1
|
Wu MY, Lee AS, Lin YN, Chung WH, Chen KW, Lu CR, Chen YF, Chang CM, Tsai WC, Shiao YT, Chen CH, Chang KC. Role of low-density lipoprotein electronegativity and sexual dimorphism in contributing early ventricular tachyarrhythmias following ST-elevation myocardial infarction. Front Cardiovasc Med 2024; 11:1285068. [PMID: 38500756 PMCID: PMC10944913 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2024.1285068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Early ventricular tachycardia/fibrillation (VT/VF) in patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) has higher morbidity and mortality. This study examines gender-differentiated risk factors and underlying mechanisms for early onset VT/VF in STEMI. Methods We analyzed data from 2,964 consecutive STEMI patients between January 1, 2008 and December 31, 2021. Early VT/VF was defined as occurrence of spontaneous VT/VF of ≥30 s or requirement of immediate cardioversion/defibrillation within the first 48 h after symptoms. An ex vivo ischemic-reperfusion experiments were conducted in 8-week-old ApoE-/- mice fed a high-fat diet to explore the underlying mechanisms of early VT/VF. Results In 255 of out 2,964 STEMI patients who experienced early VT/VF, the age was younger (58.6 ± 13.8 vs. 61.0 ± 13.0 years old, P = 0.008) with a male predominance. The plasma levels of L5, the most electronegative subclass of low-density lipoprotein, was higher in early VT/VF patients compared to those without early VT/VF (n = 21, L5: 14.1 ± 22.6% vs. n = 46, L5: 4.3 ± 9.9%, P = 0.016). In the experimental setup, all male mice (n = 4) developed VT/VF post sham operation, whereas no such incidence was observed in the female mice (n = 3). Significantly, male mice exhibited considerably slower cardiac conduction velocity as compared to their female counterparts in whole heart preparations (25.01 ± 0.93 cm/s vs.42.32 ± 5.70 cm/s, P < 0.001), despite analogous action potential durations. Furthermore, isolated ventricular myocytes from male mice showed a distinctly lower sodium current density (-29.20 ± 3.04 pA/pF, n = 6) in comparison to female mice (-114.05 ± 6.41 pA/pF, n = 6, P < 0.001). This decreased sodium current density was paralleled by a reduced membrane expression of Nav1.5 protein (0.38 ± 0.06 vs. 0.89 ± 0.09 A.U., P < 0.001) and increased cytosolic Nav1.5 levels (0.59 ± 0.06 vs. 0.29 ± 0.04 A.U., P = 0.001) in male mice. Furthermore, it was observed that the overall expressions of sorting nexin 27 (SNX27) and vacuolar protein sorting 26 (VPS26) were significantly diminished in male mice as compared to female littermates (0.91 ± 0.15 vs. 1.70 ± 0.28, P = 0.02 and 0.74 ± 0.09 vs. 1.57 ± 0.13, P < 0.01, respectively). Conclusions Our findings reveal that male STEMI patients with early VT/VF are associated with elevated L5 levels. The gender-based discrepancy in early VT/VF predisposition might be due to compromised sodium channel trafficking, possibly linked with increased LDL electronegativity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mei-Yao Wu
- School of Post-Baccalaureate Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - An-Sheng Lee
- Department of Medicine, Mackay Medical College, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Nien Lin
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Hsin Chung
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Ke-Wei Chen
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chiung-Ray Lu
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yun-Fang Chen
- Department of Medicine, Mackay Medical College, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Ming Chang
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Chung Tsai
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Drug Development and Value Creation Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Tzone Shiao
- Center of Institutional Research and Development, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chu-Huang Chen
- Vascular and Medicinal Research, Texas Heart Institute, Houston, TX, United States
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Shinshu University, Nagano, Japan
| | - Kuan-Cheng Chang
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Xuan Y, Chen C, Wen Z, Wang DW. The Roles of Cardiac Fibroblasts and Endothelial Cells in Myocarditis. Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 9:882027. [PMID: 35463742 PMCID: PMC9022788 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.882027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In myocarditis caused by various etiologies, activated immune cells and the immune regulatory factors released by them play important roles. But in this complex microenvironment, non-immune cells and non-cardiomyocytes in the heart, such as cardiomyocytes (CMs), cardiac fibroblasts (CFs) and endothelial cells (ECs), play the role of “sentinel”, amplify inflammation, and interact with the cardiomyocytes. The complex interactions between them are rarely paid attention to. This review will re-examine the functions of CFs and ECs in the pathological conditions of myocarditis and their direct and indirect interactions with CMs, in order to have a more comprehensive understanding of the pathogenesis of myocarditis and better guide the drug development and clinical treatment of myocarditis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yunling Xuan
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Mechanisms of Cardiological Disorders, Wuhan, China
| | - Chen Chen
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Mechanisms of Cardiological Disorders, Wuhan, China
| | - Zheng Wen
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Mechanisms of Cardiological Disorders, Wuhan, China
- *Correspondence: Zheng Wen
| | - Dao Wen Wang
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Mechanisms of Cardiological Disorders, Wuhan, China
- Dao Wen Wang
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Wang Y, Pan W, Bai X, Wang X, Wang Y, Yin Y. microRNA-454-mediated NEDD4-2/TrkA/cAMP axis in heart failure: Mechanisms and cardioprotective implications. J Cell Mol Med 2021; 25:5082-5098. [PMID: 33949117 PMCID: PMC8178253 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.16491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Revised: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The current study aimed to investigate the mechanism by which miR-454 influences the progression of heart failure (HF) in relation to the neural precursor cell expressed, developmentally downregulated 4-2 (NEDD4-2)/tropomyosin receptor kinase A (TrkA)/cyclic adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate (cAMP) axis. Sprague-Dawley rats were used to establish a HF animal model via ligation of the left anterior descending branch of the coronary artery. The cardiomyocyte H9c2 cells were treated with H2 O2 to stimulate oxidative stress injury in vitro. RT-qPCR and Western blot assay were subsequently performed to determine the expression patterns of miR-454, NEDD4-2, TrkA, apoptosis-related proteins and cAMP pathway markers. Dual-luciferase reporter gene assay coupled with co-immunoprecipitation was performed to elucidate the relationship between miR-454, NEDD4-2 and TrkA. Gain- or loss-of-function experiments as well as rescue experiments were conducted via transient transfection (in vitro) and adenovirus infection (in vivo) to examine their respective functions on H9c2 cell apoptosis and myocardial damage. Our results suggested that miR-454 was aberrantly downregulated in the context of HF, while evidence was obtained suggesting that it targeted NEDD4-2 to downregulate NEDD4-2 in cardiomyocytes. miR-454 exerted anti-apoptotic and protective effects on cardiomyocytes through inhibition of NEDD4-2, while NEDD4-2 stimulated ubiquitination and degradation of TrkA protein. Furthermore, miR-454 activated the cAMP pathway via the NEDD4-2/TrkA axis, which ultimately suppressed cardiomyocyte apoptosis and attenuated myocardial damage. Taken together, the key findings of the current study highlight the cardioprotective role of miR-454, which is achieved through activation of the cAMP pathway by impairing NEDD4-2-induced TrkA ubiquitination.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yaowen Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Chongqing Cardiac Arrhythmias Therapeutic Service Center, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Wei Pan
- Department of Cardiology, Chongqing Cardiac Arrhythmias Therapeutic Service Center, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xinyu Bai
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Xukai Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Institute of Field Surgery, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Yuehui Yin
