LncRNA MIAT Promotes Inflammation and Oxidative Stress in Sepsis-Induced Cardiac Injury by Targeting miR-330-5p/TRAF6/NF-κB Axis

Hippocampal adenosine-to-inosine RNA editing in sepsis: dynamic changes and influencing factors

Sepsis-associated encephalopathy is a diffuse brain dysfunction secondary to infection. It has been established that factors such as age and sex can significantly contribute to the development of sepsis-associated encephalopathy. Our recent study implicated a possible link between adenosine-to-inosine RNA editing and sepsis-associated encephalopathy, yet the dynamics of adenosine-to-inosine RNA editing during sepsis-associated encephalopathy and how it could be influenced by factors such as age, sex and antidepressants remain uninvestigated. Our current study analysed and validated transcriptome-wide changes in adenosine-to-inosine RNA editing in the hippocampus of different septic mouse models. Seventy-four sites in 64 genes showed significant differential RNA editing over time in septic mice induced by caecal ligation and perforation. The differential RNA editing might contribute to the RNA expression regulation of the edited genes, with 42.2% differentially expressed. These differentially edited genes, especially those with missense editing, such as glutamate receptor, ionotropic, kainate 2 (Grik2, p.M620V), filamin A (Flna, p.S2331G) and capicua transcriptional repressor (Cic, p.E2270G), were mainly involved in abnormal social behaviour and neurodevelopmental and psychiatric disorders. Significant effects of age and sex were also observed on sepsis-associated RNA editing. Further comparison highlighted 40 common differential RNA editing sites that caecal ligation and perforation-induced and lipopolysaccharide-induced septic mouse models shared. Interestingly, these findings demonstrate temporal dynamics of adenosine-to-inosine RNA editing in the mouse hippocampus during sepsis, add to the understanding of age and sex differences in the disease and underscore the role of the epigenetic process in sepsis-associated encephalopathy.

Inflammation-related miRNAs in obesity, CVD, and NAFLD

Obesity, cardiovascular diseases (CVD), and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) pose significant worldwide health challenges, characterized by complex interplay among inflammatory pathways that underlie their development. In this review, we examine the contribution of inflammation and associated signaling molecules to the pathogenesis of these conditions, while also emphasizing the significant participation of non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) in modulating inflammatory pathways. In the context of obesity, aberrant expression patterns of inflammatory-associated miRNAs play a contributory role in adipose tissue inflammation and insulin resistance, thereby exacerbating disturbances in metabolic homeostasis. Similarly, in CVD, dysregulated miRNA expression alters inflammatory reactions, disrupts endothelial function, and induces cardiac remodeling, thereby impacting the advancement of the disease. Moreover, in the context of NAFLD, inflammatory-associated miRNAs are implicated in mediating hepatic inflammation, lipid deposition, and fibrosis, underscoring their candidacy as promising therapeutic targets. Additionally, the competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) network has emerged as a novel regulatory mechanism in the etiology of CVD, obesity, and NAFLD, wherein ncRNAs assume pivotal roles in facilitating communication across diverse molecular pathways. Moreover, in the concluding section, we underscored the potential efficacy of directing interventions towards inflammatory-related miRNAs utilizing herbal remedies and therapies based on exosome delivery systems as a promising strategy for ameliorating pathologies associated with inflammation in obesity, CVD, and NAFLD.

Knockdown of LncRNA Lcn2-204 alleviates sepsis-induced myocardial injury by regulation of iron overload and ferroptosis

