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Gómez J, Mota-Martorell N, Jové M, Pamplona R, Barja G. Mitochondrial ROS production, oxidative stress and aging within and between species: Evidences and recent advances on this aging effector. Exp Gerontol 2023; 174:112134. [PMID: 36849000 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2023.112134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Revised: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/01/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondria play a wide diversity of roles in cell physiology and have a key functional implication in cell bioenergetics and biology of free radicals. As the main cellular source of oxygen radicals, mitochondria have been postulated as the mediators of the cellular decline associated with the biological aging. Recent evidences have shown that mitochondrial free radical production is a highly regulated mechanism contributing to the biological determination of longevity which is species-specific. This mitochondrial free radical generation rate induces a diversity of adaptive responses and derived molecular damage to cell components, highlighting mitochondrial DNA damage, with biological consequences that influence the rate of aging of a given animal species. In this review, we explore the idea that mitochondria play a fundamental role in the determination of animal longevity. Once the basic mechanisms are discerned, molecular approaches to counter aging may be designed and developed to prevent or reverse functional decline, and to modify longevity.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Gómez
- Department of Biology and Geology, Physics and Inorganic Chemistry, ESCET, Rey Juan Carlos University, E28933 Móstoles, Madrid, Spain
| | - Natàlia Mota-Martorell
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Lleida (UdL), Lleida Biomedical Research Institute (IRBLleida), E25198 Lleida, Spain
| | - Mariona Jové
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Lleida (UdL), Lleida Biomedical Research Institute (IRBLleida), E25198 Lleida, Spain
| | - Reinald Pamplona
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Lleida (UdL), Lleida Biomedical Research Institute (IRBLleida), E25198 Lleida, Spain.
| | - Gustavo Barja
- Department of Genetics, Physiology and Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Complutense University of Madrid (UCM), E28040 Madrid, Spain.
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Effects of GH on the Aging Process in Several Organs: Mechanisms of Action. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23147848. [PMID: 35887196 PMCID: PMC9318627 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23147848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Revised: 06/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to investigate the possible beneficial effects of GH administration on the aging process, 24-month-old rats of both sexes and 10-month-old SAMP8 mice were used. Male rats showed increased fat content and decreased lean body mass together with enhanced vasoconstriction and reduced vasodilation of their aortic rings compared to young adult animals. Chronic GH treatment for 10 weeks increased lean body mass and reduced fat weight together with inducing an enhancement of the vasodilatory response by increasing eNOS and a reduction of the constrictory responses. Old SAMP8 male mice also showed insulin resistance together with a decrease in insulin production by the endocrine pancreas and a reduced expression of differentiation parameters. GH treatment decreased plasma levels and increased pancreatic production of insulin and restored differentiation parameters in these animals. Ovariectomy plus low calcium diet in rabbits induced osteoporosis Titanium implants inserted into these rabbit tibiae showed after one month lesser bone to implant (BIC) surface and bone mineral density (BMD). Local application of GH in the surgical opening was able to increase BIC in the osteoporotic group. The hippocampus of old rats showed a reduction in the number of neurons and also in neurogenesis compared to young ones, together with an increase of caspases and a reduction of Bcl-2. GH treatment was able to enhance significantly only the total number of neurons. In conclusion, GH treatment was able to show beneficial effects in old animals on all the different organs and metabolic functions studied.
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Mancini A, Guidi F, Bruno C, Angelini F, Vergani E, Lanza P, Mordente A, Meucci E, Silvestrini A. Can plasma antioxidants prevent DNA damage in oxidative stress condition induced by growth hormone deficiency? A pilot study. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0248971. [PMID: 33793606 PMCID: PMC8016303 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0248971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Adult growth hormone deficiency (GHD), a condition characterized by increased oxidative stress, is related to augmented cardiovascular, metabolic and oncological risk. A case-control observational study has been performed to evaluate DNA oxidative damage analysing the production of thymidine-glycol in lymphocytes and its correlation with plasma antioxidant levels, evaluated as Total Antioxidant Capacity (TAC). GHD was diagnosed using GHRH 50μg iv+arginine 0,5 g/Kg test, with peak GH response <9 μg/L when BMI was <30 kg/m2 or <4 μg/L when BMI was >30 kg/m2. Three groups were identified: total GHD (n = 16), partial GHD (n = 11), and controls (n = 12). Thymidine-glycol, TAC and IGF-1 have been determined respectively in lymphocytes, plasma and serum samples. When considering thymidine-glycol, we found a significant difference between total vs partial GHD and controls. Unexpectedly thymidine-glycol was lower in total GHD, also accompanied with a significant increase in plasmatic TAC. Our results showed that in adult GHD condition, the production of antioxidant species, in response to increased oxidative stress, could exert a protective effect on thymidine-glycol formation, and consequently on DNA intracellular damages. This pilot study could be inserted in the complex scenario of oxidative damage of GHD, a subtle, yet poorly defined condition, worthy of further insights.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Mancini
- Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia Traslazionale, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Guidi
- Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia Traslazionale, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Carmine Bruno
- Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia Traslazionale, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Flavia Angelini
- Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia Traslazionale, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Edoardo Vergani
- Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia Traslazionale, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Paola Lanza
- Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia Traslazionale, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Alvaro Mordente
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
- Dipartimento di Scienze biotecnologiche di base, Cliniche intensivologiche e peri-operatorie, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Meucci
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
- Dipartimento di Scienze biotecnologiche di base, Cliniche intensivologiche e peri-operatorie, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Silvestrini
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
- Dipartimento di Scienze biotecnologiche di base, Cliniche intensivologiche e peri-operatorie, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
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The Advanced Lipoxidation End-Product Malondialdehyde-Lysine in Aging and Longevity. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:antiox9111132. [PMID: 33203089 PMCID: PMC7696601 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9111132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The nonenzymatic adduction of malondialdehyde (MDA) to the protein amino groups leads to the formation of malondialdehyde-lysine (MDALys). The degree of unsaturation of biological membranes and the intracellular oxidative conditions are the main factors that modulate MDALys formation. The low concentration of this modification in the different cellular components, found in a wide diversity of tissues and animal species, is indicative of the presence of a complex network of cellular protection mechanisms that avoid its cytotoxic effects. In this review, we will focus on the chemistry of this lipoxidation-derived protein modification, the specificity of MDALys formation in proteins, the methodology used for its detection and quantification, the MDA-lipoxidized proteome, the metabolism of MDA-modified proteins, and the detrimental effects of this protein modification. We also propose that MDALys is an indicator of the rate of aging based on findings which demonstrate that (i) MDALys accumulates in tissues with age, (ii) the lower the concentration of MDALys the greater the longevity of the animal species, and (iii) its concentration is attenuated by anti-aging nutritional and pharmacological interventions.
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Jové M, Mota-Martorell N, Pradas I, Galo-Licona JD, Martín-Gari M, Obis È, Sol J, Pamplona R. The Lipidome Fingerprint of Longevity. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25184343. [PMID: 32971886 PMCID: PMC7570520 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25184343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2020] [Revised: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipids were determinants in the appearance and evolution of life. Recent studies disclose the existence of a link between lipids and animal longevity. Findings from both comparative studies and genetics and nutritional interventions in invertebrates, vertebrates, and exceptionally long-lived animal species—humans included—demonstrate that both the cell membrane fatty acid profile and lipidome are a species-specific optimized evolutionary adaptation and traits associated with longevity. All these emerging observations point to lipids as a key target to study the molecular mechanisms underlying differences in longevity and suggest the existence of a lipidome profile of long life.
