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Liao M, Qin R, Huang W, Zhu HP, Peng F, Han B, Liu B. Targeting regulated cell death (RCD) with small-molecule compounds in triple-negative breast cancer: a revisited perspective from molecular mechanisms to targeted therapies. J Hematol Oncol 2022; 15:44. [PMID: 35414025 PMCID: PMC9006445 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-022-01260-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is a subtype of human breast cancer with one of the worst prognoses, with no targeted therapeutic strategies currently available. Regulated cell death (RCD), also known as programmed cell death (PCD), has been widely reported to have numerous links to the progression and therapy of many types of human cancer. Of note, RCD can be divided into numerous different subroutines, including autophagy-dependent cell death, apoptosis, mitotic catastrophe, necroptosis, ferroptosis, pyroptosis and anoikis. More recently, targeting the subroutines of RCD with small-molecule compounds has been emerging as a promising therapeutic strategy, which has rapidly progressed in the treatment of TNBC. Therefore, in this review, we focus on summarizing the molecular mechanisms of the above-mentioned seven major RCD subroutines related to TNBC and the latest progress of small-molecule compounds targeting different RCD subroutines. Moreover, we further discuss the combined strategies of one drug (e.g., narciclasine) or more drugs (e.g., torin-1 combined with chloroquine) to achieve the therapeutic potential on TNBC by regulating RCD subroutines. More importantly, we demonstrate several small-molecule compounds (e.g., ONC201 and NCT03733119) by targeting the subroutines of RCD in TNBC clinical trials. Taken together, these findings will provide a clue on illuminating more actionable low-hanging-fruit druggable targets and candidate small-molecule drugs for potential RCD-related TNBC therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minru Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, and West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Rui Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Wei Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Hong-Ping Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China.,Antibiotics Research and Re-Evaluation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Industrial Institute of Antibiotics, Chengdu University, Chengdu, China
| | - Fu Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, and West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
| | - Bo Han
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China.
| | - Bo Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, and West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
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2
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Yuan B, Zhao X, Wang X, Liu E, Liu C, Zong Y, Jiang Y, Hou M, Chen Y, Chen L, Zhang Y, Wang H, Fu J. Patient-derived organoids for personalized gallbladder cancer modelling and drug screening. Clin Transl Med 2022; 12:e678. [PMID: 35075805 PMCID: PMC8786696 DOI: 10.1002/ctm2.678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Revised: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gallbladder carcinoma (GBC) is a relatively rare but highly aggressive cancer with late clinical detection and a poor prognosis. However, the lack of models with features consistent with human gallbladder tumours has hindered progress in pathogenic mechanisms and therapies. METHODS We established organoid lines derived from human GBC as well as normal gallbladder and benign gallbladder adenoma (GBA) tissues. The histopathology signatures of organoid cultures were identified by H&E staining, immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence. The genetic and transcriptional features of organoids were analysed by whole-exome sequencing and RNA sequencing. A set of compounds targeting the most active signalling pathways in GBCs were screened for their ability to suppress GBC organoids. The antitumour effects of candidate compounds, CUDC-101 and CUDC-907, were evaluated in vitro and in vivo. RESULTS The established organoids were cultured stably for more than 6 months and closely recapitulated the histopathology, genetic and transcriptional features, and intratumour heterogeneity of the primary tissues at the single-cell level. Notably, expression profiling analysis of the organoids revealed a set of genes that varied across the three subtypes and thus may participate in the malignant progression of gallbladder diseases. More importantly, we found that the dual PI3K/HDAC inhibitor CUDC-907 significantly restrained the growth of various GBC organoids with minimal toxicity to normal gallbladder organoids. CONCLUSIONS Patient-derived organoids are potentially a useful platform to explore molecular pathogenesis of gallbladder tumours and discover personalized drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Yuan
- International Cooperation Laboratory on Signal TransductionMinistry of Education Key Laboratory on Signaling Regulation and Targeting Therapy of Liver CancerShanghai Key Laboratory of Hepato‐biliary Tumor BiologyEastern Hepatobiliary Surgery HospitalSecond Military Medical UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Xiaofang Zhao
- Research Center for OrganoidsThe First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou UniversityZhengzhouHenanChina
| | - Xiang Wang
- Second Department of Biliary SurgeryEastern Hepatobiliary Surgery HospitalSecond Military Medical UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Erdong Liu
- School of Life SciencesFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Chunliang Liu
- International Cooperation Laboratory on Signal TransductionMinistry of Education Key Laboratory on Signaling Regulation and Targeting Therapy of Liver CancerShanghai Key Laboratory of Hepato‐biliary Tumor BiologyEastern Hepatobiliary Surgery HospitalSecond Military Medical UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Yali Zong
- School of Life SciencesFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Youhai Jiang
- Division of Life Sciences and MedicineCancer Research CenterThe First Affiliated Hospital of USTCUniversity of Science and Technology of ChinaHefeiAnhuiChina
| | - Minghui Hou
- Research Center for OrganoidsThe First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou UniversityZhengzhouHenanChina
| | - Yao Chen
