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Sibley AL, Colston DC, Go VF. Interventions to reduce self-stigma in people who use drugs: A systematic review. JOURNAL OF SUBSTANCE USE AND ADDICTION TREATMENT 2024; 159:209284. [PMID: 38159909 DOI: 10.1016/j.josat.2023.209284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Substance use stigma is a key barrier to treatment and harm reduction engagement among people who use drugs (PWUD). Previous systematic reviews have focused on interventions to reduce stigma in healthcare providers and the public; less is known about interventions to address self-stigma among PWUD. The purpose of this review is to evaluate the evidence for substance use self-stigma reduction interventions. METHODS We reviewed English-language studies published between 2011 and 2023 using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines (PROSPERO #CRD42022321305). We searched seven bibliographic databases (PubMed; SCOPUS; APA PsycInfo; CINAHL; Social Work Abstracts; Sociological Abstracts; ProQuest Dissertations & Theses). This review included studies if 1) they evaluated the effectiveness of a psychosocial intervention, 2) participants were PWUD, 3) authors reported self-stigma as a primary outcome, 4) the study design was experimental or quasi-experimental. We reviewed, interpreted and reported intervention characteristics and effectiveness using narrative synthesis. We assessed study quality with the Downs & Black checklist. RESULTS Among 1195 screened studies, 15 met the inclusion criteria (N = 2280 PWUD). We categorized the interventions according to three approaches: psychotherapeutic (n = 8), psychoeducational (n = 5), and multimodal (n = 2). Most interventions were delivered in clinical settings (n = 11) and in a group format (n = 13). Study quality was fair-to-good and included nine randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and six quasi-experiments. Measurement heterogeneity was high, with 11 different stigma-related scales used across the 15 studies. Eleven studies showed significant favorable effects in at least one stigma measure. Six of these demonstrated positive effects in all stigma measures. Evidence was mixed for all three intervention categories; however, Acceptance and Commitment Therapy, a form of group psychotherapy, demonstrated effectiveness in four of five RCTs incorporating this approach. CONCLUSIONS Overall, there is promising evidence for the effectiveness of substance use self-stigma interventions, although more studies are needed to determine which approaches are most effective. Consistent conceptualization and measurement of self-stigma across studies will improve comparability in future intervention trials. Current offerings are largely limited to clinical settings and group-based formats; self-help interventions, available for other stigmatized conditions, could be developed to serve the majority of PWUD not engaged in treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adams L Sibley
- Department of Health Behavior, UNC Gillings School of Global Public Health, 170 Rosenau Hall CB #7400, 135 Dauer Dr., Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
| | - David C Colston
- Department of Health Behavior, UNC Gillings School of Global Public Health, 170 Rosenau Hall CB #7400, 135 Dauer Dr., Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
| | - Vivian F Go
- Department of Health Behavior, UNC Gillings School of Global Public Health, 170 Rosenau Hall CB #7400, 135 Dauer Dr., Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
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Sibley AL, Baker R, Levander XA, Rains A, Walters SM, Nolte K, Colston DC, Piscalko HM, Schalkoff CA, Bianchet E, Chen S, Dowd P, Jaeb M, Friedmann PD, Fredericksen RJ, Seal DW, Go VF. "I am not a junkie": Social categorization and differentiation among people who use drugs. THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF DRUG POLICY 2023; 114:103999. [PMID: 36905779 PMCID: PMC10066877 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugpo.2023.103999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Substance use stigma is a form of group-based exclusion, and delineating pathways from stigma to poor health requires a deeper understanding of the social dynamics of people who use drugs (PWUD). Outside of recovery, scant research has examined the role of social identity in addiction. Framed by Social Identity Theory/Self-Categorization Theory, this qualitative study investigated strategies of within-group categorization and differentiation among PWUD and the roles these social categories may play in shaping intragroup attitudes, perceptions, and behaviors. METHODS Data come from the Rural Opioid Initiative, a multi-site study of the overdose epidemic in rural United States. We conducted in-depth interviews with people who reported using opioids or injecting any drug (n=355) living in 65 counties across 10 states. Interviews focused on participants' biographical histories, past and current drug use, risk behaviors, and experiences with healthcare providers and law enforcement. Social categories and dimensions along which categories were evaluated were inductively identified using reflexive thematic analysis. RESULTS We identified seven social categories that were commonly appraised by participants along eight evaluative dimensions. Categories included drug of choice, route of administration, method of attainment, gender, age, genesis of use, and recovery approach. Categories were evaluated by participants based on ascribed characteristics of morality, destructiveness, aversiveness, control, functionality, victimhood, recklessness, and determination. Participants performed nuanced identity work during interviews, including reifying social categories, defining 'addict' prototypicality, reflexively comparing self to other, and disidentifying from the PWUD supra-category. CONCLUSION We identify several facets of identity, both behavioral and demographic, along which people who use drugs perceive salient social boundaries. Beyond an addiction-recovery binary, identity is shaped by multiple aspects of the social self in substance use. Patterns of categorization and differentiation revealed negative intragroup attitudes, including stigma, that may hinder solidary-building and collective action in this marginalized group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adams L Sibley
- Department of Health Behavior, UNC Gillings School of Global Public Health, 170 Rosenau Hall CB #7400, 135 Dauer Dr., Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA.