- Department of Cardiology, Chongqing Cardiac Arrhythmias Therapeutic Service Center, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Ma Y, Cheng N, Sun J, Lu JX, Abbasi S, Wu G, Lee AS, Sawamura T, Cheng J, Chen CH, Xi Y. Atherogenic L5 LDL induces cardiomyocyte apoptosis and inhibits K ATP channels through CaMKII activation. Lipids Health Dis 2020; 19:189. [PMID: 32825832 PMCID: PMC7441649 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-020-01368-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cardiac Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) activation plays a critical role in cardiomyocyte (CM) apoptosis and arrhythmia. Functional ATP-sensitive potassium (KATP) channels are essential for cardiac protection during ischemia. In cultured CMs, L5 low-density lipoprotein (LDL) induces apoptosis and QTc prolongation. L5 is a highly electronegative and atherogenic aberrant form of LDL, and its levels are significantly higher in patients with cardiovascular-related diseases. Here, the role of L5 in cardiac injury was studied by evaluating the effects of L5 on CaMKII activity and KATP channel physiology in CMs. Methods Cultured neonatal rat CMs (NRCMs) were treated with a moderate concentration (ie, 7.5 μg/mL) of L5 or L1 (the least electronegative LDL subfraction). NRCMs were examined for apoptosis and viability, CaMKII activity, and the expression of phosphorylated CaMKIIδ and NOX2/gp91phox. The function of KATP and action potentials (APs) was analyzed by using the patch-clamp technique. Results In NRCMs, L5 but not L1 significantly induced cell apoptosis and reduced cell viability. Furthermore, L5 decreased Kir6.2 expression by more than 50%. Patch-clamp analysis showed that L5 reduced the KATP current (IKATP) density induced by pinacidil, a KATP opener. The partial recovery of the inward potassium current during pinacidil washout was susceptible to subsequent inhibition by the IKATP blocker glibenclamide. Suppression of IKATP by L5 significantly prolonged the AP duration. L5 also significantly increased the activity of CaMKII, the phosphorylation of CaMKIIδ, and the expression of NOX2/gp91phox. L5-induced apoptosis was prevented by the addition of the CaMKII inhibitor KN93 and the reactive oxygen species scavenger Mn (III)TBAP. Conclusions L5 but not L1 induces CM damage through the activation of the CaMKII pathway and increases arrhythmogenicity in CMs by modulating the AP duration. These results help to explain the harmful effects of L5 in cardiovascular-related disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yanzhuo Ma
- Department of Cardiology, Bethune International Peace Hospital, 398 Zhongshan Xilu, Shijiazhuang, 050082, Hebei, China.,Cardiac Electrophysiology Research Laboratory, Texas Heart Institute, 6770 Bertner Avenue, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Nancy Cheng
- Cardiac Electrophysiology Research Laboratory, Texas Heart Institute, 6770 Bertner Avenue, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Junping Sun
- Cardiac Electrophysiology Research Laboratory, Texas Heart Institute, 6770 Bertner Avenue, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Jonathan Xuhai Lu
- Vascular and Medicinal Research, Texas Heart Institute, 6770 Bertner Avenue, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.,InVitro Cell Research, LLC, 106 Grand Avenue, Suite 290, Englewood, NJ, 07631, USA
| | - Shahrzad Abbasi
- Molecular Cardiology Research, Texas Heart Institute, 6770 Bertner Avenue, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Geru Wu
- Cardiac Electrophysiology Research Laboratory, Texas Heart Institute, 6770 Bertner Avenue, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - An-Sheng Lee
- Department of Medicine, Mackay Medical College, No. 46, Section 3, Zhongzheng Road, Sanzhi District, New Taipei City, Taiwan, 252.,Cardiovascular Research Laboratory, China Medical University Hospital, No. 2 Yude Road, North District, Taichung City, Taiwan
| | - Tatsuya Sawamura
- Department of Life Innovation, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Shinshu University, 3-1-1, Asahi, Matsumoto, Nagano, 390-8621, Japan.,Department of Molecular Pathophysiology, Shinshu University School of Medicine, 3 Chome-1-1 Asahi, Matsumoto, Nagano, 390-8621, Japan
| | - Jie Cheng
- Cardiac Electrophysiology Research Laboratory, Texas Heart Institute, 6770 Bertner Avenue, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Chu-Huang Chen
- Vascular and Medicinal Research, Texas Heart Institute, 6770 Bertner Avenue, Houston, TX, 77030, USA. .,Department of Life Innovation, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Shinshu University, 3-1-1, Asahi, Matsumoto, Nagano, 390-8621, Japan.
| | - Yutao Xi
- Department of Cardiology, Bethune International Peace Hospital, 398 Zhongshan Xilu, Shijiazhuang, 050082, Hebei, China. .,, 6770 Bertner Street, MC 2-255, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Chu CS, Law SH, Lenzen D, Tan YH, Weng SF, Ito E, Wu JC, Chen CH, Chan HC, Ke LY. Clinical Significance of Electronegative Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol in Atherothrombosis. Biomedicines 2020; 8:biomedicines8080254. [PMID: 32751498 PMCID: PMC7460408 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines8080254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 07/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the numerous risk factors for atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases (ASCVD), cumulative evidence shows that electronegative low-density lipoprotein (L5 LDL) cholesterol is a promising biomarker. Its toxicity may contribute to atherothrombotic events. Notably, plasma L5 LDL levels positively correlate with the increasing severity of cardiovascular diseases. In contrast, traditional markers such as LDL-cholesterol and triglyceride are the therapeutic goals in secondary prevention for ASCVD, but that is controversial in primary prevention for patients with low risk. In this review, we point out the clinical significance and pathophysiological mechanisms of L5 LDL, and the clinical applications of L5 LDL levels in ASCVD can be confidently addressed. Based on the previously defined cut-off value by receiver operating characteristic curve, the acceptable physiological range of L5 concentration is proposed to be below 1.7 mg/dL. When L5 LDL level surpass this threshold, clinically relevant ASCVD might be present, and further exams such as carotid intima-media thickness, pulse wave velocity, exercise stress test, or multidetector computed tomography are required. Notably, the ultimate goal of L5 LDL concentration is lower than 1.7 mg/dL. Instead, with L5 LDL greater than 1.7 mg/dL, lipid-lowering treatment may be required, including statin, ezetimibe or PCSK9 inhibitor, regardless of the low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) level. Since L5 LDL could be a promising biomarker, we propose that a high throughput, clinically feasible methodology is urgently required not only for conducting a prospective, large population study but for developing therapeutics strategies to decrease L5 LDL in the blood.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Sheng Chu
- Center for Lipid Biosciences, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807377, Taiwan;
- Division of Cardiology, Department of International Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 807377, Taiwan
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Municipal Ta-Tung Hospital, Kaohsiung 80145, Taiwan
| | - Shi Hui Law
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Health Sciences, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807378, Taiwan; (S.H.L.); (D.L.); (Y.-H.T.); (E.I.)
| | - David Lenzen
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Health Sciences, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807378, Taiwan; (S.H.L.); (D.L.); (Y.-H.T.); (E.I.)
| | - Yong-Hong Tan
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Health Sciences, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807378, Taiwan; (S.H.L.); (D.L.); (Y.-H.T.); (E.I.)
| | - Shih-Feng Weng
- Department of Healthcare Administration and Medical Informatics, College of Health Sciences, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807378, Taiwan;
| | - Etsuro Ito
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Health Sciences, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807378, Taiwan; (S.H.L.); (D.L.); (Y.-H.T.); (E.I.)
- Department of Biology, Waseda University, Tokyo 162-8480, Japan
- Waseda Research Institute for Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Tokyo 162-8480, Japan
| | - Jung-Chou Wu
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Pingtung Christian Hospital, Pingtung 90059, Taiwan;
| | - Chu-Huang Chen
- Vascular and Medicinal Research, Texas Heart Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA;
| | - Hua-Chen Chan
- Center for Lipid Biosciences, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807377, Taiwan;
- Correspondence: (H.-C.C.); (L.-Y.K.); Tel.: +886-73121101 (ext. 2296); Fax: +886-73111996 (L.-Y.K.)
| | - Liang-Yin Ke
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Health Sciences, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807378, Taiwan; (S.H.L.); (D.L.); (Y.-H.T.); (E.I.)
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, & Drug Development and Value Creation Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807378, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (H.-C.C.); (L.-Y.K.); Tel.: +886-73121101 (ext. 2296); Fax: +886-73111996 (L.-Y.K.)
