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Hernandez-Mixteco M, Bernal-Morales B, Valenzuela OL, Rodríguez-Landa JF, Cerna-Cortes JF, García-Montalvo EA. TPH2-703 G/T polymorphism is associated with stress, depression, and psychosocial symptoms in mentally healthy Mexicans. Brain Res 2023; 1817:148479. [PMID: 37423455 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2023.148479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Revised: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Abstract
Tryptophan hydroxylase (TPH) catalyzes the rate-limiting step of serotonin synthesis. TPH2 is the brain-specific isoform of this enzyme, and genetic variations in the TPH2 gene have been shown to impact its transcription and enzymatic activity and are associated with mood disorders. In this study we focused on the rs4570625 (-703G/T) single nucleotide polymorphism of TPH2 gene. By using conventional polymerase chain reaction (PCR), we examined the effect of this polymorphism on stress, anxiety, and depression symptoms as well as quality of life, evaluated based on the Holmes-Rahe Inventory, the Beck Anxiety Inventory, the Beck Depression Inventory, and the World Health Organization Quality of Life - Short Version, respectively. We found that individuals with the homozygous recessive T/T genotype had lower stress and depression scores. In addition, the quality of life in the psychological health domain was better in males with the T/T genotype. These results suggest that T/T genotype could decrease the susceptibility to developing stress and depression in the Mexican population without a diagnosis for an emotional disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margarita Hernandez-Mixteco
- Programa de Doctorado en Neuroetología, Instituto de Neuroetología, Universidad Veracruzana, Xalapa, Veracruz, Mexico; Laboratorio de Neurofarmacología, Instituto de Neuroetología, Universidad Veracruzana, Xalapa, Veracruz, Mexico; Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Veracruzana, Orizaba, Veracruz, Mexico
| | - Blandina Bernal-Morales
- Laboratorio de Neurofarmacología, Instituto de Neuroetología, Universidad Veracruzana, Xalapa, Veracruz, Mexico
| | | | | | - Jorge Francisco Cerna-Cortes
- Departamento de Microbiología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México, Mexico
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Konjevod M, Rešetar M, Matošić A, Čičin-Šain L, Štefulj J. Association of Functional Polymorphism in TPH2 Gene with Alcohol Dependence and Personality Traits: Study in Cloninger's Type I and Type II Alcohol-Dependent Inpatients. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:413. [PMID: 36833340 PMCID: PMC9956211 DOI: 10.3390/genes14020413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/28/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Alcohol dependence (AD) is a complex disorder with a poorly understood etiology. In this study, we investigated the relationship between genetic variation in the TPH2 gene, which encodes the enzyme responsible for serotonin synthesis in the brain, and both AD and personality traits, with attention to Cloninger's types of AD. The study included 373 healthy control subjects, 206 inpatients with type I AD, and 110 inpatients with type II AD. All subjects were genotyped for the functional polymorphism rs4290270 in the TPH2 gene, and AD patients completed the Tridimensional Personality Questionnaire (TPQ). The AA genotype and the A allele of the rs4290270 polymorphism were more frequent in both patient groups compared with the control group. In addition, a negative association was found between the number of A alleles and TPQ scores for harm avoidance in patients with type II, but not type I, AD. These results support the involvement of genetic variations of the serotonergic system in the pathogenesis of AD, especially type II AD. They also suggest that in a subset of patients, genetic variation of TPH2 could potentially influence the development of AD by affecting the personality trait of harm avoidance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcela Konjevod
- Division of Molecular Biology, Ruđer Bošković Institute, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Mirta Rešetar
- Division of Pharmacognosy, University of Vienna, AT-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Ana Matošić
- Clinical Department of Psychiatry, Sestre Milosrdnice University Hospital Center, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia
- School of Dental Medicine, University of Zagreb, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Lipa Čičin-Šain
- Division of Molecular Biology, Ruđer Bošković Institute, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Jasminka Štefulj
- Division of Molecular Biology, Ruđer Bošković Institute, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia
- Department of Psychology, Catholic University of Croatia, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia
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Graham DP, Harding MJ, Nielsen DA. Pharmacogenetics of Addiction Therapy. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2547:437-490. [PMID: 36068473 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2573-6_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Drug addiction is a serious relapsing disease that has high costs to society and to the individual addicts. Treatment of these addictions is still in its nascency, with only a few examples of successful therapies. Therapeutic response depends upon genetic, biological, social, and environmental components. A role for genetic makeup in the response to treatment has been shown for several addiction pharmacotherapies with response to treatment based on individual genetic makeup. In this chapter, we will discuss the role of genetics in pharmacotherapies, specifically for cocaine, alcohol, and opioid dependences. The continued elucidation of the role of genetics should aid in the development of new treatments and increase the efficacy of existing treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- David P Graham
- Michael E. DeBakey Veterans Affairs Medical Center, and the Menninger Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Mark J Harding
- Michael E. DeBakey Veterans Affairs Medical Center, and the Menninger Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - David A Nielsen
- Michael E. DeBakey Veterans Affairs Medical Center, and the Menninger Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.
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Relationships of Ischemic Stroke Occurrence and Outcome with Gene Variants Encoding Enzymes of Tryptophan Metabolism. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9101441. [PMID: 34680558 PMCID: PMC8533114 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9101441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Revised: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke is among the leading causes of mortality and long-term disability worldwide. Among stroke risk factors the importance of genetic background is gaining interest. There is a growing body of evidence of changes of metabolite levels and enzyme activities involved in the conversion of Trp during the course of cerebral ischemia. We compared the frequencies of ten SNPs of five genes related to Trp metabolism between groups of 122 ischemic stroke patients and 120 control individuals. Furthermore, we examined the mRNA levels of TPH1, IDO1 and KYAT1 genes in peripheral venous blood with the aim of assessing (i) whether there are changes in their expression during the course of stroke and (ii) does any of their investigated SNPs have an impact on gene expression. In seven cases out of ten studied polymorphisms we detected significant differences in frequencies in relation to ischemic stroke occurrence, etiology, and clinical parameters. We also detected changes in the expression of TPH1 and IDO1 genes during the course of the disease. We found that those IDO1 variants which show a trend towards elevated mRNA level are more frequent in stroke patients than in controls. Our results are important novel observations which suggest a causal relationship between elevated IDO1 expression and stroke etiology.