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Mancini A, Bruno C, Vergani E, Guidi F, Angelini F, Meucci E, Silvestrini A. Evaluation of oxidative stress effects on different macromolecules in adult growth hormone deficiency. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0236357. [PMID: 32687509 PMCID: PMC7371168 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0236357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Adult growth hormone deficiency (GHD) is being increasingly recognized to cause premature mortality exacerbated by oxidative stress. A case-control observational study has been performed with the primary objective of evaluating new parameters of oxidative stress and macromolecular damage in adult GHD subjects: serum nitrotryptophan; Total Antioxidant Capacity expressed as LAG time; urinary hexanoil-lysine; urinary dityrosine and urinary 8-OH-deoxyguanosine. GHD was diagnosed using Growth Hormone-Releasing Hormone 50μg iv+arginine 0,5 g/Kg test, with a peak GH response <9 μg /L when BMI was <30 kg/m2 or <4 μg/L when BMI was >30 kg/m2. Patients affected by adult GHD were divided into three groups, total GHD (n = 26), partial GHD (n = 25), and controls (n = 29). Total Antioxidant Capacity, metabolic and hormonal parameters have been determined in separate plasma samples; nitrotryptophan in serum samples; hexanoil-lysine, dityrosine, 8-OH-deoxyguanosine in urine samples. Assessment of hexanoil-lysine exhibited a trend to increase in comparing total GHD vs partial and controls, although not significant. Values of 8-OH-deoxyguanosine did not significantly differ among the three groups. Significant lower levels of dityrosine in partial GHD vs total and controls were found. No significant difference in nitrotriptophan serum levels was found, while significantly greater values of Total Antioxidant Capacity were showed in total and partial GHD vs controls. Thus, our result confirm that oxidative stress is increased both in partial and total adult GHD. The lack of compensation by antioxidants in total GHD may be connected to the complications associated to this rare disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Mancini
- Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia Traslazionale, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A, Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Carmine Bruno
- Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia Traslazionale, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A, Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Edoardo Vergani
- Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia Traslazionale, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A, Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Guidi
- Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia Traslazionale, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A, Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Flavia Angelini
- Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia Traslazionale, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A, Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Meucci
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A, Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
- Dipartimento di Scienze biotecnologiche di base, cliniche intensivologiche e peri-operatorie, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Silvestrini
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A, Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
- Dipartimento di Scienze biotecnologiche di base, cliniche intensivologiche e peri-operatorie, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
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Wang Y, Li Y, He C, Gou B, Song M. Mitochondrial regulation of cardiac aging. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2018; 1865:1853-1864. [PMID: 30593894 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2018.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Revised: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Aging is associated with progressive decline in cardiac structure and function. Accumulating evidence in model organisms and humans links cardiac aging to mitochondrial regulation, encompassing a complex interplay of mitochondrial morphology, mitochondrial ROS, mitochondrial DNA mutations, mitochondrial unfolded protein response, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide levels and sirtuins, as well as mitophagy. This review summarizes the recent discoveries on the mitochondrial regulation of cardiac aging and the possible molecular mechanisms underlying the anti-aging effects, as well as the potential interventions that alleviate aging-related cardiac diseases and attenuate cardiac aging via the regulation of mitochondria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; Institute of Stem cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Yujing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; Institute of Stem cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Science and Technology of China, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Chuting He
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; Institute of Stem cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Bo Gou
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; Institute of Stem cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Moshi Song
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; Institute of Stem cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
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Mancini A, Di Segni C, Bruno C, Olivieri G, Guidi F, Silvestrini A, Meucci E, Orlando P, Silvestri S, Tiano L, Pontecorvi A. Oxidative stress in adult growth hormone deficiency: different plasma antioxidant patterns in comparison with metabolic syndrome. Endocrine 2018; 59:130-136. [PMID: 29143180 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-017-1468-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2017] [Accepted: 11/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Growth hormone deficiency (GHD) is a condition associated with increased cardiovascular risk and insulin-resistance. Oxidative stress (OS) could be a mechanism underlying both these phenomena. In order to investigate plasma antioxidant defenses in such condition, we evaluated adults with GHD, compared with controls and metabolic syndrome patients (MetS), studying plasma total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10, lipophilic antioxidant) levels, both in its oxidized and reduced forms, correlating this data with metabolic and hormonal pattern. MATERIALS AND METHODS In this case-control study, 51 GHD, 36 controls, and 35 MetS were enrolled. An evaluation of hormonal and metabolic parameters was performed. TAC was measured using the system metmyoglobin -H202 and the chromogen ABTS, whose radical form is spectroscopically revealed; latency time (LAG) in the appearance of ABTS● is proportional to antioxidant in sample. CoQ10 was assayed by electrochemical method. RESULTS Despite HOMA index was higher in both GHD and MetS (2.2 ± 0.3 and 3.1 ± 0.3 vs. 1.2 ± 0.2 in controls), only in MetS we observed lower LAG levels (64.5 ± 3.1 s vs. 82.8 ± 5.8 in GHD and 80.6 ± 6.6 in controls), suggesting an increased consumption of antioxidants. LAG significantly correlated with uric acid only in MetS (r 2 = 0.65, p < 0.001), suggesting a different pattern of antioxidants. CoQ10 exhibited a trend toward lower levels in GHD, although not significant. CONCLUSIONS Our data indicate that GHD, although sharing with MetS various metabolic features, including increased HOMA levels, showed a different pattern of plasma antioxidants, suggesting inadequate reactivity toward radical production rather than an antioxidants consumption as in MetS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Mancini
- Operative Unit of Endocrinology, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Largo A. Gemelli 8, Rome, 00168, Italy.
| | - Chantal Di Segni
- Operative Unit of Endocrinology, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Largo A. Gemelli 8, Rome, 00168, Italy
| | - Carmine Bruno
- Operative Unit of Endocrinology, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Largo A. Gemelli 8, Rome, 00168, Italy
| | - Giulio Olivieri
- Operative Unit of Endocrinology, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Largo A. Gemelli 8, Rome, 00168, Italy
| | - Francesco Guidi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Largo A. Gemelli 8, Rome, 00168, Italy
| | - Andrea Silvestrini
- Institute of Biochemistry and Clinical Biochemistry, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Largo F. Vito 1, Rome, 00168, Italy.
| | - Elisabetta Meucci
- Institute of Biochemistry and Clinical Biochemistry, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Largo F. Vito 1, Rome, 00168, Italy
| | - Patrick Orlando
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, Ancona, 60131, Italy
| | - Sonia Silvestri
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, Ancona, 60131, Italy
| | - Luca Tiano
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, Ancona, 60131, Italy
| | - Alfredo Pontecorvi
- Operative Unit of Endocrinology, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Largo A. Gemelli 8, Rome, 00168, Italy
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Zhang JJ, Jo JO, Huynh DL, Ghosh M, Kim N, Lee SB, Lee HK, Mok YS, Kwon T, Jeong DK. Lethality of inappropriate plasma exposure on chicken embryonic development. Oncotarget 2017; 8:85642-85654. [PMID: 29156747 PMCID: PMC5689637 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.21105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2017] [Accepted: 09/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we examined the effects of non-thermal dielectric barrier discharge plasma on embryonic development in chicken eggs in order to determine the optimal level of plasma exposure for the promotion of embryonic growth. We exposed developing chicken embryos at either Hamburger-Hamilton (HH) stage 04 or HH 20 to plasma at voltages of 11.7 kV to 27.6 kV. Our results show exposure at 11.7 kV for 1 min promoted chicken embryonic development, but exposure to more duration and intensity of plasma resulted in dose-dependent embryonic death and HH 20 stage embryos survive longer than those at stage HH 04. Furthermore, plasma exposure for 4 min increased the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and inactivated the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2)-antioxidant response signaling pathway, resulting in suppression of antioxidant enzymes in the skeletal muscle tissue of the dead embryos. We also found decreased levels of adenosine triphosphate production and reductions in the expression levels of several growth-related genes and proteins. These findings indicate that inappropriate plasma exposure causes dose-dependent embryonic death via excessive accumulation of ROS, NRF2-antioxidant signaling pathway disruption, and decreased growth factor expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiao Jiao Zhang
- Department of Animal Biotechnology and Advance Next Generation Convergence Technology, Jeju National University, Jeju, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Oh Jo
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Jeju National University, Jeju, Republic of Korea
| | - Do Luong Huynh
- Department of Animal Biotechnology and Advance Next Generation Convergence Technology, Jeju National University, Jeju, Republic of Korea
| | - Mrinmoy Ghosh
- Department of Animal Biotechnology and Advance Next Generation Convergence Technology, Jeju National University, Jeju, Republic of Korea
| | - Nameun Kim
- Department of Animal Biotechnology and Advance Next Generation Convergence Technology, Jeju National University, Jeju, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Baek Lee
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Jeju National University, Jeju, Republic of Korea
| | - Hak Kyo Lee
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Sun Mok
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Jeju National University, Jeju, Republic of Korea
| | - Taeho Kwon
- Laboratory of Animal Genetic Engineering and Stem Cell Biology, Subtropical/Tropical Organism Gene Bank, Jeju National University, Jeju, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Kee Jeong
- Department of Animal Biotechnology and Advance Next Generation Convergence Technology, Jeju National University, Jeju, Republic of Korea.,Laboratory of Animal Genetic Engineering and Stem Cell Biology, Subtropical/Tropical Organism Gene Bank, Jeju National University, Jeju, Republic of Korea
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Comparing the Behavioural Effects of Exogenous Growth Hormone and Melatonin in Young and Old Wistar Rats. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2016; 2016:5863402. [PMID: 28050228 PMCID: PMC5165162 DOI: 10.1155/2016/5863402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2016] [Revised: 09/25/2016] [Accepted: 10/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Growth hormone (GH) and melatonin are two hormones with quite different physiological effects. Curiously, their secretion shows parallel and severe age-related reductions. This has promoted many reports for studying the therapeutic supplementation of both hormones in an attempt to avoid or delay the physical, physiological, and psychological decay observed in aged humans and in experimental animals. Interestingly, the effects of the external administration of low doses of GH and of melatonin were surprisingly similar, as both hormones caused significant improvements in the functional capabilities of aged subjects. The present report aims at discerning the eventual difference between cognitive and motor effects of the two hormones when administered to young and aged Wistar rats. The effects were tested in the radial maze, a test highly sensitive to the age-related impairments in working memory and also in the rotarod test, for evaluating the motor coordination. The results showed that both hormones caused clear improvements in both tasks. However, while GH improved the cognitive capacity and, most importantly, the physical stamina, the effects of melatonin should be attributed to its antioxidant, anxiolytic, and neuroprotective properties.
