1
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Sex differences in gene expression with galactosylceramide treatment in Cln3Δex7/8 mice. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0239537. [PMID: 33006978 PMCID: PMC7531864 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0239537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND CLN3 disease is caused by mutations in the CLN3 gene. The purpose of this study is to discern global expression patterns reflecting therapeutic targets in CLN3 disease. METHODS Differential gene expression in vehicle-exposed mouse brain was determined after intraperitoneal vehicle/Galactosylceramide (GalCer) injections for 40 weeks with GeneChip Mouse Genome 430 2.0 arrays. RESULTS Analysis identified 66 genes in male and 30 in female brains differentially expressed in GalCer-treated versus vehicle-exposed Cln3Δex7/8 mice. Gene ontology revealed aberrations of biological function including developmental, cellular, and behavioral processes. GalCer treatment altered pathways of long-term potentiation/depression, estrogen signaling, synaptic vesicle cycle, ErbB signaling, and prion diseases in males, but prolactin signaling, selenium compound metabolism and steroid biosynthesis in females. Gene-gene network analysis highlighted networks functionally pertinent to GalCer treatment encompassing motor dysfunction, neurodegeneration, memory disorder, inflammation and astrogliosis in males, and, cataracts, inflammation, astrogliosis, and anxiety in females. CONCLUSIONS This study sheds light on global expression patterns following GalCer treatment of Cln3Δex7/8 mice. Understanding molecular effects of GalCer on mouse brain gene expression, paves the way for personalized strategies for treating this debilitating disease in humans.
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2
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Kinarivala N, Morsy A, Patel R, Carmona AV, Sajib MS, Raut S, Mikelis CM, Al-Ahmad A, Trippier PC. An iPSC-Derived Neuron Model of CLN3 Disease Facilitates Small Molecule Phenotypic Screening. ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci 2020; 3:931-947. [PMID: 33073192 DOI: 10.1021/acsptsci.0c00077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The neuronal ceroid lipofuscinoses (NCLs) are a family of rare lysosomal storage disorders. The most common form of NCL occurs in children harboring a mutation in the CLN3 gene. This form is lethal with no existing cure or treatment beyond symptomatic relief. The pathophysiology of CLN3 disease is complex and poorly understood, with current in vivo and in vitro models failing to identify pharmacological targets for therapeutic intervention. This study reports the characterization of the first CLN3 patient-specific induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived model of the blood-brain barrier and establishes the suitability of an iPSC-derived neuron model of the disease to facilitate compound screening. Upon differentiation, hallmarks of CLN3 disease are apparent, including lipofuscin and subunit c of mitochondrial ATP synthase accumulation, mitochondrial dysfunction, and attenuated Bcl-2 expression. The model led to the identification of small molecules that cleared subunit c accumulation by mTOR-independent modulation of autophagy, conferred protective effects through induction of Bcl-2 and rescued mitochondrial dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nihar Kinarivala
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, Texas 79106, United States
| | - Ahmed Morsy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198, United States
| | - Ronak Patel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, Texas 79106, United States
| | - Angelica V Carmona
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198, United States
| | - Md Sanaullah Sajib
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, Texas 79106, United States
| | - Snehal Raut
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, Texas 79106, United States
| | - Constantinos M Mikelis
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, Texas 79106, United States
| | - Abraham Al-Ahmad
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, Texas 79106, United States
| | - Paul C Trippier
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198, United States.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, Texas 79106, United States.,UNMC Center for Drug Discovery, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198, United States
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3
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Exogenous Flupirtine as Potential Treatment for CLN3 Disease. Cells 2020; 9:cells9081872. [PMID: 32796515 PMCID: PMC7464162 DOI: 10.3390/cells9081872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Revised: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
CLN3 disease is a fatal neurodegenerative disorder affecting children. Hallmarks include brain atrophy, accelerated neuronal apoptosis, and ceramide elevation. Treatment regimens are supportive, highlighting the importance of novel, disease-modifying drugs. Flupirtine and its new allyl carbamate derivative (compound 6) confer neuroprotective effects in CLN3-deficient cells. This study lays the groundwork for investigating beneficial effects in Cln3Δex7/8 mice. WT/Cln3Δex7/8 mice received flupirtine/compound 6/vehicle for 14 weeks. Short-term effect of flupirtine or compound 6 was tested using a battery of behavioral testing. For flupirtine, gene expression profiles, astrogliosis, and neuronal cell counts were determined. Flupirtine improved neurobehavioral parameters in open field, pole climbing, and Morris water maze tests in Cln3Δex7/8 mice. Several anti-apoptotic markers and ceramide synthesis/degradation enzymes expression was dysregulated in Cln3Δex7/8 mice. Flupirtine reduced astrogliosis in hippocampus and motor cortex of male and female Cln3Δex7/8 mice. Flupirtine increased neuronal cell counts in male mice. The newly synthesized compound 6 showed promising results in open field and pole climbing. In conclusion, flupirtine improved behavioral, neuropathological and biochemical parameters in Cln3Δex7/8 mice, paving the way for potential therapies for CLN3 disease.
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El-Sitt S, Soueid J, Maalouf K, Makhoul N, Al Ali J, Makoukji J, Asser B, Daou D, Harati H, Boustany RM. Exogenous Galactosylceramide as Potential Treatment for CLN3 Disease. Ann Neurol 2019; 86:729-742. [PMID: 31393621 DOI: 10.1002/ana.25573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Revised: 08/05/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE CLN3 disease is the commonest of the neuronal ceroid lipofuscinoses, a group of pediatric neurodegenerative disorders. Functions of the CLN3 protein include antiapoptotic properties and facilitating anterograde transport of galactosylceramide from Golgi to lipid rafts. This study confirms the beneficial effects of long-term exogenous galactosylceramide supplementation on longevity, neurobehavioral parameters, neuronal cell counts, astrogliosis, and diminution in brain and serum ceramide levels in Cln3 Δex7/8 knock-in mice. Additionally, the impact of galactosylceramide on ceramide synthesis enzymes is documented. METHODS A group of 72 mice received galactosylceramide or vehicle for 40 weeks. The effect of galactosylceramide supplementation on Cln3 Δex7/8 mice was determined by performing behavioral tests, measuring ceramide in brains and serum, and assessing impact on longevity, subunit C storage, astrogliosis, and neuronal cell counts. RESULTS Galactosylceramide resulted in enhanced grip strength of forelimbs in male and female mice, better balance on the accelerating rotarod in females, and improved motor coordination during pole climbing in male mice. Brain and serum ceramide levels as well as apoptosis rates were lower in galactosylceramide-treated Cln3 Δex7/8 mice. Galactosylceramide also increased neuronal cell counts significantly in male and female mice and tended to decrease subunit C storage in specific brain regions. Astrogliosis dropped in females compared to a slight increase in males after galactosylceramide. Galactosylceramide increased the lifespan of affected mice. INTERPRETATION Galactosylceramide improved behavioral, neuropathological, and biochemical parameters in Cln3 Δex7/8 mice, paving the way for effective therapy for CLN3 disease and use of serum ceramide as a potential biomarker to track impact of therapies. ANN NEUROL 2019;86:729-742.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sally El-Sitt