- International Cooperation Laboratory on Signal TransductionMinistry of Education Key Laboratory on Signaling Regulation and Targeting Therapy of Liver CancerShanghai Key Laboratory of Hepato‐biliary Tumor BiologyEastern Hepatobiliary Surgery HospitalSecond Military Medical UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Lei Chen
- International Cooperation Laboratory on Signal TransductionMinistry of Education Key Laboratory on Signaling Regulation and Targeting Therapy of Liver CancerShanghai Key Laboratory of Hepato‐biliary Tumor BiologyEastern Hepatobiliary Surgery HospitalSecond Military Medical UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Yongjie Zhang
- Second Department of Biliary SurgeryEastern Hepatobiliary Surgery HospitalSecond Military Medical UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Hongyang Wang
- International Cooperation Laboratory on Signal TransductionMinistry of Education Key Laboratory on Signaling Regulation and Targeting Therapy of Liver CancerShanghai Key Laboratory of Hepato‐biliary Tumor BiologyEastern Hepatobiliary Surgery HospitalSecond Military Medical UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Jing Fu
- International Cooperation Laboratory on Signal TransductionMinistry of Education Key Laboratory on Signaling Regulation and Targeting Therapy of Liver CancerShanghai Key Laboratory of Hepato‐biliary Tumor BiologyEastern Hepatobiliary Surgery HospitalSecond Military Medical UniversityShanghaiChina
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3
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Natarajan K, Abraham P, Kota R, Isaac B. NF-κB-iNOS-COX2-TNF α inflammatory signaling pathway plays an important role in methotrexate induced small intestinal injury in rats. Food Chem Toxicol 2018; 118:766-783. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2018.06.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2018] [Revised: 06/16/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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4
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Holmberg FE, Seidelin JB, Yin X, Mead BE, Tong Z, Li Y, Karp JM, Nielsen OH. Culturing human intestinal stem cells for regenerative applications in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease. EMBO Mol Med 2017; 9:558-570. [PMID: 28283650 PMCID: PMC5412884 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.201607260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Both the incidence and prevalence of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is increasing globally; in the industrialized world up to 0.5% of the population are affected and around 4.2 million individuals suffer from IBD in Europe and North America combined. Successful engraftment in experimental colitis models suggests that intestinal stem cell transplantation could constitute a novel treatment strategy to re-establish mucosal barrier function in patients with severe disease. Intestinal stem cells can be grown in vitro in organoid structures, though only a fraction of the cells contained are stem cells with regenerative capabilities. Hence, techniques to enrich stem cell populations are being pursued through the development of multiple two-dimensional and three-dimensional culture protocols, as well as co-culture techniques and multiple growth medium compositions. Moreover, research in support matrices allowing for efficient clinical application is in progress. In vitro culture is accomplished by modulating the signaling pathways fundamental for the stem cell niche with a suitable culture matrix to provide additional contact-dependent stimuli and structural support. The aim of this review was to discuss medium compositions and support matrices for optimal intestinal stem cell culture, as well as potential modifications to advance clinical use in IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fredrik Eo Holmberg
- Department of Gastroenterology, Herlev Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Jakob B Seidelin
- Department of Gastroenterology, Herlev Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Xiaolei Yin
- Division of BioEngineering in Medicine, Department of Medicine, Center for Regenerative Therapeutics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Harvard - MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.,David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Benjamin E Mead
- Division of BioEngineering in Medicine, Department of Medicine, Center for Regenerative Therapeutics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Harvard - MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.,David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Zhixiang Tong
- Division of BioEngineering in Medicine, Department of Medicine, Center for Regenerative Therapeutics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Harvard - MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Yuan Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Herlev Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Jeffrey M Karp
- Division of BioEngineering in Medicine, Department of Medicine, Center for Regenerative Therapeutics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Cambridge, MA, USA .,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Harvard - MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.,David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Ole H Nielsen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Herlev Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Herlev, Denmark
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5
