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Ferreira C, Magalhães E, Antunes C, Camilo C. Victimization Experiences and Well-Being in Adulthood: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. VIOLENCE AND VICTIMS 2020; 35:783-814. [PMID: 33372110 DOI: 10.1891/vv-d-19-00026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Scientific research has explored the impact of violence during adulthood on psychopathology. Fewer efforts have been made from a positive theoretical framework, and no systematic evidence has been provided. This manuscript describes a literature review and meta-analysis on the relationship between victimization experiences and well-being in adulthood. A literature review was performed, and 27 studies met the inclusion criteria for the systematic review 16 for the meta-analysis. The meta-analysis yielded a medium and significant overall effect size (r = -0.309, p < .001), which indicated that greater victimization experiences partly explain lower well-being outcomes. A set of theoretical and methodological issues are discussed, specifically considering the conceptualization of victimization and well-being as well as the studies design, sample characteristics, measures, and data analysis. Derived from this integrative discussion, some recommendations are also provided for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Célia Ferreira
- Faculdade de Psicologia, Educação e Desporto, Universidade Lusófona do Porto, Porto HEI-Lab, Portugal
| | - Eunice Magalhães
- Instituto Universitário de Lisboa (ISCTE-IUL), Cis-IUL, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Carla Antunes
- Faculdade de Psicologia, Educação e Desporto, Universidade Lusófona do Porto, Porto HEI-Lab, Portugal
| | - Cláudia Camilo
- Instituto Universitário de Lisboa (ISCTE-IUL), Cis-IUL, Lisboa, Portugal
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Jungari S, Chauhan BG, Bomble P, Pardhi A. Violence against women in urban slums of India: A review of two decades of research. Glob Public Health 2020; 17:115-133. [PMID: 33253046 DOI: 10.1080/17441692.2020.1850835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
It is estimated that about one-third of women ever experienced violence in their lifetime. India has experienced steady urban growth accompanying increase of urban populations living in slums. Several studies have reported prevalence of various forms of violence in urban slums. To our knowledge, no systematic review has been conducted exclusively reporting violence against women in India's urban slums. The review aims to synthesise the studies of violence against women conducted in the last two decades (2000-2020). We searched PubMed, Scopus and other relevant search engines to identify articles published between years 2000 and 2020, which focused on Indian women slum dwellers' experiences of violence. We included 14 studies, which satisfied the inclusion criteria in this review. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses protocol was used to assess the studies. The prevalence of any form of violence against women, as reported in the studies, ranged from 15% to 59.3%. The major risk factors identified were husband's alcohol abuse, women justifying the violence inflicted on then, low educational levels of both women and men, dowry issues, age difference between the spouses and termination of a previous pregnancy. It is evident from the review that urban slum women experience persistent violence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suresh Jungari
- Interdisciplinary School of Health Sciences, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, India
| | - Bal Govind Chauhan
- Population Research Centre, Gokhle Institute of Politics and Economics, Pune, India
| | - Priyanka Bomble
- Department of Public Health & Mortality Studies, International Institute of Population Sciences, Mumbai, India
| | - Ashish Pardhi
- School of Social Work, Tata Institute of Social Sciences, Mumbai, India
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Zhu Y, Gao J, Nie X, Dai J, Fu H. Associations of individual social capital with subjective well-being and mental health among migrants: a survey from five cities in China. Int Health 2019; 11:S64-S71. [PMID: 31670819 DOI: 10.1093/inthealth/ihz041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2018] [Revised: 04/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We aimed to examine the associations of cognitive and structural social capital with subjective well-being (SWB) and mental health among internal migrants in five cities in China. METHODS We conducted healthy cities surveys from June 2017 to April 2018. In total, 3038 migrants submitted surveys. Generalized linear regressions for SWB and logistic regressions for mental health were used to examine the associations of social capital, SWB and mental health after controlling for covariates. RESULTS The median level of SWB was 75.7 (interquartile range 62.9-85.7). Self-rated health and physical activity were positively associated with SWB. The SWB level among migrants who perceived high individual social cohesion was much higher than that of their counterparts (unstandardized coefficients, β=7.01 [95% confidence interval {CI} 5.82 to 8.21]). The prevalence of poor mental health was 10.0%. High social cohesion (odds ratio [OR] 0.32 [95% CI 0.24 to 0.44]) and high social participation (OR 0.77 [95% CI 0.57 to 0.97]) were significantly associated with a low ratio of poor mental health when compared with their counterparts. CONCLUSIONS Cognitive social capital is positively associated with SWB, while both cognitive and structural social capitals were negatively associated with poor mental health. It is beneficial to migrants' mental health and SWB to promote social participation and social cohesion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongkai Zhu
- Health Communication Institute, School of Public Health, Fudan University, 130 Dong'an Road, Shanghai, 200032 China
| | - Junling Gao
- Health Communication Institute, School of Public Health, Fudan University, 130 Dong'an Road, Shanghai, 200032 China
| | - Xin Nie
- Health Communication Institute, School of Public Health, Fudan University, 130 Dong'an Road, Shanghai, 200032 China
| | - Junming Dai
- Health Communication Institute, School of Public Health, Fudan University, 130 Dong'an Road, Shanghai, 200032 China
| | - Hua Fu
- Health Communication Institute, School of Public Health, Fudan University, 130 Dong'an Road, Shanghai, 200032 China