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Chen WY, Chen YF, Chan HC, Chung CH, Peng HY, Ho YC, Chen CH, Chang KC, Tang CH, Lee AS. Role of apolipoprotein E in electronegative low-density lipoprotein-induced mitochondrial dysfunction in cardiomyocytes. Metabolism 2020; 107:154227. [PMID: 32275974 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2020.154227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Revised: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE L5, a highly electronegative subtype of low-density lipoprotein (LDL), is likely associated with the development of atherosclerosis and cardiovascular diseases. Normal LDL is composed mainly of apolipoprotein (Apo) B, but L5 has additional proteins such as ApoE. We previously demonstrated that L5 induces endothelial cell senescence by increasing mitochondrial reactive oxygen species. In the present study, we examined the effect of L5 on mitochondrial function in cardiomyocytes. METHODS We used the Seahorse XF24 extracellular flux analyzer to examine the effect of L5 and its components on mitochondrial energy production. The effects of L5 on mitochondrial morphology were examined by immunofluorescence using MitoTracker Green FM and the corresponding probes in H9c2 cardiomyoblasts. Mitochondrial permeability was assessed by using a calcium-induced swelling assay with a voltage-dependent anion-selective channel (VDAC) inhibitor to determine VDAC-dependence both in vitro and in vivo. L5 without ApoE, referred to as △L5, was used to clarify the role of ApoE in L5-induced mitochondrial dysfunction. RESULTS L5 not only significantly decreased basal (P < 0.05) and maximal respiration (P < 0.01) but also reduced spare respiratory capacity (P < 0.01) in H9c2 cells. Additionally, L5 caused phosphorylation of Drp1 and mitochondrial fission. Recombinant ApoE mimicked the mitochondrial effects of L5, but △L5 did not cause similar effects. After entering cells, ApoE on L5 colocalized with mitochondrial VDAC and caused mitochondria swelling both in vitro and in vivo. This effect was also seen with recombinant ApoE but not △L5. CONCLUSIONS ApoE may play an important role in electronegative LDL-induced mitochondrial dysfunction through the opening of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore via the interaction of ApoE and VDAC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Yu Chen
- Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan; Department of Medicine, Mackay Medical College, New Taipei City 25245, Taiwan; Cardiovascular Research Laboratory, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 40447, Taiwan
| | - Yun-Fang Chen
- Department of Medicine, Mackay Medical College, New Taipei City 25245, Taiwan; Cardiovascular Research Laboratory, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 40447, Taiwan; Department of Chinese Pharmaceutical Sciences and Chinese Medicine Resources, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan
| | - Hua-Cheng Chan
- Center for Lipid Biosciences, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 80756, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Hu Chung
- Department of Medicine, Mackay Medical College, New Taipei City 25245, Taiwan
| | - Hsien-Yu Peng
- Department of Medicine, Mackay Medical College, New Taipei City 25245, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Cheng Ho
- Department of Medicine, Mackay Medical College, New Taipei City 25245, Taiwan.
| | - Chu-Huang Chen
- Center for Lipid Biosciences, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 80756, Taiwan; Vascular and Medicinal Research, Texas Heart Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA; New York Heart Research Foundation, Mineola, New York 11501, USA.
| | - Kuan-Cheng Chang
- Cardiovascular Research Laboratory, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 40447, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Hsin Tang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan.
| | - An-Sheng Lee
- Department of Medicine, Mackay Medical College, New Taipei City 25245, Taiwan; Cardiovascular Research Laboratory, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 40447, Taiwan.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Rivas-Urbina A, Rull A, Ordóñez-Llanos J, Sánchez-Quesada JL. Electronegative LDL: An Active Player in Atherogenesis or a By- Product of Atherosclerosis? Curr Med Chem 2019; 26:1665-1679. [PMID: 29600751 DOI: 10.2174/0929867325666180330093953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2017] [Revised: 11/12/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Low-density lipoproteins (LDLs) are the major plasma carriers of cholesterol. However, LDL particles must undergo various molecular modifications to promote the development of atherosclerotic lesions. Modified LDL can be generated by different mechanisms, but as a common trait, show an increased electronegative charge of the LDL particle. A subfraction of LDL with increased electronegative charge (LDL(-)), which can be isolated from blood, exhibits several pro-atherogenic characteristics. LDL(-) is heterogeneous, due to its multiple origins but is strongly related to the development of atherosclerosis. Nevertheless, the implication of LDL(-) in a broad array of pathologic conditions is complex and in some cases anti-atherogenic LDL(-) properties have been reported. In fact, several molecular modifications generating LDL(-) have been widely studied, but it remains unknown as to whether these different mechanisms are specific or common to different pathological disorders. In this review, we attempt to address these issues examining the most recent findings on the biology of LDL(-) and discussing the relationship between this LDL subfraction and the development of different diseases with increased cardiovascular risk. Finally, the review highlights the importance of minor apolipoproteins associated with LDL(-) which would play a crucial role in the different properties displayed by these modified LDL particles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Rivas-Urbina
- Cardiovascular Biochemistry Group, Research Institute of the Hospital de Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau), Barcelona, Spain.,Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola, Spain
| | - Anna Rull
- Cardiovascular Biochemistry Group, Research Institute of the Hospital de Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau), Barcelona, Spain.,Hospital Universitari Joan XXIII, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Jordi Ordóñez-Llanos
- Cardiovascular Biochemistry Group, Research Institute of the Hospital de Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau), Barcelona, Spain.,Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola, Spain
| | - José Luis Sánchez-Quesada
- Cardiovascular Biochemistry Group, Research Institute of the Hospital de Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau), Barcelona, Spain.,CIBERDEM. Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid 28029, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Wang YC, Lee AS, Lu LS, Ke LY, Chen WY, Dong JW, Lu J, Chen Z, Chu CS, Chan HC, Kuzan TY, Tsai MH, Hsu WL, Dixon RAF, Sawamura T, Chang KC, Chen CH. Human electronegative LDL induces mitochondrial dysfunction and premature senescence of vascular cells in vivo. Aging Cell 2018; 17:e12792. [PMID: 29923368 PMCID: PMC6052487 DOI: 10.1111/acel.12792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Dysregulation of plasma lipids is associated with age‐related cardiovascular diseases. L5, the most electronegative subfraction of chromatographically resolved low‐density lipoprotein (LDL), induces endothelial dysfunction, whereas the least electronegative subfraction, L1, does not. In this study, we examined the effects of L5 on endothelial senescence and its underlying mechanisms. C57B6/J mice were intravenously injected with L5 or L1 (2 mg kg−1 day−1) from human plasma. After 4 weeks, nuclear γH2AX deposition and senescence‐associated β‐galactosidase staining indicative of DNA damage and premature senescence, respectively, were increased in the aortic endothelium of L5‐treated but not L1‐treated mice. Similar to that, in Syrian hamsters with elevated serum L5 levels induced by a high‐fat diet, nuclear γH2AX deposition and senescence‐associated β‐galactosidase staining were increased in the aortic endothelium. This phenomenon was blocked in the presence of N‐acetyl‐cysteine (free‐radical scavenger) or caffeine (ATM blocker), as well as in lectin‐like oxidized LDL receptor‐1 (LOX‐1) knockout mice. In cultured human aortic endothelial cells, L5 augmented mitochondrial oxygen consumption and mitochondrial free‐radical production, which led to ATM activation, nuclear γH2AX deposition, Chk2 phosphorylation, and TP53 stabilization. L5 also decreased human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT) protein levels and activity. Pharmacologic or genetic manipulation of the reactive oxygen species (ROS)/ATM/Chk2/TP53 pathway efficiently blocked L5‐induced endothelial senescence. In conclusion, L5 may promote mitochondrial free‐radical production and activate the DNA damage response to induce premature vascular endothelial senescence that leads to atherosclerosis. Novel therapeutic strategies that target L5‐induced endothelial senescence may be used to prevent and treat atherosclerotic vascular disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Chen Wang