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Wang D, Fu L, Sun H, Guo L, DuBois RN. Prostaglandin E2 Promotes Colorectal Cancer Stem Cell Expansion and Metastasis in Mice. Gastroenterology 2015; 149:1884-1895.e4. [PMID: 26261008 PMCID: PMC4762503 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2015.07.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 195] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2015] [Revised: 07/09/2015] [Accepted: 07/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Inflammation may contribute to the formation, maintenance, and expansion of cancer stem cells (CSCs), which have the capacity for self-renewal, differentiation, and resistance to cytotoxic agents. We investigated the effects of the inflammatory mediator prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) on colorectal CSC development and metastasis in mice and the correlation between levels of PGE2 and CSC markers in human colorectal cancer (CRC) specimens. METHODS Colorectal carcinoma specimens and matched normal tissues were collected from patients at the Mayo Clinic (Scottsdale, AZ) and analyzed by mass spectrometry and quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Human primary CRC cells and mouse tumor cells were isolated using microbeads or flow cytometry and analyzed for sphere-formation and by flow cytometry assays. LS-174T cells were sorted by flow cytometry (for CD133(+)CD44(+) and CD133(-)CD44(-) cells) and also used in these assays. NOD-scidIL-2Rγ(-/-) (NSG) mice were given cecal or subcutaneous injections of LS-174T or human primary CRC cells. Apc(Min/+) mice and NSG mice with orthotopic cecal tumors were given vehicle (controls), PGE2, celecoxib, and/or Ono-AE3-208. PGE2 downstream signaling pathways were knocked down with small hairpin RNAs, expressed from lentiviral vectors in LS-174T cells, or blocked with inhibitors in human primary CRC cells. RESULTS Levels of PGE2 correlated with colonic CSC markers (CD133, CD44, LRG5, and SOX2 messenger RNAs) in human colorectal carcinoma samples. Administration of PGE2 to Apc(Min/+) mice increased tumor stem cells and tumor burden, compared with controls. NSG mice given PGE2 had increased numbers of cecal CSCs and liver metastases compared with controls after intracecal injection of LS-174T or human primary CRC cells. Alternatively, celecoxib, an inhibitor of prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2, reduced polyp numbers in Apc(Min/+) mice, liver metastasis in NSG mice with orthotopic tumors, and numbers of CSCs in Apc(Min/+) and NSG mice. Inhibitors or knockdown of PGE2 receptor 4 (EP4), phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) p85α, extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1 (ERK1), or nuclear factor (NF)-κB reduced PGE2-induced sphere formation and expansion of LS-174T and/or human primary CRC cells. Knockdown of ERK1 or PI3K p85α also attenuated PGE2-induced activation of NF-κB in LS-174T cells. An EP4 antagonist reduced the ability of PGE2 to induce CSC expansion in orthotopic tumors and to accelerate the formation of liver metastases. Knockdown experiments showed that NF-κB was required for PGE2 induction of CSCs and metastasis in mice. CONCLUSIONS PGE2 induces CSC expansion by activating NF-κB, via EP4-PI3K and EP4-mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling, and promotes the formation of liver metastases in mice. The PGE2 signaling pathway therefore might be targeted therapeutically to slow CSC expansion and colorectal cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dingzhi Wang
- Laboratory for Inflammation and Cancer, Biodesign Institute of Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287
| | - Lingchen Fu
- Laboratory for Inflammation and Cancer, Biodesign Institute of Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287
| | - Haiyan Sun
- Laboratory for Inflammation and Cancer, Biodesign Institute of Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287
| | - Lixia Guo
- Laboratory for Inflammation and Cancer, Biodesign Institute of Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287,Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905 (the present affiliation)
| | - Raymond N. DuBois
- Laboratory for Inflammation and Cancer, Biodesign Institute of Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287,Department of Research and Division of Gastroenterology, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ 85259,Correspondence to: Raymond N. DuBois, MD. Ph.D., Executive Director of the Biodesign Institute at Arizona State University, PO Box 875001, 1001 S. McAllister Ave., Tempe, AZ 85287, Tel: 480-965-1228 and Fax: 480-727-9550,
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6
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Chen IH, Shih HC, Hsieh PW, Chang FR, Wu YC, Wu CC. HPW-RX40 restores anoikis sensitivity of human breast cancer cells by inhibiting integrin/FAK signaling. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2015; 289:330-40. [PMID: 26386190 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2015.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2015] [Revised: 09/09/2015] [Accepted: 09/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Anoikis is defined as apoptosis, which is induced by inappropriate cell-matrix interactions. Cancer cells with anoikis resistance tend to undergo metastasis, and this phenomenon has been reported to be associated with integrin and FAK activity. HPW-RX40 is a derivative of 3,4-methylenedioxy-β-nitrostyrene, which is known to prevent platelet aggregation by inhibition of integrin. In the present study, we investigated the effect of HPW-RX40 on an anoikis-resistant human breast cancer cell line MDA-MB-231. HPW-RX40 inhibited cell aggregation and induced cell death in suspending MDA-MB-231 cells, but had only little effect on the monolayer growth of adherent cells. Analysis of caspase activation and poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) cleavage confirmed anoikis in HPW-RX40-treated suspending cancer cells. HPW-RX40 also affected the Bcl-2 family proteins in detached cancer cells. Furthermore, HPW-RX40 inhibited detachment-induced activation of FAK and the downstream phosphorylation of Src and paxillin, but did not affect this pathway in adherent cancer cells. We also found that the expression and activation of β1 integrin in MDA-MB-231 cells were reduced by HPW-RX40. The combination of HPW-RX40 with an EGFR inhibitor led to enhanced anoikis and inhibition of the FAK pathway in breast cancer cells. Taken together, our results suggest that HPW-RX40 restores the anoikis sensitivity in the metastatic breast cancer cells by inhibiting integrin and subsequent FAK activation, and reveal a potential strategy for prevention of tumor metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- I-Hua Chen
- Graduate Institute of Natural Products, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Chu Shih
- Graduate Institute of Natural Products, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Wen Hsieh
- Graduate Institute of Natural Products, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, and Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Fang-Rong Chang
- Graduate Institute of Natural Products, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Cancer Center, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Yang-Chang Wu
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.