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Keane J, Tajouri L, Gray B. Recombinant human growth hormone and insulin-like growth factor-1 do not affect mitochondrial derived highly reactive oxygen species production in peripheral blood mononuclear cells under conditions of substrate saturation in-vitro. Nutr Metab (Lond) 2016; 13:45. [PMID: 27382409 PMCID: PMC4932701 DOI: 10.1186/s12986-016-0105-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2016] [Accepted: 06/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The purpose of this study was to investigate the mitochondrial effects exerted by physiological and supra-physiological concentrations of recombinant human growth hormone (rhGH) and recombinant insulin-like growth factor-1 (rIGF-1) under conditions of substrate saturation in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). METHODS PBMCs from healthy male subjects were treated with either rhGH, at concentrations of 0.5, 5 and 50 μg/L, or rIGF-1 at concentrations of 100, 300 and 500 μg/L for 4 h. Mitochondrial membrane potential (Δψm) and mitochondrial levels of highly reactive oxygen species (hROS) were subsequently analysed. This analysis was performed by flow cytometry in digitonin permeabilized cells, following treatment with saturating concentrations of various respiratory substrate combinations and the use of specific electron transport chain (ETC.) complex inhibitors, enabling control over both the sites of electron entry into the ETC. at complexes I and II and the entry of electrons from reduced carriers involved in β-oxidation at the level of ubiquinol. RESULTS Neither rhGH nor rIGF-1 exerted any significant effect on Δψm or the rate of hROS production in either lymphocyte or monocyte sub-populations under any of the respiratory conditions analysed. CONCLUSION That neither hormone was capable of attenuating levels of oxidative stress mediated via either complex I linked respiration or lipid-derived respiration could have serious health implications for the use of rhGH in healthy individuals, which is frequently associated with significant increases in the bioavailability of free fatty acids (FFA). Such elevated supplies of lipid-derived substrates to the mitochondria could lead to oxidative damage which would negatively impact mitochondrial function.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Keane
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Medicine, Bond University, Gold Coast, Queensland Australia
| | - Lotti Tajouri
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Medicine, Bond University, Gold Coast, Queensland Australia
| | - Bon Gray
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Medicine, Bond University, Gold Coast, Queensland Australia
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12
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LeBlanc AJ, Hoying JB. Adaptation of the Coronary Microcirculation in Aging. Microcirculation 2016; 23:157-67. [DOI: 10.1111/micc.12264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2015] [Accepted: 12/08/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Amanda J. LeBlanc
- Department of Physiology; Cardiovascular Innovation Institute; University of Louisville; Louisville Kentucky USA
| | - James B. Hoying
- Department of Physiology; Cardiovascular Innovation Institute; University of Louisville; Louisville Kentucky USA
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Tocchi A, Quarles EK, Basisty N, Gitari L, Rabinovitch PS. Mitochondrial dysfunction in cardiac aging. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2015; 1847:1424-33. [PMID: 26191650 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2015.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2015] [Revised: 07/06/2015] [Accepted: 07/09/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of death in most developed nations. While it has received the least public attention, aging is the dominant risk factor for developing cardiovascular diseases, as the prevalence of cardiovascular diseases increases dramatically with increasing age. Cardiac aging is an intrinsic process that results in impaired cardiac function, along with cellular and molecular changes. Mitochondria play a great role in these processes, as cardiac function is an energetically demanding process. In this review, we examine mitochondrial dysfunction in cardiac aging. Recent research has demonstrated that mitochondrial dysfunction can disrupt morphology, signaling pathways, and protein interactions; conversely, mitochondrial homeostasis is maintained by mechanisms that include fission/fusion, autophagy, and unfolded protein responses. Finally, we describe some of the recent findings in mitochondrial targeted treatments to help meet the challenges of mitochondrial dysfunction in aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Autumn Tocchi
- University of Washington School of Medicine, Department of Pathology, Box 357470, Seattle, WA 98195-7470, USA.
| | - Ellen K Quarles
- University of Washington School of Medicine, Department of Pathology, Box 357470, Seattle, WA 98195-7470, USA.
| | - Nathan Basisty
- University of Washington School of Medicine, Department of Pathology, Box 357470, Seattle, WA 98195-7470, USA.
| | - Lemuel Gitari
- University of Washington School of Medicine, Department of Pathology, Box 357470, Seattle, WA 98195-7470, USA.
| | - Peter S Rabinovitch
- University of Washington School of Medicine, Department of Pathology, Box 357470, Seattle, WA 98195-7470, USA.
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Keane J, Tajouri L, Gray B. The effect of recombinant human growth hormone and insulin-like growth factor-1 on the mitochondrial function and viability of peripheral blood mononuclear cells in vitro. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2014; 40:105-15. [PMID: 25531671 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2014-0180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated whether the putative physiological benefits induced by growth hormone (GH) and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) are countered at supra-physiological concentrations because of an augmentation in the production of mitochondrial-derived free radicals with a subsequent increase in oxidative damage, compromising mitochondrial function. To test this hypothesis, peripheral blood mononuclear cells were incubated for 4 h with either recombinant human GH (rhGH) (range = 0.25-100 μg/L) or recombinant IGF-1 (rIGF-1) (range = 100-600 μg/L) and along with control samples were subsequently analyzed by flow cytometry for the determination of cellular viability, mitochondrial membrane potential (Δψm), mitochondrial superoxide (O2(-)) generation, and mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mtPTP) activity. Results showed levels of mitochondrial O2(-) generation to be significantly reduced compared with control samples (lymphocytes: 21.5 ± 1.6 AU; monocytes: 230.2 ± 9.8 AU) following rhGH treatment at both concentrations of 5 μg/L (13.5 ± 1.3 AU, P ≤ 0.05) and 10 μg/L (12.3 ± 1.5 AU, P ≤ 0.05) in lymphocytes and at 10 μg/L (153.4 ± 11.4 AU, P ≤ 0.05) in monocytes. However, no significant effect was found at either higher rhGH concentrations or following treatment with any concentration of rIGF-1. In addition, neither of the 2 hormones had any significant effect on Δψm, mtPTP activity, or on cellular viability. In conclusion, physiological concentrations of rhGH elicited a protective cellular effect through the reduction of oxidative free radicals within mitochondria. This antioxidant effect was diminished at supra-physiological concentrations but not to a level that would elicit disruption of mitochondrial function.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Keane
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Medicine, Bond University, Gold Coast, Australia
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Naudí A, Jové M, Ayala V, Portero-Otín M, Barja G, Pamplona R. Membrane lipid unsaturation as physiological adaptation to animal longevity. Front Physiol 2013; 4:372. [PMID: 24381560 PMCID: PMC3865700 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2013.00372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2013] [Accepted: 11/29/2013] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The appearance of oxygen in the terrestrial atmosphere represented an important selective pressure for ancestral living organisms and contributed toward setting up the pace of evolutionary changes in structural and functional systems. The evolution of using oxygen for efficient energy production served as a driving force for the evolution of complex organisms. The redox reactions associated with its use were, however, responsible for the production of reactive species (derived from oxygen and lipids) with damaging effects due to oxidative chemical modifications of essential cellular components. Consequently, aerobic life required the emergence and selection of antioxidant defense systems. As a result, a high diversity in molecular and structural antioxidant defenses evolved. In the following paragraphs, we analyze the adaptation of biological membranes as a dynamic structural defense against reactive species evolved by animals. In particular, our goal is to describe the physiological mechanisms underlying the structural adaptation of cellular membranes to oxidative stress and to explain the meaning of this adaptive mechanism, and to review the state of the art about the link between membrane composition and longevity of animal species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alba Naudí
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Lleida-Biomedical Research Institute of Lleida (UdL-IRBLleida) Lleida, Spain
| | - Mariona Jové
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Lleida-Biomedical Research Institute of Lleida (UdL-IRBLleida) Lleida, Spain
| | - Victòria Ayala
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Lleida-Biomedical Research Institute of Lleida (UdL-IRBLleida) Lleida, Spain
| | - Manuel Portero-Otín
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Lleida-Biomedical Research Institute of Lleida (UdL-IRBLleida) Lleida, Spain
| | - Gustavo Barja
- Department of Animal Physiology II, Complutense University Madrid, Spain
| | - Reinald Pamplona
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Lleida-Biomedical Research Institute of Lleida (UdL-IRBLleida) Lleida, Spain
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Effects of caloric restriction on cardiac oxidative stress and mitochondrial bioenergetics: potential role of cardiac sirtuins. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2013; 2013:528935. [PMID: 23577224 PMCID: PMC3614061 DOI: 10.1155/2013/528935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2013] [Accepted: 02/18/2013] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The biology of aging has not been fully clarified, but the free radical theory of aging is one of the strongest aging theories proposed to date. The free radical theory has been expanded to the oxidative stress theory, in which mitochondria play a central role in the development of the aging process because of their critical roles in bioenergetics, oxidant production, and regulation of cell death. A decline in cardiac mitochondrial function associated with the accumulation of oxidative damage might be responsible, at least in part, for the decline in cardiac performance with age. In contrast, lifelong caloric restriction can attenuate functional decline with age, delay the onset of morbidity, and extend lifespan in various species. The effect of caloric restriction appears to be related to a reduction in cellular damage induced by reactive oxygen species. There is increasing evidence that sirtuins play an essential role in the reduction of mitochondrial oxidative stress during caloric restriction. We speculate that cardiac sirtuins attenuate the accumulation of oxidative damage associated with age by modifying specific mitochondrial proteins posttranscriptionally. Therefore, the distinct role of each sirtuin in the heart subjected to caloric restriction should be clarified to translate sirtuin biology into clinical practice.