| | - Robin Baker
- OHSU-PSU School of Public Health, Oregon Health & Science University, 1805 SW 4th Ave, Suite 510, Portland, OR, 97201, USA
| | - Ximena A Levander
- Division of General Internal Medicine & Geriatrics, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Alex Rains
- University of Chicago Pritzker School of Medicine, 5841 S. Maryland Avenue, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Suzan M Walters
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Global Public Health, New York University, 708 Broadway, New York, NY 10003, USA
| | - Kerry Nolte
- Department of Nursing, College of Health and Human Services, University of New Hampshire, Hewitt Hall, 4 Library Way, Durham, NH, 03824, USA
| | - David C Colston
- Department of Health Behavior, UNC Gillings School of Global Public Health, 170 Rosenau Hall CB #7400, 135 Dauer Dr., Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Hannah M Piscalko
- Division of Epidemiology, The Ohio State University College of Public Health, Cunz Hall 1841 Neil Ave, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Christine A Schalkoff
- Department of Health Behavior, UNC Gillings School of Global Public Health, 170 Rosenau Hall CB #7400, 135 Dauer Dr., Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Elyse Bianchet
- Baystate Medical Center, University of Massachusetts, Office of Research, UMass Chan Medical School-Baystate, 3601 Main Street, 3rd Floor, Springfield, MA, 01199, USA
| | - Samuel Chen
- University of Chicago Pritzker School of Medicine, 5841 S. Maryland Avenue, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Patrick Dowd
- Baystate Medical Center, University of Massachusetts, Office of Research, UMass Chan Medical School-Baystate, 3601 Main Street, 3rd Floor, Springfield, MA, 01199, USA
| | - Michael Jaeb
- School of Nursing, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 4244 #4 Signe Skott Cooper Hall, 701 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI, 53705, USA
| | - Peter D Friedmann
- Baystate Medical Center, University of Massachusetts, Office of Research, UMass Chan Medical School-Baystate, 3601 Main Street, 3rd Floor, Springfield, MA, 01199, USA
| | - Rob J Fredericksen
- University of Washington Harborview Medical Center, 325 9th Ave, Box 359931, Seattle, WA, 98106, USA
| | - David W Seal
- Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, 1440 Canal Street, Suite 2210, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA
| | - Vivian F Go
- Department of Health Behavior, UNC Gillings School of Global Public Health, 170 Rosenau Hall CB #7400, 135 Dauer Dr., Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
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Comparative efficacy and acceptability of non-pharmacological interventions for depression in people living with HIV: A systematic review and network meta-analysis. Int J Nurs Stud 2023; 140:104452. [PMID: 36821952 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2023.104452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Treatment for depression in people living with HIV has increasingly turned to non-pharmacological treatments due to the adverse reactions of pharmacotherapy. However, it remains unclear which non-pharmacological treatment is the most effective and acceptable for depression in people living with HIV. OBJECTIVE To compare and rank the efficacy and acceptability of different non-pharmacological treatments for depression in people living with HIV. DESIGN A systematic review and Bayesian network meta-analysis. METHODS We systematically searched PubMed, EMBASE, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, PsycArticles, CINAHL, ProQuest, OpenGrey, and international trial registers for published and unpublished studies from their inception to September 1, 2022, and searched key conference proceedings from January 1, 2020, to September 25, 2022. We searched for randomized controlled trials of any non-pharmacological treatments for depression in adults living with HIV (≥18 years old). Primary outcomes were efficacy (mean change scores in depression) and acceptability (all-cause discontinuation). We used a random-effects network meta-analysis model to synthesize all available evidence. The methodological quality of the included studies was assessed using the Cochrane Collaboration