| | - Chin-Chung Wu
- Graduate Institute of Natural Products, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Department of Marine Biotechnology and Resources, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan; Research Center for Natural Products and Drug Development, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
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7
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Zheng H, Li Y, Wang Y, Zhao H, Zhang J, Chai H, Tang T, Yue J, Guo AM, Yang J. Downregulation of COX-2 and CYP 4A signaling by isoliquiritigenin inhibits human breast cancer metastasis through preventing anoikis resistance, migration and invasion. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2014; 280:10-20. [PMID: 25094029 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2014.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2014] [Revised: 07/21/2014] [Accepted: 07/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Flavonoids exert extensive in vitro anti-invasive and in vivo anti-metastatic activities. Anoikis resistance occurs at multiple key stages of the metastatic cascade. Here, we demonstrate that isoliquiritigenin (ISL), a flavonoid from Glycyrrhiza glabra, inhibits human breast cancer metastasis by preventing anoikis resistance, migration and invasion through downregulating cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 and cytochrome P450 (CYP) 4A signaling. ISL induced anoikis in MDA-MB-231 and BT-549 human breast cancer cells as evidenced by flow cytometry and the detection of caspase cleavage. Moreover, ISL inhibited the mRNA expression of phospholipase A2, COX-2 and CYP 4A and decreased the secretion of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and 20-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (20-HETE) in detached MDA-MB-231 cells. In addition, it decreased the levels of phospho-PI3K (Tyr(458)), phospho-PDK (Ser(241)) and phospho-Akt (Thr(308)). Conversely, the exogenous addition of PGE2, WIT003 (a 20-HETE analog) and an EP4 agonist (CAY10580) or overexpression of constitutively active Akt reversed ISL-induced anoikis. ISL exerted the in vitro anti-migratory and anti-invasive activities, whereas the addition of PGE2, WIT003 and CAY10580 or overexpression of constitutively active Akt reversed the in vitro anti-migratory and anti-invasive activities of ISL in MDA-MB-231 cells. Notably, ISL inhibited the in vivo lung metastasis of MDA-MB-231 cells, together with decreased intratumoral levels of PGE2, 20-HETE and phospho-Akt (Thr(308)). In conclusion, ISL inhibits breast cancer metastasis by preventing anoikis resistance, migration and invasion via downregulating COX-2 and CYP 4A signaling. It suggests that ISL could be a promising multi-target agent for preventing breast cancer metastasis, and anoikis could represent a novel mechanism through which flavonoids may exert the anti-metastatic activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Zheng
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Ying Li
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Yuzhong Wang
- Key Laboratory for Oral Biomedical Engineering of Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Haixia Zhao
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Animal Experimental Center of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Hongyan Chai
- Center for Gene Diagnosis, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Tian Tang
- Department of Oncology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China
| | - Jiang Yue
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Austin M Guo
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China; Department of Pharmacology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY 10595, USA.
| | - Jing Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China.
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Zani A, Cananzi M, Fascetti-Leon F, Lauriti G, Smith VV, Bollini S, Ghionzoli M, D'Arrigo A, Pozzobon M, Piccoli M, Hicks A, Wells J, Siow B, Sebire NJ, Bishop C, Leon A, Atala A, Lythgoe MF, Pierro A, Eaton S, De Coppi P. Amniotic fluid stem cells improve survival and enhance repair of damaged intestine in necrotising enterocolitis via a COX-2 dependent mechanism. Gut 2014; 63:300-9. [PMID: 23525603 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2012-303735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Necrotising enterocolitis (NEC) remains one of the primary causes of morbidity and mortality in neonates and alternative strategies are needed. Stem cells have become a therapeutic option for other intestinal diseases, which share some features with NEC. We tested the hypothesis that amniotic fluid stem (AFS) cells exerted a beneficial effect in a neonatal rat model of NEC. DESIGN Rats intraperitoneally injected with AFS cells and their controls (bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells, myoblast) were analysed for survival, behaviour, bowel imaging (MRI scan), histology, bowel absorption and motility, immunofluorescence for AFS cell detection, degree of gut inflammation (myeloperoxidase and malondialdehyde), and enterocyte apoptosis and proliferation. RESULTS AFS cells integrated in the bowel wall and improved rat survival and clinical conditions, decreased NEC incidence and macroscopic gut damage, improved intestinal function, decreased bowel inflammation, increased enterocyte proliferation and reduced apoptosis. The beneficial effect was achieved via modulation of stromal cells expressing cyclooxygenase 2 in the lamina propria, as shown by survival studies using selective and non-selective cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitors. Interestingly, AFS cells differentially expressed genes of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway, which regulate intestinal epithelial stem cell function and cell migration and growth factors known to maintain gut epithelial integrity and reduce mucosal injury. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrated here for the first time that AFS cells injected in an established model of NEC improve survival, clinical status, gut structure and function. Understanding the mechanism of this effect may help us to develop new cellular or pharmacological therapies for infants with NEC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Augusto Zani
- Surgery Unit, University College London Institute of Child Health, , London, UK
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9