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O'Brien DT, Farrell C, Welsh BC. Broken (windows) theory: A meta-analysis of the evidence for the pathways from neighborhood disorder to resident health outcomes and behaviors. Soc Sci Med 2018; 228:272-292. [PMID: 30885673 DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2018.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Revised: 09/12/2018] [Accepted: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The criminological "broken windows" theory (BWT) has inspired public health researchers to test the impact of neighborhood disorder on an array of resident health behaviors and outcomes. This paper identifies and meta-analyzes the evidence for three mechanisms (pathways) by which neighborhood disorder is argued to impact health, accounting for methodological inconsistencies across studies. A search identified 198 studies (152 with sufficient data for meta-analysis) testing any of the three pathways or downstream, general health outcomes. The meta-analysis found that perceived disorder was consistently associated with mental health outcomes, as well as substance abuse, and measures of overall health. This supported the psychosocial model of disadvantage, in which stressful contexts impact mental health and related sequelae. There was no consistent evidence for disorder's impact on physical health or risky behavior. Further examination revealed that support for BWT-related hypotheses has been overstated owing to data censoring and the failure to consistently include critical covariates, like socioeconomic status and collective efficacy. Even where there is evidence that BWT impacts outcomes, it is driven by studies that measured disorder as the perceptions of the focal individual, potentially conflating pessimism about the neighborhood with mental health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel T O'Brien
- School of Public Policy & Urban Affairs, Northeastern University, Boston Area Research Initiative, Northeastern & Harvard Universities, USA.
| | - Chelsea Farrell
- School of Criminology & Criminal Justice, Northeastern University, USA
| | - Brandon C Welsh
- School of Criminology & Criminal Justice, Northeastern University, USA
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Rivera EA, Sullivan CM, Zeoli AM, Bybee D. A Longitudinal Examination of Mothers' Depression and PTSD Symptoms as Impacted by Partner-Abusive Men's Harm to Their Children. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2018; 33:2779-2801. [PMID: 26872507 DOI: 10.1177/0886260516629391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Intimate partner violence (IPV) is a serious and widespread form of gender-based violence that disproportionately affects women. It is well established that IPV victimization contributes to depression and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and that many partner-abusive men continue to perpetuate abuse even after their relationship with the victim ends. In addition, when men harm their partners, they are more likely to harm their children, and evidence suggests that this harm continues post-separation. However, scant research has been conducted on men's harm to their children as an extension of IPV perpetration, with even less known about the mental health impact this form of abuse has on mothers. For this longitudinal cohort study, 40 partner-abused mothers who had separated, or were planning to separate, from an abusive partner with whom they shared children were recruited. Women were interviewed 4 times over 1 year. Results confirmed that, in addition to men's physical abuse perpetration relating to subsequent increases in mothers' depression and PTSD symptoms over time, their harm to the children predicted both mothers' depression and PTSD symptoms as well.
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Lowe SR, Joshi S, Galea S, Aiello AE, Uddin M, Koenen KC, Cerdá M. Pathways from assaultive violence to post-traumatic stress, depression, and generalized anxiety symptoms through stressful life events: longitudinal mediation models. Psychol Med 2017; 47:2556-2566. [PMID: 28464960 PMCID: PMC5675529 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291717001143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Assaultive violence events are associated with increased risk for adverse psychiatric outcomes, including post-traumatic stress (PTS), depression, and generalized anxiety. Prior research has indicated that economic, legal, and social stressors that could follow assaultive events may explain the increased risk for adverse psychiatric outcomes, yet longitudinal studies have not adequately examined this pathway. In the current study, we aimed to address this limitation. METHODS Participants (N = 1360) were part of a longitudinal population-based study of adults living in Detroit. At three waves, participants indicated their exposure to assaultive violence and economic, legal, and social stressors, and completed inventories of PTS, depression, and generalized anxiety. Longitudinal mediation models were used to test the hypothesized pathway from assaultive violence to each psychiatric outcome. RESULTS The hypothesized models evidenced good fit with the data and, in each, the paths from Wave 1 (W1) assaultive violence to W2 stressors, and from W2 stressors to W3 symptoms were significant (range of Standardized Estimates: 0.09-0.15, all p < 0.01). Additionally, the indirect paths from W1 assaultive violence to W3 symptoms were significant (range of Standardized Estimates: 0.01-0.02, all p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS The findings illustrate that the economic, legal, and social stressors that could follow assaultive violence increase risk for a range of psychiatric symptoms. Although future research is needed, the results suggest that investment in interventions that prevent and mitigate assaultive violence survivors' exposure to such stressors may be an effective way to prevent mental illness in the aftermath of violent assaults.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. R. Lowe
- Department of Psychology, Montclair State University, Montclair, NJ, USA
| | - S. Joshi
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - S. Galea
- Departmentof Epidemiology, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - A. E. Aiello
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Gillings School of Global Public Health, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - M. Uddin
- Department of Psychology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, USA
| | - K. C. Koenen
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - M. Cerdá
- Department Emergency Medicine, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA, USA
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Estefan LF, Coulter ML, VandeWeerd C. Depression in Women Who Have Left Violent Relationships: The Unique Impact of Frequent Emotional Abuse. Violence Against Women 2016; 22:1397-413. [PMID: 26825117 DOI: 10.1177/1077801215624792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Intimate partner violence (IPV) exposure has been associated with poor mental health outcomes for victims, but fewer studies have examined the unique contributions of emotional abuse to mental health. This study explored the contextual relationships between the type and frequency of IPV, community factors, and emotional health. Data were collected from a community-based IPV intervention program. Logistic regression found an increased likelihood of depression for respondents who experienced emotional abuse more than once per week (odds ratio [OR] = 4.864) and were worried about contact by the abuser (OR = 5.898). Results indicate the need for specific policy and practice attention to this issue.