Risk of Bias Tool. We registered this study in PROSPERO, number CRD42021244230. RESULTS A total of 53 randomized controlled trials were included in this network meta-analysis involving seven non-pharmacological treatments for depression in people living with HIV. For efficacy, mind-body therapy, interpersonal psychotherapy, cognitive-behavioral therapy, supportive therapy, and education were significantly more effective than most control conditions (standardized mean differences ranged from -0.96 to -0.36). Rankings probabilities indicated that mind-body therapy (79%), interpersonal psychotherapy (71%), cognitive-behavioral therapy (62%), supportive therapy (57%), and education (57%) might be the top five most significantly effective treatments for depression in people living with HIV, in that order. For acceptability, only supportive therapy and interpersonal psychotherapy were significantly less acceptable than most control conditions (odds ratios ranged from 1.92 to 3.43). Rankings probabilities indicated that education might be the most acceptable treatment for people living with HIV (66%), while supportive therapy (26%) and interpersonal psychotherapy (10%) might rank the worst. The GRADE assessment results suggested that most results were rated as "moderate" to "very low" for the confidence of evidence. CONCLUSIONS Our study confirmed the efficacy and acceptability of several non-pharmacological treatments for depression in people living with HIV. These results should inform future guidelines and clinical decisions for depression treatment in people living with HIV.
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Hook K, Sereda Y, Rossi S, Koberna S, Vetrova MV, Lodi S, Lunze K. HIV, substance use, and intersectional stigma: Associations with mental health among persons living with HIV who inject drugs in Russia. AIDS Behav 2023; 27:431-442. [PMID: 35913589 PMCID: PMC9889571 DOI: 10.1007/s10461-022-03778-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
HIV stigma is associated with negative physical and mental health outcomes. Intersectional stigma among persons living with HIV (PLHIV) results from interrelated, synergistic impacts of experiencing multiple stigma forms. Its relation with mental health outcomes is still an emerging area of study in this key population. This study aimed to evaluate associations of intersectional stigma, defined as endorsing high levels of HIV and substance use stigmas, with depressive and anxiety symptoms in a cohort of 111 PLHIV who inject drugs in St. Petersburg, Russia. Over a third of participants (37%) reported experiencing intersectional stigma (i.e., both stigma scores above the median). In adjusted analysis, lower Patient Health Questionnaire depression scale (PHQ-9) scores (beta (β=-4.31, 95% CI: -7.11 - -1.51, p = 0.003) and Generalized Anxiety Disorders Scale (GAD-7) scores (β=-3.64, 95% CI: -5.57 - -1.71, p < 0.001) were associated with having low scores for both HIV and substance use stigmas. Lower PHQ-9 scores (β=-3.46, 95% CI: -5.72 - -1.19, p = 0.003) and GAD-7 scores (β=-3.06, 95% CI: -4.62 - -1.50, p < 0.001) were also associated with high stigma on either HIV or substance use stigma scales. Controlling for demographics, depressive symptoms approximately linearly increased from both forms of stigma low to experiencing either form of stigma high to experiencing intersectional stigma, while levels of anxiety symptoms were comparable among participants with both types of stigma low and one stigma high. Participants who experienced intersectional stigma reported the greatest severity of both depressive and anxiety symptoms, as compared to individuals who endorsed low stigma scores (i.e., low stigma on both HIV and substance use stigma scales) or high scores of only one form of stigma. This suggests that intersectional stigma in this population of PLHIV who inject drugs in Russia is linked with worsened mental health outcomes, exceeding the effects of experiencing one form of stigma alone. Interventions to help people cope with intersectional stigma need to consider affective symptoms and tailor coping strategies to address impacts of multiple forms of mental health distress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly Hook
- Department of Psychiatry, Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA.