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Talukder JR, Griffin A, Jaima A, Boyd B, Wright J. Lactoferrin ameliorates prostaglandin E2-mediated inhibition of Na+-glucose cotransport in enterocytes. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2014; 92:9-20. [DOI: 10.1139/cjpp-2013-0211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Various immunoinflammatory cytokines are produced during chronic intestinal inflammation, which inhibits Na+-glucose cotransport (SGLT1) in villus cells. Lactoferrin (Lf), abundantly present in colostrum, is a multifunctional glycoprotein that is absorbed by receptor-mediated transcytosis in humans and animals and has been shown to exert anti-inflammatory effects. Therefore, this study aimed to examine whether Lf would prevent PGE2 effect on SGLT1 for glucose absorption in enterocytes. Intestinal epithelial cells (IEC-6) were grown on transwell plates, treated with phlorizin, PGE2, AH6809, and Lf, and 3-O-methyl d-glucopyranose (OMG) uptake was measured in 10 days postconfluent. Na+-dependent OMG uptake, phlorizin, and immunoblotting studies established the activity and apical membrane localization of SGLT1 in IEC-6 cells. PGE2 inhibited SGLT1 in a concentration- and time-dependent manner with an inhibitory constant (Ki) of 50.0 nmol/L and that was antagonized by prostanoid receptor inhibitor, AH6809. PGE2 did not alter Na+/K+-ATPase activity. In contrast, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and Western blot analyses revealed that SGLT1-specific transcripts and protein expression level were decreased 3-fold by PGE2. Furthermore, PGE2 treatment increased intracellular cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) and Ca2+ concentrations and decreased SGLT1 expression on the apical membrane, and these effects were ameliorated by Lf. Therefore, we conclude that Lf ameliorates the PGE2 inhibition of SGLT1 most likely via the Ca2+- and cAMP-signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamilur R. Talukder
- Department of Biology, LeMoyne-Owen College, 807 Walker Avenue, Memphis, TN 38126, USA
| | - Ashley Griffin
- Department of Biology, LeMoyne-Owen College, 807 Walker Avenue, Memphis, TN 38126, USA
| | - Antara Jaima
- Department of Biology, LeMoyne-Owen College, 807 Walker Avenue, Memphis, TN 38126, USA
| | - Brittney Boyd
- Department of Biology, LeMoyne-Owen College, 807 Walker Avenue, Memphis, TN 38126, USA
| | - Jaleesa Wright
- Department of Biology, LeMoyne-Owen College, 807 Walker Avenue, Memphis, TN 38126, USA
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10
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Inflammatory bowel disease and pregnancy: overlapping pathways. Transl Res 2012; 160:65-83. [PMID: 22687963 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2011.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2011] [Revised: 11/29/2011] [Accepted: 12/01/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Several studies have reported on the association between inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and adverse pregnancy outcomes, such as preterm birth. The exact mechanisms of action are unclear; however, several pathways and processes are involved in both IBD and pregnancy that may help explain this. In this review, we discuss the immune system's T helper cells and human leukocyte antigens, inflammation, its function, and the role of Toll-like receptors (TLRs), NOD-like receptors (NLRs), and prostaglandins in the inflammatory response. For each of these topics, we consider their involvement in IBD and pregnancy, and we speculate as to how they can lead to preterm birth. Finally, we review briefly corticosteroids, biologic therapies, and immunosuppressants for the treatment of IBD, as well as their safety in use during pregnancy, with special focus on preterm birth.
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Insel PA, Zhang L, Murray F, Yokouchi H, Zambon AC. Cyclic AMP is both a pro-apoptotic and anti-apoptotic second messenger. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2012; 204:277-87. [PMID: 21385327 DOI: 10.1111/j.1748-1716.2011.02273.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The second messenger cyclic AMP (cAMP) can either stimulate or inhibit programmed cell death (apoptosis). Here, we review examples of cell types that show pro-apoptotic or anti-apoptotic responses to increases in cAMP. We also show that cells can have both such responses, although predominantly having one or the other. Protein kinase A (PKA)-promoted changes in phosphorylation and gene expression can mediate pro-apoptotic responses, such as in murine S49 lymphoma cells, based on evidence that mutants lacking PKA fail to undergo cAMP-promoted, mitochondria-dependent apoptosis. Mechanisms for the anti-apoptotic response to cAMP likely involve Epac (Exchange protein activated by cAMP), a cAMP-regulated effector that is a guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) for the low molecular weight G-protein, Rap1. Therapeutic approaches that activate PKA-mediated pro-apoptosis or block Epac-mediated anti-apoptotisis may provide a means to enhance cell killing, such as in certain cancers. In contrast, efforts to block PKA or stimulate Epac have the potential to be useful in diseases settings (such as heart failure) associated with cAMP-promoted apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- P A Insel
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, 92093-0636, USA.
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12
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Isolation and in vitro expansion of human colonic stem cells. Nat Med 2011; 17:1225-7. [PMID: 21892181 DOI: 10.1038/nm.2470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 521] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2011] [Accepted: 08/14/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Here we describe the isolation of stem cells of the human colonic epithelium. Differential cell surface abundance of ephrin type-B receptor 2 (EPHB2) allows the purification of different cell types from human colon mucosa biopsies. The highest EPHB2 surface levels correspond to epithelial colonic cells with the longest telomeres and elevated expression of intestinal stem cell (ISC) marker genes. Moreover, using culturing conditions that recreate the ISC niche, a substantial proportion of EPHB2-high cells can be expanded in vitro as an undifferentiated and multipotent population.
