simulations provide insights into the effects of pressure gradient across the IES on RBC retention. By providing quantitative biophysical limits for RBCs to pass through the IES, the narrowest circulatory bottleneck in the spleen, our results offer a broad approach for developing quantitative markers for diseases such as hereditary spherocytosis, thalassemia, and malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor V Pivkin
- Institute of Computational Science, Faculty of Informatics, University of Lugano, 6900 Lugano, Switzerland; Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Zhangli Peng
- Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556; Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
| | | | - Pierre A Buffet
- Faculté de Médecine Université Paris Descartes, Institut National de la Transfusion Sanguine, 75015 Paris, France; Laboratoire d'Excellence GR-Ex, F-75015 Paris, France
| | - Ming Dao
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139;
| | - Subra Suresh
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213; Computational Biology Department, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213; Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
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36
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Tay A, Pavesi A, Yazdi SR, Lim CT, Warkiani ME. Advances in microfluidics in combating infectious diseases. Biotechnol Adv 2016; 34:404-421. [PMID: 26854743 PMCID: PMC7125941 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2016.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2015] [Revised: 02/03/2016] [Accepted: 02/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
One of the important pursuits in science and engineering research today is to develop low-cost and user-friendly technologies to improve the health of people. Over the past decade, research efforts in microfluidics have been made to develop methods that can facilitate low-cost diagnosis of infectious diseases, especially in resource-poor settings. Here, we provide an overview of the recent advances in microfluidic devices for point-of-care (POC) diagnostics for infectious diseases and emphasis is placed on malaria, sepsis and AIDS/HIV. Other infectious diseases such as SARS, tuberculosis, and dengue are also briefly discussed. These infectious diseases are chosen as they contribute the most to disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) lost according to the World Health Organization (WHO). The current state of research in this area is evaluated and projection toward future applications and accompanying challenges are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andy Tay
- BioSystems and Micromechanics (BioSyM) IRG, Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology (SMART) Centre, Singapore 138602, Singapore; Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117575, Singapore; Department of Bioengineering, University of California Los Angeles, CA 90025, United States
| | - Andrea Pavesi
- BioSystems and Micromechanics (BioSyM) IRG, Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology (SMART) Centre, Singapore 138602, Singapore
| | - Saeed Rismani Yazdi
- BioSystems and Micromechanics (BioSyM) IRG, Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology (SMART) Centre, Singapore 138602, Singapore; Polytechnic University of Milan, Milan 20133, Italy
| | - Chwee Teck Lim
- BioSystems and Micromechanics (BioSyM) IRG, Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology (SMART) Centre, Singapore 138602, Singapore; Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117411, Singapore; Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117575, Singapore
| | - Majid Ebrahimi Warkiani
- BioSystems and Micromechanics (BioSyM) IRG, Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology (SMART) Centre, Singapore 138602, Singapore; School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Australian Centre for NanoMedicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
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37
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Moon JY, Tanner RI, Lee JS. A numerical study on the elastic modulus of volume and area dilation for a deformable cell in a microchannel. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2016; 10:044110. [PMID: 27570575 PMCID: PMC4975752 DOI: 10.1063/1.4960205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2016] [Accepted: 07/21/2016] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
A red blood cell (RBC) in a microfluidic channel is highly interesting for scientists in various fields of research on biological systems. This system has been studied extensively by empirical, analytical, and numerical methods. Nonetheless, research of predicting the behavior of an RBC in a microchannel is still an interesting area. The complications arise from deformation of an RBC and interactions among the surrounding fluid, wall, and RBCs. In this study, a pressure-driven RBC in a microchannel was simulated with a three-dimensional lattice Boltzmann method of an immersed boundary. First, the effect of boundary thickness on the interaction between the wall and cell was analyzed by measuring the time of passage through the narrow channel. Second, the effect of volume conservation stiffness was studied. Finally, the effect of global area stiffness was analyzed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Roger I Tanner