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Fageera W, Sengupta SM, Fortier MÈ, Grizenko N, Babienco S, Labbe A, Joober R. Sex-dependent complex association of TPH2 with multiple dimensions of ADHD. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2021; 110:110296. [PMID: 33677046 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2021.110296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Revised: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tryptophan hydroxylase 2 (TPH2) is a key enzyme in the biosynthesis of serotonin in the brain. This study aims to investigate the role of a functional variant in TPH2 (rs17110747) in the pathophysiology of ADHD. This variant has been implicated in mood disorders in recent meta-analysis. This study uses a comprehensive approach that combines association testing and pharmaco-dynamic evaluation of behaviour, in a large sample of children with ADHD (n = 570). METHODS The association between various ADHD relevant traits and rs17110747 was analyzed using family-based association tests (FBAT). Children were assessed by parents, teachers and research staff under three experimental conditions (EC): baseline, placebo, and methylphenidate using a double-blind placebo-controlled crossover trial. OUTCOMES FBAT analysis conducted in a sample stratified based on sex of the proband, showed that there was a highly significant overtransmission of the G allele from parents to affected girls. In addition, significant association with several behavioral and cognitive dimensions of ADHD was observed only when the proband was female. Further, girls with the G/G genotype (rs17110747) had greater response to placebo when evaluated by parents. INTERPRETATION These results suggest that there may be a complex association of TPH2 in the etiology of ADHD, with a sex-specific effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weam Fageera
- Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Sarojini M Sengupta
- Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Marie-Ève Fortier
- Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Natalie Grizenko
- Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Svetlana Babienco
- Department of Decision Sciences, HEC Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Aurelie Labbe
- Department of Decision Sciences, HEC Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Ridha Joober
- Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
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Huang CL, Chen PH, Lane HY, Ho IK, Chung CM. Risk Assessment for Heroin Use and Craving Score Using Polygenic Risk Score. J Pers Med 2021; 11:jpm11040259. [PMID: 33915886 PMCID: PMC8066654 DOI: 10.3390/jpm11040259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 03/20/2021] [Accepted: 03/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Addiction is characterized by drug-craving, compulsive drug-taking, and relapse, and results from the interaction between multiple genetic and environmental factors. Reward pathways play an important role in mediating drug-seeking and drug-taking behaviors, and relapse. The objective of this study was to identify heroin addicts who carry specific genetic variants in their dopaminergic reward systems. A total of 326 heroin-dependent patients undergoing methadone maintenance therapy (MMT) were recruited from the Addiction Center of the China Medical University Hospital. A heroin-use and craving questionnaire was used to evaluate the urge for heroin, the daily or weekly frequency of heroin usage, daily life disturbance, anxiety, and the ability to overcome heroin use. A general linear regression model was used to assess the associations of genetic polymorphisms in one's dopaminergic reward system with heroin-use and craving scores. Results: The most significant results were obtained for rs2240158 in GRIN3B (p = 0.021), rs3983721 in GRIN3A (p = 0.00326), rs2129575 in TPH2 (p = 0.033), rs6583954 in CYP2C19 (p = 0.033), and rs174699 in COMT (p = 0.036). These were all associated with heroin-using and craving scores with and without adjustments for age, sex, and body mass index. We combined five variants, and the ensuing dose-response effect indicated that heroin-craving scores increased with the numbers of risk alleles (p for trend = 0.0008). These findings will likely help us to understand the genetic mechanism of craving, which will help in predicting the risk of relapse in clinical practice and the potential for therapies to target craving in heroin addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chieh-Liang Huang
- Tsaotun Psychiatric Center, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Nan-Tou County 54249, Taiwan;
- Ph.D. Program for Aging, College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan;
| | - Ping-Ho Chen
- School of Dentistry, College of Dental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan;
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan
| | - Hsien-Yuan Lane
- Department of Psychiatry & Brain Disease Research Center, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 40402, Taiwan;
- Department of Psychology, College of Medical and Health Sciences, Asia University, Taichung 41354, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung 406040, Taiwan
| | - Ing-Kang Ho
- Ph.D. Program for Aging, College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan;
- Center for Drug Abuse and Addiction, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 406040, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Min Chung
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung 406040, Taiwan
- Center for Drug Abuse and Addiction, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 406040, Taiwan
- Correspondence: or ; Tel.: +886-4-2205-3366 (ext. 2028)
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Chang HW, Ho WC, Huang CL, Wang RY. Precision therapeutic opioid dosing implications from genetic biomarkers and craving score. Medicine (Baltimore) 2020; 99:e20429. [PMID: 32481444 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000020429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Determining the clinically optimal dose in methadone maintenance therapy (MMT) is a time-consuming procedure, which considers clinical signs and symptoms.To perform a quantitative trait locus association for identifying genetic variants for MMT dosage that underlie heroin addiction and methadone metabolism and then integrate several genotypic and phenotypic factors are potential predictors for clinically optimal MMT dose for personalized prescription.In total, 316 heroin-dependent patients undergoing MMT were recruited at the Addiction Center of the China Medical University Hospital. A multinomial logistic regression model was used to assess associations between genetic polymorphisms and MMT dosing. The data were randomly separated into training and testing sets. In order to enhance the prediction accuracy and the reliability of the prediction model, we used areas under the receiver operating characteristic curves to evaluate optimal MMT dose in both training and testing sets.Four single nucleotide polymorphisms, namely rs806368 in CNR1, s1386493 in TPH2, s16974799 in CYP2B6, and rs2229205 in OPRL1, were significantly associated with the maximum MMT dose (P < .05). The genetic risk score (GRS) was associated with maximum MMT dose, and after adjustments for age, sex, and body mass index, the GRS remained independently associated with the maximum MMT dose. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of the combined GRS and craving score was 0.77 for maximum MMT dose, with 75% sensitivity and 60% specificity.Integrating the GRS and craving scores may be useful in the evaluation of individual MMT dose requirements at treatment initiation. Optimal dose prediction allows clinicians to tailor MMT to each patient's needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsin-Wen Chang
- Department of Public Health, China Medical University, Taichung
- Center for General Education, Hsuan Chuang University, Hsinchu City
| | - Wen-Chao Ho
- Department of Public Health, China Medical University, Taichung
| | - Chieh-Liang Huang
- Brain Disease Research Center
- Center for Drug Abuse and Addiction, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
- College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Ruey-Yun Wang
- Department of Public Health, China Medical University, Taichung
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Randesi M, van den Brink W, Levran O, Blanken P, van Ree JM, Ott J, Kreek MJ. VMAT2 gene ( SLC18A2) variants associated with a greater risk for developing opioid dependence. Pharmacogenomics 2019; 20:331-341. [PMID: 30983500 DOI: 10.2217/pgs-2018-0137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim: To determine if selected serotonergic and noradrenergic gene variants are associated with heroin addiction. Subjects & methods: A total of 126 variants in 19 genes in subjects with Dutch European ancestry from The Netherlands. Subjects included 281 opioid-dependent volunteers in methadone maintenance or heroin-assisted treatment, 163 opioid-exposed but not opioid-dependent volunteers who have been using illicit opioids but never became opioid-dependent and 153 healthy controls. Results: Nominal associations were indicated for 20 variants in six genes including an experiment-wise significant association from the combined effect of three SLC18A2 SNPs (rs363332, rs363334 and rs363338) with heroin dependence (pfinal = 0.047). Conclusion: Further studies are warranted to confirm and elucidate the role of these variants in the vulnerability to opioid addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Randesi
- Laboratory of the Biology of Addictive Diseases, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Wim van den Brink
- Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam Institute for Addiction Research, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, PO Box 22660, 1100 DD Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Orna Levran
- Laboratory of the Biology of Addictive Diseases, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Peter Blanken
- Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam Institute for Addiction Research, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, PO Box 22660, 1100 DD Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Parnassia Addiction Research Centre (PARC, Brijder Addiction Treatment), PO Box 53002, 2505 AA The Hague, The Netherlands
| | - Jan M van Ree
- Rudolf Magnus Brain Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jurg Ott
- Laboratory of Statistical Genetics, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Mary Jeanne Kreek
- Laboratory of the Biology of Addictive Diseases, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
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Wang RY, Chen HJ, Huang CL, Wang JY, Lee TE, Lee HY, Hung CC. Impacts of GRIN3A, GRM6 and TPH2 genetic polymorphisms on quality of life in methadone maintenance therapy population. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0201408. [PMID: 30059533 PMCID: PMC6066242 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0201408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 07/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Opioid addiction is a major public health issue worldwide. Methadone maintenance treatment (MMT) is used to detoxify users of illicit opiates, but drug relapse is common and associated with poor quality of life (QoL). This study investigated the associations between the GRIN3A, GRM6, and TPH2 genetic variants and QoL in the MMT population. A total of 319 participants were included in the study, and genotyping of GRIN3A, GRM6, and TPH2 genes was performed using the Sequenom iPLEX. Associations between genotypes and the domains of QoL were examined through posthoc analysis with LSMEANS syntax using SAS 9.1.3. The single nucleotide polymorphisms rs9325202 and rs1487275 in the TPH2 gene were significantly associated with the QoL domain of physical functioning. The least absolute shrinkage and selection operator regression model revealed that the risk allele rs1487275-G was significantly correlated with the domain of physical functioning when clinical characteristics were considered as covariates. The results of the present study illuminate the importance of the genetic basis of QoL in the MMT population, and suggest that genotypes should be considered as a potential QoL indicator.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruey-Yun Wang
- Department of Public Health, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan, R.O.C
- Brain Disease Research Center, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Hsiu-Ju Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Chieh-Liang Huang
- Brain Disease Research Center, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan, R.O.C
- Center for Drug Abuse and Addiction, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan, R.O.C
- College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Jiun-Yi Wang
- Department of Healthcare Administration, Asia University, Wufeng, Taichung, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Tsui-Er Lee
- Office of Physical Education, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Hsiang-Yen Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Xinyi District, Taipei City, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Chin-Chuan Hung
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Taiwan, R.O.C
- Department of Pharmacy, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan, R.O.C
- * E-mail:
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TPH2 polymorphisms across the spectrum of psychiatric morbidity: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2018; 92:29-42. [PMID: 29775696 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2018.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2018] [Revised: 05/11/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Tryptophan hydroxylase 2 (TPH2) is the rate-limiting enzyme in brain serotonin synthesis. The TPH2 gene has frequently been investigated in relation to psychiatric morbidity. The aim of the present review is to integrate results from association studies between TPH2 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and various psychiatric disorders, which we furthermore quantified with meta-analysis. We reviewed 166 studies investigating 69 TPH2 SNPs in a broad range of psychiatric disorders, including over 30,000 patients. According to our meta-analysis, TPH2 polymorphisms show strongest associations with mood disorders, suicide (attempt) and schizophrenia. Despite small effect sizes, we conclude that TPH2 SNPs in the coding and non-coding areas (rs4570625, rs11178997, rs11178998, rs10748185, rs1843809, rs4290270, rs17110747) are each associated with one or more psychopathological conditions. Our findings highlight the possible common serotonergic mechanisms of the investigated psychiatric disorders. Yet, the functional relevance of most TPH2 polymorphisms is unclear. Characterizing how exactly the different TPH2 variants influence the serotonergic neurotransmission is a next necessary step in understanding the psychiatric disorders where serotonin is implicated.