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine; Asia University Hospital; Taichung Taiwan
- Department of Biotechnology; Asia University; Taichung Taiwan
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine; China Medical University Hospital; Taichung Taiwan
| | - An-Sheng Lee
- Department of Medicine; Mackay Medical College; New Taipei City Taiwan
- Cardiovascular Research Laboratory; China Medical University Hospital; Taichung Taiwan
| | - Long-Sheng Lu
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Materials and Tissue Engineering; College of Biomedical Engineering; Taipei Medical University; Taipei Taiwan
- International Ph.D. Program in Biomedical Engineering; College of Biomedical Engineering; Taipei Medical University; Taipei Taiwan
- Department of Radiation Oncology; Taipei Medical University Hospital; Taipei Taiwan
- Translational Laboratory; Department of Medical Research; Taipei Medical University Hospital; Taipei Taiwan
| | - Liang-Yin Ke
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology; College of Health Sciences; Kaohsiung Medical University; Kaohsiung Taiwan
- Lipid Science and Aging Research Center; Kaohsiung Medical University; Kaohsiung Taiwan
| | - Wei-Yu Chen
- Department of Medicine; Mackay Medical College; New Taipei City Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences; China Medical University; Taichung Taiwan
| | - Jian-Wen Dong
- Department of Neuro-Oncology; The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center; Houston Texas
| | - Jonathan Lu
- Vascular and Medicinal Research; Texas Heart Institute; Houston Texas
| | - Zhenping Chen
- Department of Surgery; The University of Texas Medical Branch; Galveston Texas
| | - Chih-Sheng Chu
- Lipid Science and Aging Research Center; Kaohsiung Medical University; Kaohsiung Taiwan
- Center for Lipid Biosciences; Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital; Kaohsiung Taiwan
- Division of Cardiology; Department of Internal Medicine; Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital; Kaohsiung Taiwan
| | - Hua-Chen Chan
- Lipid Science and Aging Research Center; Kaohsiung Medical University; Kaohsiung Taiwan
- Center for Lipid Biosciences; Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital; Kaohsiung Taiwan
| | - Taha Y. Kuzan
- Department of Radiology; Marmara University Medical School; Istanbul Turkey
| | - Ming-Hsien Tsai
- Lipid Science and Aging Research Center; Kaohsiung Medical University; Kaohsiung Taiwan
- Center for Lipid Biosciences; Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital; Kaohsiung Taiwan
| | - Wen-Li Hsu
- Lipid Science and Aging Research Center; Kaohsiung Medical University; Kaohsiung Taiwan
| | | | - Tatsuya Sawamura
- Department of Physiology; Shinshu University School of Medicine; Matsumoto, Nagano Japan
| | - Kuan-Cheng Chang
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine; China Medical University Hospital; Taichung Taiwan
- Cardiovascular Research Laboratory; China Medical University Hospital; Taichung Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences; China Medical University; Taichung Taiwan
| | - Chu-Huang Chen
- Lipid Science and Aging Research Center; Kaohsiung Medical University; Kaohsiung Taiwan
- Vascular and Medicinal Research; Texas Heart Institute; Houston Texas
- Center for Lipid Biosciences; Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital; Kaohsiung Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Medicine; College of Medicine; Kaohsiung Medical University; Kaohsiung Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Rocca C, Scavello F, Granieri MC, Pasqua T, Amodio N, Imbrogno S, Gattuso A, Mazza R, Cerra MC, Angelone T. Phoenixin-14: detection and novel physiological implications in cardiac modulation and cardioprotection. Cell Mol Life Sci 2018; 75:743-756. [PMID: 28965207 PMCID: PMC11105561 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-017-2661-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2017] [Revised: 09/11/2017] [Accepted: 09/14/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Phoenixin-14 (PNX) is a newly identified peptide co-expressed in the hypothalamus with the anorexic and cardioactive Nesfatin-1. Like Nesfatin-1, PNX is able to cross the blood-brain barrier and this suggests a role in peripheral modulation. Preliminary mass spectrography data indicate that, in addition to the hypothalamus, PNX is present in the mammalian heart. This study aimed to quantify PNX expression in the rat heart, and to evaluate whether the peptide influences the myocardial function under basal condition and in the presence of ischemia/reperfusion (I/R). By ELISA the presence of PNX was detected in both hypothalamus and heart. In plasma of normal, but not of obese rats, the peptide concentrations increased after meal. Exposure of the isolated and Langendorff perfused rat heart to exogenous PNX induces a reduction of contractility and relaxation, without effects on coronary pressure and heart rate. As revealed by immunoblotting, these effects were accompanied by an increase of Erk1/2, Akt and eNOS phosphorylation. PNX (EC50 dose), administered after ischemia, induced post-conditioning-like cardioprotection. This was revealed by a smaller infarct size and a better systolic recovery with respect to those detected on hearts exposed to I/R alone. The peptide also activates the cardioprotective RISK and SAFE cascades and inhibits apoptosis. These effects were also observed in the heart of obese rats. Our data provide a first evidence on the peripheral activity of PNX and on its direct cardiomodulatory and cardioprotective role under both normal conditions and in the presence of metabolic disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Rocca
- Lab of Cellular and Molecular Cardiac Physiology, Department of Biology, Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036, Arcavacata di Rende, CS, Italy
| | - F Scavello
- Lab of Cellular and Molecular Cardiac Physiology, Department of Biology, Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036, Arcavacata di Rende, CS, Italy
| | - M C Granieri
- Lab of Cellular and Molecular Cardiac Physiology, Department of Biology, Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036, Arcavacata di Rende, CS, Italy
| | - T Pasqua
- Lab of Cellular and Molecular Cardiac Physiology, Department of Biology, Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036, Arcavacata di Rende, CS, Italy
- National Institute of Cardiovascular Research (INRC), Bologna, Italy
| | - N Amodio
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Magna Graecia University, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - S Imbrogno
- National Institute of Cardiovascular Research (INRC), Bologna, Italy
- Lab of Cardiovascular Physiology, Department of Biology, Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036, Arcavacata di Rende, CS, Italy
| | - A Gattuso
- National Institute of Cardiovascular Research (INRC), Bologna, Italy
- Lab of Cardiovascular Physiology, Department of Biology, Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036, Arcavacata di Rende, CS, Italy
| | - R Mazza
- National Institute of Cardiovascular Research (INRC), Bologna, Italy
- Lab of Cardiovascular Physiology, Department of Biology, Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036, Arcavacata di Rende, CS, Italy
| | - Maria Carmela Cerra
- National Institute of Cardiovascular Research (INRC), Bologna, Italy.
- Lab of Cardiovascular Physiology, Department of Biology, Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036, Arcavacata di Rende, CS, Italy.
| | - Tommaso Angelone
- Lab of Cellular and Molecular Cardiac Physiology, Department of Biology, Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036, Arcavacata di Rende, CS, Italy.