- Department of Psychiatry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Yuliia Sereda
- Ukrainian Institute on Public Health Policy, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Sarah Rossi
- Department of Medicine, Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sarah Koberna
- Department of Medicine, Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Marina V Vetrova
- First Pavlov State Medical, University of Saint Petersburg, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Sara Lodi
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Karsten Lunze
- Department of Medicine, Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
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Klusaritz H, Bilger A, Paterson E, Summers C, Barg FK, Cronholm PF, Saine ME, Sochalski J, Doubeni CA. Impact of Stigma on Clinician Training for Opioid Use Disorder Care: A Qualitative Study in a Primary Care Learning Collaborative. Ann Fam Med 2023; 21:S31-S38. [PMID: 36849482 PMCID: PMC9970664 DOI: 10.1370/afm.2920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Revised: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 03/01/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE We undertook a study to examine how stigma influences the uptake of training on medication for opioid use disorder (MOUD) in primary care academic programs. METHODS We conducted a qualitative study of 23 key stakeholders responsible for implementing MOUD training in their academic primary care training programs that were participants in a learning collaborative in 2018. We assessed barriers to and facilitators of successful program implementation and used an integrated approach to develop a codebook and analyze the data. RESULTS Participants represented the family medicine, internal medicine, and physician assistant fields, and they included trainees. Most participants described clinician and institutional attitudes, misperceptions, and biases that enabled or hindered MOUD training. Perceptions included concerns that patients with OUD are "manipulative" or "drug seeking." Elements of stigma in the origin domain (ie, beliefs by primary care clinicians or the community that OUD is a choice and not a disease), the enacted domain (eg, hospital bylaws banning MOUD and clinicians declining to obtain an X-Waiver to prescribe MOUD), and the intersectional domain (eg, inadequate attention to patient needs) were perceived as major barriers to MOUD training by most respondents. Participants described strategies that improved the uptake of training, including giving attention to clinician concerns, clarifying the biology of OUD, and ameliorating clinician fears of being ill equipped to provide care for patients. CONCLUSIONS OUD-related stigma was commonly reported in training programs and impeded the uptake of MOUD training. Potential strategies to address stigma in the training context, beyond providing content on effective evidence-based treatments, include addressing the concerns of primary care clinicians and incorporating the chronic care framework into OUD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather Klusaritz
- The National Center for Integrated Behavioral Health in Primary Care, Rochester, Minnesota and Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Department of Family Medicine and Community Health, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Andrea Bilger
- The National Center for Integrated Behavioral Health in Primary Care, Rochester, Minnesota and Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Department of Family Medicine and Community Health, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Emily Paterson
- The National Center for Integrated Behavioral Health in Primary Care, Rochester, Minnesota and Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Department of Family Medicine and Community Health, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Courtney Summers
- The National Center for Integrated Behavioral Health in Primary Care, Rochester, Minnesota and Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Department of Family Medicine and Community Health, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Frances K Barg
- The National Center for Integrated Behavioral Health in Primary Care, Rochester, Minnesota and Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Department of Family Medicine and Community Health, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Peter F Cronholm
- Department of Family Medicine and Community Health, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - M Elle Saine
- Leonard Davis Institute of Health Economics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Julie Sochalski
- The National Center for Integrated Behavioral Health in Primary Care, Rochester, Minnesota and Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Leonard Davis Institute of Health Economics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,School of Nursing, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Chyke A Doubeni
- The National Center for Integrated Behavioral Health in Primary Care, Rochester, Minnesota and Philadelphia, Pennsylvania .,Department of Family and Community Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
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Mugo C, Kohler P, Kumar M, Badia J, Kibugi J, Wamalwa DC, Agot K, John-Stewart GC. Individual-, Interpersonal- and Institutional-Level Factors Associated with HIV Stigma Among Youth in Kenya. AIDS Behav 2023:10.1007/s10461-023-03982-9. [PMID: 36646929 PMCID: PMC9843110 DOI: 10.1007/s10461-023-03982-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
HIV stigma remains a barrier in achieving optimal HIV treatment. We studied the prevalence and predictors of HIV stigma among adolescents and youth with HIV (AYWHIV) ages 15-24 years in Western Kenya. Of 1011 AYWHIV, 69% were female with a median age of 18 years. Most (59%) attended adolescent clinic days, and 40% attended support groups. One-quarter (27%) had experienced physical, 18% emotional, and 7% sexual violence. The majority of AYWHIV (88%) reported disclosure concerns, 48% reported perceived community stigma, 36% experienced, and 24% internalized stigma. Compared to AYWHIV attending adolescent clinics, those in general/adult clinics had higher internalized stigma. Similarly, having dropped out of school was associated with higher internalized stigma. AYWHIV in sexual relationships had higher experienced stigma and disclosure concerns. Lastly, exposure to violence was associated with higher experienced, internalized, perceived community stigma and disclosure concerns. These risk factors can be targeted when developing stigma-prevention interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cyrus Mugo
- Department of Research and Programs, Kenyatta National Hospital, Hospital Road, P.O. Box 00202, Nairobi, Kenya.