- Neurogenetics Program, AUBMC Special Kids Clinic and Division of Pediatric Neurology, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut
| | - Jihane Soueid
- Neurogenetics Program, AUBMC Special Kids Clinic and Division of Pediatric Neurology, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut
| | - Katia Maalouf
- Neurogenetics Program, AUBMC Special Kids Clinic and Division of Pediatric Neurology, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut
| | - Nadine Makhoul
- Neurogenetics Program, AUBMC Special Kids Clinic and Division of Pediatric Neurology, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut
| | - Jamal Al Ali
- Neurogenetics Program, AUBMC Special Kids Clinic and Division of Pediatric Neurology, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut
| | - Joelle Makoukji
- Neurogenetics Program, AUBMC Special Kids Clinic and Division of Pediatric Neurology, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut
| | - Bilal Asser
- Neurogenetics Program, AUBMC Special Kids Clinic and Division of Pediatric Neurology, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut
| | - Daniel Daou
- Neurogenetics Program, AUBMC Special Kids Clinic and Division of Pediatric Neurology, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut
| | - Hayat Harati
- Neuroscience Research Center, Medical School, Lebanese University, Hadath, Lebanon
| | - Rose-Mary Boustany
- Neurogenetics Program, AUBMC Special Kids Clinic and Division of Pediatric Neurology, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut
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5
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El-Sitt S, Soueid J, Al Ali J, Makoukji J, Makhoul NJ, Harati H, Boustany RM. Developmental Comparison of Ceramide in Wild-Type and Cln3 Δex7/8 Mouse Brains and Sera. Front Neurol 2019; 10:128. [PMID: 30837943 PMCID: PMC6389635 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2019.00128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2018] [Accepted: 01/31/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
CLN3 disease is a neurodevelopmental disease leading to early visual failure, motor decline, and death. CLN3 pathogenesis has been linked to dysregulation of ceramide, a key intracellular messenger impacting various biological functions. Ceramide is upregulated in brains of CLN3 patients and activates apoptosis. Ceramide levels over the lifespan of WT and Cln3Δex7/8 mice were measured using the DGK assay. Ceramide subspecies were determined by LC-MS. Ceramide synthesis enzymes and pre- and post-synaptic mRNA expression was measured in Cln3Δex7/8 and normal mouse brains. Neuronal cell death was established by PARP cleavage and Caspases 3/6/9 and cytochrome C mRNA expression in Cln3Δex7/8 and normal mouse brains. In WT mouse, a ceramide peak was noted at 3 weeks of age. The absence of this peak in Cln3Δex7/8 mice might be related to early disease pathogenesis. Increase of ceramide in Cln3Δex7/8 mouse brain at 24 weeks of age precedes neuronal apoptosis. The correlation between serum and brain ceramide in WT mice, and dysregulation of ceramide in serum and brain of Cln3Δex7/8 mice, and the significant increase in ceramide in Cln3Δex7/8 mouse brains and sera argue for use of easily accessible serum ceramide levels to track response to novel therapies in human CLN3 disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sally El-Sitt
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Jihane Soueid
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Jamal Al Ali
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Joelle Makoukji
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Nadine J Makhoul
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Hayat Harati
- Neuroscience Research Centre, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Rose-Mary Boustany
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
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6
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Makoukji J, Saadeh F, Mansour KA, El-Sitt S, Al Ali J, Kinarivala N, Trippier PC, Boustany RM. Flupirtine derivatives as potential treatment for the neuronal ceroid lipofuscinoses. Ann Clin Transl Neurol 2018; 5:1089-1103. [PMID: 30250865 PMCID: PMC6144451 DOI: 10.1002/acn3.625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2018] [Revised: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 06/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Neuronal Ceroid Lipofuscinoses (NCL) are fatal inherited neurodegenerative diseases with established neuronal cell death and increased ceramide levels in brain, hence, a need for disease‐modifying drug candidates, with potential to enhance growth, reduce apoptosis and lower ceramide in neuronal precursor PC12 cells and human NCL cell lines using enhanced flupirtine aromatic carbamate derivatives in vitro. Methods Aromatic carbamate derivatives were tested by establishing growth curves under pro‐apoptotic conditions and activity evaluated by trypan blue and JC‐1 staining, as well as a drop in pro‐apoptotic ceramide in neuronal precursor PC12 cells following siRNA knockdown of the CLN3 gene, and CLN1‐/CLN2‐/CLN3‐/CLN6‐/CLN8 patient‐derived lymphoblasts. Ceramide levels were determined in CLN1‐/CLN2‐/CLN3‐/CLN6‐/CLN8 patient‐derived lymphoblasts before and after treatment. Expression of BCL‐2, ceramide synthesis enzymes (CERS2/CERS6/SMPD1/DEGS2) and Caspases 3/8/9 levels were compared in treated versus untreated CLN3‐deficient PC12 cells by qRT‐PCR. Results Retigabine, the benzyl‐derivatized carbamate and an allyl carbamate derivative were neuroprotective in CLN3‐defective PC12 cells and rescued CLN1‐/CLN2‐/CLN3‐/CLN6‐/CLN8 patient‐derived lymphoblasts from diminished growth and accelerated apoptosis. All drugs decreased ceramide in CLN1‐/CLN2‐/CLN3‐/CLN6‐/CLN8 patient‐derived lymphoblasts. Increased BCL‐2 and decreased ceramide synthesis enzyme expression were established in CLN3‐derived PC12 cells treated with the benzyl and allyl carbamate derivatives. They down‐regulated Caspase 3/Caspase 8 expression. Caspase 9 expression was reduced by the benzyl‐derivatized carbamate. Interpretation These findings establish that compounds analogous to flupirtine demonstrate anti‐apoptotic activity with potential for treatment of NCL disease and use of ceramide as a marker for these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joelle Makoukji
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics American University of Beirut Medical Center Beirut Lebanon
| | - Fadi Saadeh
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics American University of Beirut Medical Center Beirut Lebanon
| | - Karl Albert Mansour
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics American University of Beirut Medical Center Beirut Lebanon
| | - Sally El-Sitt
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics American University of Beirut Medical Center Beirut Lebanon
| | - Jamal Al Ali
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics American University of Beirut Medical Center Beirut Lebanon
| | - Nihar Kinarivala
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences School of Pharmacy Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center Amarillo Texas
| | - Paul C Trippier
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences School of Pharmacy Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center Amarillo Texas
| | - Rose-Mary Boustany
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics American University of Beirut Medical Center Beirut Lebanon.,Neurogenetics Program AUBMC Special Kids Clinic Division of Pediatric Neurology Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine American University of Beirut Medical Center Beirut Lebanon
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7
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Kwon YJ, Falk MJ, Bennett MJ. Flunarizine rescues reduced lifespan in CLN3 triple knock-out Caenorhabditis elegans model of batten disease. J Inherit Metab Dis 2017; 40:291-296. [PMID: 27766444 PMCID: PMC5309197 DOI: 10.1007/s10545-016-9986-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2016] [Revised: 09/20/2016] [Accepted: 09/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