- School of Aerospace, Mechanical and Mechatronic Engineering, The University of Sydney , Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Joon Sang Lee
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Yonsei University , Seoul, South Korea
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38
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Biomechanics of red blood cells in human spleen and consequences for physiology and disease. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:7804-9. [PMID: 27354532 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1606751113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Red blood cells (RBCs) can be cleared from circulation when alterations in their size, shape, and deformability are detected. This function is modulated by the spleen-specific structure of the interendothelial slit (IES). Here, we present a unique physiological framework for development of prognostic markers in RBC diseases by quantifying biophysical limits for RBCs to pass through the IES, using computational simulations based on dissipative particle dynamics. The results show that the spleen selects RBCs for continued circulation based on their geometry, consistent with prior in vivo observations. A companion analysis provides critical bounds relating surface area and volume for healthy RBCs beyond which the RBCs fail the "physical fitness test" to pass through the IES, supporting independent experiments. Our results suggest that the spleen plays an important role in determining distributions of size and shape of healthy RBCs. Because mechanical retention of infected RBC impacts malaria pathogenesis, we studied key biophysical parameters for RBCs infected with Plasmodium falciparum as they cross the IES. In agreement with experimental results, surface area loss of an infected RBC is found to be a more important determinant of splenic retention than its membrane stiffness. The simulations provide insights into the effects of pressure gradient across the IES on RBC retention. By providing quantitative biophysical limits for RBCs to pass through the IES, the narrowest circulatory bottleneck in the spleen, our results offer a broad approach for developing quantitative markers for diseases such as hereditary spherocytosis, thalassemia, and malaria.
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39
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Yazdani A, Li X, Em Karniadakis G. Dynamic and rheological properties of soft biological cell suspensions. RHEOLOGICA ACTA 2016; 55:433-449. [PMID: 27540271 PMCID: PMC4987001 DOI: 10.1007/s00397-015-0869-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Quantifying dynamic and rheological properties of suspensions of soft biological particles such as vesicles, capsules, and red blood cells (RBCs) is fundamentally important in computational biology and biomedical engineering. In this review, recent studies on dynamic and rheological behavior of soft biological cell suspensions by computer simulations are presented, considering both unbounded and confined shear flow. Furthermore, the hemodynamic and hemorheological characteristics of RBCs in diseases such as malaria and sickle cell anemia are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Yazdani
- Division of Applied Mathematics, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, USA
| | - Xuejin Li
- Division of Applied Mathematics, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, USA
| | - George Em Karniadakis
- Division of Applied Mathematics, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, USA
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40
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Xiao LL, Liu Y, Chen S, Fu BM. Numerical simulation of a single cell passing through a narrow slit. Biomech Model Mechanobiol 2016; 15:1655-1667. [PMID: 27080221 DOI: 10.1007/s10237-016-0789-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2015] [Accepted: 04/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The narrow slit between endothelial cells that line the microvessel wall is the principal pathway for tumor cell extravasation to the surrounding tissue. To understand this crucial step for tumor hematogenous metastasis, we used dissipative particle dynamics method to investigate an individual cell passing through a narrow slit numerically. The cell membrane was simulated by a spring-based network model which can separate the internal cytoplasm and surrounding fluid. The effects of the cell elasticity, cell shape, nucleus and slit size on the cell transmigration through the slit were investigated. Under a fixed driving force, the cell with higher elasticity can be elongated more and pass faster through the slit. When the slit width decreases to 2/3 of the cell diameter, the spherical cell becomes jammed despite reducing its elasticity modulus by 10 times. However, transforming the cell from a spherical to ellipsoidal shape and increasing the cell surface area by merely 9.3 % can enable the cell to pass through the narrow slit. Therefore, the cell shape and surface area increase play a more important role than the cell elasticity in cell passing through the narrow slit. In addition, the simulation results indicate that the cell migration velocity decreases during entrance but increases during exit of the slit, which is qualitatively in agreement with the experimental observation.