Ferroptosis is an iron-dependent programmed cell death form resulting from lipid peroxidation damage, it plays a key role in organ damage and tumor development from various causes. Sepsis leads to severe host response after infection with high mortality. The long non-coding RNAs (LncRNAs) are involved in different pathophysiological mechanisms of multiple diseases. Here, we used cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) operation to mimic sepsis induced myocardial injury (SIMI) in mouse model, and LncRNAs and mRNAs were profiled by Arraystar mouse LncRNA Array V3.0. Based on the microarray results, 552 LncRNAs and 520 mRNAs were differentially expressed in the sham and CLP groups, among them, LncRNA Lcn2-204 was the highest differentially expressed up-regulated LncRNA. Iron metabolism disorder was involved in SIMI by bioinformatics analysis, meanwhile, myocardial iron content and lipocalin-2 (Lcn2) protein expressions were increased. The CNC network comprised 137 positive interactions and 138 negative interactions. Bioinformatics analysis showed several iron-related terms were enriched and six genes (Scara5, Tfrc, Lcn2, Cp, Clic5, Ank1) were closely associated with iron metabolism. Then, we constructed knockdown LncRNA Lcn2-204 targeting myocardium and found that it ameliorated cardiac injury in mouse sepsis model through modulating iron overload and ferroptosis. In addition, we found that LncRNA Lcn2-204 was involved in the regulation of Lcn2 expression in septic myocardial injury. Based on these findings, we conclude that iron overload and ferroptosis are the key mechanisms leading to myocardial injury in sepsis, knockdown of LncRNA Lcn2-204 plays the cardioprotective effect through inhibition of iron overload, ferroptosis and Lcn2 expression. It may provide a novel therapeutic approach to ameliorate sepsis-induced myocardial injury.

Current Perspectives of Mitochondria in Sepsis-Induced Cardiomyopathy

Sepsis-induced cardiomyopathy (SICM) is one of the leading indicators for poor prognosis associated with sepsis. Despite its reversibility, prognosis varies widely among patients. Mitochondria play a key role in cellular energy production by generating adenosine triphosphate (ATP), which is vital for myocardial energy metabolism. Over recent years, mounting evidence suggests that severe sepsis not only triggers mitochondrial structural abnormalities such as apoptosis, incomplete autophagy, and mitophagy in cardiomyocytes but also compromises their function, leading to ATP depletion. This metabolic disruption is recognized as a significant contributor to SICM, yet effective treatment options remain elusive. Sepsis cannot be effectively treated with inotropic drugs in failing myocardium due to excessive inflammatory factors that blunt β-adrenergic receptors. This review will share the recent knowledge on myocardial cell death in sepsis and its molecular mechanisms, focusing on the role of mitochondria as an important metabolic regulator of SICM, and discuss the potential for developing therapies for sepsis-induced myocardial injury.

KNOCKDOWN OF CIRC_0114428 ALLEVIATES LPS-INDUCED HK2 CELL APOPTOSIS AND INFLAMMATION INJURY VIA TARGETING MIR-215-5P/TRAF6/NF-ΚB AXIS IN SEPTIC ACUTE KIDNEY INJURY

ABSTRACT

Background: Sepsis is a systemic inflammatory disease that can cause multiple organ damage. Circular RNAs (circRNAs) have been reported to play a regulatory role in sepsis-induced acute kidney injury (AKI); however, the role of circ_0114428 has not been studied. Methods: In this study, HK2 cells were treated with different concentrations of LPS to induce cell damage, and then the expressions of circ_0114428, microRNA-215-5p (miR-215-5p), and tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 6 (TRAF6) were detected by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR), and Western blot examined the Bax and cleaved-Caspase-3 proteins. Cell proliferation was detected by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay and thymidine analog 5-ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine (EdU) assay. In addition, cell apoptosis was detected by flow cytometry, and the levels of inflammatory factors were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results: After LPS treatment with different concentrations, we found that LPS at 10 μg/mL had the best effect on HK2 cells. Circ_0114428 was highly expressed in sepsis-AKI patients and LPS-treated HK2 cells. Knockdown of circ_0114428 restored the effects of LPS treatment on proliferation, apoptosis, and inflammatory response of HK2 cells. MiR-215-5p was a target of circ_0114428, and TRAF6 was a downstream target of miR-215-5p. Circ_0114428 regulated TRAF6 expression by sponging miR-215-5p in LPS-treated HK2 cells. Circ_0114428 regulated LPS-induced NF-κB signaling in HK2 cells by targeting miR-215-5p/TRAF6 axis. Conclusion: Circ_0114428 knockdown abolished the cell proliferation, apoptosis, and inflammatory damage in LPS-induced HK2 cells by targeting miR-215-5p/TRAF6/NF-κB.

