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Early-life stress influences acute and sensitized responses of adult mice to cocaine by interacting with GABAA α2 receptor expression. Behav Pharmacol 2020; 30:272-281. [PMID: 30724801 DOI: 10.1097/fbp.0000000000000466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Early-life stress (ELS) is known to exert long-term effects on brain function, with resulting deleterious consequences for several aspects of mental health, including the development of addiction to drugs of abuse. One potential mechanism in humans is suggested by findings that ELS interacts with polymorphisms of the GABRA2 gene, encoding α2 subunits of GABAA receptors, to increase the risk for both post-traumatic stress disorder and vulnerability to cocaine addiction. We used a mouse model, in which the amount of material for nest building was reduced during early postnatal life, to study interactions between ELS and expression of α2-containing GABAA receptors in influencing cocaine-related behaviour. Breeding of parents heterozygous for a deletion of α2 resulted in litters containing homozygous knockout (α2), heterozygous knockout (α2) and wild-type (α2) offspring. Following the ELS procedure, the mice were allowed to develop to adulthood before being tested for the acute effect of cocaine on locomotor stimulation, behavioural sensitization to repeated cocaine and to cocaine-conditioned activity. Exposure to ELS resulted in increased acute locomotor stimulant effects of cocaine across all genotypes, with the most marked effects in α2 mice (which also showed increased activity following vehicle). Repeated cocaine administration to nonstressed mice resulted in sensitization in α2 and α2 mice, but, in keeping with previous findings, not in α2 mice. Previous exposure to ELS reduced sensitization in α2 mice, albeit not significantly, and abolished sensitization in α2 mice. Conditioned activity was elevated following ELS in all animals, independently of genotype. Thus, while the enhanced acute effects of cocaine following ELS being most marked in α2 mice suggests a function of α2-containing GABAA receptors in protecting against stress, the interaction between ELS and genotype in influencing sensitization may be more in keeping with ELS reducing expression of α2-containing GABAA receptors. The ability of ELS to increase cocaine-conditioned locomotor activity appears to be independent of α2-containing GABAA receptors.
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Salvatore JE, Dick DM. Genetic influences on conduct disorder. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2018; 91:91-101. [PMID: 27350097 PMCID: PMC5183514 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.06.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2016] [Revised: 05/22/2016] [Accepted: 06/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Conduct disorder (CD) is a moderately heritable psychiatric disorder of childhood and adolescence characterized by aggression toward people and animals, destruction of property, deceitfulness or theft, and serious violation of rules. Genome-wide scans using linkage and association methods have identified a number of suggestive genomic regions that are pending replication. A small number of candidate genes (e.g., GABRA2, MAOA, SLC6A4, AVPR1A) are associated with CD related phenotypes across independent studies; however, failures to replicate also exist. Studies of gene-environment interplay show that CD genetic predispositions also contribute to selection into higher-risk environments, and that environmental factors can alter the importance of CD genetic factors and differentially methylate CD candidate genes. The field's understanding of CD etiology will benefit from larger, adequately powered studies in gene identification efforts; the incorporation of polygenic approaches in gene-environment interplay studies; attention to the mechanisms of risk from genes to brain to behavior; and the use of genetically informative data to test quasi-causal hypotheses about purported risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica E Salvatore
- Department of Psychology and the Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, VCU PO Box 842018, 806 West Franklin Street, Richmond, VA 23284-2018, USA.