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Sanchez-Roman I, Barja G. Regulation of longevity and oxidative stress by nutritional interventions: role of methionine restriction. Exp Gerontol 2013; 48:1030-42. [PMID: 23454735 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2013.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2012] [Revised: 01/17/2013] [Accepted: 02/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Comparative studies indicate that long-lived mammals have low rates of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species production (mtROSp) and oxidative damage in their mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). Dietary restriction (DR), around 40%, extends the mean and maximum life span of a wide range of species and lowers mtROSp and oxidative damage to mtDNA, which supports the mitochondrial free radical theory of aging (MFRTA). Regarding the dietary factor responsible for the life extension effect of DR, neither carbohydrate nor lipid restriction seems to modify maximum longevity. However protein restriction (PR) and methionine restriction (at least 80% MetR) increase maximum lifespan in rats and mice. Interestingly, only 7weeks of 40% PR (at least in liver) or 40% MetR (in all the studied organs, heart, brain, liver or kidney) is enough to decrease mtROSp and oxidative damage to mtDNA in rats, whereas neither carbohydrate nor lipid restriction changes these parameters. In addition, old rats also conserve the capacity to respond to 7weeks of 40% MetR with these beneficial changes. Most importantly, 40% MetR, differing from what happens during both 40% DR and 80% MetR, does not decrease growth rate and body size of rats. All the available studies suggest that the decrease in methionine ingestion that occurs during DR is responsible for part of the aging-delaying effect of this intervention likely through the decrease of mtROSp and ensuing DNA damage that it exerts. We conclude that lowering mtROS generation is a conserved mechanism, shared by long-lived species and dietary, protein, and methionine restricted animals, that decreases damage to macromolecules situated near the complex I mtROS generator, especially mtDNA. This would decrease the accumulation rate of somatic mutations in mtDNA and maybe finally also in nuclear DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ines Sanchez-Roman
- Department of Animal Physiology-II, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Complutense University of Madrid (UCM), Spain
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Sasaki T, Tahara S, Shinkai T, Kuramoto K, Matsumoto S, Yanabe M, Takagi S, Kondo H, Kaneko T. Lifespan extension in the spontaneous dwarf rat and enhanced resistance to hyperoxia-induced mortality. Exp Gerontol 2013; 48:457-63. [PMID: 23454635 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2013.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2012] [Revised: 02/12/2013] [Accepted: 02/13/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Lifespan extension has been demonstrated in dwarfism mouse models relative to their wild-type. The spontaneous dwarf rat (SDR) was isolated from a closed colony of Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats. Growth hormone deficiencies have been indicated to be responsible for dwarfism in SDR. Survival time, the markers of oxidative stress, antioxidant enzymes, and resistance to hyperoxia were compared between SDR and SD rats, to investigate whether SDR, a dwarfism rat model, also extends lifespan and has an enhanced resistance to oxidative stress. SDRs lived 38% longer than SD rats on average. This is the first report to show that dwarf rats exhibit lifespan extensions similar to Ames and Snell mice. Decreased 8-oxo-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-oxodG) content, a marker of oxidative DNA damage, indicated suppressed oxidative stress in the liver, kidney, and lung of SDRs. Increased glutathione peroxidase enzyme activity was consistent with decreased 8-oxodG content in the same tissues. The heart and brain showed a similar tendency, but this was not significant. However, the catalase and superoxide dismutase enzyme activities of SDRs were not different from those of SD rats in any tissue. This was not what the original null hypothesis predicted. SDRs had potent resistance to the toxicity associated with high O2 (85%) exposure. The mean survival time in SDRs was more than 147% that of SD rats with 168h O2 exposure. These results suggest that the enhanced resistance to oxidative stress of SDRs associated with enhanced hydrogen peroxide elimination may support its potential role in lifespan extension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toru Sasaki
- Research Team for Mechanism of Aging, Redox Research, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, 35-2 Sakae-cho, Itabashi, Tokyo 173-0015, Japan.
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19
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Kowaltowski AJ. Caloric restriction and redox state: does this diet increase or decrease oxidant production? Redox Rep 2012; 16:237-41. [PMID: 22195991 DOI: 10.1179/1351000211y.0000000014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Calorie restriction (CR) is well established to enhance the lifespan of a wide variety of organisms, although the mechanisms are still being uncovered. Recently, some authors have suggested that CR acts through hormesis, enhancing the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), activating stress response pathways, and increasing lifespan. Here, we review the literature on the effects of CR and redox state. We find that there is no evidence in rodent models of CR that an increase in ROS production occurs. Furthermore, results in Caenorhabditis elegans and Saccharomyces cerevisiae suggesting that CR increases intracellular ROS are questionable, and probably cannot be resolved until adequate, artifact free, tools for real-time, quantitative, and selective measurements of intracellular ROS are developed. Overall, the largest body of work indicates that CR improves redox state, although it seems improbable that a global improvement in redox state is the mechanism through which CR enhances lifespan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia J Kowaltowski
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil.
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20
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Wang X, Tao L, Hai CX. Redox-regulating role of insulin: the essence of insulin effect. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2012; 349:111-27. [PMID: 21878367 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2011.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2011] [Revised: 08/10/2011] [Accepted: 08/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
It is well-known that insulin acts as an important hormone, controlling energy metabolism, cellular proliferation and biosynthesis of functional molecules to maintain a biological homeostasis. Over the past few years, intensive insulin therapy has been believed to be benefit for the outcome of diabetic patients, in which the suppression of oxidative stress plays a role. Moreover, insulin is accepted as a key component of glucose-insulin-potassium, a treatment which has been believed to exert significant cardiovascular protective effect via the reduction of oxidative stress. Furthermore, accumulating evidence has suggested that insulin exerts important redox-regulating actions in various insulin-sensitive target organs, implying the systematic antioxidative role of insulin as a hormone. It is time for us to revisit insulin effects, through summarizing and evaluating the novel functions of insulin and their mechanisms. This review focuses on the antioxidative effect of insulin and highlights insulin-induced regulation of various antioxidant enzymes via insulin signaling pathways and the cross talk between key transcription factors, including nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) which are responsible for the transcription of antioxidant enzymes, leading to reduced generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the enhancement of the elimination of ROS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Wang
- Department of Toxicology, School of Preventive Medicine, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
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21
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Urfer SR, Greer K, Wolf NS. Age-related cataract in dogs: a biomarker for life span and its relation to body size. AGE (DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS) 2011; 33:451-460. [PMID: 20607428 PMCID: PMC3168595 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-010-9158-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2010] [Accepted: 06/14/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Clinical data from 72 dog breeds of varying size and life expectancy were grouped according to breed body mass and tested for prevalence at ages 4 to 5, ages 7 to 10, and lifetime incidence of non-hereditary, age-related cataract (ARC). The incidence of ARC was found to be directly related to the relative life expectancies in the breed groups: The smallest dog breeds had a lower ARC prevalence between ages 4 and 5 than mid-size breeds and these, in turn, a lower prevalence than the giant breeds. A similar sequence was evident for ages 7 to 10 and for overall lifetime incidence of ARC. These differences became more significant when comparing small and giant breeds only. We could also confirm the inverse relationship between body size and life expectancy in these same sets of dog breeds. Our results show that body size, life expectancy, and ARC incidence are interrelated in dogs. Given that ARC has been shown to be at least partially caused by oxidative damage to lens epithelial cells and the internal lens, we suggest that it can be considered not only as a general biomarker for life expectancy in the canine and possibly other species, but also for the systemic damages produced by reactive oxygen species. This suggests new approaches to examine the gene expression pathways affecting the above-noted linkages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvan R. Urfer
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195-7470 USA
| | - Kimberly Greer
- School of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Indiana University East, Richmond, IN 47374 USA
| | - Norman S. Wolf
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195-7470 USA
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Pamplona R, Barja G. An evolutionary comparative scan for longevity-related oxidative stress resistance mechanisms in homeotherms. Biogerontology 2011; 12:409-35. [PMID: 21755337 DOI: 10.1007/s10522-011-9348-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2011] [Accepted: 06/29/2011] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Key mechanisms relating oxidative stress to longevity from an interespecies comparative approach are reviewed. Long-lived animal species show low rates of reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and oxidative damage at their mitochondria. Comparative physiology also shows that the specific compositional pattern of tissue macromolecules (proteins, lipids and nucleic acids) in long-lived animal species gives them an intrinsically high resistance to modification that likely contributes to their superior longevity. This is obtained in the case of lipids by decreasing the degree of fatty acid unsaturation, and in the case of proteins by lowering their methionine content. These findings are also substantiated from a phylogenomic approach. Nutritional or/and pharmacological interventions focused to modify some of these molecular traits were translated with modifications in animal longevity. It is proposed that natural selection tends to decrease the mitochondrial ROS generation and to increase the molecular resistance to the oxidative damage in long-lived species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reinald Pamplona
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Lleida-IRBLleida, Lleida, 25008, Spain.