CLN3 disease (Spielmeyer-Vogt-Sjogren-Batten disease, previously known as classic juvenile neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis, NCL) is a pediatric-onset progressive neurodegenerative disease characterized by progressive vision loss, seizures, loss of cognitive and motor function, and early death. While no precise biochemical mechanism or therapies are known, the pathogenesis of CLN3 disease involves intracellular calcium accumulation that may trigger apoptosis. Our prior work in in vitro cell models of CLN3 deficiency suggested that FDA-approved calcium channel antagonists may have therapeutic value. To further evaluate the potential efficacy of this approach in an otherwise untreatable disorder, we sought to compare the therapeutic effects and underlying mechanisms in an animal model of CLN3 disease. Here, we used the well-characterized XT7 complete cln-3 knockout strain of C. elegans to evaluate the therapeutic efficacy of calcium channel antagonist therapy in a living animal model of Batten disease. Therapeutic effects of five calcium channel antagonists were evaluated on XT7 animal lifespan and in vivo mitochondrial physiology. Remarkably, maximal therapeutic efficacy in this model animal was observed with 1 μM flunarizine, the identical concentration previously identified in cell-based neuronal models of CLN3 disease. Specifically, flunarizine rescued the short lifespan of XT7 worms and prevented their pathophysiologic mitochondrial accumulation. These results confirm the treatment efficacy and dosing of flunarizine in cln-3 disease in a translational model organism. Clinical treatment trials in CLN3 human patients are now needed to test the dosing regimen and efficacy of flunarizine in individuals suffering with this otherwise untreatable and ultimately lethal neurologic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Joon Kwon
- Division of Human Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, ARC 1002C, 3615 Civic Center Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Marni J Falk
- Division of Human Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, ARC 1002C, 3615 Civic Center Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| | - Michael J Bennett
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, 34th and Civic Center Blvd, 5NW58, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
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8
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Wager K, Zdebik AA, Fu S, Cooper JD, Harvey RJ, Russell C. Neurodegeneration and Epilepsy in a Zebrafish Model of CLN3 Disease (Batten Disease). PLoS One 2016; 11:e0157365. [PMID: 27327661 PMCID: PMC4915684 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0157365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2015] [Accepted: 05/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The neuronal ceroid lipofuscinoses are a group of lysosomal storage disorders that comprise the most common, genetically heterogeneous, fatal neurodegenerative disorders of children. They are characterised by childhood onset, visual failure, epileptic seizures, psychomotor retardation and dementia. CLN3 disease, also known as Batten disease, is caused by autosomal recessive mutations in the CLN3 gene, 80–85% of which are a ~1 kb deletion. Currently no treatments exist, and after much suffering, the disease inevitably results in premature death. The aim of this study was to generate a zebrafish model of CLN3 disease using antisense morpholino injection, and characterise the pathological and functional consequences of Cln3 deficiency, thereby providing a tool for future drug discovery. The model was shown to faithfully recapitulate the pathological signs of CLN3 disease, including reduced survival, neuronal loss, retinopathy, axonopathy, loss of motor function, lysosomal storage of subunit c of mitochondrial ATP synthase, and epileptic seizures, albeit with an earlier onset and faster progression than the human disease. Our study provides proof of principle that the advantages of the zebrafish over other model systems can be utilised to further our understanding of the pathogenesis of CLN3 disease and accelerate drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim Wager
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Royal College Street, London, NW1 0TU, United Kingdom
| | - Anselm A. Zdebik
- Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, UCL Medical School, Royal Free Campus, Rowland Hill Street, London, NW3 2PF, United Kingdom
- Department of Nephrology, UCL Medical School, Royal Free Campus, Rowland Hill Street, London, NW3 2PF, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (CR); (AAZ)
| | - Sonia Fu
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Royal College Street, London, NW1 0TU, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan D. Cooper
- Pediatric Storage Disorders Laboratory, Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College London, 5 Cutcombe Road, London, SE5 9RX, United Kingdom
| | - Robert J. Harvey
- Department of Pharmacology, UCL School of Pharmacy, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London, WC1N 1AX, United Kingdom
| | - Claire Russell
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Royal College Street, London, NW1 0TU, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (CR); (AAZ)
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9
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Hong M, Song KD, Lee HK, Yi S, Lee YS, Heo TH, Jun HS, Kim SJ. Fibrates inhibit the apoptosis of Batten disease lymphoblast cells via autophagy recovery and regulation of mitochondrial membrane potential. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 2015; 52:349-355. [PMID: 26659390 DOI: 10.1007/s11626-015-9979-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2015] [Accepted: 11/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Batten disease (BD; also known as juvenile neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis) is a genetic disorder inherited as an autosomal recessive trait and is characterized by blindness, seizures, cognitive decline, and early death resulting from the inherited mutation of the CLN3 gene. Mitochondrial oxidative stress, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, disrupted autophagy, and enhanced apoptosis have been suggested to play a role in BD pathogenesis. Fibrates, a class of lipid-lowering drugs that induce peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α (PPAR-α) activation, are the most commonly used PPAR agonists. Assuming that fibrates have a neuroprotective effect, we studied the effects of fibrates, fenofibrate, bezafibrate, and gemfibrozil on apoptosis, depolarization of mitochondrial membrane, and defective autophagy in BD lymphoblast cells. The viability of fibrate-treated BD lymphoblast cells increased to levels of normal lymphoblast cells. In addition, treatment with fibrates inhibited depolarization of mitochondrial membrane potential in BD lymphoblast cells. Defective autophagy in BD lymphoblast cells was normalized when treated with fibrates as indicated by increased acridine orange staining. The recovery of autophagy in BD lymphoblast cells is most likely attributed to the upregulation of autophagy proteins, lysosomal-associated membrane protein 1 (LAMP1), and LC3 I/II, after treatment with fibrates. This study therefore suggests that fibrates may have a therapeutic potential against BD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minho Hong
- Department of Biotechnology, Hoseo University, 165, Baebang, Asan, Chungnam, 31499, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki Duk Song
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, 561-756, Republic of Korea
| | - Hak-Kyo Lee
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, 561-756, Republic of Korea
| | - SunShin Yi
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, College of Biomedical Sciences, Soonchunhyang University, Asan, 336-745, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Seok Lee
- Department of Life Science and Biotechnology, Soonchunhyang University, Asan, 336-745, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Hwe Heo
- Lab of Immunology, Integrated Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, 420-743, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Sik Jun
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, College of Science and Technology, Korea University, Sejong, 339-700, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sung-Jo Kim
- Department of Biotechnology, Hoseo University, 165, Baebang, Asan, Chungnam, 31499, Republic of Korea.