| | - Danielle M Dick
- Department of Psychology, African American Studies, and Human & Molecular Genetics, VCU PO Box 842509, Richmond, VA 23284-2509, USA
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Dick DM, Barr PB, Cho SB, Cooke ME, Kuo SIC, Lewis TJ, Neale Z, Salvatore JE, Savage J, Su J. Post-GWAS in Psychiatric Genetics: A Developmental Perspective on the "Other" Next Steps. GENES, BRAIN, AND BEHAVIOR 2018; 17:e12447. [PMID: 29227573 PMCID: PMC5876087 DOI: 10.1111/gbb.12447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2017] [Revised: 12/01/2017] [Accepted: 12/06/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
As psychiatric genetics enters an era where gene identification is finally yielding robust, replicable genetic associations and polygenic risk scores, it is important to consider next steps and delineate how that knowledge will be applied to ultimately ameliorate suffering associated with substance use and psychiatric disorders. Much of the post-genome-wide association study discussion has focused on the potential of genetic information to elucidate the underlying biology and use this information for the development of more effective pharmaceutical treatments. In this review we focus on additional areas of research that should follow gene identification. By taking genetic findings into longitudinal, developmental studies, we can map the pathways by which genetic risk manifests across development, elucidating the early behavioral manifestations of risk, and studying how various environments and interventions moderate that risk across developmental stages. The delineation of risk across development will advance our understanding of mechanism, sex differences and risk and resilience processes in different racial/ethnic groups. Here, we review how the extant twin study literature can be used to guide these efforts. Together, these new lines of research will enable us to develop more informed, tailored prevention and intervention efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle M. Dick
- Department of Psychology, Developmental Program, Virginia Commonwealth University
| | | | - Peter B. Barr
- Department of Psychology, Developmental Program, Virginia Commonwealth University
| | - Seung Bin Cho
- Department of Psychology, Developmental Program, Virginia Commonwealth University
| | - Megan E. Cooke
- Department of Psychology, Developmental Program, Virginia Commonwealth University
| | - Sally I-Chun Kuo
- Department of Psychology, Developmental Program, Virginia Commonwealth University
| | - Tenesha J. Lewis
- Department of Psychology, Developmental Program, Virginia Commonwealth University
| | - Zoe Neale
- Department of Psychology, Developmental Program, Virginia Commonwealth University
| | - Jessica E. Salvatore
- Department of Psychology, Developmental Program, Virginia Commonwealth University
| | - Jeanne Savage
- Department of Psychology, Developmental Program, Virginia Commonwealth University
| | - Jinni Su
- Department of Psychology, Developmental Program, Virginia Commonwealth University
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Curry I, Luk JW, Trim RS, Hopfer CJ, Hewitt JK, Stallings MC, Brown SA, Wall TL. Impulsivity Dimensions and Risky Sex Behaviors in an At-Risk Young Adult Sample. ARCHIVES OF SEXUAL BEHAVIOR 2018; 47:529-536. [PMID: 28884246 PMCID: PMC6067112 DOI: 10.1007/s10508-017-1054-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2017] [Revised: 07/28/2017] [Accepted: 08/01/2017] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Impulsivity is a personality-based risk factor that has been well studied in relation to risky sexual behavior. Recent conceptualizations of impulsivity have proposed multidimensional facets comprised of premeditation, perseverance, sensation seeking, negative urgency, and positive urgency (UPPS-P model). Prior studies have found that these facets are associated with risky sexual behavior in adolescent and college student samples, but no prior studies have evaluated them in clinical samples. The current study examined how impulsivity-related traits related to two different risky sexual behaviors in a clinical sample of at-risk young adults who had both conduct disorder and substance use disorder symptoms as adolescents (n = 529). Lack of premeditation was also tested as a moderator of the relationship between facets of impulsivity and both risky sex outcomes. Results demonstrated that sensation seeking, negative urgency, and positive urgency were correlated with risky sex behaviors. Additionally, multiple regression analyses indicated that sensation seeking was uniquely associated with the number of sexual partners in the past 5 years, whereas positive urgency was uniquely associated with unprotected sex while under the influence. Finally, a significant interaction between lack of premeditation and negative urgency suggests that at-risk young adults with both high negative urgency and lack of premeditation were the likeliest to have the most sexual partners in the past 5 years. This study adds to the current understanding of the relationship between reward- and affect-driven facets of impulsivity and risky sexual behaviors and may lend utility to the development of interventions for at-risk populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inga Curry
- V.A. San Diego Healthcare System, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, 3350 La Jolla Village Drive (116B), San Diego, CA, 92161, USA
| | - Jeremy W Luk
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, 3350 La Jolla Village Drive (116B), San Diego, CA, 92161, USA
- Health Behavior Branch, Division of Intramural Population Health Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Ryan S Trim
- V.A. San Diego Healthcare System, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, 3350 La Jolla Village Drive (116B), San Diego, CA, 92161, USA
| | - Christian J Hopfer
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado, Denver, Denver, CO, USA
| | - John K Hewitt
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado, Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Michael C Stallings
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado, Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Sandra A Brown
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, 3350 La Jolla Village Drive (116B), San Diego, CA, 92161, USA
| | - Tamara L Wall
- V.A. San Diego Healthcare System, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, USA.
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, 3350 La Jolla Village Drive (116B), San Diego, CA, 92161, USA.