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Wang Q, Li S, Li H, Jia C. Association of serotonergic pathway genes with smoking cessation in a Chinese rural male population. Addict Behav 2018; 80:34-38. [PMID: 29310005 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2018.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2017] [Revised: 01/01/2018] [Accepted: 01/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Previous studies have found serotonergic pathway genes have inhibitory effects on dopamine system which may influence smoking addiction. This study examined the associations of serotonergic pathway genes (serotonergic receptor genes, solute carrier family 6 member4 and tryptophan hydroxylase gene) with smoking cessation. MATERIALS AND METHODS Male current and former smokers (n=819) were recruited from 17 villages of three counties in Shandong province, China. DNA was extracted from the blood samples. Eleven single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in serotonergic pathway genes were genotyped. Multiple logistic regression was used to assess associations between SNPs and smoking cessation. Pearson's χ2 test was performed to explore associations of haplotypes with smoking cessation. Multiple logistic regression was used to detect the interaction between SNPs on smoking cessation. RESULTS In multiple logistic regression, rs1042173 of Solute carrier family 6 member 4 was significantly related to smoking cessation in additive and dominant model (p=0.03 and 0.02, respectively). Rs4570625 of tryptophan hydroxylase 2 was significantly associated with smoking cessation in dominant model (p=0.03). Nine significant interactions were detected between SNPs in serotonergic pathway genes. CONCLUSIONS The present study reveals that serotonergic pathway genes were significantly related to smoking cessation. Future research should expand upon these findings to confirm them.
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Patriquin MA, Hamon SC, Harding MJ, Nielsen EM, Newton TF, De La Garza R, Nielsen DA. Genetic moderation of cocaine subjective effects by variation in the TPH1, TPH2, and SLC6A4 serotonin genes. Psychiatr Genet 2017; 27:178-186. [PMID: 28590957 PMCID: PMC5572746 DOI: 10.1097/ypg.0000000000000178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study investigated variants of tryptophan hydroxylase (TPH)1, TPH2, and SLC6A4 in the moderation of the subjective effects of cocaine. METHODS Non-treatment-seeking cocaine-dependent individuals (N=66) were intravenously administered saline and cocaine (40 mg) in a randomized order. Participants self-reported subjective effects of cocaine using a visual analog scale starting before administration of saline or cocaine (-15 min) to up to 20 min after infusion. Self-report ratings on the visual analog scale ranged from 0 (no effect) to 100 (greatest effect). Participants were genotyped for the TPH1 rs1799913, TPH2 rs4290270, and SLC6A4 5-HTTLPR variants. Repeated-measures analysis of covariance was used to examine changes in subjective effect scores over time while controlling for population structure. RESULTS Participants carrying the TPH1 rs1799913 A allele reported greater subjective response to cocaine for 'stimulated' and 'access' relative to the CC genotype group. Those carrying the TPH2 rs4290270 A allele reported higher 'good effect' and lower 'depressed' effect relative to the TT genotype group. Those carrying the SLC6A4 5-HTTLPR S' allele reported greater 'desire' and 'access' compared with the L'L' genotype group. CONCLUSION These findings indicate that TPH1, TPH2, and SLC6A4 variants moderate the subjective effects of cocaine in non-treatment-seeking cocaine-dependent participants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle A. Patriquin
- The Menninger Clinic
- The Menninger Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX USA
| | - Sara C. Hamon
- Statistical and Genetic Consulting LLC, Daren, CT USA
| | - Mark J. Harding
- The Menninger Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX USA
- Michael E. DeBakey Veterans Affairs Medical Center; Houston, TX USA
| | - Ellen M. Nielsen
- The Menninger Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX USA
- Michael E. DeBakey Veterans Affairs Medical Center; Houston, TX USA
| | - Thomas F. Newton
- The Menninger Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX USA
| | - Richard De La Garza
- The Menninger Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX USA
- Michael E. DeBakey Veterans Affairs Medical Center; Houston, TX USA
| | - David A. Nielsen
- The Menninger Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX USA
- Michael E. DeBakey Veterans Affairs Medical Center; Houston, TX USA
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Carli M, Kostoula C, Sacchetti G, Mainolfi P, Anastasia A, Villani C, Invernizzi RW. Tph2 gene deletion enhances amphetamine-induced hypermotility: effect of 5-HT restoration and role of striatal noradrenaline release. J Neurochem 2015; 135:674-85. [DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2015] [Revised: 07/29/2015] [Accepted: 07/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mirjana Carli
- Department of Neuroscience; IRCCS - Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche “Mario Negri”; Lab. Neurochemistry and Behavior; Milano Italy
| | - Chrysaugi Kostoula
- Department of Neuroscience; IRCCS - Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche “Mario Negri”; Lab. Neurochemistry and Behavior; Milano Italy
| | - Giuseppina Sacchetti
- Department of Neuroscience; IRCCS - Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche “Mario Negri”; Lab. Neurochemistry and Behavior; Milano Italy
| | - Pierangela Mainolfi
- Department of Neuroscience; IRCCS - Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche “Mario Negri”; Lab. Neurochemistry and Behavior; Milano Italy
| | - Alessia Anastasia
- Department of Neuroscience; IRCCS - Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche “Mario Negri”; Lab. Neurochemistry and Behavior; Milano Italy
| | - Claudia Villani
- Department of Neuroscience; IRCCS - Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche “Mario Negri”; Lab. Neurochemistry and Behavior; Milano Italy
| | - Roberto William Invernizzi
- Department of Neuroscience; IRCCS - Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche “Mario Negri”; Lab. Neurochemistry and Behavior; Milano Italy
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Bauer IE, Graham DP, Soares JC, Nielsen DA. Serotonergic gene variation in substance use pharmacotherapy: a systematic review. Pharmacogenomics 2015; 16:1307-14. [PMID: 26265436 DOI: 10.2217/pgs.15.72] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Drug addiction is a serious disease with damaging effects on the brain and physical health. Despite the increase in the number of affected individuals, there are few effective pharmacological treatment options for substance use disorders. The study of the influence of an individual's genetic features on the treatment response may help to identify more efficacious treatment options. This systematic review focuses on the serotonergic system because of its relevant role in mood and impulse control disorders, and its contribution to the development and maintenance of drug use disorders. In particular, we examine the role of serotonergic genes in the response to pharmacotherapy for alcohol, cocaine and nicotine addiction. Current evidence suggests that genetic variability of the serotonergic biosynthesis enzyme tryptophan hydroxylase 2 (TPH2) and the serotonin transporter (SLC6A4) genes mediates the efficacy of several addiction treatments, such as ondansetron and disulfiram, and the antidepressants bupropion, nortriptyline and sertraline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle E Bauer
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - David P Graham