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10
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Kinarivala N, Trippier PC. Progress in the Development of Small Molecule Therapeutics for the Treatment of Neuronal Ceroid Lipofuscinoses (NCLs). J Med Chem 2015; 59:4415-27. [PMID: 26565590 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b01020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The neuronal ceroid lipofuscinoses (NCLs) are a group of inherited and incurable neurodegenerative disorders primarily afflicting the pediatric population. Current treatment regimens offer only symptomatic relief and do not target the underlying cause of the disease. Although the underlying pathophysiology that drives disease progression is unknown, several small molecules have been identified with diverse mechanisms of action that provide promise for the treatment of this devastating disease. This review aims to summarize the current cellular and animal models available for the identification of potential therapeutics and presents the current state of knowledge on small molecule compounds that demonstrate in vitro and/or in vivo efficacy across the NCLs with an emphasis on targets of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nihar Kinarivala
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center , Amarillo, Texas 79106, United States
| | - Paul C Trippier
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center , Amarillo, Texas 79106, United States.,Center for Chemical Biology, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University , Lubbock, Texas 79409, United States
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11
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Makoukji J, Raad M, Genadry K, El-Sitt S, Makhoul NJ, Saad Aldin E, Nohra E, Jabbour M, Sangaralingam A, Chelala C, Habib RH, Boulos F, Tfayli A, Boustany RM. Association between CLN3 (Neuronal Ceroid Lipofuscinosis, CLN3 Type) Gene Expression and Clinical Characteristics of Breast Cancer Patients. Front Oncol 2015; 5:215. [PMID: 26528430 PMCID: PMC4601263 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2015.00215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2015] [Accepted: 09/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is the most common cancer in women worldwide. Elucidation of underlying biology and molecular pathways is necessary for improving therapeutic options and clinical outcomes. CLN3 protein (CLN3p), deficient in neurodegenerative CLN3 disease is anti-apoptotic, and defects in the CLN3 gene cause accelerated apoptosis of neurons in CLN3 disease and up-regulation of ceramide. Dysregulated apoptotic pathways are often implicated in the development of the oncogenic phenotype. Predictably, CLN3 mRNA expression and CLN3 protein were up-regulated in a number of human and murine breast cancer-cell lines. Here, we determine CLN3 expression in non-tumor vs. tumor samples from fresh and formalin-fixed/paraffin-embedded (FFPE) breast tissue and analyze the association between CLN3 overexpression and different clinicopathological characteristics of breast cancer patients. Additionally, gene expression of 28 enzymes involved in sphingolipid metabolism was determined. CLN3 mRNA is overexpressed in tumor vs. non-tumor breast tissue from FFPE and fresh samples, as well as in mouse MCF7 breast cancer compared to MCF10A normal cells. Of the clinicopathological characteristics of tumor grade, age, menopause status, estrogen receptor, progesterone receptor, and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2), only absence of HER2 expression correlated with CLN3 overexpression. Sphingolipid genes for ceramide synthases 2 and 6 (CerS2; CerS6), delta(4)-desaturase sphingolipid 2 (DEGS2), and acidic sphingomyelinase (SMPD1) displayed higher expression levels in breast cancer vs. control tissue, whereas ceramide galactosyltransferase (UGT8) was underexpressed in breast cancer samples. CLN3 may be a novel molecular target for cancer drug discovery with the goal of modulation of ceramide pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joelle Makoukji
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, American University of Beirut Medical Center , Beirut , Lebanon
| | - Mohamad Raad
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, American University of Beirut Medical Center , Beirut , Lebanon
| | - Katia Genadry
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, American University of Beirut Medical Center , Beirut , Lebanon
| | - Sally El-Sitt
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, American University of Beirut Medical Center , Beirut , Lebanon
| | - Nadine J Makhoul
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, American University of Beirut Medical Center , Beirut , Lebanon
| | - Ehab Saad Aldin
- Department of Radiology, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics , Iowa City, IA , USA
| | - Eden Nohra
- Department of Internal Medicine, American University of Beirut Medical Center , Beirut , Lebanon
| | - Mark Jabbour
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, American University of Beirut Medical Center , Beirut , Lebanon
| | - Ajanthah Sangaralingam
- Centre for Molecular Oncology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London , London , UK
| | - Claude Chelala
- Centre for Molecular Oncology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London , London , UK
| | - Robert H Habib
- Outcomes Research Unit, American University of Beirut Medical Center , Beirut , Lebanon
| | - Fouad Boulos
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, American University of Beirut Medical Center , Beirut , Lebanon
| | - Arafat Tfayli
- Department of Internal Medicine, American University of Beirut Medical Center , Beirut , Lebanon
| | - Rose-Mary Boustany
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, American University of Beirut Medical Center , Beirut , Lebanon ; Neurogenetics Program, Division of Pediatric Neurology, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, American University of Beirut Medical Center , Beirut , Lebanon
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12
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Kang S, Heo TH, Kim SJ. Altered levels of α-synuclein and sphingolipids in Batten disease lymphoblast cells. Gene 2014; 539:181-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2014.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2013] [Revised: 01/28/2014] [Accepted: 02/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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13
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Xiong J, Kielian T. Microglia in juvenile neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis are primed toward a pro-inflammatory phenotype. J Neurochem 2013; 127:245-58. [PMID: 23919525 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.12385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2013] [Revised: 07/25/2013] [Accepted: 07/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Juvenile neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis (JNCL) is a lysosomal storage disease caused by an autosomal recessive mutation in CLN3. Regions of microglial activation precede and predict areas of neuronal loss in JNCL; however, the functional role of activated microglia remains to be defined. The inflammasome is a key molecular pathway for activating pro-IL-1β in microglia, and IL-1β is elevated in the brains of JNCL patients and can induce neuronal cell death. Here, we utilized primary microglia isolated from CLN3(Δex7/8) mutant and wild-type (WT) mice to examine the impact of CLN3 mutation on microglial activation and inflammasome function. Treatment with neuronal lysates and ceramide, a lipid intermediate elevated in the JNCL brain, led to inflammasome activation and IL-1β release in CLN3(Δex7/8) microglia but not WT cells, as well as increased expression of additional pro-inflammatory mediators. Similar effects were observed following either TNF-α or IL-1β treatment, suggesting that CLN3(Δex7/8) microglia exist in primed state and hyper-respond to several inflammatory stimuli compared to WT cells. CLN3(Δex7/8) microglia displayed constitutive caspase-1 activity that when blocked led to increased glutamate release that coincided with hemichannel opening. Conditioned medium from activated CLN3(Δex7/8) or WT microglia induced significant cell death in CLN3(Δex7/8) but not WT neurons, demonstrating that intrinsically diseased CLN3(Δex7/8) neurons are less equipped to withstand cytotoxic insults generated by activated microglia. Collectively, aberrant microglial activation may contribute to the pathological chain of events leading to neurodegeneration during later stages of JNCL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Xiong
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
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14
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Boustany RMN. Lysosomal storage diseases--the horizon expands. NATURE REVIEWS. NEUROLOGY 2013. [PMID: 23938739 DOI: 10.1038/nrneurol.2013.163]] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Since the discovery of the lysosome in 1955, advances have been made in understanding the key roles and functions of this organelle. The concept of lysosomal storage diseases (LSDs)--disorders characterized by aberrant, excessive storage of cellular material in lysosomes--developed following the discovery of α-glucosidase deficiency as the cause of Pompe disease in 1963. Great strides have since been made in understanding the pathobiology of LSDs and the neuronal ceroid lipofuscinoses (NCLs). The NCLs are neurodegenerative disorders that display symptoms of cognitive and motor decline, seizures, blindness, early death, and accumulation of lipofuscin in various cell types, and also show some similarities to 'classic' LSDs. Defective lysosomal storage can occur in many cell types, but the CNS and PNS are particularly vulnerable to LSDs and NCLs, being affected in two-thirds of these disorders. Most LSDs are inherited in an autosomal recessive manner, with the exception of X-linked Hunter disease, Fabry disease and Danon disease, and a variant type of adult NCL (Kuf disease). This Review provides a summary of known LSDs, and the pathways affected in these disorders. Existing therapies and barriers to development of novel and improved treatments for LSDs and NCLs are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rose-Mary Naaman Boustany
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, American University of Beirut, PO Box 11-0236, Riad El-Solh, 1107 2020, Beirut, Lebanon.