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Chandler CM, Overton JS, Rüedi-Bettschen D, Platt DM. GABA A Receptor Subtype Mechanisms and the Abuse-Related Effects of Ethanol: Genetic and Pharmacological Evidence. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2018; 248:3-27. [PMID: 29204713 DOI: 10.1007/164_2017_80] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Ethanol's reinforcing and subjective effects, as well as its ability to induce relapse, are powerful factors contributing to its widespread use and abuse. A significant mediator of these behavioral effects is the GABAA receptor system. GABAA receptors are the target for γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), the major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the CNS. Structurally, they are pentameric, transmembrane chloride ion channels comprised of subunits from at least eight different families of distinct proteins. The contribution of different GABAA subunits to ethanol's diverse abuse-related effects is not clear and remains an area of research focus. This chapter details the clinical and preclinical findings supporting roles for different α, β, γ, and δ subunit-containing GABAA receptors in ethanol's reinforcing, subjective/discriminative stimulus, and relapse-inducing effects. The reinforcing properties of ethanol have been studied the most systematically, and convergent preclinical evidence suggests a key role for the α5 subunit in those effects. Regarding ethanol's subjective/discriminative stimulus effects, clinical and genetic findings support a primary role for the α2 subunit, whereas preclinical evidence implicates the α5 subunit. At present, too few studies investigating ethanol relapse exist to make any solid conclusions regarding the role of specific GABAA subunits in this abuse-related effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cassie M Chandler
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA
| | - John S Overton
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA
| | - Daniela Rüedi-Bettschen
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA
| | - Donna M Platt
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA.
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA.
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Rabinowitz JA, Drabick DA. Do children fare for better and for worse? Associations among child features and parenting with child competence and symptoms. DEVELOPMENTAL REVIEW 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.dr.2017.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Kuperman S, Chan G, Kramer J, Wetherill L, Acion L, Edenberg HJ, Foroud TM, Nurnberger J, Agrawal A, Anokhin A, Brooks A, Hesselbrock V, Hesselbrock M, Schuckit M, Tischfield J, Liu X. A GABRA2 polymorphism improves a model for prediction of drinking initiation. Alcohol 2017; 63:1-8. [PMID: 28847377 PMCID: PMC5657392 DOI: 10.1016/j.alcohol.2017.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2016] [Revised: 03/04/2017] [Accepted: 03/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Survival analysis was used to explore the addition of a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) and covariates (sex, interview age, and ancestry) on a previously published model's ability to predict onset of drinking. A SNP variant of rs279871, in the chromosome 4 gene encoding gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor (GABRA2), was selected due to its associations with alcoholism in young adults and with behaviors that increased risk for early drinking. METHODS A subsample of 674 adolescents (ages 14-17) participating in the Collaborative Study on the Genetics of Alcoholism (COGA) was examined using a previously derived Cox proportional hazards model containing: 1) number of non-drinking related conduct disorder (CD) symptoms, 2) membership in a high-risk alcohol-dependent (AD) family, 3) most best friends drank (MBFD), 4) Achenbach Youth Self Report (YSR) externalizing score, and 5) YSR social problems score. The above covariates along with the SNP variant of GABRA2, rs279871, were added to this model. Five new prototype models were examined. The most parsimonious model was chosen based on likelihood ratio tests and model fit statistics. RESULTS The final model contained four of the five original predictors (YSR social problems score was no longer significant and hence dropped from subsequent models), the three covariates, and a recessive GABRA2 rs279871 TT genotype (two copies of the high-risk allele containing thymine). The model indicated that adolescents with the high-risk TT genotype were more likely to begin drinking than those without this genotype. CONCLUSIONS The joint effect of the gene (rs279871 TT genotype) and environment (MBFD) on adolescent alcohol initiation is additive, but not interactive, after controlling for behavior problems (CD and YSR externalizing score). This suggests that the impact of the high-risk TT genotype on the onset of drinking is affected by controlling for peer drinking and does not include genotype-by-environment interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Kuperman
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, USA.