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13
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Hobbs SS, Goettel JA, Liang D, Yan F, Edelblum KL, Frey MR, Mullane MT, Polk DB. TNF transactivation of EGFR stimulates cytoprotective COX-2 expression in gastrointestinal epithelial cells. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2011; 301:G220-9. [PMID: 21566012 PMCID: PMC3154604 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00383.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
TNF and epidermal growth factor (EGF) are well-known stimuli of cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 expression, and TNF stimulates transactivation of EGF receptor (EGFR) signaling to promote survival in colon epithelial cells. We hypothesized that COX-2 induction and cell survival signaling downstream of TNF are mediated by EGFR transactivation. TNF treatment was more cytotoxic to COX-2(-/-) mouse colon epithelial (MCE) cells than wild-type (WT) young adult mouse colon (YAMC) epithelial cells or COX-1(-/-) cells. TNF also induced COX-2 protein and mRNA expression in YAMC cells, but blockade of EGFR kinase activity or expression inhibited COX-2 upregulation. TNF-induced COX-2 expression was reduced and absent in EGFR(-/-) and TNF receptor-1 (TNFR1) knockout MCE cells, respectively, but was restored upon expression of the WT receptors. Inhibition of mediators of EGFR transactivation, Src family kinases and p38 MAPK, blocked TNF-induced COX-2 protein and mRNA expression. Finally, TNF injection increased COX-2 expression in colon epithelium of WT, but not kinase-defective EGFR(wa2) and EGFR(wa5), mice. These data indicate that TNFR1-dependent transactivation of EGFR through a p38- and/or an Src-dependent mechanism stimulates COX-2 expression to promote cell survival. This highlights an EGFR-dependent cell signaling pathway and response that may be significant in colitis-associated carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart S. Hobbs
- 1Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics,
| | - Jeremy A. Goettel
- 2Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee; and
| | - Dongchun Liang
- 1Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics,
| | - Fang Yan
- 1Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics,
| | - Karen L. Edelblum
- 2Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee; and
| | - Mark R. Frey
- 3Departments of Pediatrics and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Saban Research Institute of Children's Hospital Los Angeles and University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California
| | - Matthew T. Mullane
- 1Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics,
| | - D. Brent Polk
- 3Departments of Pediatrics and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Saban Research Institute of Children's Hospital Los Angeles and University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California
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14
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Jiang GL, Im WB, Donde Y, Wheeler LA. Comparison of Prostaglandin E 2 Receptor Subtype 4 Agonist and Sulfasalazine in Mouse Colitis Prevention and Treatment. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2010; 335:546-552. [DOI: 10.1124/jpet.110.173252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/30/2023] Open
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15
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The role of cyclooxygenase-2 in cell proliferation and cell death in human malignancies. Int J Cell Biol 2010; 2010:215158. [PMID: 20339581 PMCID: PMC2841246 DOI: 10.1155/2010/215158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 305] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2009] [Accepted: 12/18/2009] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
It is well admitted that the link between chronic inflammation and cancer involves cytokines and mediators of inflammatory pathways, which act during the different steps of tumorigenesis. The cyclooxygenases (COXs) are a family of enzymes, which catalyze the rate-limiting step of prostaglandin biosynthesis. This family contains three members: ubiquitously expressed COX-1, which is involved in homeostasis; the inducible COX-2 isoform, which is upregulated during both inflammation and cancer; and COX-3, expressed in brain and spinal cord, whose functions remain to be elucidated. COX-2 was described to modulate cell proliferation and apoptosis mainly in solid tumors, that is, colorectal, breast, and prostate cancers, and, more recently, in hematological malignancies. These findings prompt us to analyze here the effects of a combination of COX-2 inhibitors together with different clinically used therapeutic strategies in order to further improve the efficiency of future anticancer treatments. COX-2 modulation is a promising field investigated by many research groups.
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16
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Jiang GL, Im WB, Donde Y, Wheeler LA. EP4 agonist alleviates indomethacin-induced gastric lesions and promotes chronic gastric ulcer healing. World J Gastroenterol 2009; 15:5149-56. [PMID: 19891013 PMCID: PMC2773893 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.15.5149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To investigate EP4-selective agonist effect on indomethacin-induced gastric lesions and on the spontaneous healing of chronic gastric ulcers.
METHODS: In a mouse model of gastric bleeding with high dose of indomethacin (20 mg/kg), an EP4-selective agonist was administered orally. Stomach lesions and gastric mucous regeneration were monitored. In a mouse model of chronic gastric ulcer induced by acetic acid, EP4 agonist effect on the healing of chronic gastric ulcer was evaluated in the presence or absence of low dose indomethacin (3 mg/kg). In cultured human gastric mucous cells, EP4 agonist effect on indomethacin-induced apoptosis was assessed by flow cytometry.
RESULTS: The EP4-selective agonist reduced high dose indomethacin-induced acute hemorrhagic damage and promoted mucous epithelial regeneration. Low-dose indomethacin aggravated ulcer bleeding and inflammation, and delayed the healing of the established chronic gastric ulcer. The EP4 agonist, when applied locally, not only offset indomethacin-induced gastric bleeding and inflammation, but also accelerated ulcer healing. In the absence of indomethacin, the EP4 agonist even accelerated chronic gastric ulcer healing and suppressed inflammatory cell infiltration in the granulation tissue. In vitro, the EP4 agonist protected human gastric mucous cells from indomethacin-induced apoptosis.
CONCLUSION: EP4-selective agonist may prevent indomethacin-induced gastric lesions and promote healing of existing and indomethacin-aggravated gastric ulcers, via promoting proliferation and survival of mucous epithelial cells.