- Michael E DeBakey VA Medical Center, Baylor College of Medicine, 2002 Holcombe Boulevard, Research 151, Building 110, Suite 227, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Jair C Soares
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - David A Nielsen
- Michael E DeBakey VA Medical Center, Baylor College of Medicine, 2002 Holcombe Boulevard, Research 151, Building 110, Suite 227, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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15
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Levran O, Peles E, Randesi M, Correa da Rosa J, Ott J, Rotrosen J, Adelson M, Kreek MJ. Susceptibility loci for heroin and cocaine addiction in the serotonergic and adrenergic pathways in populations of different ancestry. Pharmacogenomics 2015; 16:1329-42. [PMID: 26227246 DOI: 10.2217/pgs.15.86] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Drug addiction is influenced by genetic factors. AIM To determine if genetic variants in the serotonergic and adrenergic pathways are associated with heroin and/or cocaine addiction. SUBJECTS & METHODS The study examined 140 polymorphisms in 19 genes in 1855 subjects with predominantly European or African ancestries. RESULTS A total of 38 polymorphisms (13 genes) showed nominal associations, including novel associations in S100A10 (p11) and SLC18A2 (VMAT2). The association of HTR3B SNP rs11606194 with heroin addiction in the European ancestry subgroup remained significant after correction for multiple testing (p(corrected) = 0.04). CONCLUSION The study strengthens our previous findings of association of polymorphisms in HTR3A, HTR3B and ADRA1A. The study suggests partial overlap in genetic susceptibility between populations of different ancestry and between heroin and cocaine addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orna Levran
- The Laboratory of the Biology of Addictive Diseases, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Einat Peles
- The Dr Miriam & Sheldon G Adelson Clinic for Drug Abuse Treatment & Research, Tel Aviv Elias Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel.,Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Matthew Randesi
- The Laboratory of the Biology of Addictive Diseases, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Joel Correa da Rosa
- Center for Clinical & Translational Science, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Jurg Ott
- Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,The Laboratory of Statistical Genetics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - John Rotrosen
- VA New York Harbor Healthcare System & NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY 10010, USA
| | - Miriam Adelson
- The Laboratory of the Biology of Addictive Diseases, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA.,The Dr Miriam & Sheldon G Adelson Clinic for Drug Abuse Treatment & Research, Tel Aviv Elias Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel.,Dr Miriam & Sheldon G Adelson Clinic for Drug Abuse Treatment & Research, Las Vegas, NV 89169, USA
| | - Mary Jeanne Kreek
- The Laboratory of the Biology of Addictive Diseases, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
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16
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The role of serotonin in drug use and addiction. Behav Brain Res 2014; 277:146-92. [PMID: 24769172 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2014.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 209] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2014] [Revised: 04/04/2014] [Accepted: 04/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The use of psychoactive drugs is a wide spread behaviour in human societies. The systematic use of a drug requires the establishment of different drug use-associated behaviours which need to be learned and controlled. However, controlled drug use may develop into compulsive drug use and addiction, a major psychiatric disorder with severe consequences for the individual and society. Here we review the role of the serotonergic (5-HT) system in the establishment of drug use-associated behaviours on the one hand and the transition and maintenance of addiction on the other hand for the drugs: cocaine, amphetamine, methamphetamine, MDMA (ecstasy), morphine/heroin, cannabis, alcohol, and nicotine. Results show a crucial, but distinct involvement of the 5-HT system in both processes with considerable overlap between psychostimulant and opioidergic drugs and alcohol. A new functional model suggests specific adaptations in the 5-HT system, which coincide with the establishment of controlled drug use-associated behaviours. These serotonergic adaptations render the nervous system susceptible to the transition to compulsive drug use behaviours and often overlap with genetic risk factors for addiction. Altogether we suggest a new trajectory by which serotonergic neuroadaptations induced by first drug exposure pave the way for the establishment of addiction.
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17
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Nielsen DA, Nielsen EM, Dasari T, Spellicy CJ. Pharmacogenetics of addiction therapy. Methods Mol Biol 2014; 1175:589-624. [PMID: 25150877 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-0956-8_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Drug addiction is a serious relapsing disease that has high costs to society and to the individual addicts. Treatment of these addictions is still in its nascency, with only a few examples of successful therapies. Therapeutic response depends upon genetic, biological, social, and environmental components. A role for genetic makeup in the response to treatment has been shown for several addiction pharmacotherapies. For several addiction pharmacotherapies, response to treatment varies based on individual genetic makeup. In this chapter, we discuss the role of genetics in pharmacotherapies, specifically for cocaine, alcohol, and opioid dependences. The elucidation of the role of genetics should aid in the development of new treatments and increase the efficacy of existing treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Nielsen
- Menninger Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA,
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18
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Nielsen DA, Harding MJ, Hamon SC, Huang W, Kosten TR. Modifying the role of serotonergic 5-HTTLPR and TPH2 variants on disulfiram treatment of cocaine addiction: a preliminary study. GENES BRAIN AND BEHAVIOR 2012; 11:1001-8. [PMID: 22925276 DOI: 10.1111/j.1601-183x.2012.00839.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2012] [Revised: 07/13/2012] [Accepted: 08/21/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Disulfiram is a cocaine pharmacotherapy that may act through increasing serotonin, benefiting patients with genetically low serotonin transporter levels (5-HTTLPR, S' allele carriers) and low serotonin synthesis (TPH2, A allele carriers). We stabilized 71 cocaine and opioid co-dependent patients on methadone for 2 weeks and randomized them into disulfiram and placebo groups for 10 weeks. We genotyped the SLC6A4 5-HTTLPR (rs4795541, rs25531) and TPH2 1125A>T (rs4290270) variants and evaluated their role in moderating disulfiram treatment for cocaine dependence. Cocaine-positive urines dropped from 78% to 54% for the disulfiram group and from 77% to 76% for the placebo group among the 5-HTTLPR S' allele carriers (F = 16.2; df = 1,301; P < 0.0001). TPH2 A allele carriers responded better to disulfiram than placebo (F = 16.0; df = 1,223; P < 0.0001). Patients with both an S' allele and a TPH2 A allele reduced cocaine urines from 71% to 53% on disulfiram and had no change on placebo (F = 21.6; df = 1,185; P < 0.00001).