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
| | - Pamela Kohler
- Department of Child, Family, and Population Health Nursing, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Manasi Kumar
- Department of Research and Programs, Kenyatta National Hospital, Hospital Road, P.O. Box 00202, Nairobi, Kenya
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
- Brain and Mind Institute, Aga Khan University, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Jacinta Badia
- Impact Research and Development Organization, Kisumu, Kenya
| | - James Kibugi
- Impact Research and Development Organization, Kisumu, Kenya
| | - Dalton C Wamalwa
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Kawango Agot
- Impact Research and Development Organization, Kisumu, Kenya
| | - Grace C John-Stewart
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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Tran HV, Filipowicz TR, Landrum KR, Nong HTT, Tran TTT, Pence BW, Go VF, Le GM, Nguyen MX, Verhey R, Chibanda D, Ho HT, Gaynes BN. Stigma experienced by people living with HIV who are on methadone maintenance treatment and have symptoms of common mental disorders in Hanoi, Vietnam: a qualitative study. AIDS Res Ther 2022; 19:63. [PMID: 36517849 PMCID: PMC9753276 DOI: 10.1186/s12981-022-00491-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Stigma around human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), injection drug use (IDU), and mental health disorders can be co-occurring and have different impacts on the well-being of people living with HIV (PWH) who use drugs and have mental health disorders. This stigma can come from society, health professionals, and internalized stigma. A person who has more than one health condition can experience overlapping health-related stigma and levels of stigma which can prevent them from receiving necessary support and healthcare, serving to intensify their experience with stigma. This study investigates HIV, drug use, and mental health stigmas in three dimensions (social, internalized, and professional) around PWH on methadone maintenance treatment (MMT) who have common mental disorders (CMDs) including depression, anxiety, and stress-related disorders in Hanoi, Vietnam.Please check and confirm whether corresponding author's email id is correctly identified.The cooresponding author's email is correct METHODS: We conducted semi-structured, in-depth interviews (IDIs) (n = 21) and two focus group discussions (FGDs) (n = 10) with PWH receiving MMT who have CMD symptoms, their family members, clinic health care providers, and clinic directors. We applied thematic analysis using NVIVO software version 12.0, with themes based on IDI and FGD guides and emergent themes from interview transcripts. RESULTS The study found evidence of different stigmas towards HIV, IDU, and CMDs from the community, family, health care providers, and participants themselves. Community and family members were physically and emotionally distant from patients due to societal stigma around illicit drug use and fears of acquiring HIV. Participants often conflated stigmas around drug use and HIV, referring to these stigmas interchangeably. The internalized stigma around having HIV and injecting drugs made PWH on MMT hesitant to seek support for CMDs. These stigmas compounded to negatively impact participants' health. CONCLUSIONS Strategies to reduce stigma affecting PWH on MMT should concurrently address stigmas around HIV, drug addiction, and mental health. Future studies could explore approaches to address internalized stigma to improve self-esteem, mental health, and capacities to cope with stigma for PWH on MMT. TRIAL REGISTRATION NCT04790201, available at clinicaltrials.gov.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ha V. Tran
- The University of North Carolina-Vietnam Office, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Teresa R. Filipowicz
- grid.410711.20000 0001 1034 1720Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, USA
| | - Kelsey R. Landrum
- grid.448980.90000 0004 0444 7651Faculty of Environmental and Occupational Health, Hanoi University of Public Health, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Ha T. T. Nong
- The University of North Carolina-Vietnam Office, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Thuy T. T. Tran
- grid.448980.90000 0004 0444 7651Faculty of Environmental and Occupational Health, Hanoi University of Public Health, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Brian W. Pence
- grid.448980.90000 0004 0444 7651Faculty of Environmental and Occupational Health, Hanoi University of Public Health, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Vivian F. Go
- grid.410711.20000 0001 1034 1720Department of Health Behavior, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, USA
| | - Giang M. Le
- grid.56046.310000 0004 0642 8489Center for Research and Training in HIV/AIDS, Hanoi Medical University, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Minh X. Nguyen
- grid.56046.310000 0004 0642 8489Epidemiology Department, Hanoi Medical University, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Ruth Verhey
- grid.56046.310000 0004 0642 8489Epidemiology Department, Hanoi Medical University, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Dixon Chibanda