Research Progress on the Mechanism and Management of Septic Cardiomyopathy: A Comprehensive Review

Sepsis is defined as a kind of life-threatening organ dysfunction due to a dysregulated host immune response to infection and is a leading cause of mortality in the intensive care unit. Sepsis-induced myocardial dysfunction, also called septic cardiomyopathy, is a common and serious complication in patients with sepsis, which may indicate a bad prognosis. Although efforts have been made to uncover the pathophysiology of septic cardiomyopathy, a number of uncertainties remain. This article sought to review available literature to summarize the existing knowledge on current diagnostic tools and biomarkers, pathogenesis, and treatments for septic cardiomyopathy.

Xinyang tablet ameliorates sepsis-induced myocardial dysfunction by regulating Beclin-1 to mediate macrophage autophagy and M2 polarization through LncSICRNT1 targeting E3 ubiquitin ligase TRAF6

OBJECTIVE

Xinyang Tablet (XYT) has emerged as a potential intervention to counter sepsis-induced myocardial dysfunction (SMID) by influencing macrophage autophagy and M2 polarization. This study aimed to unravel the underlying mechanism of XYT in sepsis-induced myocardial dysfunction (SIMD).

METHODS

A microarray analysis was employed to explore sepsis-related changes, and bioinformatics analysis was used to predict lncRNAs binding to tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 6 (TRAF6). This studio utilized SIMD mouse models induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) injection, followed by treatments involving varied doses of XYT, digoxin (positive control), or si-LncSICRNT1. After seven days, evaluations encompassing mouse hair/mental state/diet/weight were measured, and cardiac function via echocardiography were conducted. Myocardial tissue changes were observed using hematoxylin-eosin staining. Additionally, bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) subjected to LPS for M1 polarization were treated with oe-LncSICRNT1, si-TRAF6 and their negative control, XYT, or autophagy inhibitor 3-Methyladenine (3-MA) (positive control). RT-qPCR and Western blot analyses were employed to assess LncSICRNT1, TRAF6, Beclin-1, LC3II/LC3I, and p62 levels. Immunohistochemistry and flow cytometry were used for M1/M2 polarization markers, while enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) gauged inflammatory factor levels. Interaction between TRAF6 and LncSICRNT1 was probed using RNA pull-down and RNA immunoprecipitation (RIP) assays.

RESULTS

Chip analysis obtained 1463 differentially expressed lncRNAs, including LINC01550 (LncSICRNT1). Further prediction indicated that LncSICRNT1 was highly likely to directly bind to TRAF6. XYT treatment in LPS-induced SIMD mice led to notable enhancements in sleep/hair/diet/activity, increased weight/left ventricular end-diastolic diameter (LVEDd)/LV ejection fraction (LVEF)/LV fraction shortening (LVFS). These improvements were associated with elevated LncSICRNT1 expression and decreased TRAF6 protein levels, culminating in reduced myocardial inflammatory responses and improved cardiac function. Notably, XYT was found to suppress macrophage M1 polarization, while enhancing M2 polarization, ultimately benefitting cardiac function via LncSICRNT1 modulation. Furthermore, the study revealed LncSICRNT1 modulated Beclin-1 ubiquitination and restrained macrophage autophagy by targeting TRAF6 expression.

CONCLUSION

The study highlights XYT's potential to ameliorate LPS-induced SIMD by elevating LncSICRNT1 expression, influencing TRAF6 expression, and regulating Beclin-1 ubiquitination. These actions collectively inhibit macrophage autophagy and foster M1/M2 polarization, contributing to cardiac function improvement.