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Affiliation(s)
- D A Nielsen
- Menninger Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences.,Michael E. DeBakey V.A. Medical Center (MEDVAMC), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - M J Harding
- Menninger Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences.,Michael E. DeBakey V.A. Medical Center (MEDVAMC), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - S C Hamon
- Laboratory of Statistical Genetics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - W Huang
- Menninger Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences.,Michael E. DeBakey V.A. Medical Center (MEDVAMC), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - T R Kosten
- Menninger Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences.,Michael E. DeBakey V.A. Medical Center (MEDVAMC), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
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19
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Nielsen DA, Kreek MJ. Common and specific liability to addiction: approaches to association studies of opioid addiction. Drug Alcohol Depend 2012; 123 Suppl 1:S33-41. [PMID: 22542464 PMCID: PMC3689423 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2012.03.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2011] [Revised: 03/23/2012] [Accepted: 03/31/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Opioid addiction, whether to opiates such as heroin and morphine, and/or to non-medical use of opioids, is a major problem worldwide. Although drug-induced and environmental factors are essential for the liability to develop opioid addiction, the genetic background of an individual is now known also to play a substantial role. METHODS The overall goal of this article is to address the common and specific liabilities to addiction in the context of approaches to studies of one addiction, opioid addiction. Literature on identifying genetic variants that may play a role in the development of opioid addiction was reviewed. RESULTS A substantial number of genetic variants have been reported to be associated with opioid addiction. No single variant has been found in any of the reported GWAS studies with a substantial effect size on the liability to develop heroin addiction. It appears that there is a complex interaction of a large number of variants, some rare, some common, which interact with the environment and in response to specific drugs of abuse to increase the liability of developing opioid addiction. CONCLUSIONS In spite of the inherent difficulties in obtaining large well-phenotyped cohorts for genetic studies, new findings have been reported that are being used to develop testable hypotheses into the biological basis of opioid addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A. Nielsen
- Laboratory of the Biology of Addictive Diseases, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
- Menninger Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine, and Michael E. DeBakey V.A. Medical Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Mary Jeanne Kreek
- Laboratory of the Biology of Addictive Diseases, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
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20
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Chen GL, Miller GM. Advances in tryptophan hydroxylase-2 gene expression regulation: new insights into serotonin-stress interaction and clinical implications. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2012; 159B:152-71. [PMID: 22241550 PMCID: PMC3587664 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.32023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Serotonin (5-HT) modulates the stress response by interacting with the hormonal hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and neuronal sympathetic nervous system (SNS). Tryptophan hydroxylase (TPH) is the rate-limiting enzyme in 5-HT biosynthesis, and the recent identification of a second, neuron-specific TPH isoform (TPH2) opened up a new area of research. While TPH2 genetic variance has been linked to numerous behavioral traits and disorders, findings on TPH2 gene expression have not only reinforced, but also provided new insights into, the long-recognized but not yet fully understood 5-HT-stress interaction. In this review, we summarize advances in TPH2 expression regulation and its relevance to the stress response and clinical implications. Particularly, based on findings on rhesus monkey TPH2 genetics and other relevant literature, we propose that: (i) upon activation of adrenal cortisol secretion, the cortisol surge induces TPH2 expression and de novo 5-HT synthesis; (ii) the induced 5-HT in turn inhibits cortisol secretion by modulating the adrenal sensitivity to ACTH via the suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN)-SNS-adrenal system, such that it contributes to the feedback inhibition of cortisol production; (iii) basal TPH2 expression or 5-HT synthesis, as well as early-life experience, influence basal cortisol primarily via the hormonal HPA axis; and (iv) 5'- and 3'-regulatory polymorphisms of TPH2 may differentially influence the stress response, presumably due to their differential roles in gene expression regulation. Our increasing knowledge of TPH2 expression regulation not only helps us better understand the 5-HT-stress interaction and the pathophysiology of neuropsychiatric disorders, but also provides new strategies for the treatment of stress-associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo-Lin Chen
- Harvard Medical School, New England Primate Research Center, Division of Neuroscience, Southborough, MA 01772-9102, USA.
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21
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Zebrafish: a model for the study of addiction genetics. Hum Genet 2011; 131:977-1008. [PMID: 22207143 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-011-1128-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2011] [Accepted: 12/11/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Drug abuse and dependence are multifaceted disorders with complex genetic underpinnings. Identifying specific genetic correlates is challenging and may be more readily accomplished by defining endophenotypes specific for addictive disorders. Symptoms and syndromes, including acute drug response, consumption, preference, and withdrawal, are potential endophenotypes characterizing addiction that have been investigated using model organisms. We present a review of major genes involved in serotonergic, dopaminergic, GABAergic, and adrenoreceptor signaling that are considered to be directly involved in nicotine, opioid, cannabinoid, and ethanol use and dependence. The zebrafish genome encodes likely homologs of the vast majority of these loci. We also review the known expression patterns of these genes in zebrafish. The information presented in this review provides support for the use of zebrafish as a viable model for studying genetic factors related to drug addiction. Expansion of investigations into drug response using model organisms holds the potential to advance our understanding of drug response and addiction in humans.
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22
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Kobayashi H, Ujike H, Iwata N, Inada T, Yamada M, Sekine Y, Uchimura N, Iyo M, Ozaki N, Itokawa M, Sora I. Association analysis of the tryptophan hydroxylase 2 gene polymorphisms in patients with methamphetamine dependence/psychosis. Curr Neuropharmacol 2011; 9:176-82. [PMID: 21886586 PMCID: PMC3137177 DOI: 10.2174/157015911795017335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2009] [Revised: 04/17/2010] [Accepted: 05/26/2010] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a growing evidence that serotoninergic systems modulate dopaminergic neurotransmission. We analyzed the association between the variations in the brain tryptophan hydroxylase 2 (TPH2) gene, a rate limiting enzyme for serotonin biosynthesis, and methamphetamine (METH) dependence/psychosis in a Japanese population. We found ten single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and two polynucleotide polymorphisms in TPH2 gene exons and exon-intron boundaries. A total of 162 patients and 243 controls were used for the association analysis between these polymorphisms and METH dependence/psychosis. No significant differences were observed in either genotypic or allelic frequencies between METH dependent/psychotic patients and controls. A global test of differentiation among samples based on haplotype frequencies showed no significant association. With respect to latency of psychosis, prognosis of psychosis, and spontaneous relapse, we found no significant association with these SNPs. These results suggest that the TPH2 gene variants may not be a factor in vulnerability to METH dependence/psychosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideaki Kobayashi
- Department of Biological Psychiatry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai 980-8574, Japan
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23
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Impulse control disorders in Parkinson's disease: seeking a roadmap toward a better understanding. Brain Struct Funct 2011; 216:289-99. [PMID: 21541715 PMCID: PMC3197927 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-011-0314-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2011] [Accepted: 03/23/2011] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The development of an impulse control disorder (ICD) is now recognized as a potential nonmotor adverse effect of dopamine replacement therapy in Parkinson's disease (PD). Here, recent epidemiological, neurophysiological and genetic advances are summarized to outline potential mechanisms involved. It is safe to say that dopaminergic drugs, particularly dopamine agonists, are able to induce ICDs only in a minority of patients, while the majority are somehow protected from this adverse effect. While it seems clear that men with early-onset PD are more vulnerable, other predisposing factors, such as various current or pre-PD personality traits, are a matter of debate. In terms of neurophysiological advances, one may find striking analogies to the addiction literature suggesting a causal chain beginning with certain predisposing conditions of striatal dopamine synapses, an "unnatural" increase of dopamine stimulation and a characteristic pattern of resulting functional changes in remote networks of appetitive drive and impulse control. Future prospects include potential add-on medications and the possible identification of genetic predispositions at a genome-wide scale. Functional imaging of pharmacogenetic interactions (imaging pharmacogenomics) may be an important tool on that road.
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24
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Nielsen DA, Ji F, Yuferov V, Ho A, He C, Ott J, Kreek MJ. Genome-wide association study identifies genes that may contribute to risk for developing heroin addiction. Psychiatr Genet 2010; 20:207-14. [PMID: 20520587 PMCID: PMC3832188 DOI: 10.1097/ypg.0b013e32833a2106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We have used genome-wide association studies to identify variants that are associated with vulnerability to develop heroin addiction. METHODS DNA from 325 methadone stabilized, former severe heroin addicts and 250 control individuals were pooled by ethnicity (Caucasian and African-American) and analyzed using the Affymetrix GeneChip Mapping 100 K Set. Genome-wide association tests were conducted. RESULTS The strongest association with vulnerability to develop heroin addiction, with experiment-wise significance (P=0.035), was found in Caucasians with the variant rs10494334, a variant in an unannotated region of the genome (1q23.3). In African Americans, the variant most significantly associated with the heroin addiction vulnerability was rs950302, found in the cytosolic dual specificity phosphatase 27 gene DUSP27 (point-wise P=0.0079). Furthermore, analysis of the top 500 variants with the most significant associations (point-wise P< or =0.0036) in Caucasians showed that three of these variants are clustered in the regulating synaptic membrane exocytosis protein 2 gene RIMS2. Of the top 500 variants in African-Americans (point-wise P< or =0.0238), three variants are in the cardiomyopathy associated 3 gene CMYA3. CONCLUSION This study identifies new genes and variants that may increase an individual's vulnerability to develop heroin addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Nielsen
- Laboratory of the Biology of Addictive Diseases, The Rockefeller University, New York 10065, USA
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25
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TPH2 polymorphisms and expression in Prader-Willi syndrome subjects with differing genetic subtypes. J Neurodev Disord 2010; 2:144-8. [PMID: 22127900 PMCID: PMC3164046 DOI: 10.1007/s11689-010-9051-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2009] [Accepted: 05/07/2010] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS) is a genetic imprinting disease that causes developmental and behavioral disturbances resulting from loss of expression of genes from the paternal chromosome 15q11-q13 region. In about 70% of subjects, this portion of the paternal chromosome is deleted, while 25% have two copies of the maternal chromosome 15, or uniparental maternal disomy (UPD; the remaining subjects have imprinting center defects. There are several documented physical and behavioral differences between the two major PWS genetic subtypes (deletion and UPD) indicating the genetic subtype plays a role in clinical presentation. Serotonin is known to be disturbed in PWS and affects both eating behavior and compulsion, which are reported to be abnormal in PWS. We investigated the tryptophan hydroxylase gene (TPH2), the rate-limiting enzyme in the production of brain serotonin, by analyzing three different TPH2 gene polymorphisms, transcript expression, and correlation with PWS genetic subtype. DNA and RNA from lymphoblastoid cell lines derived from 12 PWS and 12 comparison subjects were used for the determination of genetic subtype, TPH2 polymorphisms and quantitative RT-PCR analysis. A similar frequency of TPH2 polymorphisms was seen in the PWS and comparison subjects with PWS deletion subjects showing increased expression with one or more TPH2 polymorphism. Both PWS deletion and PWS UPD subjects had significantly lower TPH2 expression than control subjects and PWS deletion subjects had significantly lower TPH2 expression compared with PWS UPD subjects. PWS subjects with 15q11-q13 deletions had lower TPH2 expression compared with PWS UPD or control subjects, requiring replication and further studies to identify the cause including identification of disturbed gene interactions resulting from the deletion process.