- grid.13001.330000 0004 0572 0760Department of Psychiatry & Research Support Centre, University of Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe ,grid.8991.90000 0004 0425 469XLondon School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Hien T. Ho
- grid.448980.90000 0004 0444 7651Faculty of Clinical Medicine, Hanoi University of Public Health, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Bradley N. Gaynes
- grid.448980.90000 0004 0444 7651Faculty of Environmental and Occupational Health, Hanoi University of Public Health, Hanoi, Vietnam ,grid.410711.20000 0001 1034 1720Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, USA
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Patel EU, Solomon SS, McFall AM, Prata Menezes N, Tomori C, Srikrishnan AK, Kumar MS, Celentano DD, Lucas GM, Mehta SH. Drug use stigma, antiretroviral therapy use, and HIV viral suppression in a community-based sample of people with HIV who inject drugs. AIDS 2022; 36:1583-1589. [PMID: 35730390 PMCID: PMC9391282 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0000000000003297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the association of drug use stigma with antiretroviral therapy (ART) use and HIV viral suppression among people with HIV who inject drugs in India. DESIGN Cross-sectional biobehavioral survey. METHODS Between August 2016 and May 2017, persons aged at least 18 years who reported injection drug use in the past 2 years were recruited via respondent-driven sampling (RDS) in 12 Indian cities (approximately 1000 per city). The analysis was restricted to participants with laboratory-confirmed HIV infection who self-reported a prior HIV diagnosis and were eligible for ART per concurrent national HIV treatment guidelines. Enacted and internalized drug use stigma were each measured by five to six-item subscales. The study outcomes were HIV viral suppression (<150 copies/ml) and self-reported past 30-day ART use. RDS-II weighted multivariable logistic regression with a city-level random-intercept was used to estimate adjusted odds ratios (aOR) and corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs). RESULTS Among 971 ART-eligible participants previously diagnosed with HIV, 65.1% reported ART use and 56.1% were virally suppressed. Reporting any enacted stigma (vs. none) was associated with lower odds of ART use [aOR = 0.26 (95% CI = 0.15-0.44)] and viral suppression [aOR = 0.49 (95% CI = 0.31-0.78)]. High internalized stigma scores (>median vs. ≤median) were associated with lower odds of viral suppression among participants aged at least 35 years [aOR = 0.51 (95% CI = 0.27-0.97)] but not among participants aged less than 35 years [aOR = 1.22 (95% CI = 0.57-2.60)]. Similar associations were observed in analyses restricted to participants ever linked to HIV care. CONCLUSION Drug use stigma may be a barrier to HIV viral suppression among people with HIV who inject drugs, thereby hindering efforts to achieve HIV control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eshan U Patel
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health
| | - Sunil S Solomon
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Y.R. Gaitonde Centre for AIDS Research and Education, Chennai, India
| | - Allison M McFall
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health
| | - Neia Prata Menezes
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health
| | - Cecília Tomori
- Johns Hopkins University School of Nursing
- Department of Population, Family and Reproductive Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | | | | | - David D Celentano
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Gregory M Lucas
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Shruti H Mehta
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health
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Thai TT, Tran VB, Nguyen NBT, Bui HHT. HIV-related stigma, symptoms of depression and their association with suicidal ideation among people living with HIV in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. PSYCHOL HEALTH MED 2022; 28:1263-1274. [PMID: 35437082 DOI: 10.1080/13548506.2022.2067342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
To date, little are known about HIV-related stigma, symptoms of depression (SOD) and suicidal ideation among people living with HIV (PLHIV) in Vietnam. This study aimed to estimate the level of stigma, SOD and suicidal ideation and to explore the direction and magnitude of the relationship between stigma, SOD and suicidal ideation among Vietnamese PLHIV. A cross-sectional study was conducted in four outpatient clinics providing healthcare services including antiretroviral therapy (ART) for PLHIV in Ho Chi Minh City. At each clinic, patients were chosen using the systematic sampling technique. Participants underwent face-to-face interviews through a pre-defined structural questionnaire that included validated scales. Among 777 PLHIV in the analysis, most were male (81.1%) and the average age was 34.3 (SD = 8.8) years. Two-thirds of PLHIV had a moderate-to-high level of HIV stigma. Symptoms of depression were identified in 41.4% of PLHIV. Suicidal ideation was reported by 26.3% of PLHIV. Based on univariate and multivariate logistic regression, higher levels of SOD and HIV stigma were positively associated with suicidal ideation. For PLHIV with extreme stigma and SOD, the probability of having suicidal ideation was up to 80%. The prevalence and association found in this study indicates that interventions for SOD and stigma not only help reduce these two problems but also help address and minimize suicidal ideation in this vulnerable population. In Vietnam, to optimize such interventions, the involvement of families and communities is crucial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Truc Thanh Thai