LncRNA Miat knockdown protects against pirarubicin-induced cardiotoxicity by targeting miRNA-129-1-3p

Pirarubicin (THP) is a widely used antitumor drug in clinical practice, but its cardiotoxicity limits its use. The aim of this study was to investigate the protective effect and mechanism of knockdown of lncRNA Miat in THP-induced cardiotoxicity. The extent of damage to immortalized cardiomyocytes in mice was assessed by CCK8, TUNEL, ROS, Ca2+ , RT-qPCR, and Western blot. The relative levels of Miat in THP-treated cardiomyocytes (HL-1) were measured. The protective effect of Miat on THP-treated HL-1 was assessed. The binding relationship between lncRNA Miat and mmu-miRNA-129-1-3p was verified by a dual luciferase reporter gene assay. The protective role of Miat/miRNA-129-1-3p in THP-induced HL-1 was explored by performing a rescue assay. THP reduced cell viability, induced apoptosis, triggered oxidative stress and calcium overload. Expression of Miat in HL-1 was significantly elevated after THP treatment. Miat knockdown significantly alleviated the cardiotoxicity of THP. MiR-129-1-3p is a direct target of Miat. Knockdown of miR-129-1-3p reversed the protective effect of Miat knockdown on HL-1. Miat knockdown can alleviate THP-induced cardiomyocyte injury by regulating miR-129-1-3p.

Phloretin alleviates palmitic acid-induced oxidative stress in HUVEC cells by suppressing the expression of LncBAG6-AS

Oxidative stress (OS) is an important trigger of vascular endothelial injury (VEI), which then leads to cardiovascular disease (CVDs). Phloretin was previously investigated to alleviate OS in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) by activating the AMPK/Nrf2 pathway; however, whether phloretin exerts cardiovascular health benefits by targeting non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) remains unclear. Herein, the whole transcriptome sequencing and lncRNA library building were performed on HUVECs, a commonly used cell line for CVDs study, from different groups in control (CK), palmitic acid (PA, 100 μM), and PA + phloretin (50 μM, G50). KEGG analysis demonstrated that DE-lncRNAs regulated the pathway related to OS and metabolism in HUVECs. LncBAG6-AS was highly expressed under OS stimulation, which was reversed by phloretin co-treatment. Moreover, the MMP, activities of SOD, GSH-Px, T-AOC and GR were significantly ameliorated after interference of LncBAG6-AS, which were consistent with phloretin recover group. Furthermore, the expression of DE-genes from previously reported mRNA sequencing, including MAPK10, PIK3R1, ATP2B4, AKT2, and ADCY9, were significantly changed with LncBAG6-AS interference, indicating that LncBAG6-AS may participate in the process of OS attenuation by phloretin through regulating gene expression. So, the transcriptome sequencing of HUVECs with LncBAG6-AS knockdown was subsequently performed and DE-genes for "NC vs. si-ASO-LncBAG6-AS" were significantly enriched with GO terms, such as apoptosis, response to OS, ferroptosis, and others, which were similar to those observed from KEGG analysis. Overall, this study provides new insights into the molecular mechanisms by which bioactive substances alleviate OS and potential targets for the early prevention and treatment of VEI.

CIRCTDRD9 CONTRIBUTES TO SEPSIS-INDUCED ACUTE LUNG INJURY BY ENHANCING THE EXPRESSION OF RAB10 VIA DIRECTLY BINDING TO MIR-223-3P

ABSTRACT

Background: The dysregulation of circular RNAs (circRNAs) is involved in various human diseases, including sepsis-induced acute lung injury (ALI). We aimed to investigate the role of circTDRD9 in the development of sepsis-induced ALI. Methods: Cell models of sepsis-induced ALI were established by treating A549 cells with LPS. The expression of circTDRD9, miR-223-3p, and RAB10 mRNA was measured by quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR). The levels of inflammatory factors were measured by ELISA. Oxidative stress-related indicators were monitored by using commercial detection kits. The expression of fibrosis-related proteins was detected by Western blot assay. Cell proliferation was assessed by EdU assay. The predicted binding relationship between miR-223-3p and circTDRD9 or RAB10 was verified by dual-luciferase reporter assay, RIP assay or pull-down assay. Results: CircTDRD9 was highly expressed in LPS-treated A549 cells. CircTDRD9 downregulation prevented LPS-induced inflammation, oxidative stress, cell proliferation inhibition, and cell fibrosis in A549 cells, whereas these effects were reversed by the inhibition of miR-223-3p, a target of circTDRD9. In addition, RAB10 was verified as a target of miR-223-3p, and RAB10 overexpression recovered LPS-induced inflammation, oxidative stress, cell proliferation inhibition, and cell fibrosis in A549 cells that were ameliorated by miR-223-3p restoration. Importantly, circTDRD9 positively regulated RAB10 expression by binding to miR-223-3p. Conclusion: CircTDRD9 overexpression was closely associated with LPS-induced ALI. CircTDRD9 contributed to LPS-induced ALI partly by upregulating RAB10 via binding to miR-223-3p.