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Yuferov V, Levran O, Proudnikov D, Nielsen DA, Kreek MJ. Search for genetic markers and functional variants involved in the development of opiate and cocaine addiction and treatment. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2010; 1187:184-207. [PMID: 20201854 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.05275.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Addiction to opiates and illicit use of psychostimulants is a chronic, relapsing brain disease that, if left untreated, can cause major medical, social, and economic problems. This article reviews recent progress in studies of association of gene variants with vulnerability to develop opiate and cocaine addictions, focusing primarily on genes of the opioid and monoaminergic systems. In addition, we provide the first evidence of a cis-acting polymorphism and a functional haplotype in the PDYN gene, of significantly higher DNA methylation rate of the OPRM1 gene in the lymphocytes of heroin addicts, and significant differences in genotype frequencies of three single-nucleotide polymorphisms of the P-glycoprotein gene (ABCB1) between "higher" and "lower" methadone doses in methadone-maintained patients. In genomewide and multigene association studies, we found association of several new genes and new variants of known genes with heroin addiction. Finally, we describe the development and application of a novel technique: molecular haplotyping for studies in genetics of drug addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vadim Yuferov
- Laboratory of the Biology of Addictive Diseases, Rockefeller University, New York, New York 10065, USA
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27
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Khokhar JY, Ferguson CS, Zhu AZX, Tyndale RF. Pharmacogenetics of drug dependence: role of gene variations in susceptibility and treatment. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 2010; 50:39-61. [PMID: 20055697 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.pharmtox.010909.105826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Drug dependency is a highly prevalent mental health disorder that imposes a significant burden on those directly affected, health care systems, and society in general. There is substantial heritability in the susceptibility to drug addiction, which indicates that there are genetic risk factors. Variation in the human genome is abundant and can directly affect drug dependency phenotypes, for example, by altering the function of a gene product or by altering gene expression. Pharmacogenetic studies can assess the effects of genetic variation on the risk for a particular phenotype (e.g., being an alcoholic). In addition, pharmacogenetic variability in treatment efficacy and adverse reactions can be investigated to identify particular genetic variants associated with altered responses. This review highlights examples of genetic variations that are important in the development and maintenance of specific drug dependencies as well as those that affect the response to treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jibran Y Khokhar
- The Center for Addiction and Mental Health and the Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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28
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Chen GL, Novak MA, Meyer JS, Kelly BJ, Vallender EJ, Miller GM. The effect of rearing experience and TPH2 genotype on HPA axis function and aggression in rhesus monkeys: a retrospective analysis. Horm Behav 2010; 57:184-91. [PMID: 19900455 PMCID: PMC2815197 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2009.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2009] [Revised: 10/28/2009] [Accepted: 10/29/2009] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Gene-environment (GxE) interactions contribute to the development of many neuropsychiatric disorders. Tryptophan hydroxylase-2 (TPH2) synthesizes neuronal serotonin and is closely related to the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, while early life experience is a critical environmental factor programming the HPA axis response to stress. This retrospective study investigated GxE interaction at the TPH2 locus in rhesus monkeys. Twenty-eight adult, male rhesus monkeys of Indian origin, either mother-reared or peer-reared as infants, were involved in this study. These monkeys have been previously genotyped for the functional A2051C polymorphism in rhTPH2, and had been physiologically and behaviorally characterized. rhTPH2 A2051C exerted a significant main effect (CC>AA&AC) on the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) level of 5-hydroxyindole-3-acetic acid (5-HIAA; F((1,14))=6.42, p=0.024), plasma cortisol level in the morning (F((1,18))=14.63, p=0.002) and cortisol response to ACTH challenge (F((1,17))=6.87, p=0.018), while the rearing experience showed a significant main effect (PR>MR) on CSF CRH (F((1,20))=11.66, p=0.003) and cage shaking behavior (F((1,27))=4.45, p=0.045). The effects of rhTPH2 A2051C on the afternoon cortisol level, plasma ACTH level, dexamethasone suppression of urinary cortisol excretion, and aggression were dependent upon the rearing experience. These results were not confounded by the functional C77G polymorphism in the mu-opioid receptor (MOR). The present study supports the hypothesis that rearing experience and rhTPH2 A2051C interact to influence central 5-HT metabolism, HPA axis function, and aggressive behaviors. Our findings strengthen the involvement of G x E interactions at the loci of serotonergic genes and the utility of the nonhuman primate to model G x E interactions in the development of human neuropsychiatric diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo-Lin Chen
- Harvard Medical School, New England Primate Research Center, Division of Neurochemistry, One Pine Hill Drive, Southborough, MA 01772, USA
| | - Melinda A. Novak
- Harvard Medical School, New England Primate Research Center, Division of Neurochemistry, One Pine Hill Drive, Southborough, MA 01772, USA
- Department of Psychology, University of Massachusetts at Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Jerrold S. Meyer
- Department of Psychology, University of Massachusetts at Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Brian J. Kelly
- Harvard Medical School, New England Primate Research Center, Division of Neurochemistry, One Pine Hill Drive, Southborough, MA 01772, USA
- Department of Psychology, University of Massachusetts at Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Eric J. Vallender
- Harvard Medical School, New England Primate Research Center, Division of Neurochemistry, One Pine Hill Drive, Southborough, MA 01772, USA
| | - Gregory M. Miller
- Harvard Medical School, New England Primate Research Center, Division of Neurochemistry, One Pine Hill Drive, Southborough, MA 01772, USA
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D'Angelo GM, Kamboh MI, Feingold E. A Likelihood-Based Approach for Missing Genotype Data. Hum Hered 2010; 69:171-83. [PMID: 20068333 DOI: 10.1159/000273732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Missing genotype data in a candidate gene association study can make it difficult to model the effects of multiple genetic variants simultaneously. In particular, when regression models are used to model phenotype as a function of SNP genotypes in several different genes, the most common approach is a complete case analysis, in which only individuals with no missing genotypes are included. But this can lead to substantial reduction in sample size and thus potential bias and loss in efficiency. A number of other methods for handling missing data are applicable, but have rarely been used in this context. The purpose of this paper is to describe how several standard methods for handling missing data can be applied or adapted to this problem, and to compare their performance using a simulation study. We demonstrate these techniques using an Alzheimer's disease association study. We show that the expectation-maximization algorithm and multiple imputation with a bootstrapped expectation-maximization sampling algorithm have the best properties of all the estimators studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gina M D'Angelo
- Division of Biostatistics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Mo., USA
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Müller CP, Pum ME, Schumann G, Huston JP. The Role of Serotonin in Drug Addiction. HANDBOOK OF BEHAVIORAL NEUROSCIENCE 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/s1569-7339(10)70099-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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Population-specific functional variant of the TPH2 gene 2755C>A polymorphism contributes risk association to major depression and anxiety in Chinese peripartum women. Arch Womens Ment Health 2009; 12:401-8. [PMID: 19588223 DOI: 10.1007/s00737-009-0088-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2009] [Accepted: 06/19/2009] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The rate-limiting enzyme of serotonin biosynthesis, tryptophan hydroxylase 2 (TPH2), is one of the most promising candidate genes for psychiatric disorders. Although evidence strongly suggests that the TPH2 is significant in the etiology of major depression and anxiety disorder, whether it also contributes to the etiology of peripartum major depression and anxiety disorder, a specific subtype influenced considerably by other environmental factors like hormones, is unclear. This study investigated the role of TPH2 in the etiology of peripartum major depression and anxiety disorder in a Han Chinese population in Taiwan. Six single nucleotide polymorphisms were selected from previously profiled genetic information of TPH2 in Han Chinese. A cohort of postpartum Chinese women that included 117 patients with major depression, anxiety disorder, or both and 83 healthy controls were genotyped with selected TPH2 markers. The TPH2 2755A allele was found only in women with peripartum major depression and anxiety disorder (p = 0.043) and exhibited a dominant gene action (p = 0.038) with an estimated disease risk of 1.73. Although the sample size is small, results from this study suggest that the TPH2 C2755A polymorphism may represent a population-specific risk factor for peripartum major depression and anxiety disorder, perhaps by interacting with hormones.