- National Institute of Cardiovascular Research (INRC), Bologna, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Lee AS, Xi Y, Lai CH, Chen WY, Peng HY, Chan HC, Chen CH, Chang KC. Human electronegative low-density lipoprotein modulates cardiac repolarization via LOX-1-mediated alteration of sarcolemmal ion channels. Sci Rep 2017; 7:10889. [PMID: 28883612 PMCID: PMC5589822 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-10503-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2017] [Accepted: 08/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Dyslipidemia is associated with greater risk of ventricular tachyarrhythmias in patients with cardiovascular diseases. We aimed to examine whether the most electronegative subfraction of low-density lipoprotein (LDL), L5, is correlated with QTc prolongation in patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) and investigate the effects of human L5 on the electrophysiological properties of cardiomyocytes in relation to the lectin-like oxidized LDL receptor (LOX-1). L5 was isolated from the plasma of 40 patients with angiography documented CAD and 13 patients with no CAD to correlate the QTc interval respectively. The mean concentration of L5 was higher and correlated with QTc in patients with CAD compared to controls. To examine the direct effect of L5 on QTc, mice were intravenously injected with L5 or L1. L5-injected wild-type but not LOX-1−/− mice showed longer QTc compared to L1-injected animals in vivo with corresponding longer action potential duration (APD) in cardiomyocytes incubated with L5 in vitro. The APD prolongation was mediated by an increase of L-type calcium current and a decrease of transient outward potassium current. We show that L5 was positively correlated with QTc prolongation in patients with ischemic heart disease. L5 can modulate cardiac repolarization via LOX-1-mediated alteration sarcolemmal ionic currents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- An-Sheng Lee
- Department of Medicine, Mackay Medical College, New Taipei, Taiwan.,Cardiovascular Research Laboratory, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yutao Xi
- Texas Heart Institute/St. Luke's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Chin-Hu Lai
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Department of Surgery, Taichung Armed Forces General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Yu Chen
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Hsien-Yu Peng
- Department of Medicine, Mackay Medical College, New Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hua-Chen Chan
- Center for Lipid Biosciences, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chu-Huang Chen
- Center for Lipid Biosciences, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan. .,Vascular and Medicinal Research, Texas Heart Institute, Houston, TX, USA. .,Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan. .,Lipid Science and Aging Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
| | - Kuan-Cheng Chang
- Cardiovascular Research Laboratory, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan. .,Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan. .,Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Electronegative Low-Density Lipoprotein L5 Impairs Viability and NGF-Induced Neuronal Differentiation of PC12 Cells via LOX-1. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18081744. [PMID: 28800073 PMCID: PMC5578134 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18081744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2017] [Revised: 08/05/2017] [Accepted: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
There have been striking associations of cardiovascular diseases (e.g., atherosclerosis) and hypercholesterolemia with increased risk of neurodegeneration including Alzheimer's disease (AD). Low-density lipoprotein (LDL), a cardiovascular risk factor, plays a crucial role in AD pathogenesis; further, L5, a human plasma LDL fraction with high electronegativity, may be a factor contributing to AD-type dementia. Although L5 contributing to atherosclerosis progression has been studied, its role in inducing neurodegeneration remains unclear. Here, PC12 cell culture was used for treatments with human LDLs (L1, L5, or oxLDL), and subsequently cell viability and nerve growth factor (NGF)-induced neuronal differentiation were assessed. We identified L5 as a neurotoxic LDL, as demonstrated by decreased cell viability in a time- and concentration-dependent manner. Contrarily, L1 had no such effect. L5 caused cell damage by inducing ATM/H2AX-associated DNA breakage as well as by activating apoptosis via lectin-like oxidized LDL receptor-1 (LOX-1) signaling to p53 and ensuring cleavage of caspase-3. Additionally, sublethal L5 long-termly inhibited neurite outgrowth in NGF-treated PC12 cells, as evidenced by downregulation of early growth response factor-1 and neurofilament-M. This inhibitory effect was mediated via an interaction between L5 and LOX-1 to suppress NGF-induced activation of PI3k/Akt cascade, but not NGF receptor TrkA and downstream MAPK pathways. Together, our data suggest that L5 creates a neurotoxic stress via LOX-1 in PC12 cells, thereby leading to impairment of viability and NGF-induced differentiation. Atherogenic L5 likely contributes to neurodegenerative disorders.
Collapse
|
12
|
Chang CT, Shen MY, Lee AS, Wang CC, Chen WY, Chang CM, Chang KC, Stancel N, Chen CH. Electronegative low-density lipoprotein increases the risk of ischemic lower-extremity peripheral artery disease in uremia patients on maintenance hemodialysis. Sci Rep 2017; 7:4654. [PMID: 28680087 PMCID: PMC5498573 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-04063-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2017] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Electronegative low-density lipoprotein (LDL) has been shown to increase coronary artery disease risk in hemodialysis patients, but its effect on the risk of peripheral artery disease (PAD) remains unclear. We separated plasma LDL from 90 uremia patients undergoing hemodialysis into 5 subfractions (L1-L5) according to charge by using fast-protein liquid chromatography with an anion-exchange column and examined the distribution of L5-the most electronegative LDL subfraction-in total LDL (i.e. L5%). During a 5-year period, we followed up with these patients until the occurrence of ischemic lower-extremity PAD. During the follow-up period, ischemic lower-extremity PAD developed in 24.4% of hemodialysis patients. L5% was higher in hemodialysis patients in whom ischemic lower-extremity PAD occurred (3.03% [IQR, 2.36-4.54], n = 22) than in hemodialysis patients in whom PAD did not occur (1.13% [IQR, 0.90-1.83], n = 68) (p < 0.001). Furthermore, L5% significantly increased the adjusted hazard ratio of ischemic lower-extremity PAD (1.54 [95% CI, 1.14-2.10]) (p = 0.005). Flow-mediated dilation was negatively associated with L5% (p < 0.001). Additionally, in vivo experiments from mice showed that L5 compromised endothelium-dependent vascular relaxation through a nitric oxide-related mechanism. Our findings indicate that increased L5% may be associated with the occurrence of ischemic lower-extremity PAD in hemodialysis patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chiz-Tzung Chang
- Division of Nephrology, China Medical University Hospital (CMUH), Taichung, Taiwan.,Cardiovascular Research Laboratory, CMUH, Taichung, Taiwan.,College of Medicine, China Medical University (CMU), Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Yi Shen
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Science, CMU, Taichung, Taiwan.,Department of Medical Research, CMUH, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - An-Sean Lee
- Department of Medicine, Mackay Medical College, New Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Cheng Wang
- Cardiovascular Research Laboratory, CMUH, Taichung, Taiwan.,College of Medicine, China Medical University (CMU), Taichung, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Science, CMU, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Yu Chen
- Cardiovascular Research Laboratory, CMUH, Taichung, Taiwan
| | | | - Kuan-Cheng Chang
- Cardiovascular Research Laboratory, CMUH, Taichung, Taiwan.,College of Medicine, China Medical University (CMU), Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Nicole Stancel
- Vascular and Medicinal Research, Texas Heart Institute, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Chu-Huang Chen
- Vascular and Medicinal Research, Texas Heart Institute, Houston, TX, United States. .,Lipid Science and Aging Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University (KMU), Kaohsiung, Taiwan. .,Center for Lipid Biosciences, KMU Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Yu LE, Lai CL, Lee CT, Wang JY. Highly electronegative low-density lipoprotein L5 evokes microglial activation and creates a neuroinflammatory stress via Toll-like receptor 4 signaling. J Neurochem 2017; 142:231-245. [PMID: 28444734 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2016] [Revised: 03/30/2017] [Accepted: 04/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Atherogenic risk factors, such as hypercholesterolemia, are associated with increased risk of neurodegeneration, especially Alzheimer's dementia. Human plasma electronegative low-density lipoprotein [LDL(-)], especially L5, may serve as an important contributing factor. L5 promoting an inflammatory action in atherosclerosis has been extensively studied. However, the role of L5 in inducing neuroinflammation remains unknown. Here, we examined the impact of L5 on immune activation and cell viability in cultured BV-2 microglia. BV-2 cells treated with lipopolysaccharide or human LDLs (L1, L5, or oxLDL) were subjected to molecular/biochemical assays for measuring microglial activation, levels of inflammatory factors, and cell survival. A transwell BV-2/N2a co-culture was used to assess N2a cell viability following BV-2 cell exposure to L5. We found that L5 enables the activation of microglia and elicits an inflammatory response, as evidenced by increased oxygen/nitrogen free radicals (nitric oxide, reactive oxygen species, and peroxides), elevated tumor necrosis factor-α levels, decreased basal interleukin-10 levels, and augmented production of pro-inflammatory proteins (inducible nitric oxide synthase and cyclooxygenase-2). L5 also triggered BV-2 cell death primarily via apoptosis. These effects were markedly disrupted by the application of signaling pathway inhibitors, thus demonstrating that L5 interacts with Toll-like receptor 4 to modulate multiple pathways, including MAPKs, PI3K/Akt, and NF-κB. Decreased N2a cell viability in a transwell co-culture was mainly ascribed to L5-induced BV-2 cell activation. Together, our data suggest that L5 creates a neuroinflammatory stress via microglial Toll-like receptor 4, thereby leading to the death of BV-2 microglia and coexistent N2a cells. Atherogenic L5 possibly contributes to neuroinflammation-related neurodegeneration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liang-En Yu