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15
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Abstract
Since the discovery of the lysosome in 1955, advances have been made in understanding the key roles and functions of this organelle. The concept of lysosomal storage diseases (LSDs)--disorders characterized by aberrant, excessive storage of cellular material in lysosomes--developed following the discovery of α-glucosidase deficiency as the cause of Pompe disease in 1963. Great strides have since been made in understanding the pathobiology of LSDs and the neuronal ceroid lipofuscinoses (NCLs). The NCLs are neurodegenerative disorders that display symptoms of cognitive and motor decline, seizures, blindness, early death, and accumulation of lipofuscin in various cell types, and also show some similarities to 'classic' LSDs. Defective lysosomal storage can occur in many cell types, but the CNS and PNS are particularly vulnerable to LSDs and NCLs, being affected in two-thirds of these disorders. Most LSDs are inherited in an autosomal recessive manner, with the exception of X-linked Hunter disease, Fabry disease and Danon disease, and a variant type of adult NCL (Kuf disease). This Review provides a summary of known LSDs, and the pathways affected in these disorders. Existing therapies and barriers to development of novel and improved treatments for LSDs and NCLs are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rose-Mary Naaman Boustany
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, American University of Beirut, PO Box 11-0236, Riad El-Solh, 1107 2020, Beirut, Lebanon.
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16
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Warnock A, Tan L, Li C, An Haack K, Narayan SB, Bennett MJ. Amlodipine prevents apoptotic cell death by correction of elevated intracellular calcium in a primary neuronal model of Batten disease (CLN3 disease). Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2013; 436:645-9. [PMID: 23769828 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2013.04.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2013] [Accepted: 04/27/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
CLN3 disease (Spielmeyer-Vogt-Sjogren-Batten disease) is a severe pediatric neurodegenerative disorder for which there is currently no effective treatment. The disease is characterized by progressive neuronal death, which may be triggered by abnormal intracellular calcium levels leading to neuronal apoptosis. Previously, we demonstrated reversal of the calcium effect in a neuroblastoma cell line using amlodipine and other calcium channel antagonists. In the present studies, we developed a CLN3 siRNA-inhibited primary rat neuron model to further study etoposide-induced calcium changes and apoptosis in CLN3 disease followed by recovery experiments with amlodipine. Our results show that intracellular calcium is significantly elevated in siRNA-inhibited cortical neurons after potassium chloride-induced depolarization. We were also able to show that amlodipine, a predominantly L-type dihydropyrimidine calcium channel antagonist can reverse the aberrant calcium elevations in this model of the disease. We performed an in situ TUNEL assay following etoposide-exposure to siRNA inhibited primary neurons, and apoptotic nuclei were detected providing additional evidence that increased neuronal apoptosis is associated with increased calcium levels. Amlodipine also reduced the absolute number of apoptotic cells in this experimental model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley Warnock
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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17
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Kang S, Kim JB, Heo TH, Kim SJ. Cell cycle arrest in Batten disease lymphoblast cells. Gene 2013; 519:245-50. [PMID: 23458879 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2013.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2013] [Revised: 02/02/2013] [Accepted: 02/18/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Batten disease is an inherited neurodegenerative disorder caused by a CLN3 gene mutation. Batten disease is characterized by blindness, seizures, cognitive decline, and early death. Although apoptotic cell death is one of the pathological hallmarks of Batten disease, little is known about the regulatory mechanism of apoptosis in this disease. Since the CLN3 gene is suggested to be involved in the cell cycle in a yeast model, we investigated the cell cycle profile and its regulatory factors in lymphoblast cells from Batten disease patients. We found G1/G0 cell cycle arrest in Batten disease cells, with overexpression of p21, sphingosine, glucosylceramide, and sulfatide as possible cell cycle regulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunyang Kang
- Department of Biotechnology, Hoseo University, 165 Baebang, Asan, Chungnam, Republic of Korea
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18
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Shacka JJ. Mouse models of neuronal ceroid lipofuscinoses: useful pre-clinical tools to delineate disease pathophysiology and validate therapeutics. Brain Res Bull 2012; 88:43-57. [PMID: 22502604 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2012.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2011] [Revised: 03/04/2012] [Accepted: 03/14/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The neuronal ceroid lipofuscinoses (NCL, also known as Batten disease) is a devastating neurodegenerative diseases caused by mutations in either soluble enzymes or membrane-associated structural proteins that result in lysosome dysfunction. Different forms of NCL were defined initially by age of onset, affected population and/or type of storage material but collectively represent the most prevalent pediatric hereditary neurovisceral storage disorder. Specific gene mutations are now known for each subclass of NCL in humans that now largely define the disease: cathepsin D (CTSD) for congenital (CLN10 form); palmitoyl protein thioesterase 1 (PPT1) for infantile (CLN1 form); tripeptidyl peptidase 1 (TPP1) for classic late infantile (CLN2 form); variant late infantile-CLN5, CLN6 or CLN8 for variant late infantile forms; and CLN3 for juvenile (CLN3 form). Several mouse models of NCL have been developed, or in some cases exist sporadically, that exhibit mutations producing a progressive neurodegenerative phenotype similar to that observed in human NCL. The study of these mouse models of NCL has dramatically advanced our knowledge of NCL pathophysiology and in some cases has helped delineate the function of proteins mutated in human NCL. In addition, NCL mutant mice have been tested for several different therapeutic approaches and as such they have become important pre-clinical models for validating treatment options. In this review we will assess the current state of mouse models of NCL with regards to their unique pathophysiology and how these mice have helped investigators achieve a better understanding of human NCL disease and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- John J Shacka
- Neuropathology Division, Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA.