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Levran O, Londono D, O'Hara K, Randesi M, Rotrosen J, Casadonte P, Linzy S, Ott J, Adelson M, Kreek MJ. Heroin addiction in African Americans: a hypothesis-driven association study. GENES BRAIN AND BEHAVIOR 2009; 8:531-40. [PMID: 19500151 DOI: 10.1111/j.1601-183x.2009.00501.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Heroin addiction is a chronic complex disease with a substantial genetic contribution. This study was designed to identify gene variants associated with heroin addiction in African Americans. The emphasis was on genes involved in reward modulation, behavioral control, cognitive function, signal transduction and stress response. We have performed a case-control association analysis by screening with 1350 variants of 130 genes. The sample consisted of 202 former severe heroin addicts in methadone treatment and 167 healthy controls with no history of drug abuse. Single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP), haplotype and multi-SNP genotype pattern analyses were performed. Seventeen SNPs showed point-wise significant association with heroin addiction (nominal P< 0.01). These SNPs are from genes encoding several receptors: adrenergic (ADRA1A), arginine vasopressin (AVPR1A), cholinergic (CHRM2), dopamine (DRD1), GABA-A (GABRB3), glutamate (GRIN2A) and serotonin (HTR3A) as well as alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH7), glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD1 and GAD2), the nucleoside transporter (SLC29A1) and diazepam-binding inhibitor (DBI). The most significant result of the analyses was obtained for the GRIN2A haplotype G-A-T (rs4587976-rs1071502-rs1366076) with protective effect (P(uncorrected) = 9.6E- 05, P(corrected) = 0.058). This study corroborates several reported associations with alcohol and drug addiction as well as other related disorders and extends the list of variants that may affect the development of heroin addiction. Further studies will be necessary to replicate these associations and to elucidate the roles of these variants in drug addiction vulnerability.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Levran
- The Laboratory of the Biology of Addictive Diseases, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA.
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Kim YR, Woo JM, Heo SY, Kim JH, Lim SJ, Yu BH. An Association Study of the A218C Polymorphism of the Tryptophan Hydroxylase 1 Gene with Eating Disorders in a Korean Population: A Pilot Study. Psychiatry Investig 2009; 6:44-9. [PMID: 20046373 PMCID: PMC2796036 DOI: 10.4306/pi.2009.6.1.44] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2009] [Revised: 01/30/2009] [Accepted: 02/01/2009] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We examined the association between the tryptophan hydroxylase 1 (TPH1) gene and eating disorders focusing on obsessionality. METHODS The sample included 62 women with a lifetime diagnosis of anorexia nervosa (AN) as well as 50 women with a lifetime diagnosis of bulimia nervosa (BN) recruited from specialist clinics for eating disorders and 131 healthy women in Korea. Blood samples were collected from all participants for the TPH1 genotyping. The patients were ad ministered the Korean version of the Eating Disorders Examination and obsessionality was conceptualized using measures of persistence, harm avoidance, and obsessive-compulsive symptoms. RESULTS In the case-control comparisons, the frequency of the A/A genotype was increased in the patients with BN, but this difference was not significant after correcting for multiple testing. We found no effect of the TPH A218C polymorphism on obsessionality in the patients with AN or BN. CONCLUSION Although the present findings should be regarded as preliminary because of the small size of our sample, they suggest that the TPH1 gene may contribute to the genetic susceptibility to BN and be associated with the other unexplored traits of bulimic case status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youl-Ri Kim
- Eating Disorders Clinic, Department of Psychiatry, Seoul Paik Hospital, Inje University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Stress Research Institute, Inje University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jong-Min Woo
- Eating Disorders Clinic, Department of Psychiatry, Seoul Paik Hospital, Inje University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Stress Research Institute, Inje University, Seoul, Korea
| | | | - Jeong Hyun Kim
- Indang Institute of Molecular Biology, Inje University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Soo-Jin Lim
- Eating Disorders Clinic, Department of Psychiatry, Seoul Paik Hospital, Inje University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Stress Research Institute, Inje University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Bum-Hee Yu
- Department of Psychiatry, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Chen GL, Miller GM. 5'-Untranslated region of the tryptophan hydroxylase-2 gene harbors an asymmetric bidirectional promoter but not internal ribosome entry site in vitro. Gene 2009; 435:53-62. [PMID: 19344641 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2008.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2008] [Revised: 12/20/2008] [Accepted: 12/30/2008] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Tryptophan hydroxylase-2 (TPH2) catalyzes the synthesis of neuronal serotonin, a major neurotransmitter involved in many brain functions and psychiatric disorders. We have previously revealed a critical role of the human TPH2 (hTPH2) 5'-UTR in gene expression regulation. This study aimed to further characterize mechanism(s) by which the hTPH2 5'-UTR regulates gene expression. An internal ribosome entry site (IRES) activity in hTPH2 5'-UTR was suggested by the conventional bicistronic reporter assay; however, further stringent experiments, including in vitro translation, quantitative real-time PCR, Northern blot, ribonuclease protection assay, and monocistronic reporter assay, demonstrated that the hTPH2 5'-UTR harbors a bidirectional promoter, but not IRES, within its downstream segment (61-141). The antisense promoter is much stronger than the sense promoter, but the strength of both promoters are cell-line dependent, with the highest and lowest activities being observed in HEK-293T and SK-N-MC cells, respectively. In accordance with our previous findings, the upstream segment (1-60) of hTPH2 5'-UTR suppresses the neighboring promoter of both direction, independent of the cell line and its location in the 5'- or 3'-flanking regions of the gene. In summary, this study demonstrates that no IRES but an asymmetric bidirectional promoter is present in the downstream segment of hTPH2 5'-UTR, and this promoter is susceptible to a gene silencing effect caused by the upstream segment (1-60) of hTPH2 5'-UTR. Our findings point to the potential involvement of antisense transcription and non-coding RNA in the regulation of TPH2 gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo-Lin Chen
- Harvard Medical School, New England Primate Research Center, Southborough, MA 01772-9102, USA.