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Naudí A, Jové M, Ayala V, Portero-Otín M, Barja G, Pamplona R. Regulation of Membrane Unsaturation as Antioxidant Adaptive Mechanism in Long-lived Animal Species. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.5530/ax.2011.3.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Komatsu T, Trindade LS, Chiba T, Hayashi H, Henmi T, Ushiroda Y, Mori R, Shimokawa I. Acute stress response modified by modest inhibition of growth hormone axis: a potential machinery of the anti-aging effect of calorie restriction. Mech Ageing Dev 2011; 132:103-9. [PMID: 21291903 DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2011.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2010] [Revised: 01/05/2011] [Accepted: 01/20/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Calorie restriction (CR) may exert antiaging effects by inhibiting the growth hormone (GH)/IGF-1 axis. The present study investigated the effect of modest inhibition of GH signaling on stress response and compared it with the effect of CR. Heterozygous (tg/-) rats of a transgenic strain of male rats, whose GH signaling was inhibited by overexpression of the anti-sense GH gene, and wild-type (WT) rats were used. Rats were fed ad libitum (AL) or 30% CR diets from 6 weeks of age. At 6 months of age, rats were killed between 0 and 8h after lipopolysaccharide (LPS) injection to evaluate the acute phase stress response. tg/- rats had less tissue injury, indicated by blood aspartate aminotransferase (AST) concentrations, than WT rats. Successive waves of incremental plasma TNF-α, IL-6, and interferon (IFN)-γ levels were also attenuated in tg/- rats. Activation of NF-κB, a redox-sensitive transcription factor, was slightly diminished in tg/- rats, whereas the AP-1 activity was increased. Similar trends were also observed in the CR groups as compared to the AL groups. The present results suggest an involvement of the GH/IGF-1 axis in the effect of CR for stress response, even if CR does not act solely through the GH axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshimitsu Komatsu
- Department of Investigative Pathology, Unit of Basic Medical Science, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Sakamoto, Nagasaki, Japan
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25
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Hiona A, Sanz A, Kujoth GC, Pamplona R, Seo AY, Hofer T, Someya S, Miyakawa T, Nakayama C, Samhan-Arias AK, Servais S, Barger JL, Portero-Otín M, Tanokura M, Prolla TA, Leeuwenburgh C. Mitochondrial DNA mutations induce mitochondrial dysfunction, apoptosis and sarcopenia in skeletal muscle of mitochondrial DNA mutator mice. PLoS One 2010; 5:e11468. [PMID: 20628647 PMCID: PMC2898813 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0011468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 200] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2010] [Accepted: 05/18/2010] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aging results in a progressive loss of skeletal muscle, a condition known as sarcopenia. Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) mutations accumulate with aging in skeletal muscle and correlate with muscle loss, although no causal relationship has been established. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS We investigated the relationship between mtDNA mutations and sarcopenia at the gene expression and biochemical levels using a mouse model that expresses a proofreading-deficient version (D257A) of the mitochondrial DNA Polymerase gamma, resulting in increased spontaneous mtDNA mutation rates. Gene expression profiling of D257A mice followed by Parametric Analysis of Gene Set Enrichment (PAGE) indicates that the D257A mutation is associated with a profound downregulation of gene sets associated with mitochondrial function. At the biochemical level, sarcopenia in D257A mice is associated with a marked reduction (35-50%) in the content of electron transport chain (ETC) complexes I, III and IV, all of which are partly encoded by mtDNA. D257A mice display impaired mitochondrial bioenergetics associated with compromised state-3 respiration, lower ATP content and a resulting decrease in mitochondrial membrane potential (Deltapsim). Surprisingly, mitochondrial dysfunction was not accompanied by an increase in mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) production or oxidative damage. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE These findings demonstrate that mutations in mtDNA can be causal in sarcopenia by affecting the assembly of functional ETC complexes, the lack of which provokes a decrease in oxidative phosphorylation, without an increase in oxidative stress, and ultimately, skeletal muscle apoptosis and sarcopenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asimina Hiona
- Division of Biology of Aging, Department of Aging and Geriatric Research, Institute on Aging, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Alberto Sanz
- Mitochondrial Gene Expression and Disease Group. Institute of Medical Technology and Tampere University Hospital, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
| | - Gregory C. Kujoth
- Department of Genetics and Medical Genetics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Reinald Pamplona
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Lleida-Institut de Recerca Biomèdica de Lleida, Lleida, Spain
| | - Arnold Y. Seo
- Division of Biology of Aging, Department of Aging and Geriatric Research, Institute on Aging, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Tim Hofer
- Division of Biology of Aging, Department of Aging and Geriatric Research, Institute on Aging, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Shinichi Someya
- Department of Genetics and Medical Genetics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takuya Miyakawa
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Chie Nakayama
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Alejandro K. Samhan-Arias
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Extremadura, Badajoz, Spain
| | - Stephane Servais
- Division of Biology of Aging, Department of Aging and Geriatric Research, Institute on Aging, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Jamie L. Barger
- LifeGen Technologies, LLC, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Manuel Portero-Otín
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Lleida-Institut de Recerca Biomèdica de Lleida, Lleida, Spain
| | - Masaru Tanokura
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomas A. Prolla
- Department of Genetics and Medical Genetics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- * E-mail: (TAP); (CL)
| | - Christiaan Leeuwenburgh
- Division of Biology of Aging, Department of Aging and Geriatric Research, Institute on Aging, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
- * E-mail: (TAP); (CL)
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Mancini A, Festa R, Di Donna V, Leone E, Littarru GP, Silvestrini A, Meucci E, Pontecorvi A. Hormones and antioxidant systems: role of pituitary and pituitary-dependent axes. J Endocrinol Invest 2010; 33:422-33. [PMID: 20631494 DOI: 10.1007/bf03346615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative stress, a condition defined as unbalancing between production of free radicals and antioxidant defenses, is an important pathogenetic mechanism in different diseases. Despite the abundant literature, many aspects of hormone role in regulating antioxidant synthesis and activity still remain obscure. Therefore, we reviewed experimental data, in vivo and in vitro, about the effects of the different pituitary- dependent axes on antioxidant levels, trying to give a broad view from hormones which also have antioxidant properties to the classic antioxidants, from the lipophilic antioxidant Coenzyme Q10, strictly related to thyroid function, to total antioxidant capacity, a measure of non-protein non-enzymatic antioxidants in serum and other biological fluids. Taken together, these data underline the importance of oxidative stress in various pituitary-dependent disorders, suggesting a possible clinical usefulness of antioxidant molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Mancini
- Department of Internal Medicine, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy.