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19
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Chen J, Narayan SB, Edinger AL, Bennett MJ. Flow injection tandem mass spectrometric measurement of ceramides of multiple chain lengths in biological samples. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2011; 883-884:136-40. [PMID: 22138588 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2011.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2011] [Revised: 11/07/2011] [Accepted: 11/09/2011] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
A method is presented for the measurement of ceramide species in biological fluids using flow injection tandem mass spectrometry. Ceramides are important signaling compounds in a number of cell:cell interactions including apoptosis and neurodegeneration. Because of the large number of potential fatty acid constituent moieties on ceramide molecules, a method which accurately distinguishes different chain-length species was required. The present method does not require HPLC separation and is designed to be applicable to high throughput analysis required for clinical studies. We provide a reference range for all measurable ceramide species in normal human plasma and an example of the utility of the assay in providing biomarkers in an in vitro apoptotic cell death study using murine hematopoietic cells treated with daunorubicin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Chen
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States
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20
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Wei CW, Chou PL, Hung YT, Yiang GT. Synergistic cytotoxicity of 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea and Rana catesbeiana ribonuclease-6 in hepatoma cells. Tzu Chi Med J 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tcmj.2011.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
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21
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Cao Y, Staropoli JF, Biswas S, Espinola JA, MacDonald ME, Lee JM, Cotman SL. Distinct early molecular responses to mutations causing vLINCL and JNCL presage ATP synthase subunit C accumulation in cerebellar cells. PLoS One 2011; 6:e17118. [PMID: 21359198 PMCID: PMC3040763 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0017118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2010] [Accepted: 01/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Variant late-infantile neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis (vLINCL), caused by CLN6 mutation, and juvenile neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis (JNCL), caused by CLN3 mutation, share clinical and pathological features, including lysosomal accumulation of mitochondrial ATP synthase subunit c, but the unrelated CLN6 and CLN3 genes may initiate disease via similar or distinct cellular processes. To gain insight into the NCL pathways, we established murine wild-type and CbCln6(nclf/nclf) cerebellar cells and compared them to wild-type and CbCln3(Δex7/8/Δex7/8) cerebellar cells. CbCln6(nclf/nclf) cells and CbCln3(Δex7/8/Δex7/8) cells both displayed abnormally elongated mitochondria and reduced cellular ATP levels and, as cells aged to confluence, exhibited accumulation of subunit c protein in Lamp 1-positive organelles. However, at sub-confluence, endoplasmic reticulum PDI immunostain was decreased only in CbCln6(nclf/nclf) cells, while fluid-phase endocytosis and LysoTracker® labeled vesicles were decreased in both CbCln6(nclf/nclf) and CbCln3(Δex7/8/Δex7/8) cells, though only the latter cells exhibited abnormal vesicle subcellular distribution. Furthermore, unbiased gene expression analyses revealed only partial overlap in the cerebellar cell genes and pathways that were altered by the Cln3(Δex7/8) and Cln6(nclf) mutations. Thus, these data support the hypothesis that CLN6 and CLN3 mutations trigger distinct processes that converge on a shared pathway, which is responsible for proper subunit c protein turnover and neuronal cell survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Cao
- Molecular Neurogenetics Unit, Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - John F. Staropoli
- Molecular Neurogenetics Unit, Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Sunita Biswas
- Molecular Neurogenetics Unit, Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Janice A. Espinola
- Molecular Neurogenetics Unit, Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Marcy E. MacDonald
- Molecular Neurogenetics Unit, Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Jong-Min Lee
- Molecular Neurogenetics Unit, Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Susan L. Cotman
- Molecular Neurogenetics Unit, Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
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22
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Chang JW, Choi H, Cotman SL, Jung YK. Lithium rescues the impaired autophagy process in CbCln3(Δex7/8/Δex7/8) cerebellar cells and reduces neuronal vulnerability to cell death via IMPase inhibition. J Neurochem 2011; 116:659-68. [PMID: 21175620 PMCID: PMC4517618 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2010.07158.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Juvenile neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis (Batten disease) is a neurodegenerative disorder caused by mutation in CLN3. Defective autophagy and concomitant accumulation of autofluorescence enriched with mitochondrial ATP synthase subunit c were previously discovered in Cln3 mutant knock-in mice. In this study, we show that treatment with lithium reduces numbers of LC3-positive autophagosomes and accumulation of LC3-II in Cln3 mutant knock-in cerebellar cells (CbCln3(Δex7/8/Δex7/8) ). Lithium, an inhibitor of GSK3 and IMPase, reduces the accumulation of mitochondrial ATP synthase subunit c and autofluorescence in CbCln3(Δex7/8/Δex7/8) cells, and mitigates the abnormal subcellular distribution of acidic vesicles in the cells. L690,330, an IMPase inhibitor, is as effective as lithium in restoring autophagy in CbCln3(Δex7/8/Δex7/8) cells. Moreover, lithium or down-regulation of IMPase expression protects CbCln3(Δex7/8/Δex7/8) cells from cell death induced by amino acid deprivation. These results suggest that lithium overcomes the autophagic defect in CbCln3(Δex7/8/Δex7/8) cerebellar cells probably through IMPase, thereby reducing their vulnerability to cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Woong Chang
- Creative Research Initiative (CRI)-Acceleration Research Laboratory, School of Biological Science/Bio-MAX Institute, Seoul National University, 599 Gwanak-ro, Seoul 151-747, Korea
| | - Hyunwoo Choi
- Creative Research Initiative (CRI)-Acceleration Research Laboratory, School of Biological Science/Bio-MAX Institute, Seoul National University, 599 Gwanak-ro, Seoul 151-747, Korea
| | - Susan L. Cotman
- Molecular Neurogenetics Unit and Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Yong-Keun Jung
- Creative Research Initiative (CRI)-Acceleration Research Laboratory, School of Biological Science/Bio-MAX Institute, Seoul National University, 599 Gwanak-ro, Seoul 151-747, Korea
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23
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Yiang GT. RC6 Exerts an Anticancer Effect Through the Caspase-dependent Apoptosis Pathway. Tzu Chi Med J 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/s1016-3190(10)60070-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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24
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Nibe K, Nakayama H, Uchida K. Comparative study of cerebellar degeneration in canine neuroaxonal dystrophy, cerebellar cortical abiotrophy, and neuronal ceroid-lipofuscinosis. J Vet Med Sci 2010; 72:1495-9. [PMID: 20585192 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.10-0072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The cerebellar lesions of three dogs with canine neuroaxonal dystrophy (NAD), one dog with cerebellar cortical abiotrophy (CCA), and 4 dogs with neuronal ceroid-lipofuscinosis (NCL) were examined to understand their pathogeneses. Purkinje cell loss was most severe in the vermis of a dog with CCA, and granule cell loss was most prominent in the cerebellar hemisphere of dogs with NCL. Immunohistochemically, CD3-and HLA-DR-positive cells were most frequent in the dogs with NCL, and moderate in dogs with NAD, but not in a dog with CCA. The number of cleaved caspase 3-positive cells was prominent in a dog with CCA, but no significant in the dogs with NAD. The results indicate different pathway of neuronal loss of these canine neuronal disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazumi Nibe
- Division of the Project for Zoonosis Education and Research, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
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25
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Bozorg S, Ramirez-Montealegre D, Chung M, Pearce DA. Juvenile neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis (JNCL) and the eye. Surv Ophthalmol 2009; 54:463-71. [PMID: 19539834 DOI: 10.1016/j.survophthal.2009.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Juvenile neuronal ceroid lipofuscinoses, or Batten disease, is the most common type of NCL in the United States and Europe. This devastating disorder presents with vision failure and progresses to include seizures, motor dysfunction, and dementia. Death usually occurs in the third decade, but some patients die before age twenty. Though the mechanism of visual failure remains poorly understood, recent advances in molecular genetics have improved diagnostic testing and suggested possible therapeutic strategies. The ophthalmologist plays a crucial role in both early diagnosis and documentation of progression of juvenile neuronal ceroid lipofuscinoses. We update Batten disease research, particularly as it relates to the eye, and present various theories on the pathophysiology of retinal degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Bozorg
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York 14642, USA
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Abstract
Juvenile neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis (JNCL) is one type of the neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis (NCLs), which is a group of pediatric neurodegenerative disorders. The symptoms of JNCL are retinal degeneration (rd), seizures, cognitive, and motor decline. The pathogenesis, summarized in this review, include apoptosis, autophagy, dysfunction in the structure associated with plasmalemma, oxidative stress and disruption of nitric oxide signaling, dysfunction of the mitochondrial and lysosome, unbalanced intracellular pH, and other relative mechanisms. Among them, only apoptosis and autophagy are well known. In apoptosis, the defects in CLN3 result in ceramide accumulation and upstream of mitochondrial membrane per-meabilization, which eventually induce caspase-dependent and caspase-independent cell death. Autophagy exists but is disrupted because the immaturity of autophagic vacuoles leads to the failure of autophagy circulation. Understanding of the pathogenesis, especially the pathways of cell death in JNCL, is helpful to explore the mechanism of neurodegenerative dis-orders, such as JNCL.