- Faculty of Public Health, University of Medicine and Pharmacy at Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Vy Bao Tran
- Faculty of Public Health, University of Medicine and Pharmacy at Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Ngoc Bich Thi Nguyen
- Faculty of Public Health, University of Medicine and Pharmacy at Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
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Assessment of a psychiatric intervention at community level for people who inject drugs in a low-middle income country: the DRIVE-Mind cohort study in Hai Phong, Viet Nam. THE LANCET REGIONAL HEALTH. WESTERN PACIFIC 2022; 18:100337. [PMID: 35024661 PMCID: PMC8669310 DOI: 10.1016/j.lanwpc.2021.100337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Background Access to psychiatric care for people who inject drugs (PWID) is limited/absent and stigmatized in most low-middle-income countries (LMICs). Innovative interventions are needed. We aimed to describe and assess the impact of a community-based psychiatric intervention among PWID in Hai Phong, Vietnam Methods In a cohort study with one year psychiatric follow-up, PWID diagnosed with a psychotic disorder, a major depressive episode, or suicide risk, were recruited from the wider Drug-Related Infections in ViEtnam (DRIVE) project in the city of Hai Phong. The community-based psychiatric intervention included specialized follow-up (free consultations with psychiatrists, free medication, referral to mental health department for hospitalization when necessary) and support from community-based organisations (case management, harm reduction, administrative support, linkage to HIV care, methadone maintenance treatment and mental health support). The main outcome was reduction/remission of symptoms. Access to and retention in psychiatric care, quality-of-life and stigmatization were also measured pre and post-intervention. Findings Among the 1212 participants screened from March to May 2019, 271 met the inclusion criteria, 233 (86.3%) accepted the intervention and 170 completed the follow-up (72.9%). At inclusion, 80.6% were diagnosed with current depression, 44.7% with psychotic disorder and 42.4% with suicide risk. After a one-year follow-up, these proportions dropped to 15.9%, 21.8%, and 22.9% respectively. Quality-of-life and perceived stigma related to mental health were also significantly improved, while drug use decreased only marginally. Interpretation Community-based psychiatric interventions are both feasible and efficient in the Vietnamese context. Similar interventions should be implemented and evaluated in other, different LMICs. Funding : This work was supported by grants from NIDA (US) (#DA041978) and ANRS (France) (#13353). The funding agencies had no role in designing the research, data analyses, or preparation of the report.
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Key Words
- ANRS, French Agency for Research on AIDS and Viral Hepatitis
- CBO, community-based organization
- CGI, clinical global impression scale
- DRIVE, Drug-Related Infections in ViEtnam
- EQ5D5L, 5 levels/5 dimensions EuroQol instrument
- HIV, human immunodeficiency virus
- LMICs, low-middle income countries
- MINI, MINI international neuropsychiatric interview
- MMT, methadone maintenance treatment
- NIDA, National Institute on Drug Abuse
- PHQ, patient health questionnaire
- PWID, people who inject drugs
- RDS, respondent driven sampling
- SCDI, Supporting Community Development Initiatives
- VND, Vietnamese dong
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Milan L, Varescon I. Stigmatisation intériorisée et consommation de substances psychoactives : revue systématique de la littérature. PSYCHOLOGIE FRANCAISE 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.psfr.2021.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Stockton MA, Mughal AY, Bui Q, Greene MC, Pence BW, Go V, Gaynes BN. Psychometric performance of the perceived stigma of substance abuse scale (PSAS) among patients on methadone maintenance therapy in Vietnam. Drug Alcohol Depend 2021; 226:108831. [PMID: 34225222 PMCID: PMC9830006 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2021.108831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2021] [Revised: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND People who inject drugs (PWID) and patients on methadone maintenance therapy (MMT) face severe stigma and discrimination. However, there are limited measures assessing stigma towards individuals with substance use disorders or MMT patients, particularly in Vietnam, and few studies have examined the psychometric properties of existing measures. This study aims to examine