CIRC_0026466 KNOCKDOWN PROTECTS HUMAN BRONCHIAL EPITHELIAL CELLS FROM CIGARETTE SMOKE EXTRACT-INDUCED INJURY BY PROMOTING THE MIR-153-3P/TRAF6/NF-ΚB PATHWAY

ABSTRACT

Background: Considerable data have shown that circular RNAs (circRNAs) mediate the pathogenesis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). The study aims to analyze the function and mechanism of circ_0026466 in COPD. Methods: Human bronchial epithelial cells (16HBE) were treated with cigarette smoke extract (CSE) to establish a COPD cell model. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and Western blot were used to detect the expression of circ_0026466, microRNA-153-3p (miR-153-3p), TNF receptor associated factor 6 (TRAF6), cell apoptosis-related proteins, and NF-κB pathway-related proteins. Cell viability, proliferation, apoptosis, and inflammation were investigated by cell counting kit-8, EdU assay, flow cytometry, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, respectively. Oxidative stress was evaluated by lipid peroxidation malondialdehyde assay kit and superoxide dismutase activity assay kit. The interaction between miR-153-3p and circ_0026466 or TRAF6 was confirmed by dual-luciferase reporter assay and RNA pull-down assay. Results: Circ_0026466 and TRAF6 expression were significantly increased, but miR-153-3p was decreased in the blood samples of smokers with COPD and CSE-induced 16HBE cells when compared with controls. CSE treatment inhibited the viability and proliferation of 16HBE cells but induced cell apoptosis, inflammation, and oxidative stress, but these effects were attenuated after circ_0026466 knockdown. Circ_0026466 interacted with miR-153-3p and regulated CSE-caused 16HBE cell damage by targeting miR-153-3p. Additionally, TRAF6, a target gene of miR-153-3p, regulated CSE-induced 16HBE cell injury by combining with miR-153-3p. Importantly, circ_0026466 activated NF-κB pathway by targeting the miR-153-3p/TRAF6 axis. Conclusion: Circ_0026466 absence protected against CSE-triggered 16HBE cell injury by activating the miR-153-3p/TRAF6/NF-κB pathway, providing a potential therapeutic target for COPD.

Honokiol alleviates sepsis-associated cardiac dysfunction via attenuating inflammation, apoptosis and oxidative stress

OBJECTIVE

Honokiol, a natural active compound extracted from Chinese herbal medicine, can ameliorate acute lung and kidney injury of sepsis. This study was to explore the effects of honokiol on sepsis-associated cardiac dysfunction and the underlying mechanism.

METHODS

Septic mice were induced by cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) or lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and septic HL-1 or AC16 cells were induced by LPS.

RESULTS

Honokiol improved the survival and alleviated cardiac dysfunction in mice with CLP-induced sepsis. Honokiol inhibited the increased interleukin (IL) 1-β, IL-6 and tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α in the serum and heart of CLP- and LSP-induced septic mice. Honokiol treatment reversed the increased levels of IL1-β, IL-6 and TNF-α in LPS-induced HL-1 cells. Honokiol treatment also decreased the elevated levels of IL1-β, IL-6 and TNF-α in LPS-induced AC16 cells. The increased cardiac apoptosis in CLP- and LPS-induced septic mice was alleviated by honokiol. The enhancement of oxidative stress in the heart of CLP- and LPS-induced septic mice was suppressed after honokiol administration.

CONCLUSION

These results showed that honokiol could ameliorate sepsis-associated cardiac dysfunction via attenuating inflammation, apoptosis, and oxidative stress. Honokiol is a prospective drug for sepsis-associated heart damage in the future.