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27
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Jalanko A, Braulke T. Neuronal ceroid lipofuscinoses. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2009; 1793:697-709. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2008.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 262] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2008] [Revised: 11/06/2008] [Accepted: 11/12/2008] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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28
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Metcalf DJ, Calvi AA, Seaman MNJ, Mitchison HM, Cutler DF. Loss of the Batten Disease Gene CLN3 Prevents Exit from the TGN of the Mannose 6-Phosphate Receptor. Traffic 2008; 9:1905-14. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0854.2008.00807.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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29
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Rusyn E, Mousallem T, Persaud-Sawin DA, Miller S, Boustany RMN. CLN3p impacts galactosylceramide transport, raft morphology, and lipid content. Pediatr Res 2008; 63:625-31. [PMID: 18317235 DOI: 10.1203/pdr.0b013e31816fdc17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Juvenile neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis (JNCL) belongs to the neuronal ceroid lipofuscinoses characterized by blindness/seizures/motor/cognitive decline and early death. JNCL is caused by CLN3 gene mutations that negatively modulate cell growth/apoptosis. CLN3 protein (CLN3p) localizes to Golgi/Rab4-/Rab11-positive endosomes and lipid rafts, and harbors a galactosylceramide (GalCer) lipid raft-binding domain. Goals are proving CLN3p participates in GalCer transport from Golgi to rafts, and GalCer deficits negatively affect cell growth/apoptosis. GalCer/mutant CLN3p are retained in Golgi, with CLN3p rescuing GalCer deficits in rafts. Diminishing GalCer in normal cells by GalCer synthase siRNA negatively affects cell growth/apoptosis. GalCer restores JNCL cell growth. WT CLN3p binds GalCer, but not mutant CLN3p. Sphingolipid content of rafts/Golgi is perturbed with diminished GalCer in rafts and accumulation in Golgi. CLN3-deficient raft vesicular structures are small by transmission electron microscopy, reflecting altered sphingolipid composition of rafts. CLN1/CLN2/CLN6 proteins bind to lysophosphatidic acid/sulfatide, CLN6/CLN8 proteins to GalCer, and CLN8 protein to ceramide. Sphingolipid composition/morphology of CLN1-/CLN2-/CLN6-/CLN8- and CLN9-deficient rafts are altered suggesting changes in raft structure/lipid stoichiometry could be common themes underlying these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Rusyn
- Department of Neurobiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA
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30
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Affiliation(s)
- Dinesh Rakheja
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center and Children's Medical Center, MC 9073, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
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31
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Narayan SB, Tan L, Bennett MJ. Intermediate levels of neuronal palmitoyl-protein Delta-9 desaturase in heterozygotes for murine Batten disease. Mol Genet Metab 2008; 93:89-91. [PMID: 17962056 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2007.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2007] [Accepted: 09/10/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
We recently demonstrated reduced activity of a novel palmitoyl-protein Delta-9 desaturase in neuronal tissues from mice with the cln3 Juvenile Neuronal Ceroid-Lipofuscinosis (Batten disease) gene ablated. In this follow-up study we have been able to obtain tissues from heterozygous cln3 mice and report that the enzyme activity in brain and pancreas from the heterozygotes is intermediate at 40% of the wild-type activity and consistent with recessive inheritance. Neuronal tissues from the CLN1 knock-out mouse demonstrated normal enzymatic activity pointing to the specificity of the desaturase function to CLN3. Non-neuronal tissues did not have measurable desaturase activity in wild-type or knock-out mice using this assay system. This may be due to lack of sensitivity of our assay system in these tissues or failure to activate the enzyme in these tissues. This is the first report of a heterozygous abnormality in Batten disease and provides important confirmation that this is the function of the CLN3 protein in neuronal tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srinivas B Narayan
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, 34th Street & Civic Center Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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Gallagher MJ. Mutant Batten Disease Protein Says “No” to Unsaturated Fats. Epilepsy Curr 2007; 7:82-3. [PMID: 17520082 PMCID: PMC1874325 DOI: 10.1111/j.1535-7511.2007.00179.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
CLN3P, the Batten's Disease Protein, Is a Novel Palmitoyl-Protein Δ-9 Desaturase Narayan SB, Rakheja D, Tan L, Pastor JV, Bennett MJ. Ann Neurol 2006;60(5):570–577. OBJECTIVE: Batten's disease, one of the most common recessively inherited, untreatable, neurodegenerative diseases of humans, is characterized by progressive neuronal loss and intraneuronal proteolipid storage. Although the gene for the disorder was cloned more than a decade ago, the function of the encoded protein, CLN3P, has not been defined thus far. METHODS: Sequence analysis using the Pfam server identified a low stringency match to a fatty acid desaturase domain in the N-terminal sequence of CLN3P. We developed a fatty acid desaturase assay based on measurement of desaturase products by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. RESULTS: We show that CLN3P is a novel palmitoyl-protein Δ-9 desaturase, which converts membrane-associated palmitoylated proteins to their respective palmitoleated derivatives. We have further demonstrated that this palmitoyl-protein Δ-9 desaturase activity is deficient in cln3–/– mouse pancreas and is completely ablated in neuroblastoma cells by RNA inhibition. INTERPRETATION: We propose that palmitoyl-protein desaturation defines a new mechanism of proteolipid modification, and that deficiency of this process leads to the signs and symptoms of Batten's disease.