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chiou-Lian Lai
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Department of Neurology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Tien Lee
- Department of Nursing, Hsin-Sheng College of Medical Care and Management, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Jiz-Yuh Wang
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Wang K, Wen S, Jiao J, Tang T, Zhao X, Zhang M, Lv B, Lu Y, Zhou X, Li J, Nie S, Liao Y, Wang Q, Tu X, Mallat Z, Xia N, Cheng X. IL-21 promotes myocardial ischaemia/reperfusion injury through the modulation of neutrophil infiltration. Br J Pharmacol 2017; 175:1329-1343. [PMID: 28294304 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2016] [Revised: 02/07/2017] [Accepted: 03/03/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The immune system plays an important role in driving the acute inflammatory response following myocardial ischaemia/reperfusion injury (MIRI). IL-21 is a pleiotropic cytokine with multiple immunomodulatory effects, but its role in MIRI is not known. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Myocardial injury, neutrophil infiltration and the expression of neutrophil chemokines KC (CXCL1) and MIP-2 (CXCL2) were studied in a mouse model of MIRI. Effects of IL-21 on the expression of KC and MIP-2 in neonatal mouse cardiomyocytes (CMs) and cardiac fibroblasts (CFs) were determined by real-time PCR and ELISA. The signalling mechanisms underlying these effects were explored by western blot analysis. KEY RESULTS IL-21 was elevated within the acute phase of murine MIRI. Neutralization of IL-21 attenuated myocardial injury, as illustrated by reduced infarct size, decreased cardiac troponin T levels and improved cardiac function, whereas exogenous IL-21 administration exerted opposite effects. IL-21 increased the infiltration of neutrophils and increased the expression of KC and MIP-2 in myocardial tissue following MIRI. Moreover, neutrophil depletion attenuated the IL-21-induced myocardial injury. Mechanistically, IL-21 increased the production of KC and MIP-2 in neonatal CMs and CFs, and enhanced neutrophil migration, as revealed by the migration assay. Furthermore, we demonstrated that this IL-21-mediated increase in chemokine expression involved the activation of Akt/NF-κB signalling in CMs and p38 MAPK/NF-κB signalling in CFs. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Our data provide novel evidence that IL-21 plays a pathogenic role in MIRI, most likely by promoting cardiac neutrophil infiltration. Therefore, targeting IL-21 may have therapeutic potential as a treatment for MIRI. LINKED ARTICLES This article is part of a themed section on Spotlight on Small Molecules in Cardiovascular Diseases. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v175.8/issuetoc.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kejing Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Biological Targeted Therapy of Education Ministry and Hubei Province, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Shuang Wen
- Department of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Biological Targeted Therapy of Education Ministry and Hubei Province, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jiao Jiao
- Department of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Biological Targeted Therapy of Education Ministry and Hubei Province, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Tingting Tang
- Department of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Biological Targeted Therapy of Education Ministry and Hubei Province, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xin Zhao
- Department of Cardiology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Min Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Biological Targeted Therapy of Education Ministry and Hubei Province, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Bingjie Lv
- Department of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Biological Targeted Therapy of Education Ministry and Hubei Province, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yuzhi Lu
- Department of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Biological Targeted Therapy of Education Ministry and Hubei Province, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xingdi Zhou
- Department of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Biological Targeted Therapy of Education Ministry and Hubei Province, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jingyong Li
- Department of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Biological Targeted Therapy of Education Ministry and Hubei Province, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Shaofang Nie
- Department of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Biological Targeted Therapy of Education Ministry and Hubei Province, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yuhua Liao
- Department of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Biological Targeted Therapy of Education Ministry and Hubei Province, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Qing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of the Ministry of Education, Cardio-X Institute, College of Life Science and Technology and Center of Human Genome Research, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xin Tu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of the Ministry of Education, Cardio-X Institute, College of Life Science and Technology and Center of Human Genome Research, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Ziad Mallat
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Ni Xia
- Department of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Biological Targeted Therapy of Education Ministry and Hubei Province, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiang Cheng
- Department of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Biological Targeted Therapy of Education Ministry and Hubei Province, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Akyol S, Lu J, Akyol O, Akcay F, Armutcu F, Ke LY, Chen CH. The role of electronegative low-density lipoprotein in cardiovascular diseases and its therapeutic implications. Trends Cardiovasc Med 2016; 27:239-246. [PMID: 28040327 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcm.2016.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2016] [Revised: 11/01/2016] [Accepted: 11/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a health problem of great concern to both the public and medical authorities. Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) has been reported to play an important role in both the development and progression of CVD, but studies are underway to determine how LDL exerts its effects. In recent years, it has been found that LDL has several subfractions, each of which affects endothelial function differently; L5, the most electronegative fraction, has been shown to be unique in that it induces an atherogenic response. This review examines the current knowledge concerning the relationships between L5 and CVD and highlights the role of L5 in the pathophysiology of CVD, especially with regards to atherosclerosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sumeyya Akyol
- Vascular & Medicinal Research, Texas Heart Institute, 6770 Bertner Avenue, MC 2-255, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Turgut Ozal University, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Jonathan Lu
- Vascular & Medicinal Research, Texas Heart Institute, 6770 Bertner Avenue, MC 2-255, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Omer Akyol
- Vascular & Medicinal Research, Texas Heart Institute, 6770 Bertner Avenue, MC 2-255, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Fatih Akcay
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Ataturk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Ferah Armutcu
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Cerrahpasa Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Liang-Yin Ke
- Lipid Science and Aging Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Center for Lipid Biosciences, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
| | - Chu-Huang Chen
- Vascular & Medicinal Research, Texas Heart Institute, 6770 Bertner Avenue, MC 2-255, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Lipid Science and Aging Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Center for Lipid Biosciences, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Sedlic F, Muravyeva MY, Sepac A, Sedlic M, Williams AM, Yang M, Bai X, Bosnjak ZJ. Targeted Modification of Mitochondrial ROS Production Converts High Glucose-Induced Cytotoxicity to Cytoprotection: Effects on Anesthetic Preconditioning. J Cell Physiol 2016; 232:216-24. [PMID: 27138089 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.25413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2015] [Accepted: 04/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Contradictory reports on the effects of diabetes and hyperglycemia on myocardial infarction range from cytotoxicity to cytoprotection. The study was designed to investigate acute effects of high glucose-driven changes in mitochondrial metabolism and osmolarity on adaptive mechanisms and resistance to oxidative stress of isolated rat cardiomyocytes. We examined the effects of high glucose on several parameters of mitochondrial bioenergetics, including changes in oxygen consumption, mitochondrial membrane potential, and NAD(P)H fluorometry. Effects of high glucose on the endogenous cytoprotective mechanisms elicited by anesthetic preconditioning (APC) and the mediators of cell injury were also tested. These experiments included real-time measurements of reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP) opening in single cells by laser scanning fluorescence confocal microscopy, and cell survival assay. High glucose rapidly enhanced mitochondrial energy metabolism, observed by increase in NAD(P)H fluorescence intensity, oxygen consumption, and mitochondrial membrane potential. This substantially elevated production of ROS, accelerated opening of the mPTP, and decreased survival of cells exposed to oxidative stress. Abrogation of high glucose-induced mitochondrial hyperpolarization with 2,4 dinitrophenol (DNP) significantly, but not completely, attenuated ROS production to a level similar to hyperosmotic mannitol control. DNP treatment reversed high glucose-induced cytotoxicity to cytoprotection. Hyperosmotic mannitol treatment also induced cytoprotection. High glucose abrogated APC-induced mitochondrial depolarization, delay in mPTP opening and cytoprotection. In conclusion, high glucose-induced mitochondrial hyperpolarization abolishes APC and augments cell injury. Attenuation of high glucose-induced ROS production by eliminating mitochondrial hyperpolarization protects cardiomyocytes. J. Cell. Physiol. 232: 216-224, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Filip Sedlic
- Department of Pathophysiology, University of Zagreb, School of Medicine, Croatia.