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17
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Zhang Z, Cao L, Li J, Liang X, Liu Y, Liu H, Du J, Qu Z, Cui M, Liu S, Gao L, Ma C, Zhang L, Han L, Sun W. Acquisition of anoikis resistance reveals a synoikis-like survival style in BEL7402 hepatoma cells. Cancer Lett 2008; 267:106-15. [PMID: 18433990 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2008.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2007] [Revised: 03/04/2008] [Accepted: 03/10/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Resistance to anoikis is a hallmark of human malignancies. Our results showed that hepatoma cells resisted anoikis by non-proliferation, non-apoptosis and cell cycle arrest which were termed synoikis-like. These synoikis-like cells are more resistant to extracellular stimuli and could spontaneously attach and proliferate again under suitable conditions, which indicate a reversible property of these cells. Microarray expression profile reveals the change of molecules involved in the synoikis-like hepatoma cells and our data indicated that ANGPTL4 contributed to anoikis resistance of hepatoma cells. These results demonstrated that hepatoma cells might resist anoikis through a synoikis-like survival style, which may facilitate tumor metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyong Zhang
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
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18
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Chokshi NK, Guner YS, Hunter CJ, Upperman JS, Grishin A, Ford HR. The role of nitric oxide in intestinal epithelial injury and restitution in neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis. Semin Perinatol 2008; 32:92-9. [PMID: 18346532 PMCID: PMC2390779 DOI: 10.1053/j.semperi.2008.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is the most common life-threatening gastrointestinal disease encountered in the premature infant. Although the inciting events leading to NEC remain elusive, various risk factors, including prematurity, hypoxemia, formula feeding, and intestinal ischemia, have been implicated in the pathogenesis of NEC. Data from our laboratory and others suggest that NEC evolves from disruption of the intestinal epithelial barrier, as a result of a combination of local and systemic insults. We postulate that nitric oxide (NO), an important second messenger and inflammatory mediator, plays a key role in intestinal barrier failure seen in NEC. Nitric oxide and its reactive nitrogen derivative, peroxynitrite, may affect gut barrier permeability by inducing enterocyte apoptosis (programmed cell death) and necrosis, or by altering tight junctions or gap junctions that normally play a key role in maintaining epithelial monolayer integrity. Intrinsic mechanisms that serve to restore monolayer integrity following epithelial injury include enterocyte proliferation, epithelial restitution via enterocyte migration, and re-establishment of cell contacts. This review focuses on the biology of NO and the mechanisms by which it promotes epithelial injury while concurrently disrupting the intrinsic repair mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikunj K Chokshi
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Childrens Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA
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19
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Lugo B, Ford HR, Grishin A. Molecular signaling in necrotizing enterocolitis: regulation of intestinal COX-2 expression. J Pediatr Surg 2007; 42:1165-71. [PMID: 17618875 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2007.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is the most common surgical emergency in premature infants. The underlying etiology of NEC remains unknown, although bacterial colonization of the gut, formula feeding, and perinatal stress have been implicated as putative risk factors. The disease is characterized by exuberant gut inflammation leading to ischemia and coagulation necrosis of the intestinal epithelium. The molecular and cellular mechanisms responsible for these pathologic changes are poorly understood. It has been shown that various exogenous and endogenous mediators such as lipopolysaccharide, inflammatory cytokines, platelet activating factor, and nitric oxide may play a role in the pathogenesis of NEC. Recent studies in our laboratory and others have established a link between NEC and activation of cyclooxygenase-2, the enzyme that catalyzes the rate-limiting step in the biosynthesis of prostanoids. The challenge is in defining the molecular signaling pathways leading to accumulation of these mediators early in the disease progression, before the onset of tissue necrosis and systemic sepsis. Identification and characterization of these pathways could lead to the development of novel treatment strategies to alleviate the morbidity and mortality associated with NEC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Lugo
- Department of Surgery, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA
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20
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Muise AM, Walters T, Wine E, Griffiths AM, Turner D, Duerr RH, Regueiro MD, Ngan BY, Xu W, Sherman PM, Silverberg MS, Rotin D. Protein-Tyrosine Phosphatase Sigma Is Associated with Ulcerative Colitis. Curr Biol 2007; 17:1212-8. [PMID: 17614280 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2007.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2007] [Revised: 06/04/2007] [Accepted: 06/05/2007] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), a relatively common chronic debilitating intestinal illness, is composed of two broadly defined groups, Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC). Although several susceptibility genes for CD have been recently described, susceptibility genes exclusive for UC have not been forthcoming. Here, we show that receptor protein-tyrosine phosphatase sigma (PTPRS-encoding PTPsigma) knockout mice spontaneously develop mild colitis that becomes severe when challenged with two known inducers of colitis. We also demonstrate that E-cadherin and beta-catenin, two important adherens junction proteins involved in maintenance of barrier defense in the colon, act as colonic substrates for PTPsigma. Furthermore, we show that three SNPs (rs886936, rs17130, and rs8100586) that flank exon 8 in the human PTPRS gene are associated with UC. The presence of these SNPs is associated with novel splicing that removes the third immunoglobulin-like domain (exon 9) from the extracellular portion of PTPsigma, possibly altering dimerization or ligand recognition. We propose that polymorphisms in the human PTPRS gene lead to ulcerative colitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleixo M Muise
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, University of Toronto, 555 University Ave, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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21
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Courtney ED, Matthews S, Finlayson C, Di Pierro D, Belluzzi A, Roda E, Kang JY, Leicester RJ. Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) reduces crypt cell proliferation and increases apoptosis in normal colonic mucosa in subjects with a history of colorectal adenomas. Int J Colorectal Dis 2007; 22:765-76. [PMID: 17216221 DOI: 10.1007/s00384-006-0240-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/13/2006] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Omega-3 fatty acids in fish oil exert a protective effect on the development of colorectal cancer in animal models. Patients with colorectal adenomas have been shown to have increased crypt cell proliferation and decreased apoptosis in macroscopically normal appearing colonic mucosa. We investigated whether dietary supplementation with eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) could alter crypt cell proliferation and apoptosis in such patients. PATIENTS/METHODS Thirty subjects were randomised to either 3 months of highly purified EPA in free fatty acid form (2 g/day) or to no treatment. Colonic biopsies were taken at the initial colonoscopy and repeated 3 months later, and analysed for cell proliferation and apoptosis (immunohistochemistry) and mucosal fatty acid content. RESULTS/FINDINGS Crypt cell proliferation was significantly reduced whilst apoptosis was significantly increased after EPA supplementation. Neither crypt cell proliferation nor apoptosis were altered in the control group. EPA in the mucosa increased significantly after EPA supplementation, whereas there was no significant change in controls. CONCLUSIONS Dietary supplementation with EPA significantly increases levels of this fatty acid in colonic mucosa, associated with significantly reduced proliferation and increased mucosal apoptosis. Further studies are needed to assess the potential efficacy of EPA supplementation in preventing polyps in the chemoprevention of colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- E D Courtney
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, St George's Hospital, London, UK.