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Benedict JW, Sommers CA, Pearce DA. Progressive oxidative damage in the central nervous system of a murine model for juvenile Batten disease. J Neurosci Res 2007; 85:2882-91. [PMID: 17638298 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.21416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative damage is a known contributor to the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases. Juvenile Batten disease is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder of childhood that results from mutation in Cln3. We have performed an initial characterization of the oxidative burden throughout the CNS in a Cln3(-/-) mouse model for juvenile Batten disease. A survey of multiple regions of the Cln3(-/-) mouse brain revealed a specific reduction of total glutathione, a tripeptide antioxidant molecule, in the cerebellum. Further analysis revealed an increase in protein oxidation not only in the cerebellum but also in the thalamus and primary motor cortex. Additionally, the thalamus was found to have an increase in the amount of a potent antioxidant enzyme, manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD), which may be in response to an increase in deleterious superoxide radicals. Colocalization studies indicate that microglia are localized directly adjacent to neurons expressing MnSOD, indicating that microglial activation may be related to the observed oxidative damage. This study helps to provide an initial measure of regions within the CNS of Cln3(-/-) mice that are specifically affected by the loss of CLN3 function and may serve to identify at the neuroanatomical level, the sequence of events that plays a role in the pathogenesis and clinical course of juvenile Batten disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jared W Benedict
- Center for Aging and Developmental Biology, Aab Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York 14642, USA
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Chang JW, Choi H, Kim HJ, Jo DG, Jeon YJ, Noh JY, Park WJ, Jung YK. Neuronal vulnerability of CLN3 deletion to calcium-induced cytotoxicity is mediated by calsenilin. Hum Mol Genet 2006; 16:317-26. [PMID: 17189291 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddl466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Calsenilin/DREAM/KChIP3, a neuronal Ca(2+)-binding protein, has multifunctions in nucleus and cytosol. Here, we identified CLN3 as a calsenilin-binding partner whose mutation or deletion is observed in Batten disease. In vitro binding and immunoprecipitation assays show that calsenilin interacts with the C-terminal region of CLN3 and the increase of Ca(2+) concentration in vitro and in cells causes significant dissociation of calsenilin from CLN3. Ectopic expression of CLN3 or its deletion mutant containing only the C-terminus (153-438) and capable of binding to calsenilin suppresses thapsigargin or A23187-induced death of neuronal cells. In contrast, CLN3 deletion mutant containing the N-terminus (1-153) or (1-263), which is frequently found in Batten disease, induces the perturbation of Ca(2+) transient and fails to inhibit the cell death. In addition, the expression of calsenilin is increased in the brain tissues of CLN3 knock-out mice and SH-SY5Y/CLN3 knock-down cells. Down-regulation of CLN3 expression sensitizes SH-SY5Y cells to thapsigargin or A23187. However, additional decrease of calsenilin expression rescues the sensitivity of SH-SY5Y/CLN3 knock-down cells to Ca(2+)-mediated cell death. These results suggest that the vulnerability of CLN3 knock-out or CLN3 deletion (1-153)-expressing neuronal cells to Ca(2+)-induced cell death may be mediated by calsenilin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Woong Chang
- Department of Life Science, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 500-712, Korea
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Jennings JJ, Zhu JH, Rbaibi Y, Luo X, Chu CT, Kiselyov K. Mitochondrial aberrations in mucolipidosis Type IV. J Biol Chem 2006; 281:39041-50. [PMID: 17056595 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m607982200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Mucolipidosis type IV is a genetic lysosomal storage disease associated with degenerative processes in the brain, eye, and other tissues. Mucolipidosis type IV results from mutations in the gene MCOLN1, which codes for the TRP family ion channel, mucolipin 1. The connection between lysosomal dysfunction and degenerative processes in mucolipidosis type IV is unclear. Here we report that mucolipidosis type IV and several unrelated lysosomal storage diseases are associated with significant mitochondrial fragmentation and decreased mitochondrial Ca2+ buffering efficiency. The mitochondrial alterations observed in these lysosomal storage diseases are reproduced in control cells by treatment with lysosomal inhibitors and with the autophagy inhibitor 3-methyladenine. This suggests that inefficient autophagolysosomal recycling of mitochondria generates fragmented, effete mitochondria in mucolipidosis. Mitochondria accumulate that cannot properly buffer calcium fluxes in the cell. A decrease in mitochondrial Ca2+ buffering capacity in cells affected by these lysosomal storage diseases is associated with increased sensitivity to apoptosis induced by Ca2+-mobilizing agonists and executed via a caspase-8-dependent pathway. Deficient Ca2+ homeostasis may represent a common mechanism of degenerative cell death in several lysosomal storage diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- John J Jennings
- Department of Biological Science, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, USA
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Kyttälä A, Lahtinen U, Braulke T, Hofmann SL. Functional biology of the neuronal ceroid lipofuscinoses (NCL) proteins. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2006; 1762:920-33. [PMID: 16839750 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2006.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2006] [Revised: 05/19/2006] [Accepted: 05/23/2006] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Neuronal ceroid lipofucinoses (NCLs) are a group of severe neurodegenerative disorders characterized by accumulation of autofluorescent ceroid lipopigment in patients' cells. The different forms of NCL share many similar pathological features but result from mutations in different genes. The genes affected in NCLs encode both soluble and transmembrane proteins and are localized to ER or to the endosomes/lysosomes. Due to selective vulnerability of the central nervous system in the NCL disorders, the corresponding proteins are proposed to have important, tissue specific roles in the brain. The pathological similarities of the different NCLs have led not only to the grouping of these disorders but also to suggestion that the NCL proteins function in the same biological pathway. Despite extensive research, including the development of several model organisms for NCLs and establishment of high-throughput techniques, the precise biological function of many of the NCL proteins has remained elusive. The aim of this review is to summarize the current knowledge of the functions, or proposed functions, of the different NCL proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aija Kyttälä
- National Public Health Institute, Department of Molecular Medicine, Biomedicum Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
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Narayan SB, Rakheja D, Pastor JV, Rosenblatt K, Greene SR, Yang J, Wolf BA, Bennett MJ. Over-expression of CLN3P, the Batten disease protein, inhibits PANDER-induced apoptosis in neuroblastoma cells: further evidence that CLN3P has anti-apoptotic properties. Mol Genet Metab 2006; 88:178-83. [PMID: 16515873 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2006.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2005] [Revised: 01/18/2006] [Accepted: 01/19/2006] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Juvenile neuronal ceroid-lipofuscinosis (JNCL) or Batten/Spielmeyer-Vogt-Sjogren disease (OMIM #204200) is one of a group of nine clinically related inherited neurodegenerative disorders (CLN1-9). JNCL results from mutations in CLN3 on chromosome 16p12.1. The neuronal loss in Batten disease has been shown to be due to a combination of apoptosis and autophagy suggesting that CLN3P, the defective protein, may have an anti-neuronal death function. PANDER (PANcreatic-DERived factor) is a novel cytokine that was recently cloned from pancreatic islet cells. PANDER is specifically expressed in the pancreatic islets, small intestine, testis, prostate, and neurons of the central nervous system, and has been demonstrated to induce apoptosis. In this study, we over-expressed CLN3P in SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells and monitored the effects on PANDER-induced apoptosis. CLN3P significantly increased the survival rate of the SH-SY5Y cells in this system. This study provides additional evidence that the function of CLN3P is related to preventing neuronal apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srinivas B Narayan
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Cao Y, Espinola JA, Fossale E, Massey AC, Cuervo AM, MacDonald ME, Cotman SL. Autophagy is disrupted in a knock-in mouse model of juvenile neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis. J Biol Chem 2006; 281:20483-93. [PMID: 16714284 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m602180200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 204] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Juvenile neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis is caused by mutation of a novel, endosomal/lysosomal membrane protein encoded by CLN3. The observation that the mitochondrial ATPase subunit c protein accumulates in this disease suggests that autophagy, a pathway that regulates mitochondrial turnover, may be disrupted. To test this hypothesis, we examined the autophagic pathway in Cln3(Deltaex7/8) knock-in mice and CbCln3(Deltaex7/8) cerebellar cells, accurate genetic models of juvenile neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis. In homozygous knock-in mice, we found that the autophagy marker LC3-II was increased, and mammalian target of rapamycin was down-regulated. Moreover, isolated autophagic vacuoles and lysosomes from homozygous knock-in mice were less mature in their ultrastructural morphology than the wild-type organelles, and subunit c accumulated in autophagic vacuoles. Intriguingly, we also observed subunit c accumulation in autophagic vacuoles in normal aging mice. Upon further investigation of the autophagic pathway in homozygous knock-in cerebellar cells, we found that LC3-positive vesicles were altered and overlap of endocytic and lysosomal dyes was reduced when autophagy was stimulated, compared with wildtype cells. Surprisingly, however, stimulation of autophagy did not significantly impact cell survival, but inhibition of autophagy led to cell death. Together these observations suggest that autophagy is disrupted in juvenile neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis, likely at the level of autophagic vacuolar maturation, and that activation of autophagy may be a prosurvival feedback response in the disease process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Cao
- Molecular Neurogenetics Unit and Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
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