| | - Maria Y Muravyeva
- Department of Anesthesiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Ana Sepac
- Department of Pathology, University of Zagreb, School of Medicine, Croatia
| | - Marija Sedlic
- Department of Anesthesiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Anna Marie Williams
- Department of Anesthesiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Meiying Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Xiaowen Bai
- Departments of Anesthesiology and Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Zeljko J Bosnjak
- Departments of Anesthesiology and Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Plasma L5 levels are elevated in ischemic stroke patients and enhance platelet aggregation. Blood 2015; 127:1336-45. [PMID: 26679863 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2015-05-646117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2015] [Accepted: 12/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
L5, the most electronegative and atherogenic subfraction of low-density lipoprotein (LDL), induces platelet activation. We hypothesized that plasma L5 levels are increased in acute ischemic stroke patients and examined whether lectin-like oxidized LDL receptor-1 (LOX-1), the receptor for L5 on endothelial cells and platelets, plays a critical role in stroke. Because amyloid β (Aβ) stimulates platelet aggregation, we studied whether L5 and Aβ function synergistically to induce prothrombotic pathways leading to stroke. Levels of plasma L5, serum Aβ, and platelet LOX-1 expression were significantly higher in acute ischemic stroke patients than in controls without metabolic syndrome (P < .01). In mice subjected to focal cerebral ischemia, L5 treatment resulted in larger infarction volumes than did phosphate-buffered saline treatment. Deficiency or neutralizing of LOX-1 reduced infarct volume up to threefold after focal cerebral ischemia in mice, illustrating the importance of LOX-1 in stroke injury. In human platelets, L5 but not L1 (the least electronegative LDL subfraction) induced Aβ release via IκB kinase 2 (IKK2). Furthermore, L5+Aβ synergistically induced glycoprotein IIb/IIIa receptor activation; phosphorylation of IKK2, IκBα, p65, and c-Jun N-terminal kinase 1; and platelet aggregation. These effects were blocked by inhibiting IKK2, LOX-1, or nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB). Injecting L5+Aβ shortened tail-bleeding time by 50% (n = 12; P < .05 vs L1-injected mice), which was prevented by the IKK2 inhibitor. Our findings suggest that, through LOX-1, atherogenic L5 potentiates Aβ-mediated platelet activation, platelet aggregation, and hemostasis via IKK2/NF-κB signaling. L5 elevation may be a risk factor for cerebral atherothrombosis, and downregulating LOX-1 and inhibiting IKK2 may be novel antithrombotic strategies.
Collapse
|
18
|
Revuelta-López E, Cal R, Julve J, Rull A, Martínez-Bujidos M, Perez-Cuellar M, Ordoñez-Llanos J, Badimon L, Sanchez-Quesada JL, Llorente-Cortés V. Hypoxia worsens the impact of intracellular triglyceride accumulation promoted by electronegative low-density lipoprotein in cardiomyocytes by impairing perilipin 5 upregulation. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2015; 65:257-67. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2015.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2014] [Revised: 06/03/2015] [Accepted: 06/12/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
|
19
|
Chang KC, Lee AS, Chen WY, Lin YN, Hsu JF, Chan HC, Chang CM, Chang SS, Pan CC, Sawamura T, Chang CT, Su MJ, Chen CH. Increased LDL electronegativity in chronic kidney disease disrupts calcium homeostasis resulting in cardiac dysfunction. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2015; 84:36-44. [PMID: 25871829 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2015.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2014] [Revised: 03/27/2015] [Accepted: 03/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD), an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease, is associated with abnormal lipoprotein metabolism. We examined whether electronegative low-density lipoprotein (LDL) is mechanistically linked to cardiac dysfunction in patients with early CKD. We compared echocardiographic parameters between patients with stage 2 CKD (n = 88) and normal controls (n = 89) and found that impaired relaxation was more common in CKD patients. Reduction in estimated glomerular filtration rate was an independent predictor of left ventricular relaxation dysfunction. We then examined cardiac function in a rat model of early CKD induced by unilateral nephrectomy (UNx) by analyzing pressure-volume loop data. The time constant of isovolumic pressure decay was longer and the maximal velocity of pressure fall was slower in UNx rats than in controls. When we investigated the mechanisms underlying relaxation dysfunction, we found that LDL from CKD patients and UNx rats was more electronegative than LDL from their respective controls and that LDL from UNx rats induced intracellular calcium overload in H9c2 cardiomyocytes in vitro. Furthermore, chronic administration of electronegative LDL, which signals through lectin-like oxidized LDL receptor-1 (LOX-1), induced relaxation dysfunction in wild-type but not LOX-1(-/-) mice. In in vitro and in vivo experiments, impaired cardiac relaxation was associated with increased calcium transient resulting from nitric oxide (NO)-dependent nitrosylation of SERCA2a due to increases in inducible NO synthase expression and endothelial NO synthase uncoupling. In conclusion, LDL becomes more electronegative in early CKD. This change disrupts SERCA2a-regulated calcium homeostasis, which may be the mechanism underlying cardiorenal syndrome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kuan-Cheng Chang
- Division of Cardiology, China Medical University (CMU) Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Science, CMU, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - An-Sheng Lee
- Department of Medicine, Mackay Medical College, New Taipei, Taiwan; L5 Research Center, CMU Hospital, CMU, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Yu Chen
- L5 Research Center, CMU Hospital, CMU, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Nien Lin
- Division of Cardiology, China Medical University (CMU) Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Jing-Fang Hsu
- L5 Research Center, CMU Hospital, CMU, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Hua-Chen Chan
- L5 Research Center, CMU Hospital, CMU, Taichung, Taiwan; Center for Lipid Biosciences, Kaohsiung Medical University (KMU) Hospital, KMU, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | | | - Shih-Sheng Chang
- Division of Cardiology, China Medical University (CMU) Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Chi Pan
- L5 Research Center, CMU Hospital, CMU, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Tatsuya Sawamura
- Department of Physiology, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Nagano, Japan
| | | | - Ming-Jai Su
- Graduate Institute of Pharmacology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Chu-Huang Chen
- L5 Research Center, CMU Hospital, CMU, Taichung, Taiwan; Vascular and Medicinal Research, Texas Heart Institute, Houston, TX, USA; Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA; Center for Lipid and Glycomedicine Research, KMU Hospital, KMU, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Chen WY, Chen FY, Lee AS, Ting KH, Chang CM, Hsu JF, Lee WS, Sheu JR, Chen CH, Shen MY. Sesamol reduces the atherogenicity of electronegative L5 LDL in vivo and in vitro. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2015; 78:225-233. [PMID: 25692815 DOI: 10.1021/np500700z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Highly electronegative low-density lipoprotein (LDL) L5 induces endothelial cell (EC) apoptosis, which leads to the development of atherosclerosis. We examined the effects of sesamol (1), a natural organic component of sesame oil, on plasma L5 levels and atherosclerosis development in a rodent model and on the L5-induced apoptosis of ECs. Syrian hamsters, which have an LDL profile similar to that of humans, were fed a normal chow diet (control), a high-fat diet (HFD), or a HFD supplemented with the administration of 50 or 100 mg/kg of 1 via oral gavage (HFD+1) for 16 weeks (n = 8 per group). Hamsters in the HFD+1 groups had reduced plasma L5 levels when compared with the HFD group. Oil Red O staining showed that atherosclerotic lesion size was markedly reduced in the aortic arch of hamsters in the HFD+1 groups when compared with that in the HFD group. In human aortic ECs, 0.3-3 μM 1 blocked L5-induced apoptosis in a dose-dependent manner. Further mechanistic studies showed that 1 inhibited the L5-induced lectin-like oxidized LDL receptor-1 (LOX-1)-dependent phosphorylation of p38 MAPK and activation of caspase-3 and increased phosphorylation of eNOS and Akt. Our findings suggest that sesamol (1) protects against atherosclerosis by reducing L5-induced atherogenicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Yu Chen
- Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Science, ‡Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Science, and ∇Department of Biological Science and Technology, College of Life Sciences, China Medical University , No. 91 Hsueh-Shih Road, Taichung 40402, Taiwan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Hsu JF, Chou TC, Lu J, Chen SH, Chen FY, Chen CC, Chen JL, Elayda M, Ballantyne CM, Shayani S, Chen CH. Low-density lipoprotein electronegativity is a novel cardiometabolic risk factor. PLoS One 2014; 9:e107340. [PMID: 25203525 PMCID: PMC4159324 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0107340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2014] [Accepted: 08/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) plays a central role in cardiovascular disease (CVD) development. In LDL chromatographically resolved according to charge, the most electronegative subfraction-L5-is the only subfraction that induces atherogenic responses in cultured vascular cells. Furthermore, increasing evidence has shown that plasma L5 levels are elevated in individuals with high cardiovascular risk. We hypothesized that LDL electronegativity is a novel index for predicting CVD. METHODS In 30 asymptomatic individuals with metabolic syndrome (MetS) and 27 healthy control subjects, we examined correlations between plasma L5 levels and the number of MetS criteria fulfilled, CVD risk factors, and CVD risk according to the Framingham risk score. RESULTS L5 levels were significantly higher in MetS subjects than in control subjects (21.9±18.7 mg/dL vs. 11.2±10.7 mg/dL, P:0.01). The Jonckheere trend test revealed that the percent L5 of total LDL (L5%) and L5 concentration increased with the number of MetS criteria (P<0.001). L5% correlated with classic CVD risk factors, including waist circumference, body mass index, waist-to-height ratio, smoking status, blood pressure, and levels of fasting plasma glucose, triglyceride, and high-density lipoprotein. Stepwise regression analysis revealed that fasting plasma glucose level and body mass index contributed to 28% of L5% variance. The L5 concentration was associated with CVD risk and contributed to 11% of 30-year general CVD risk variance when controlling the variance of waist circumference. CONCLUSION Our findings show that LDL electronegativity was associated with multiple CVD risk factors and CVD risk, suggesting that the LDL electronegativity index may have the potential to be a novel index for predicting CVD. Large-scale clinical trials are warranted to test the reliability of this hypothesis and the clinical importance of the LDL electronegativity index.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Fang Hsu
- L5 Research Center, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Tzu-Chieh Chou
- Department of Public Health, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Health Risk Management, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Jonathan Lu
- Vascular and Medicinal Research, Texas Heart Institute, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Shu-Hua Chen
- Vascular and Medicinal Research, Texas Heart Institute, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Fang-Yu Chen
- L5 Research Center, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Chu Chen
- Department of Internal Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Jeffrey L. Chen
- Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - MacArthur Elayda
- Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Texas Heart Institute, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Christie M. Ballantyne
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Steven Shayani
- Mount Sinai Medical Center, New York, New York, United States of America
- New York Heart Research Foundation, New York, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail: (SS); (CHC)
| | - Chu-Huang Chen
- L5 Research Center, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
- Vascular and Medicinal Research, Texas Heart Institute, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- * E-mail: (SS); (CHC)
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
|
23
|
Lee AS, Chen WY, Chan HC, Hsu JF, Shen MY, Chang CM, Bair H, Su MJ, Chang KC, Chen CH. Gender disparity in LDL-induced cardiovascular damage and the protective role of estrogens against electronegative LDL. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2014; 13:64. [PMID: 24666525 PMCID: PMC3974745 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2840-13-64] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2014] [Accepted: 02/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Increased levels of the most electronegative type of LDL, L5, have been observed in the plasma of patients with metabolic syndrome (MetS) and ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction and can induce endothelial dysfunction. Because men have a higher predisposition to developing coronary artery disease than do premenopausal women, we hypothesized that LDL electronegativity is increased in men and promotes endothelial damage. Methods L5 levels were compared between middle-aged men and age-matched, premenopausal women with or without MetS. We further studied the effects of gender-influenced LDL electronegativity on aortic cellular senescence and DNA damage in leptin receptor–deficient (db/db) mice by using senescence-associated–β-galactosidase and γH2AX staining, respectively. We also studied the protective effects of 17β-estradiol and genistein against electronegative LDL–induced senescence in cultured bovine aortic endothelial cells (BAECs). Results L5 levels were higher in MetS patients than in healthy subjects (P < 0.001), particularly in men (P = 0.001). LDL isolated from male db/db mice was more electronegative than that from male or female wild-type mice. In addition, LDL from male db/db mice contained abundantly more apolipoprotein CIII and induced more BAEC senescence than did female db/db or wild-type LDL. In the aortas of db/db mice but not wild-type mice, we observed cellular senescence and DNA damage, and the effect was more significant in male than in female db/db mice. Pretreatment with 17β-estradiol or genistein inhibited BAEC senescence induced by male or female db/db LDL and downregulated the expression of lectin-like oxidized LDL receptor-1 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha protein. Conclusion The gender dichotomy of LDL-induced cardiovascular damage may underlie the increased propensity to coronary artery disease in men.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Kuan-Cheng Chang
- Division of Cardiology, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung City, Taiwan.
| | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Abstract
Diabetes is a well-known risk factor for the development of cardiovascular diseases. Diabetes affects cardiac tissue through several different, yet interconnected, pathways. Damage to endothelial cells from direct exposure to high blood glucose is a primary cause of deregulated heart function. Toxic by-products of non-enzymatic glycolysis, mainly methylglyoxal, have been shown to contribute to the endothelial cell damage. Methylglyoxal is a precursor for advanced glycation end-products, and, although it is detoxified by the glyoxalase system, this protection mechanism fails in diabetes. Recent work has identified methylglyoxal as a therapeutic target for the prevention of cardiovascular complications in diabetes. A better understanding of the glyoxalase system and the effects of methylglyoxal may lead to more advanced strategies for treating cardiovascular complications associated with diabetes.
Collapse
|
25
|
Highly electronegative LDL from patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction triggers platelet activation and aggregation. Blood 2013; 122:3632-41. [PMID: 24030386 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2013-05-504639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Platelet activation and aggregation underlie acute thrombosis that leads to ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). L5-highly electronegative low-density lipoprotein (LDL)-is significantly elevated in patients with STEMI. Thus, we examined the role of L5 in thrombogenesis. Plasma LDL from patients with STEMI (n = 30) was chromatographically resolved into 5 subfractions (L1-L5) with increasing electronegativity. In vitro, L5 enhanced adenosine diphosphate-stimulated platelet aggregation twofold more than did L1 and induced platelet-endothelial cell (EC) adhesion. L5 also increased P-selectin expression and glycoprotein (GP)IIb/IIIa activation and decreased cyclic adenosine monophosphate levels (n = 6, P < .01) in platelets. In vivo, injection of L5 (5 mg/kg) into C57BL/6 mice twice weekly for 6 weeks shortened tail bleeding time by 43% (n = 3; P < .01 vs L1-injected mice) and increased P-selectin expression and GPIIb/IIIa activation in platelets. Pharmacologic blockade experiments revealed that L5 signals through platelet-activating factor receptor and lectin-like oxidized LDL receptor-1 to attenuate Akt activation and trigger granule release and GPIIb/IIIa activation via protein kinase C-α. L5 but not L1 induced tissue factor and P-selectin expression in human aortic ECs (P < .01), thereby triggering platelet activation and aggregation with activated ECs. These findings indicate that elevated plasma levels of L5 may promote thrombosis that leads to STEMI.
Collapse
|
26
|
Electronegative LDL: a circulating modified LDL with a role in inflammation. Mediators Inflamm 2013; 2013:181324. [PMID: 24062611 PMCID: PMC3766570 DOI: 10.1155/2013/181324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2013] [Accepted: 07/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Electronegative low density lipoprotein (LDL(−)) is a minor modified fraction of LDL found in blood. It comprises a heterogeneous population of LDL particles modified by various mechanisms sharing as a common feature increased electronegativity. Modification by oxidation is one of these mechanisms. LDL(−) has inflammatory properties similar to those of oxidized LDL (oxLDL), such as inflammatory cytokine release in leukocytes and endothelial cells. However, in contrast with oxLDL, LDL(−) also has some anti-inflammatory effects on cultured cells. The inflammatory and anti-inflammatory properties ascribed to LDL(−) suggest that it could have a dual biological effect.
Collapse
|