| | - Grace Chan
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - John Kramer
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Leah Wetherill
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Laura Acion
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Howard J Edenberg
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Tatiana M Foroud
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - John Nurnberger
- Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Arpana Agrawal
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Andrey Anokhin
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Andrew Brooks
- Department of Genetics, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Victor Hesselbrock
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Michie Hesselbrock
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Marc Schuckit
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Jay Tischfield
- Department of Genetics, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Xiangtao Liu
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, USA
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Luk JW, Trim RS, Karyadi KA, Curry I, Hopfer CJ, Hewitt JK, Stallings MC, Brown SA, Wall TL. Unique and interactive effects of impulsivity facets on reckless driving and driving under the influence in a high-risk young adult sample. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2017; 114:42-47. [PMID: 29038610 DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2017.03.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Risky driving behaviors are disproportionately high among young adults and impulsivity is a robust risk factor. Recent conceptualizations have proposed multidimensional facets of impulsivity comprised of negative urgency, premeditation, perseverance, sensation seeking, and positive urgency (UPPS-P model). Prior studies have found these facets are associated with risky driving behaviors in college student samples, but no prior studies have examined these facets in clinical samples. This study examined the unique and interactive effects of UPPS-P impulsivity facets on past-year risky driving behaviors in a sample of high-risk young adults (ages 18-30 years) with a history of substance use and antisocial behavior and their siblings (n=1,100). Multilevel Poisson regressions indicated that sensation seeking and negative urgency were uniquely and positively associated with both frequency of past-year reckless driving and driving under the influence. Moreover, lack of premeditation was uniquely and positively associated with reckless driving, whereas lack of perseverance was uniquely and positively associated with driving under the influence. Furthermore, lack of premeditation moderated and strengthened the positive association between sensation seeking and driving under the influence. These study findings suggest that assessing multiple facets of trait impulsivity could facilitate targeted prevention efforts among young adults with a history of externalizing psychopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy W Luk
- Health Behavior Branch, Division of Intramural Population Health Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, USA
| | - Ryan S Trim
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, USA
- V.A. San Diego Health System, La Jolla, USA
| | - Kenny A Karyadi
- Department of Psychology, Patton State Hospital, Patton, USA
| | - Inga Curry
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, USA
- V.A. San Diego Health System, La Jolla, USA
| | | | - John K Hewitt
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado, Boulder, USA
| | | | - Sandra A Brown
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, USA
| | - Tamara L Wall
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, USA
- V.A. San Diego Health System, La Jolla, USA
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Luk JW, Worley MJ, Winiger E, Trim RS, Hopfer CJ, Hewitt JK, Brown SA, Wall TL. Risky driving and sexual behaviors as developmental outcomes of co-occurring substance use and antisocial behavior. Drug Alcohol Depend 2016; 169:19-25. [PMID: 27750183 PMCID: PMC5140786 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2016.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2016] [Revised: 09/30/2016] [Accepted: 10/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To examine the associations between substance use and antisocial behavior trajectories and seven risky behaviors over time. METHOD Data were collected from a high-risk sample of adolescents followed into young adulthood. Five trajectory classes, identified based on dual development of substance use and antisocial behavior symptoms, were used to predict three risky driving and four risky sexual behaviors. RESULTS In this high-risk sample (n=530), participants reported notably high overall rates of reckless driving (55.5%) and unprotected sex under the influence (44.8%) in the past year. Risky behaviors that are typically of low base rates in population-based studies were also elevated, with 8.8% reporting past-year driving under the influence (DUI) charge, 17.6% reporting lifetime sexually transmitted infection (STI), and 10.4% reporting lifetime injection drug use. The Dual Chronic class had the highest levels of all seven risky behaviors, and were 3-4 times more likely to report risky driving, lifetime STI, and injection drug use than the Relatively Resolved class. Rates of past-year reckless driving and DUI were elevated among classes with persistent antisocial behavior, whereas rates of DUI, DUI charge, and unprotected sex under the influence were elevated among classes with persistent substance use. CONCLUSIONS Young adults with persistent co-occurring substance use and antisocial behavior engage in multiple very costly risky behaviors. Differential associations between risky behaviors and trajectory classes highlight the need for targeted interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy W Luk
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, United States.
| | - Matthew J Worley
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, United States; V.A. San Diego Health System, La Jolla, United States
| | - Evan Winiger
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, United States
| | - Ryan S Trim
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, United States; V.A. San Diego Health System, La Jolla, United States
| | | | - John K Hewitt
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado, Boulder, United States
| | - Sandra A Brown
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, United States
| | - Tamara L Wall
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, United States; V.A. San Diego Health System, La Jolla, United States.