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22
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Dolmatova LS, Zaika OA. Apoptosis-modulating effect of prostaglandin E2 in coelomocytes of holothurian Eupentacta fraudatrix depends on the cell antioxidant enzyme status. BIOL BULL+ 2007. [DOI: 10.1134/s1062359007030028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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23
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Yan SR, Joseph RR, Wang J, Stadnyk AW. Differential pattern of inflammatory molecule regulation in intestinal epithelial cells stimulated with IL-1. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2007; 177:5604-11. [PMID: 17015748 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.177.8.5604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
To better predict the consequences of blocking signal transduction pathways as a means of controlling intestinal inflammation, we are characterizing the pathways up-regulated by IL-1 in intestinal epithelial cells (IEC). IL-1beta induced increased mRNA levels of MIP-2, MCP-1, RANTES, inducible NO synthase (iNOS), and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) in the IEC-18 cell line. IL-1beta activated NF-kappaB but not ERK or p38. Infecting cells with adenovirus expressing a mutated gene for IkappaBalpha (IkappaBAA) blocked IL-1-induced mRNA increases in MIP-2, MCP-1, and iNOS but not COX-2 or RANTES. Expression of IkappaBAA attenuated the IL-1-induced increase in COX-2 protein. Unexpectedly, RANTES mRNA increased, and protein was secreted by cells expressing IkappaBAA in the absence of IL-1. Adenovirus-expressing IkappaBAA, blocking protein synthesis, and IL-1beta all resulted in activation of JNK. The JNK inhibitor SP600125 prevented the RANTES increases by all three stimuli. A human enterocyte line was similarly examined, and both NF-kappaB and JNK regulate IL-1-induced RANTES secretion. We conclude that in IEC-18, IL-1beta-induced increases in mRNA for MIP-2, MCP-1, and iNOS are NF-kappaB-dependent, whereas regulation of RANTES mRNA is independent of NF-kappaB but is positively regulated by JNK. IL-1beta-induced mRNA increases in COX-2 mRNA are both NF-kappaB- and MAPK-independent but the translation of COX-2 protein is NF-kappaB-dependent. This pattern of signaling due to a single stimulus exposed the complexities of regulating inflammatory genes in IEC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sen Rong Yan
- Department of Pediatrics, Dalhousie Universiy, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
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24
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Jiang GL, Nieves A, Im WB, Old DW, Dinh DT, Wheeler L. The prevention of colitis by E Prostanoid receptor 4 agonist through enhancement of epithelium survival and regeneration. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2006; 320:22-8. [PMID: 17008451 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.106.111146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is often triggered and/or exacerbated by nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Among various prostanoids affected by NSAIDs, prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), in particular, seems to play critical roles in IBD via the EP4 receptor, one of the four PGE2 receptor subtypes (EP1-4). An EP4 agonist, [[3-[[(1R,2S,3R)-3-hydroxy-2-[(1E,3S)-3-hydroxy-4-[3-(methoxymethyl)phenyl]-1-butenyl]-5-oxocyclopentyl]thio]propyl]thio]-acetic acid, C22H30O6S2 (ONO-AE1-329), for example, when topically applied, has been reported to ameliorate typical colitis symptoms by suppressing the production of cytotoxic cytokines in the dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced colitis model. EP4 agonists are also known, however, for their ability to protect epithelial cells from apoptosis in vitro, which may contribute to the protection of mucosal barrier functions. To investigate this potential application, we have tested another EP4-selective agonist in the DSS-indomethacin mouse colitis model. 7-[2-(3-Hydroxy-4-phenyl-but-1-enyl)-6-oxo-piperidin-1-yl]-heptanoic acid methyl ester, C23H33NO4 (AGN205203), an analog from the 8-azapiperidinone series of EP4 agonists, is metabolically and chemically more stable than the ONO agonist, because of its lack of oxidizable sulfur atoms in the alpha-chain and of 11-OH group, a potential source of beta-elimination reaction. Treatment of mice subcutaneously with AGN205203 at 3 mg/kg/day minimized colitis symptoms, such as weight loss, diarrhea, and colonic bleeding. Further histological examination of colons revealed healthy surface columnar epithelial cells free of erosion and ulceration compared with those without the drug treatment. At cellular level, the drug treatment decreased colon epithelial apoptosis, prevented goblet cell depletion, and promoted epithelial regeneration. AGN205203 may be unique among known EP4 agonists for its metabolic and chemical stability, and it is amenable to systemic applications for the prevention and recovery of IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guang-Liang Jiang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Herbert Research Center, Allergan, Inc., 2525 Dupont Dr., R&D3-2B, Irvine, CA 92612, USA.
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Abstract
The adult intestinal epithelium contains a relatively simple, highly organized, and readily accessible stem cell system. Excellent methods exist for the isolation of intestinal epithelium from adults, and as a result collecting large quantities of intestinal stem and progenitor cells for study or culture and subsequent clinical applications should be routine. It is not, however, for two reasons: (1) adult intestinal epithelial cells rapidly initiate apoptosis on detachment from the basement membrane, and (2) in vitro conditions necessary for survival, proliferation, and differentiation are poorly understood. Thus to date the study of intestinal stem and progenitor cells has been largely dependent on in vivo approaches. We discuss existing in vivo assays for stem and progenitor cell behavior as well as current methods for isolating and culturing the intestinal epithelium.
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