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Affiliation(s)
- L L Xiao
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong
- School of Aerospace Engineering and Applied Mechanics, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Y Liu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong.
| | - S Chen
- School of Aerospace Engineering and Applied Mechanics, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - B M Fu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The City College of the City University of New York, New York, NY, USA
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41
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Salehyar S, Zhu Q. Deformation and internal stress in a red blood cell as it is driven through a slit by an incoming flow. SOFT MATTER 2016; 12:3156-3164. [PMID: 26865054 DOI: 10.1039/c5sm02933c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
To understand the deformation and internal stress of a red blood cell when it is pushed through a slit by an incoming flow, we conduct a numerical investigation by combining a fluid-cell interaction model based on boundary-integral equations with a multiscale structural model of the cell membrane that takes into account the detailed molecular architecture of this biological system. Our results confirm the existence of cell 'infolding', during which part of the membrane is inwardly bent to form a concave region. The time histories and distributions of area deformation, shear deformation, and contact pressure during and after the translocation are examined. Most interestingly, it is found that in the recovery phase after the translocation significant dissociation pressure may develop between the cytoskeleton and the lipid bilayer. The magnitude of this pressure is closely related to the locations of the dimple elements during the transit. Large dissociation pressure in certain cases suggests the possibility of mechanically induced structural remodeling and structural damage such as vesiculation. With quantitative knowledge about the stability of intra-protein, inter-protein and protein-to-lipid linkages under dynamic loads, it will be possible to achieve numerical prediction of these processes.
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42
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Li X, Du E, Lei H, Tang YH, Dao M, Suresh S, Karniadakis GE. Patient-specific blood rheology in sickle-cell anaemia. Interface Focus 2016; 6:20150065. [PMID: 26855752 DOI: 10.1098/rsfs.2015.0065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Sickle-cell anaemia (SCA) is an inherited blood disorder exhibiting heterogeneous cell morphology and abnormal rheology, especially under hypoxic conditions. By using a multiscale red blood cell (RBC) model with parameters derived from patient-specific data, we present a mesoscopic computational study of the haemodynamic and rheological characteristics of blood from SCA patients with hydroxyurea (HU) treatment (on-HU) and those without HU treatment (off-HU). We determine the shear viscosity of blood in health as well as in different states of disease. Our results suggest that treatment with HU improves or worsens the rheological characteristics of blood in SCA depending on the degree of hypoxia. However, on-HU groups always have higher levels of haematocrit-to-viscosity ratio (HVR) than off-HU groups, indicating that HU can indeed improve the oxygen transport potential of blood. Our patient-specific computational simulations suggest that the HVR level, rather than the shear viscosity of sickle RBC suspensions, may be a more reliable indicator in assessing the response to HU treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuejin Li
- Division of Applied Mathematics , Brown University , Providence, RI 02912 , USA
| | - E Du
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge, MA 02139 , USA
| | - Huan Lei
- Computational Sciences and Mathematics Division , Pacific Northwest National Laboratory , Richland, WA 99354 , USA
| | - Yu-Hang Tang
- Division of Applied Mathematics , Brown University , Providence, RI 02912 , USA
| | - Ming Dao
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge, MA 02139 , USA
| | - Subra Suresh
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
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43
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Single-Cell Mechanical Properties: Label-Free Biomarkers for Cell Status Evaluation. SERIES IN BIOENGINEERING 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-662-49118-8_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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44