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27
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Naudí A, Jové M, Ayala V, Portero-Otín M, Pamplona R. [Glycation of mitochondrial proteins, oxidative stress and aging]. Rev Esp Geriatr Gerontol 2010; 45:156-166. [PMID: 20347183 DOI: 10.1016/j.regg.2010.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2010] [Revised: 02/03/2010] [Accepted: 02/03/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondrial proteins can be modified by glycation reactions from endogenous dicarbonyl compounds such as physiologically generated methylglyoxal and glyoxal. This modification could cause structural and functional changes in the proteins Consequently, dicarbonyl attack of the mitochondrial proteome may be an event leading to mitochondrial dysfunction and thus, to oxidative stress. These protein chemical modifications can play an important role in the physiological aging process and age-associated diseases, where both mitochondrial defects and increased dicarbonyl concentrations have been found. Future research should address the functional changes in mitochondrial proteins that are the targets for dicarbonyl glycation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alba Naudí
- Departamento de Medicina Experimental, Institut de Recerca Biomèdica de LLeida (IRBLleida), Universidad de Lleida, Lleida, España
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The low-methionine content of vegan diets may make methionine restriction feasible as a life extension strategy. Med Hypotheses 2009; 72:125-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2008.07.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2006] [Revised: 07/30/2008] [Accepted: 07/30/2008] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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López-Torres M, Barja G. Lowered methionine ingestion as responsible for the decrease in rodent mitochondrial oxidative stress in protein and dietary restriction. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2008; 1780:1337-47. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2008.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2007] [Revised: 01/09/2008] [Accepted: 01/14/2008] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Pamplona R. Membrane phospholipids, lipoxidative damage and molecular integrity: A causal role in aging and longevity. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2008; 1777:1249-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2008.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 207] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2008] [Revised: 07/16/2008] [Accepted: 07/17/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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31
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Csiszar A, Labinskyy N, Perez V, Recchia FA, Podlutsky A, Mukhopadhyay P, Losonczy G, Pacher P, Austad SN, Bartke A, Ungvari Z. Endothelial function and vascular oxidative stress in long-lived GH/IGF-deficient Ames dwarf mice. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2008; 295:H1882-94. [PMID: 18757483 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.412.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Hypopituitary Ames dwarf mice have low circulating growth hormone (GH)/IGF-I levels, and they have extended longevity and exhibit many symptoms of delayed aging. To elucidate the vascular consequences of Ames dwarfism we compared endothelial O2(-) and H2O2 production, mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, expression of antioxidant enzymes, and nitric oxide (NO) production in aortas of Ames dwarf and wild-type control mice. In Ames dwarf aortas endothelial O2(-) and H2O2 production and ROS generation by mitochondria were enhanced compared with those in vessels of wild-type mice. In Ames dwarf aortas there was a less abundant expression of Mn-SOD, Cu,Zn-SOD, glutathione peroxidase (GPx)-1, and endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS). NO production and acetylcholine-induced relaxation were also decreased in aortas of Ames dwarf mice. In cultured wild-type mouse aortas and in human coronary arterial endothelial cells treatment with GH and IGF significantly reduced cellular O2(-) and H2O2 production and ROS generation by mitochondria and upregulated expression of Mn-SOD, Cu,Zn-SOD, GPx-1, and eNOS. Thus GH and IGF-I promote antioxidant phenotypic changes in the endothelial cells, whereas Ames dwarfism leads to vascular oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Csiszar
- Department of Physiology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY 10595, USA
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32
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Caro P, Gómez J, López-Torres M, Sánchez I, Naudi A, Portero-Otín M, Pamplona R, Barja G. Effect of Every Other Day Feeding on Mitochondrial Free Radical Production and Oxidative Stress in Mouse Liver. Rejuvenation Res 2008; 11:621-9. [DOI: 10.1089/rej.2008.0704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Pilar Caro
- Department of Animal Physiology-II, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain
| | - José Gómez
- Department of Animal Physiology-II, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Inés Sánchez
- Department of Animal Physiology-II, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alba Naudi
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Lleida-IRBLLEIDA, Lleida, Spain
| | - Manuel Portero-Otín
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Lleida-IRBLLEIDA, Lleida, Spain
| | - Reinald Pamplona
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Lleida-IRBLLEIDA, Lleida, Spain
| | - Gustavo Barja
- Department of Animal Physiology-II, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain
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33
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Ungvari Z, Parrado-Fernandez C, Csiszar A, de Cabo R. Mechanisms underlying caloric restriction and lifespan regulation: implications for vascular aging. Circ Res 2008; 102:519-28. [PMID: 18340017 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.107.168369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
This review focuses on the emerging evidence that attenuation of the production of reactive oxygen species and inhibition of inflammatory pathways play a central role in the antiaging cardiovascular effects of caloric restriction. Particular emphasis is placed on the potential role of the plasma membrane redox system in caloric restriction-induced pathways responsible for sensing oxidative stress and increasing cellular oxidative stress resistance. We propose that caloric restriction increases bioavailability of NO, decreases vascular reactive oxygen species generation, activates the Nrf2/antioxidant response element pathway, inducing reactive oxygen species detoxification systems, exerts antiinflammatory effects, and, thereby, suppresses initiation/progression of vascular disease that accompany aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoltan Ungvari
- Department of Physiology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, USA
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34
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Druzhyna NM, Wilson GL, LeDoux SP. Mitochondrial DNA repair in aging and disease. Mech Ageing Dev 2008; 129:383-90. [PMID: 18417187 DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2008.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2008] [Revised: 02/29/2008] [Accepted: 03/05/2008] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria are organelles which, according to the endosymbiosis theory, evolved from purpurbacteria approximately 1.5 billion years ago. One of the unique features of mitochondria is that they have their own genome. Mitochondria replicate and transcribe their DNA semiautonomously. Like nuclear DNA, mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is constantly exposed to DNA damaging agents. Regarding the repair of mtDNA, the prevailing concept for many years was that mtDNA molecules suffering an excess of damage would simply be degraded to be replaced by newly generated successors copied from undamaged genomes. However, evidence now clearly shows that mitochondria contain the machinery to repair the damage to their genomes caused by certain endogenous or exogenous damaging agents. The link between mtDNA damage and repair to aging, neurodegeneration, and carcinogenesis-associated processes is the subject of this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadiya M Druzhyna
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, University of South Alabama, 307 University Boulevard, Mobile, AL 36688, USA
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35
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Hulbert AJ, Pamplona R, Buffenstein R, Buttemer WA. Life and death: metabolic rate, membrane composition, and life span of animals. Physiol Rev 2007; 87:1175-213. [PMID: 17928583 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00047.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 580] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Maximum life span differences among animal species exceed life span variation achieved by experimental manipulation by orders of magnitude. The differences in the characteristic maximum life span of species was initially proposed to be due to variation in mass-specific rate of metabolism. This is called the rate-of-living theory of aging and lies at the base of the oxidative-stress theory of aging, currently the most generally accepted explanation of aging. However, the rate-of-living theory of aging while helpful is not completely adequate in explaining the maximum life span. Recently, it has been discovered that the fatty acid composition of cell membranes varies systematically between species, and this underlies the variation in their metabolic rate. When combined with the fact that 1) the products of lipid peroxidation are powerful reactive molecular species, and 2) that fatty acids differ dramatically in their susceptibility to peroxidation, membrane fatty acid composition provides a mechanistic explanation of the variation in maximum life span among animal species. When the connection between metabolic rate and life span was first proposed a century ago, it was not known that membrane composition varies between species. Many of the exceptions to the rate-of-living theory appear explicable when the particular membrane fatty acid composition is considered for each case. Here we review the links between metabolic rate and maximum life span of mammals and birds as well as the linking role of membrane fatty acid composition in determining the maximum life span. The more limited information for ectothermic animals and treatments that extend life span (e.g., caloric restriction) are also reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Hulbert
- Metabolic Research Centre, Institute for Conservation Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia.
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36
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Mulligan JD, Stewart AM, Saupe KW. Downregulation of plasma insulin levels and hepatic PPARgamma expression during the first week of caloric restriction in mice. Exp Gerontol 2007; 43:146-53. [PMID: 18053669 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2007.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2007] [Revised: 09/28/2007] [Accepted: 10/23/2007] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Calorie restriction extends lifespan by decreasing the rate of tumor formation, an effect occurring within 8 weeks of initiating a restricted diet. Our goal was to define how the first weeks of a calorie restricted diet (60% of ad libitum calories) affects putative mediators of the calorie restriction phenotype, focusing on regulators of fatty acid biosynthesis. In C57Bl/6 mice, insulin decreased over 50% (p<0.05) during the first week of calorie restriction whereas IGF-1 was unaffected. In the liver, PPARgamma mRNA fell to 13% of baseline after 1 week of calorie restriction (p<0.05), whereas hepatic SREBP-1c and SIRT1 mRNA levels were unaffected. No changes in abdominal or subcutaneous adipose tissue were observed until after 4 weeks of caloric restriction. We conclude that calorie restriction-induced decreases in insulin and hepatic PPARgamma are rapid enough to support a role for these molecules in triggering the initial phase of the calorie restriction phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob D Mulligan
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin, 1630 Medical Sciences Center, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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37