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Blair A, Gariépy G, Schmitz N. The longitudinal effects of neighbourhood social and material deprivation change on psychological distress in urban, community-dwelling Canadian adults. Public Health 2015; 129:932-40. [PMID: 26112124 DOI: 10.1016/j.puhe.2015.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2014] [Revised: 03/11/2015] [Accepted: 05/13/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to assess how longitudinal changes in neighbourhood material and social deprivation affect distress outcomes in adult Canadians. STUDY DESIGN This study used a prospective cohort approach. METHODS We paired data from 2745 urban participants of Canada's National Population Health Survey-who completed the Kessler 6-Item psychological distress screening tool at baseline and follow-up-with neighbourhood social and material deprivation data from the census-based Pampalon Deprivation Index. Data were paired using participants' postal code. We conducted multiple linear regression models, which were stratified by baseline deprivation level and controlled for key confounders. RESULTS Most participants lived in neighbourhoods that did not change drastically in social or material deprivation level during the six years between baseline and follow-up. We found that a worsening of material settings was significantly associated with worsening distress scores at follow-up. This finding is discussed in the context of existing literature, and made relevant for urban health research and policy.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Blair
- University of Montreal, School of Public Health, 7101 Avenue du Parc, Montreal, Quebec, H3N 1X9, Canada; CHUM Research Centre (Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal), 850 Avenue St-Denis, Montreal, Quebec, H2X 0A9, Canada.
| | - G Gariépy
- McGill University, 845 Sherbrooke St. W., Montreal, Quebec, H3A 0G4, Canada; McGill University Institute for Health and Social Policy, 1130 Pine Avenue West, Montreal, Quebec, H3A 1A3, Canada
| | - N Schmitz
- McGill University, 845 Sherbrooke St. W., Montreal, Quebec, H3A 0G4, Canada; Douglas Mental Health University Institute, 6875 LaSalle Boulevard, Montreal, Quebec, H4H 1R3, Canada
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Intimate partner violence and mental health effects: a population-based study among married women in Karachi, Pakistan. Int J Behav Med 2014; 20:131-9. [PMID: 22037921 DOI: 10.1007/s12529-011-9201-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intimate partner violence (IPV) is recognized all over the world for its association with mental health problems in women. In Pakistan, such violence occurs commonly, but detailed information on mental health effects is scarce. The purpose of this study is to focused on married couples in urban Karachi to investigate mental health effects associated with physical, sexual and psychological violence perpetrated by husbands towards wives. Disclosure rates and health care-seeking behaviour were also investigated. METHOD This cross-sectional study involved 759 women between the ages of 25 and 60 years, selected using a multi-stage random sampling technique. The women were interviewed by trained community midwives using a structured questionnaire. RESULTS In the total population of women, mental symptoms were prevalent. Women subjected to any form of violence reported, however, considerably poorer mental health than unexposed women. A statistically significant difference for almost all of the studied health parameters persisted even after controlling for socio-demographic factors. The strongest associations were found for suicidal thoughts and physical violence (OR 4.41; 3.18-6.12), sexual abuse (OR 4.39; 3.17-6.07) and psychological abuse (OR 5.17; 3.28-8.15). The interviews revealed that only 27% of the women subjected to violence had disclosed this to anyone, in most cases to their parents. CONCLUSION The findings in this study highlight that the violence women have to face contributes to the development of multiple forms of psychological stress and serious mental health problems. Women's restrictive life circumstances seriously hamper women's empowerment. Reliable health surveillance system and health care services are needed to serve abused women. Policy initiatives focused on IPV and gender inequality in Pakistan should be initiated.
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Mechanic MB, Pole N. Methodological Considerations in Conducting Ethnocultrally Sensitive Research on Intimate Partner Abuse and its Multidimensional Consequences. SEX ROLES 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s11199-012-0246-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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