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Pinho D, Rodrigues RO, Faustino V, Yaginuma T, Exposto J, Lima R. Red blood cells radial dispersion in blood flowing through microchannels: The role of temperature. J Biomech 2015; 49:2293-2298. [PMID: 26671221 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2015.11.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2015] [Accepted: 11/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The behavior of suspensions of individual blood cells, such as red blood cells (RBCs), flowing through microvessels and microfluidic systems depend strongly on the hematocrit (Hct), microvessel topology and cell properties. Although it is well known that blood rheological properties are temperature dependent, to the best of our knowledge no work has studied the role of the temperature on the RBCs dispersion. A powerful way to investigate this latter effect is through a high-speed video microscopy system, which provides detailed flow measurements of each individual RBC. Hence, the effect of temperature on the RBCs dispersion flowing through a 100μm glass capillary was examined by means of a confocal micro-PTV system. Hundreds of labeled RBCs were tracked at moderate Hct (12%) and at four different temperatures, i.e., 25°C, 32°C, 37°C and 42°C. The results yielded an enhancement of the RBCs diffusion as the temperature increases. Hence, our findings show that RBCs radial dispersion is temperature dependent and as a result the temperature should not be ignored in future blood flow studies. We believe that this finding is important for a better understanding of blood mass transport mechanisms under both physiological and pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Pinho
- Polytechnic Institute of Bragança, ESTiG/IPB, C. Sta. Apolónia, 5301-857 Bragança, Portugal; CEFT, Faculdade de Engenharia da Universidade do Porto (FEUP), R. Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - Raquel O Rodrigues
- Polytechnic Institute of Bragança, ESTiG/IPB, C. Sta. Apolónia, 5301-857 Bragança, Portugal; LCM - Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials - Associate Laboratory LSRE/LCM, Faculdade de Engenharia, da Universidade do Porto (FEUP), R. Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - Vera Faustino
- Unidade de Investigação em Microssistemas Eletromecânicos (MEMS), Campus de Azurém, 4800-058 Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Tomoko Yaginuma
- Polytechnic Institute of Bragança, ESTiG/IPB, C. Sta. Apolónia, 5301-857 Bragança, Portugal
| | - José Exposto
- Polytechnic Institute of Bragança, ESTiG/IPB, C. Sta. Apolónia, 5301-857 Bragança, Portugal
| | - Rui Lima
- Polytechnic Institute of Bragança, ESTiG/IPB, C. Sta. Apolónia, 5301-857 Bragança, Portugal; CEFT, Faculdade de Engenharia da Universidade do Porto (FEUP), R. Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal; MEtRiCS, DME, School of Engineering, University of Minho, Campus de Azurém, 4800-058 Guimarães, Portugal.
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45
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Constriction Channel Based Single-Cell Mechanical Property Characterization. MICROMACHINES 2015. [DOI: 10.3390/mi6111457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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46
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Ahluwalia BS, McCourt P, Oteiza A, Wilkinson JS, Huser TR, Hellesø OG. Squeezing red blood cells on an optical waveguide to monitor cell deformability during blood storage. Analyst 2015; 140:223-9. [PMID: 25408950 DOI: 10.1039/c4an01181c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Red blood cells squeeze through micro-capillaries as part of blood circulation in the body. The deformability of red blood cells is thus critical for blood circulation. In this work, we report a method to optically squeeze red blood cells using the evanescent field present on top of a planar waveguide chip. The optical forces from a narrow waveguide are used to squeeze red blood cells to a size comparable to the waveguide width. Optical forces and pressure distributions on the cells are numerically computed to explain the squeezing process. The proposed technique is used to quantify the loss of blood deformability that occurs during blood storage lesion. Squeezing red blood cells using waveguides is a sensitive technique and works simultaneously on several cells, making the method suitable for monitoring stored blood.