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Skrovanek S, Valenzano MC, Mullin JM. Restriction of sulfur-containing amino acids alters claudin composition and improves tight junction barrier function. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2007; 293:R1046-55. [PMID: 17567720 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00072.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Restriction of sulfur-containing amino acids (SCAA) has been shown to elicit a similar increase in life span and decrease in age-related morbidity as caloric restriction. The singular importance of epithelial barrier function in both physiological homeostasis and prevention of inflammation raised the issue of examining the effect of SCAA restriction on epithelial tight junction structure and permeability. Using a well-described in vitro, epithelial model, the LLC-PK(1) renal epithelial cell line, we studied the effects of SCAA restriction in culture medium. Reduction of methionine by 90%, cysteine by 50%, and total elimination of cystine resulted in dramatically lower intracellular pools of these amino acids and their metabolite, taurine, but the intracellular pools of the non-SCAA were all elevated. Cell growth and differentiation were maintained, and both confluent cell density and transepithelial short circuit current were unaffected. Certain tight junctional proteins, such as occludin and claudins-1 and -2 were not altered. However, claudins-3 and -7 were significantly decreased in abundance, whereas claudins-4 and -5 were markedly increased in abundance. The functional result of these structural changes was improved barrier function, as evidenced by increased transepithelial electrical resistance and decreased transepithelial (paracellular) diffusion of D-mannitol.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Skrovanek
- The Lankenau Institute for Medical Research, 100 Lancaster Avenue, Wynnewood, PA 19096, USA
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Judge S, Leeuwenburgh C. Cardiac mitochondrial bioenergetics, oxidative stress, and aging. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2007; 292:C1983-92. [PMID: 17344313 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00285.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria have been a central focus of several theories of aging as a result of their critical role in bioenergetics, oxidant production, and regulation of cell death. A decline in cardiac mitochondrial function coupled with the accumulation of oxidative damage to macromolecules may be causal to the decline in cardiac performance with age. In contrast, regular physical activity and lifelong caloric restriction can prevent oxidative stress, delay the onset of morbidity, increase life span, and reduce the risk of developing several pathological conditions. The health benefits of life long exercise and caloric restriction may be, at least partially, due to a reduction in the chronic amount of mitochondrial oxidant production. In addition, the available data suggest that chronic exercise may serve to enhance antioxidant enzyme activities, and augment certain repair/removal pathways, thereby reducing the amount of oxidative tissue damage. However, the characterization of age-related changes to cardiac mitochondria has been complicated by the fact that two distinct populations of mitochondria exist in the myocardium: subsarcolemmal mitochondria and interfibrillar mitochondria. Several studies now suggest the importance of studying both mitochondrial populations when attempting to elucidate the contribution of mitochondrial dysfunction to myocardial aging. The role that mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress play in contributing to cardiac aging will be discussed along with the use of lifelong exercise and calorie restriction as countermeasures to aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon Judge
- Dept. of Medicine, University of Florida, College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
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39
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Ayala V, Naudí A, Sanz A, Caro P, Portero-Otin M, Barja G, Pamplona R. Dietary Protein Restriction Decreases Oxidative Protein Damage, Peroxidizability Index, and Mitochondrial Complex I Content in Rat Liver. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2007; 62:352-60. [PMID: 17452727 DOI: 10.1093/gerona/62.4.352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Caloric restriction (CR) decreases oxidative damage, which contributes to the slowing of aging rate. It is not known if such decreases are due to calories themselves or specific dietary components. In this work, the ingestion of proteins of Wistar rats was decreased by 40% below that of controls. After 7 weeks, the liver of the protein-restricted (PR) animals showed decreases in oxidative protein damage, degree of membrane unsaturation, and mitochondrial complex I content. The results and previous information suggest that the decrease in the rate of aging induced by PR can be due in part to decreases in mitochondrial reactive oxygen species production and DNA and protein oxidative modification, increases in fatty acid components more resistant to oxidative damage, and decreased expression of complex I, analogously to what occurs during CR. Recent studies suggest that those benefits of PR could be caused, in turn, by the lowered methionine intake of that dietary manipulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Ayala
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Lleida, Spain
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40
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Weissman L, de Souza-Pinto NC, Stevnsner T, Bohr VA. DNA repair, mitochondria, and neurodegeneration. Neuroscience 2007; 145:1318-29. [PMID: 17092652 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2006.08.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2006] [Revised: 08/22/2006] [Accepted: 08/29/2006] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Accumulation of nuclear and mitochondrial DNA damage is thought to be particularly deleterious in post-mitotic cells, which cannot be replaced through cell division. Recent experimental evidence demonstrates the importance of DNA damage responses for neuronal survival. Here, we summarize current literature on DNA damage responses in the mammalian CNS in aging and neurodegeneration. Base excision repair (BER) is the main pathway for the removal of small DNA base modifications, such as alkylation, deamination and oxidation, which are generated as by-products of normal metabolism and accumulate with age in various experimental models. Using neuronal cell cultures, human brain tissue and animal models, we and others have shown an active BER pathway functioning in the brain, both in the mitochondrial and nuclear compartments. Mitochondrial DNA repair may play a more essential role in neuronal cells because these cells depend largely on intact mitochondrial function for energy metabolism. We have characterized several BER enzymes in mammalian mitochondria and have shown that BER activities change with age in mitochondria from different brain regions. Together, the results reviewed here advocate that mitochondrial DNA damage response plays an important role in aging and in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Weissman
- Laboratory of Molecular Gerontology, National Institute on Aging, National Institute on Aging, IRP, National Institutes of Health, 5600 Nathan Shock Drive, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
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41
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Sanz A, Gómez J, Caro P, Barja G. Carbohydrate restriction does not change mitochondrial free radical generation and oxidative DNA damage. J Bioenerg Biomembr 2006; 38:327-33. [PMID: 17136610 DOI: 10.1007/s10863-006-9051-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Many previous investigations have consistently reported that caloric restriction (40%), which increases maximum longevity, decreases mitochondrial reactive species (ROS) generation and oxidative damage to mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) in laboratory rodents. These decreases take place in rat liver after only seven weeks of caloric restriction. Moreover, it has been found that seven weeks of 40% protein restriction, independently of caloric restriction, also decrease these two parameters, whereas they are not changed after seven weeks of 40% lipid restriction. This is interesting since it is known that protein restriction can extend longevity in rodents, whereas lipid restriction does not have such effect. However, before concluding that the ameliorating effects of caloric restriction on mitochondrial oxidative stress are due to restriction in protein intake, studies on the third energetic component of the diet, carbohydrates, are needed. In the present study, using semipurified diets, the carbohydrate ingestion of male Wistar rats was decreased by 40% below controls without changing the level of intake of the other dietary components. After seven weeks of treatment the liver mitochondria of the carbohydrate restricted animals did not show changes in the rate of mitochondrial ROS production, mitochondrial oxygen consumption or percent free radical leak with any substrate (complex I- or complex II-linked) studied. In agreement with this, the levels of oxidative damage in hepatic mtDNA and nuclear DNA were not modified in carbohydrate restricted animals. Oxidative damage in mtDNA was one order of magnitude higher than that in nuclear DNA in both dietary groups. These results, together with previous ones, discard lipids and carbohydrates, and indicate that the lowered ingestion of dietary proteins is responsible for the decrease in mitochondrial ROS production and oxidative damage in mtDNA that occurs during caloric restriction.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Sanz
- Department of Animal Physiology-II, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Complutense University, Madrid, 28040, Spain
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42
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Sanz A, Hiona A, Kujoth GC, Seo AY, Hofer T, Kouwenhoven E, Kalani R, Prolla TA, Barja G, Leeuwenburgh C. Evaluation of sex differences on mitochondrial bioenergetics and apoptosis in mice. Exp Gerontol 2006; 42:173-82. [PMID: 17118599 PMCID: PMC1817668 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2006.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2006] [Revised: 09/29/2006] [Accepted: 10/03/2006] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
It has been postulated that the differences in longevity observed between organisms of different sexes within a species can be attributed to differences in oxidative stress. It is generally accepted that differences are due to the higher female estrogen levels. However, in some species males live the same or longer despite their lower estrogen values. Therefore, in the present study, we analyze key parameters of mitochondrial bioenergetics, oxidative stress and apoptosis in the B6 (C57Bl/6J) mouse strain. There are no differences in longevity between males and females in this mouse strain, although estrogen levels are higher in females. We did not find any differences in heart, skeletal muscle and liver mitochondrial oxygen consumption (State 3 and State 4) and ATP content between male and female mice. Moreover, mitochondrial H(2)O(2) generation and oxidative stress levels determined by cytosolic protein carbonyls and concentration of 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine in mitochondrial DNA were similar in both sexes. In addition, markers of apoptosis (caspase-3, caspase-9 and mono- and oligonucleosomes: the apoptosis index) were not different between male and female mice. These data show that there are no differences in mitochondrial bioenergetics, oxidative stress and apoptosis due to gender in this mouse strain according with the lack of differences in longevity. These results support the Mitochondrial Free Radical Theory of Aging, and indicate that oxidative stress generation independent of estrogen levels determines aging rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Sanz
- Department of Animal Physiology-II, Faculty of Biology, Complutense University, Madrid 28040, Spain.
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Abstract
Macroautophagy is a process that sequesters and degrades organelles and macromolecular constituents of cytoplasm for cellular restructuring and repair, and as a source of nutrients for metabolic use in early starvation. Extensive evidence has been reported that macroautophagy process declines with increasing age. This impairment, probably due to ad libitum feeding, may cause accumulation of altered structures leading to the age-related decline in cell functions. It has been suggested that caloric restriction (CR) and disruption of insulin-like signals contrast the process of aging by prolonged stimulation of macroautophagy. According to this hypothesis, it is shown that life-long weekly administration of an anti-lipolytic drug decreases glucose and insulin levels, stimulates autophagy and intensifies anti-aging effects of submaximal CR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessio Donati
- Centro di Ricerca Biologia e Patologia dell'Invecchiamento, Universitá di Pisa, Via Roma, 55, 56126 Pisa, Italy.