the performance of the eight-item Perceived Stigma of Substance Abuse Scale (PSAS), created in the United States, among a population of MMT patients in Vietnam. METHODS A cross-sectional survey was conducted among 400 adult patients enrolled in an urban MMT clinic. Substance use stigma was measured using the PSAS. We conducted confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and assessed construct validity, reliability and known-group validity. RESULTS The original eight-item scale was unidimensional, but yielded mixed goodness-of-fit indicators. Ultimately, dropping two items and allowing the errors of the items related to childcare to correlate improved the goodness-of-fit indicators. (RMSEA = 0.025; CFI = 0.999; and SRMR = 0.018). The shortened scale demonstrated acceptable reliability (Cronbach's α = 0.766). The mean stigma scores were significantly higher among individuals not working, but did not significantly vary by length of time in MMT, marital status, education attainment, HIV status, depression, concurrent injection drug use or missed methadone dose. CONCLUSIONS The shortened six-item scale demonstrated good construct validity and acceptability reliability, but it did not demonstrate many a priori hypothesized known-group validity associations. Further research should consider a mixed-methods validation approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa A. Stockton
- Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Department of Psychiatry, 630 W 168th St, New York, NY, 10032, USA,New York State Psychiatric Institute, 1051 Riverside Dr, New York, NY, 10032, USA,Corresponding author: (MAS)
| | - Anisa Y. Mughal
- The University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 3550 Terrace Street, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Quynh Bui
- The UNC Vietnam Office, Yen Hoa Health Clinic, Lot E2, Duong Dinh Nghe Street, Yen Hoa Ward, Cau Giay District, Hanoi
| | - M. Claire Greene
- Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, Program on Forced Migration, Heilbrunn Department of Population and Family Health, 722 W 168th St, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Brian W. Pence
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Gillings School of Global Public Health, Epidemiology Department, 135 Dauer Dr, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Vivian Go
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Gillings School of Global Public Health, Department of Health Behavior, 135 Dauer Dr, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Bradley N. Gaynes
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, 333 S Columbia St, Chapel Hill, NC 27516, USA
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Do M, Ho HT, Dinh HT, Le HH, Truong TQ, Dang TV, Nguyen DD, Andrinopoulos K. Intersecting Stigmas among HIV-Positive People Who Inject Drugs in Vietnam. Health Serv Insights 2021; 14:11786329211013552. [PMID: 33994794 PMCID: PMC8107921 DOI: 10.1177/11786329211013552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV-related stigma remains a barrier to ART adherence among people living with
HIV (PLWH) globally. People who inject drugs (PWID) may face additional stigma
related to their behavior or identity; yet, there is little understanding of how
these stigmas may co-exist and interact among these key populations. This study
aims to explore the existence of multiple dimensions of HIV-related stigma, and
how they may intersect with stigma related to drug injection. The study took
place in Vietnam, where the HIV epidemic is concentrated among 3 key population
groups; of those, PWID account for 41% of PLWH. The vast majority (95%) of PWID
in Vietnam are male. Data came from in-depth interviews with 30 male PWID
recruited from outpatient clinics, where they had been receiving ART
medications. Deductive, thematic analysis was employed to organize stigma around
the 3 dimensions: enacted, anticipated, and internalized stigma. Findings showed
that HIV- and drug use-related stigma remained high among participants. All 3
stigma dimensions were prevalent and perceived to come from different sources:
family, community, and health workers. Stigmas related to HIV and drug injection
intersected among these individuals, and such intersection varied widely across
types of stigma. The study revealed nuanced perceptions of stigma among this
marginalized population. It is important for future studies to further
investigate the influence of each dimension of stigma, and their interactive
effects on HIV and behavioral outcomes among PWID.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mai Do
- Tulane School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Hien Thi Ho
- Faculty of Clinical Medicine, Hanoi University of Public Health, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Ha Thu Dinh
- Faculty of Social and Behavioural Sciences, Hanoi University of Public Health, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Ha Hai Le
- At the time of the study, Dr. Le was with Hanoi University of Public Health, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Tien Quang Truong
- Faculty of Social and Behavioural Sciences, Hanoi University of Public Health, Hanoi, Vietnam
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