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Lykov K, Li X, Lei H, Pivkin IV, Karniadakis GE. Inflow/Outflow Boundary Conditions for Particle-Based Blood Flow Simulations: Application to Arterial Bifurcations and Trees. PLoS Comput Biol 2015; 11:e1004410. [PMID: 26317829 PMCID: PMC4552763 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1004410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2015] [Accepted: 06/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
When blood flows through a bifurcation, red blood cells (RBCs) travel into side branches at different hematocrit levels, and it is even possible that all RBCs enter into one branch only, leading to a complete separation of plasma and RBCs. To quantify this phenomenon via particle-based mesoscopic simulations, we developed a general framework for open boundary conditions in multiphase flows that is effective even for high hematocrit levels. The inflow at the inlet is duplicated from a fully developed flow generated in a pilot simulation with periodic boundary conditions. The outflow is controlled by adaptive forces to maintain the flow rate and velocity gradient at fixed values, while the particles leaving the arteriole at the outlet are removed from the system. Upon validation of this approach, we performed systematic 3D simulations to study plasma skimming in arterioles of diameters 20 to 32 microns. For a flow rate ratio 6:1 at the branches, we observed the “all-or-nothing” phenomenon with plasma only entering the low flow rate branch. We then simulated blood-plasma separation in arteriolar bifurcations with different bifurcation angles and same diameter of the daughter branches. Our simulations predict a significant increase in RBC flux through the main daughter branch as the bifurcation angle is increased. Finally, we demonstrated the effectiveness of the new methodology in simulations of blood flow in vessels with multiple inlets and outlets, constructed using an angiogenesis model. Blood tests, which provide a wealth of information on the state of human health, are often performed on cell-free samples. Therefore, blood-plasma separation needs to be achieved. A simple but effective solution for isolating plasma from blood utilizes capillary bifurcations. In a particle-based simulation study of plasma skimming in capillary bifurcations, the blood flow properties such as velocity and pressure fields differ drastically at the inlet and outlet regions. Therefore, a new open (non-periodic) boundary is required. In this paper, we have developed and validated a general parallel framework for open boundary conditions. This is a non-trivial enabling technology that could be used in all open boundary systems and all particle-based Lagrangian simulations. We performed systematic 3D simulations of blood flow in arteriolar bifurcations and elucidated the biophysical mechanism of blood-plasma separation as well as quantified the effects of branch size and bifurcation angle on cell separation efficiency, which have not been addressed before. We also demonstrated the applicability of the methodology in arterial trees with multiple inlets and outlets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirill Lykov
- Institute of Computational Science, Faculty of Informatics, University of Lugano, Lugano, Switzerland
| | - Xuejin Li
- Division of Applied Mathematics, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, United States of America
| | - Huan Lei
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington, United States of America,
| | - Igor V. Pivkin
- Institute of Computational Science, Faculty of Informatics, University of Lugano, Lugano, Switzerland
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland
- * E-mail: (IVP); (GEK)
| | - George Em Karniadakis
- Division of Applied Mathematics, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, United States of America
- * E-mail: (IVP); (GEK)
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Ranjith SK. Mesoscopic simulation of single DNA dynamics in rotational flows. THE EUROPEAN PHYSICAL JOURNAL. E, SOFT MATTER 2015; 38:89. [PMID: 26314257 DOI: 10.1140/epje/i2015-15089-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2015] [Revised: 06/11/2015] [Accepted: 06/22/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
In this numerical study, the transport and dynamics of an isolated DNA in rotational flow generated in a microchannel have been investigated using dissipative particle dynamics. Often, inertial flow through microchannels with a sudden change in surface structure facilitates a re-circulation or vortex region. The conformation and mobility of the bio-polymer under the influence of such rotating fluid inside a square cavity of the microchannel is analyzed. The flexible polymer chain is found to migrate towards the rotating region and follows the vortex streamline. The orientation, size and tumbling period of polymer strands are affected by the strength of the microvortex. At elevated flow rates, the macromolecule prefers to remain inside the vortex and a hydrodynamic trap is formed. Moreover, residence time of the single molecule in the microcavity is significantly influenced by the chain length and flow strength. Further, it has been demonstrated that, such entrapment duration can be strategically altered by modifying the hydrophobicity of the microchannel.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Kumar Ranjith