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Opiate and cocaine addiction: from bench to clinic and back to the bench. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2009; 9:74-80. [PMID: 19155191 DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2008.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2008] [Revised: 12/23/2008] [Accepted: 12/23/2008] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
This review primarily focuses on our recent findings in bidirectional translational research on opiate and cocaine addictions. First, we present neurobiological and molecular studies on endogenous opioid systems (e.g. proopiomelanocortin, mu opioid receptor, dynorphin, and kappa opioid receptor), brain stress-responsive systems (e.g. orexin, arginine vasopressin, V1b receptor, and corticotropin-releasing factor), hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, and neurotransmitters (especially dopamine), in response to both chronic cocaine or opiate exposure and to drug withdrawal, using several newly developed animal models and molecular approaches. The second aspect is human molecular genetic association investigations including hypothesis-driven studies and genome-wide array studies, to define particular systems involved in vulnerability to develop specific addictions, and response to pharmacotherapy.
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Zill P, Büttner A, Eisenmenger W, Müller J, Möller HJ, Bondy B. Predominant expression of tryptophan hydroxylase 1 mRNA in the pituitary: a postmortem study in human brain. Neuroscience 2009; 159:1274-82. [PMID: 19233335 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2009.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2008] [Revised: 12/18/2008] [Accepted: 01/04/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Although the predominant role of tryptophan hydroxylase 2 (TPH2) in the CNS and its influence on the vulnerability to psychiatric disorders have clearly been demonstrated in several studies, the role of TPH1 on neuronal mechanisms, respectively on behavioral traits is still poorly understood. In a previous study of tryptophan hydroxylase 1 (TPH1) and TPH2 mRNA expression in different human brain regions we observed significantly higher TPH1 than TPH2 mRNA concentrations in the pituitary (unpublished observations). Considering the importance of the pituitary in the functional circuits between brain and body, we investigated the TPH1 and TPH2 mRNA expression in more detail, using human postmortem samples of the posterior and anterior pituitary compared to cortex, hippocampus and raphe nuclei. Specimens were available from different psychiatric patients (drug abusers, n=12; suicide victims, n=11; schizophrenics, n=9) and controls (n=15). Additionally we performed immunohistochemical analysis applying monospecific antibodies for both TPH isoforms to verify that the mRNA is of cellular and not just vascular or other origin. Highest TPH2 mRNA levels were observed in the raphe nuclei in patients and controls. By contrast, in the anterior and posterior pituitary TPH1 was found to be the predominantly expressed isoform in all subgroups. TPH1 and TPH2 mRNA expression in the further brain regions was only marginal and nearly identical except in the hypothalamus where higher TPH1 than TPH2 mRNA levels could be measured. Interindividual differences between the subgroups were not detectable. The results of the present study extended our previous findings by the additional immunohistochemical determination of the neuronal TPH1 and TPH2 protein expression in the anterior pituitary and provide evidence against a strictly separated duality of the serotonergic system. It seems that TPH1 might also have an impact on neuronal mechanisms via hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis regulation by its predominant localization in the pituitary. These observations may open up new research strategies not only for several psychiatric disorders, but also for the relationship between psychiatric and somatic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Zill
- Department of Psychiatry, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany.
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Chen GL, Miller GM. Rhesus monkey tryptophan hydroxylase-2 coding region haplotypes affect mRNA stability. Neuroscience 2008; 155:485-91. [PMID: 18593594 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2008.05.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2008] [Revised: 05/27/2008] [Accepted: 05/29/2008] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Tryptophan hydroxylase-2 (TPH2) synthesizes neuronal 5-HT and its genetic variance is associated with numerous behavioral traits and psychiatric disorders. This study characterized the functional significance of two nonsynonymous single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) (C74A and G223A) in rhesus monkey TPH2 (mTPH2). Four haplotypes of mTPH2 were cloned into pcDNA3.1 and stably transfected into PC12 cells. The levels of mTPH2 mRNA and protein were assessed by quantitative real-time PCR and Western blot, respectively, while the intracellular 5-HT was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The variant A-A haplotype showed significantly higher levels of mTPH2 mRNA and protein, as well as significantly higher 5-HT production than the wild-type C-G haplotype, while the other two variant haplotypes (C-A and A-G) also tended to produce more 5-HT than C-G haplotype when stably expressed in PC12 cells. Both C74A and G223A were predicted to change mRNA secondary structure, and analysis of the mRNA stability showed that the wild-type C-G haplotype mRNA degrades more quickly than mRNAs of the mutant mTPH2 haplotypes in both stable PC12 and transient HEK-293 cells. This study demonstrates that nonsynonymous SNPs in mTPH2 can affect mRNA stability. Our findings provide an additional mechanism by which nonsynonymous SNPs affect TPH2 function, and further our understanding of TPH2 gene expression regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- G-L Chen
- Harvard Medical School, New England Primate Research Center, Division of Neurochemistry, One Pine Hill Drive, Southborough, MA 01772-9102, USA
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Levran O, Londono D, O'Hara K, Nielsen DA, Peles E, Rotrosen J, Casadonte P, Linzy S, Randesi M, Ott J, Adelson M, Kreek MJ. Genetic susceptibility to heroin addiction: a candidate gene association study. GENES BRAIN AND BEHAVIOR 2008; 7:720-9. [PMID: 18518925 DOI: 10.1111/j.1601-183x.2008.00410.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Heroin addiction is a chronic complex disease with a substantial genetic contribution. This study was designed to identify genetic variants that are associated with susceptibility to develop heroin addiction by analyzing 1350 variants in 130 candidate genes. All subjects had Caucasian ancestry. The sample consisted of 412 former severe heroin addicts in methadone treatment, and 184 healthy controls with no history of drug abuse. Nine variants, in six genes, showed the lowest nominal P values in the association tests (P < 0.01). These variants were in noncoding regions of the genes encoding the mu (OPRM1; rs510769 and rs3778151), kappa (OPRK1; rs6473797) and delta (OPRD1; rs2236861, rs2236857 and rs3766951) opioid receptors; the neuropeptide galanin (GAL; rs694066); the serotonin receptor subtype 3B (HTR3B; rs3758987) and the casein kinase 1 isoform epsilon (CSNK1E; rs1534891). Several haplotypes and multilocus genotype patterns showed nominally significant associations (e.g. OPRM1; P = 0.0006 and CSNK1E; P = 0.0007). Analysis of a combined effect of OPRM1 and OPRD1 showed that rs510769 and rs2236861 increase the risk of heroin addiction (P = 0.0005). None of these associations remained significant after adjustment for multiple testing. This study suggests the involvement of several genes and variants in heroin addiction, which is worthy of future study.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Levran
- The Laboratory of the Biology of Addictive Diseases, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA.
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Murphy KL, Zhang X, Gainetdinov RR, Beaulieu JM, Caron MG. A regulatory domain in the N terminus of tryptophan hydroxylase 2 controls enzyme expression. J Biol Chem 2008; 283:13216-24. [PMID: 18339632 PMCID: PMC2442358 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m706749200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2007] [Revised: 03/12/2008] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Serotonin is involved in a variety of physiological processes in the central nervous system and the periphery. As the rate-limiting enzyme in serotonin synthesis, tryptophan hydroxylase plays an important role in modulating these processes. Of the two variants of tryptophan hydroxylase, tryptophan hydroxylase 2 (TPH2) is expressed predominantly in the central nervous system, whereas tryptophan hydroxylase 1 (TPH1) is expressed mostly in peripheral tissues. Although the two enzymes share considerable sequence homology, the regulatory domain of TPH2 contains an additional 41 amino acids at the N terminus that TPH1 lacks. Here we show that the extended TPH2 N-terminal domain contains a unique sequence involved in the regulation of enzyme expression. When expressed in cultured mammalian cells, TPH2 is synthesized less efficiently and is also less stable than TPH1. Removal of the unique portion of the N terminus of TPH2 results in expression of the enzyme at a level similar to that of TPH1, whereas protein chimeras containing this fragment are expressed at lower levels than their wild-type counterparts. We identify a region centered on amino acids 10-20 that mediates the bulk of this effect. We also demonstrate that phosphorylation of serine 19, a protein kinase A consensus site located in this N-terminal domain, results in increased TPH2 stability and consequent increases in enzyme output in cell culture systems. Because this domain is unique to TPH2, these data provide evidence for selective regulation of brain serotonin synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen L Murphy
- Department of Neurobiology and Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA
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