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Stephens DN, King SL, Lambert JJ, Belelli D, Duka T. GABAAreceptor subtype involvement in addictive behaviour. GENES BRAIN AND BEHAVIOR 2016; 16:149-184. [DOI: 10.1111/gbb.12321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2016] [Revised: 07/19/2016] [Accepted: 08/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - S. L. King
- School of Psychology; University of Sussex; Brighton UK
| | - J. J. Lambert
- Division of Neuroscience; University of Dundee; Dundee UK
| | - D. Belelli
- Division of Neuroscience; University of Dundee; Dundee UK
| | - T. Duka
- School of Psychology; University of Sussex; Brighton UK
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Wang FL, Chassin L, Geiser C, Lemery-Chalfant K. Mechanisms in the relation between GABRA2 and adolescent externalizing problems. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2016; 25:67-80. [PMID: 25804982 PMCID: PMC4583314 DOI: 10.1007/s00787-015-0703-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2014] [Accepted: 03/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Conduct problems, alcohol problems and hyperactive-inattentive symptoms co-occur at a high rate and are heritable in adolescence. The γ-aminobutyric acid A receptor, α2 gene (GABRA2) is associated with a broad spectrum of externalizing problems and disinhibitory-related traits. The current study tested whether two important forms of disinhibition in adolescence, impulsivity and sensation seeking, mediated the effects of GABRA2 on hyperactive-inattentive symptoms, conduct problems, and alcohol problems. Participants were assessed at two waves (11-17 and 12-18 years old; N = 292). Analyses used the GABRA2 SNP, rs279858, which tags the two complementary (yin-yang) GABRA2 haplotypes. Multiple informants reported on adolescents' impulsivity and sensation seeking and adolescents self-reported their hyperactive-inattentive symptoms, conduct problems and lifetime alcohol problems. Impulsivity mediated the effect of GABRA2 on alcohol problems, hyperactive-inattentive symptoms, and conduct problems, whereas sensation seeking mediated the effect of GABRA2 on alcohol problems (AA/AG genotypes conferred risk). GABRA2 directly predicted adolescent alcohol problems, but the GG genotype conferred risk. Results suggest that there may be multiple pathways of risk from GABRA2 to adolescent externalizing problems, and suggest important avenues for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frances L Wang
- Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, 950 S. McAllister Ave, P.O. Box 871104, Tempe, AZ, 85287-1104, USA.
| | - Laurie Chassin
- Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, 950 S. McAllister Ave, P.O. Box 871104, Tempe, AZ, 85287-1104, USA
| | - Christian Geiser
- Department of Psychology, Utah State University, 2810 Old Main Hill, Logan, UT, 84322-2810, USA
| | - Kathryn Lemery-Chalfant
- Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, 950 S. McAllister Ave, P.O. Box 871104, Tempe, AZ, 85287-1104, USA
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Vicente-Rodríguez M, Pérez-García C, Haro M, Ramos MP, Herradón G. Genetic inactivation of midkine modulates behavioural responses to ethanol possibly by enhancing GABA(A) receptor sensitivity to GABA(A) acting drugs. Behav Brain Res 2014; 274:258-63. [PMID: 25149366 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2014.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2014] [Revised: 08/06/2014] [Accepted: 08/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Midkine (MK) is a cytokine with important functions in dopaminergic neurons that is found upregulated in the prefrontal cortex of alcoholics. We have studied the behavioural effects of ethanol in MK genetically deficient (MK-/-) and wild type (MK+/+) mice. A low dose of ethanol (1.0g/kg), unable to cause conditioned place preference (CPP) in MK+/+ mice, induced a significant CPP in MK-/- mice, suggesting that MK prevents the rewarding effects of low doses of ethanol. However, this difference between genotypes is lost when a higher, rewarding, dose of ethanol (2.0g/kg) is used. Accordingly, the anxiolytic effects of 1.0mg/kg diazepam, other GABA(A) acting drug, were significantly enhanced in MK-/- mice compared to MK+/+ mice; however, 2.0mg/kg diazepam caused increased anxiolytic effects in MK+/+ mice. In addition, MK-/- mice showed a significant delayed recovery from ethanol (2.0g/kg)-induced ataxia whereas the sedative effects induced by ethanol (3.6g/kg), tested in a loss of righting reflex paradigm, were found to be similar in MK-/- and MK+/+ mice. The data indicate that MK differentially regulates the behavioural responses to ethanol. The results suggest that differences in the sensitivity of GABA(A) receptors to GABA(A) acting drugs caused by genetic inactivation of MK could underlie the different behavioural responses to ethanol in MK-/- mice. Overall, these results suggest that MK may be a novel genetic factor of importance in alcohol use disorders, and that potentiation of MK signalling pathway may be a promising therapeutic strategy in the treatment of these disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Vicente-Rodríguez
- Pharmacology lab, Department of Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences. Facultad de Farmacia. Universidad CEU San Pablo, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carmen Pérez-García
- Pharmacology lab, Department of Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences. Facultad de Farmacia. Universidad CEU San Pablo, Madrid, Spain
| | - María Haro
- Biochemistry lab, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry. Facultad de Farmacia. Universidad CEU San Pablo, Madrid, Spain
| | - María P Ramos
- Biochemistry lab, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry. Facultad de Farmacia. Universidad CEU San Pablo, Madrid, Spain
| | - Gonzalo Herradón
- Pharmacology lab, Department of Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences. Facultad de Farmacia. Universidad CEU San Pablo, Madrid, Spain.
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