- Micro/nanofluidics Research Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering Trivandrum, Govermnet of Kerala, 695016, Thiruvananthapuram, India,
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Dimitrakopoulos P, Kuriakose S. Determining a membrane's shear modulus, independent of its area-dilatation modulus, via capsule flow in a converging micro-capillary. SOFT MATTER 2015; 11:2782-2793. [PMID: 25703919 DOI: 10.1039/c4sm02898h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Determination of the elastic properties of the membrane of artificial capsules is essential for the better design of the various devices that are utilized in their engineering and biomedical applications. However this task is complicated owing to the combined effects of the shear and area-dilatation moduli on the capsule deformation. Based on computational investigation, we propose a new methodology to determine a membrane's shear modulus, independent of its area-dilatation modulus, by flowing strain-hardening capsules in a converging micro-capillary of comparable size under Stokes flow conditions, and comparing the experimental measurements of the capsule elongation overshooting with computational data. The capsule prestress, if any, can also be determined with the same methodology. The elongation overshooting is practically independent of the viscosity ratio for low and moderate viscosity ratios, and thus a wide range of capsule fluids can be employed. Our proposed experimental device can be readily produced via glass fabrication while owing to the continuous flow in the micro-capillary, the characterization of a large number of artificial capsules is possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Dimitrakopoulos
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA.
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Holmes D, Whyte G, Bailey J, Vergara-Irigaray N, Ekpenyong A, Guck J, Duke T. Separation of blood cells with differing deformability using deterministic lateral displacement(†). Interface Focus 2014; 4:20140011. [PMID: 25485078 PMCID: PMC4213443 DOI: 10.1098/rsfs.2014.0011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Determining cell mechanical properties is increasingly recognized as a marker-free way to characterize and separate biological cells. This emerging realization has led to the development of a plethora of appropriate measurement techniques. Here, we use a fairly novel approach, deterministic lateral displacement (DLD), to separate blood cells based on their mechanical phenotype with high throughput. Human red blood cells were treated chemically to alter their membrane deformability and the effect of this alteration on the hydrodynamic behaviour of the cells in a DLD device was investigated. Cells of defined stiffness (glutaraldehyde cross-linked erythrocytes) were used to test the performance of the DLD device across a range of cell stiffness and applied shear rates. Optical stretching was used as an independent method for quantifying the variation in stiffness of the cells. Lateral displacement of cells flowing within the device, and their subsequent exit position from the device were shown to correlate with cell stiffness. Data showing how the isolation of leucocytes from whole blood varies with applied shear rate are also presented. The ability to sort leucocyte sub-populations (T-lymphocytes and neutrophils), based on a combination of cell size and deformability, demonstrates the potential for using DLD devices to perform continuous fractionation and/or enrichment of leucocyte sub-populations from whole blood.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Holmes
- London Centre for Nanotechnology , University College London , 17-19 Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AH , UK
| | - Graeme Whyte
- Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg , Henkestrasse 91, 91052 Erlangen , Germany ; Cavendish Laboratory, Department of Physics , University of Cambridge , JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE , UK
| | - Joe Bailey
- London Centre for Nanotechnology , University College London , 17-19 Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AH , UK ; Centre for Mathematics and Physics in the Life Sciences and Experimental Biology , University College London , Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT , UK
| | - Nuria Vergara-Irigaray
- London Centre for Nanotechnology , University College London , 17-19 Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AH , UK ; Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, Institute of Healthy Ageing , University College London , Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT , UK
| | - Andrew Ekpenyong
- Cavendish Laboratory, Department of Physics , University of Cambridge , JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE , UK ; Biotechnology Center , TechnischeUniversität Dresden , Tatzberg 47/49, 01307 Dresden , Germany
| | - Jochen Guck
- Cavendish Laboratory, Department of Physics , University of Cambridge , JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE , UK ; Biotechnology Center , TechnischeUniversität Dresden , Tatzberg 47/49, 01307 Dresden , Germany
| | - Tom Duke
- London Centre for Nanotechnology , University College London , 17-19 Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AH , UK
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