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Donati A, Taddei M, Cavallini G, Bergamini E. Stimulation of Macroautophagy Can Rescue Older Cells from 8-OHdG mtDNA Accumulation: A Safe and Easy Way to Meet Goals in the SENS Agenda. Rejuvenation Res 2006; 9:408-12. [PMID: 16859482 DOI: 10.1089/rej.2006.9.408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Reduction of oxidative stress within mitochondria is a major focus and important part in the SENS agenda. The age-related accumulation of mitochondria rich in oxidatively altered DNA may be a biomarker of malfunctioning and increased oxidative stress. Macroautophagy is the cell repair mechanism responsible for the disposal of excess or altered mitochondria under the inhibitory control of nutrition and insulin, and may mediate the antiaging effects of caloric restriction. The authors investigated the effects of stimulation of macroautophagy by the injection of an antilipolytic agent on the age-related accumulation of oxidatively altered mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) in rat liver cells. Results showed that treatment rescued older cells from the accumulation of 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) in the mtDNA in less than 6 hours. It is concluded that the age-related changes in mtDNA and function are likely to be the consequence of a failure of macroautophagy in the recognition and disposal of a small number of severely injured mitochondria, and that easy and safe ways are available to counteract this change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessio Donati
- Center for Research on Biology and Pathology of Aging, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
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45
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Faulks SC, Turner N, Else PL, Hulbert AJ. Calorie Restriction in Mice: Effects on Body Composition, Daily Activity, Metabolic Rate, Mitochondrial Reactive Oxygen Species Production, and Membrane Fatty Acid Composition. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2006; 61:781-94. [PMID: 16912094 DOI: 10.1093/gerona/61.8.781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Different levels of calorie restriction (CR) (125, 85, 50, or 40 kcal/wk for 1, 3, and 6 months) were examined in mice by using the paradigm of Weindruch and colleagues. Lean and total body mass increased on 125 and 85 kcal/wk, but there was negligible growth on low-energy intake. There was no CR-induced reduction in either daily activity or mass-specific metabolic rate. There was no CR-effect on in vitro reactive oxygen species production by liver or muscle mitochondria at 3 months, but after 6 months the effect was significantly reduced in liver mitochondria from 40 kcal/wk mice compared to 125 kcal/wk mice. Changes in the fatty acid composition of phospholipids from liver, kidneys, heart, brain, and skeletal muscle were observed following 1 month of CR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sally C Faulks
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
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46
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Hulbert AJ, Faulks SC, Harper JM, Miller RA, Buffenstein R. Extended longevity of wild-derived mice is associated with peroxidation-resistant membranes. Mech Ageing Dev 2006; 127:653-7. [PMID: 16620917 PMCID: PMC2929641 DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2006.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2005] [Revised: 02/24/2006] [Accepted: 03/07/2006] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Two lines of mice, Idaho (Id) and Majuro (Ma), both derived from wild-trapped progenitors, have previously been shown to have extended lifespans in captivity when compared to a genetically heterogenous laboratory line of mice (DC). We have examined whether membrane fatty composition varies with lifespan within the species Mus musculus in a similar manner to that previously demonstrated between mammal species. Muscle and liver phospholipids from these long-living mice lines have a reduced amount of the highly polyunsaturated omega-3 docosahexaenoic acid compared to the DC mice, and consequently their membranes are less likely to peroxidative damage. The relationship between maximum longevity and membrane peroxidation index is similar for these mice lines as previously observed for mammals in general. It is suggested that peroxidation-resistant membranes may be an important component of extended longevity.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Hulbert
- Metabolic Research Centre, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia.
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47
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Caro P, Gómez J, Sanz A, Portero-Otín M, Pamplona R, Barja G. Effect of graded corticosterone treatment on aging-related markers of oxidative stress in rat liver mitochondria. Biogerontology 2006; 8:1-11. [PMID: 16823605 DOI: 10.1007/s10522-006-9026-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2006] [Accepted: 04/01/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Caloric restriction (CR) decreases aging rate and lowers the rate of reactive oxygen species (ROS) production at mitochondria in different organs, but the signal responsible for this last change is unknown. Glucocorticoids could constitute such a signal since it is well known that their levels increase during CR, and available studies failed to find consistent effects of insulin, the other better described hormone that varies during CR, on mitochondrial oxidative stress. In addition, there is almost no information on the possible in vivo effects of glucocorticoids on specific markers of mitochondrial and tissue oxidative stress. In this investigation, male Wistar rats were treated with corticosterone at doses of 150 and 400 mg/kg of diet during 4 weeks. After that time, oxidative stress-related parameters were measured in the liver. The corticosterone treatments did not change the rate of ROS production or the rate of oxygen consumption of rat liver mitochondria. The two lipoxidation protein markers measured (malondialdehyde-lysine and carboxymethyllysine) were decreased by both corticosterone treatments. These changes were associated with decreases in fatty acid unsaturation, especially with lowered levels of the highly unsaturated araquidonic and docosahexaenoic acids, which decrease the sensitivity to lipid peroxidation processes. The specific protein carbonyl glutamic semialdehyde, a marker of protein oxidation, was also lowered at 400 mg/kg corticosterone. The protein glycoxydation marker carboxyethyllysine and the level of oxidative damage to mtDNA (8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-2 9-deoxyguanosine) were increased by corticosterone. The results do not support the idea that corticosterone is the signal responsible for the decrease in mitochondrial ROS generation during CR. However, they show that this hormone modulates the level of oxidative stress both in proteins and in mtDNA. Some of these changes can contribute to the chronic effects of the hormone at tissue level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pilar Caro
- Department of Animal Physiology-II, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Complutense University, c/Antonio Novais-2, Madrid 28040, Spain
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48
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Abstract
The present state of the mitochondrial free radical theory of aging is reviewed. Available studies do not support the hypothesis that antioxidants control the rate of aging because: (a) they correlate inversely with maximum longevity in vertebrates, and (b) increasing their concentration by different methods does not increase maximum lifespan. On the other hand, comparative studies consistently show that long-lived mammals and birds have low rates of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and low levels of oxidative damage in their mitochondrial DNA. Furthermore, caloric restriction, which extends longevity, also decreases mitochondrial ROS production at complex I and lowers mtDNA oxidative damage. Recent data show that these changes can also be obtained with protein restriction without strong caloric restriction. Another trait of long-lived mammals and birds is the possession of low degrees of unsaturation in their cellular membranes. This is mainly due to minimizing the presence of highly unsaturated fatty acids such as 22:6n-3 and emphasizing the presence of less unsaturated fatty acids such as 18:2n-6 in long-lived animals, without changing the total amount of polyunsaturated fatty acids. This leads to lower levels of lipid peroxidation and lipoxidation-derived protein modification in long-lived species. Taken together, available information is consistent with the predictions of the mitochondrial free radical theory of aging, although definitive proof and many mechanistic details are still lacking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Sanz
- Department of Animal Physiology-II, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain
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49
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Pamplona R, Barja G. Mitochondrial oxidative stress, aging and caloric restriction: the protein and methionine connection. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2006; 1757:496-508. [PMID: 16574059 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2006.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 191] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2005] [Revised: 01/10/2006] [Accepted: 01/28/2006] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Caloric restriction (CR) decreases aging rate and mitochondrial ROS (MitROS) production and oxidative stress in rat postmitotic tissues. Low levels of these parameters are also typical traits of long-lived mammals and birds. However, it is not known what dietary components are responsible for these changes during CR. It was recently observed that 40% protein restriction without strong CR also decreases MitROS generation and oxidative stress. This is interesting because protein restriction also increases maximum longevity (although to a lower extent than CR) and is a much more practicable intervention for humans than CR. Moreover, it was recently found that 80% methionine restriction substituting it for l-glutamate in the diet also decreases MitROS generation in rat liver. Thus, methionine restriction seems to be responsible for the decrease in ROS production observed in caloric restriction. This is interesting because it is known that exactly that procedure of methionine restriction also increases maximum longevity. Moreover, recent data show that methionine levels in tissue proteins negatively correlate with maximum longevity in mammals and birds. All these suggest that lowering of methionine levels is involved in the control of mitochondrial oxidative stress and vertebrate longevity by at least two different mechanisms: decreasing the sensitivity of proteins to oxidative damage, and lowering of the rate of ROS generation at mitochondria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reinald Pamplona
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Lleida, Lleida 25008, Spain
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50
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Colotti C, Cavallini G, Vitale RL, Donati A, Maltinti M, Del Ry S, Bergamini E, Giannessi D. Effects of Aging and Anti-Aging Caloric Restrictions on Carbonyl and Heat Shock Protein Levels and Expression. Biogerontology 2005; 6:397-406. [PMID: 16518701 DOI: 10.1007/s10522-005-4906-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2005] [Accepted: 10/05/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Heat shock proteins (Hsps) are induced by stressful stimuli and have been shown to protect cells and organs from such stresses both in vitro and in vivo, and play a positive role in lifespan determination. An attenuated response to stress is characteristic of senescence and no Hsp induction is observed upon exposure to stress and no protective effect of a mild stress is observed in cells from aged individuals. The artificial over-expression of Hsps, can produce a protective effect against a variety of damaging stimuli in cells from aged rats or aged humans, in whom cardiovascular disease is a major cause of morbidity in older age. Here, we show that aging significantly decreases the levels of Hsp27, Hsp60, Hsp72 and Hsc70 in right atrium and left ventricle of the rat heart, both at level of protein and of mRNA. Two different caloric restriction regimens have been found to counteract in part the decrease in the levels of Hsp expression in the aged heart tissue as well as the tendency to an increase of the levels of carbonyl in cardiac proteins. Our data suggest that cardiac Hsp levels may be a determinant of longevity in rodents, and that generation of new regimens of caloric restriction may eventually show how to improve modulation of cardiac aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Colotti
- CNR Institute of Clinical Physiology, Via Moruzzi 1, Pisa, Italy
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