Comprehensive LncRNA and Potential Molecular Mechanism Analysis in Noninfectious Uveitis

Purpose

Long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) is noncoding RNA and have played a key role or be treated as a biomarker in a variety of diseases such as tumors. However, extensive lncRNA analysis for uveitis has not been explored completely. In this study, we analyzed the lncRNAs with altered expression in peripheral blood comprehensively for three major autoimmune diseases (ankylosing spondylitis [AS], Behҫet's disease [BD], and sarcoidosis) to search potential hub gene and molecular mechanism for noninfectious uveitis.

Methods

In total, we included 18 patients with AS and 12 patients with sarcoidosis versus 25 controls for GSE18781; we also included 15 patients with BD versus 14 controls for GSE17114 in this study. The lncRNA and messenger RNA (mRNA) expression levels were determined by microarray using serum samples from patients and healthy controls.

Results

Twenty-one lncRNAs and 1073 mRNAs were detected in patients with AS, 4 lncRNAs and 62 mRNAs in patients with BD, and 196 lncRNAs and 5376 mRNAs in patients with sarcoidosis. Thus, we suspected lncRNA XIST and MIAT, mRNA FCGBP, CD247, CTSW, AES, NCR3, TIGIT, CASP5, DUSP2, and TBX21 may be the most possible hub genes for AS, BD, and sarcoidosis. These RNAs were involved in the mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathway and inflammatory cytokine pathways.

Conclusions

In this study, comprehensive bioinformatics analysis identified lncRNAs with altered expression in three major autoimmune diseases that may combine with noninfectious uveitis. This study provides novel insights into the molecular pathogenetic mechanisms and key information toward developing new diagnostic biomarkers and special therapeutic targets for noninfectious uveitis in AS, BD, and sarcoidosis.

Translational Relevance

LncRNAs and their potential mechanisms provide new strategies for prevention and treatment for noninfectious uveitis in patients with AS, BD, and sarcoidosis.

A ROS/GAS5/SIRT1 reinforcing feedback promotes oxidative stress-induced adipogenesis in bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells during osteoporosis

BACKGROUND

LincGAS5 have been reported to regulate the progression of osteoporosis (OP). However, the relationship between LincGAS5 and reactive oxygen species (ROS) in osteoporosis were still unclear.

METHODS

Bilateral ovariectomy (OVX) rat were established as OP model and verified by the Micro-computed tomography. The ROS level of BMSCs derived from OVX and control rat were detected by Immunofluorescence (IF) and flow cytometry. The role of GAS5, miR-23b-3p and SIRT1 on the osteogenic differentiation were dectected by ARS saining and ALP staining, while the The Oil Red O staining and flow cytometry (FCM) were hired to determine adipogenic differentiation of BMSCs under different treatment. The expression of GAS5,miR-23b-3p and SIRT1 in BMSCs was detected by RT-qPCR and the correlation among them was analyzed. In addition, Luciferase activity was used to detect whether miR-23b-3p combined with GAS5 and SIRT1 in OP mice BMSCs.

RESULTS

We established the OVX rat model and found higher ROS level in BMSCs isolated from OVX rats. Meanwhile, GAS5 was down-regulated by ROS and remarkably lowly expressed in OVX rat comparing with the negative control. We confirmed GAS5 inhibited adipogenesis and promoted osteoporosis progression. Mechanically, GAS5 bound with miR-23b-3p and suppressed its biological function. We also identified that miR-23b-3p bound with Sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) and decreased its stability. Furthermore, SIRT1 suppressed ROS production in BMSCs, which in turn un-regulated GAS5 expression through ROS-GAS5 axis.

CONCLUSION

We identified a negative feedback loop, ROS-GAS5-SIRT1, in osteoporosis progression. Our findings provided potential targets and biomarkers for osteoporosis prevention and treatment.

Extracellular histone H3 facilitates ferroptosis in sepsis through ROS/JNK pathway

INTRODUCTION

Previous evidence realized the critical role of histone in disease control. The anti-inflammatory function of estradiol (E2) in sepsis has been documented. We here intended to unveil the role of extracellular histone H3 in sepsis regarding cell ferroptosis and the role of E2 in a such mechanism.

METHODS

Clinical sample, cecal ligation and puncture (CLP)-induced animal models and lipopolysaccharides (LPS)-induced cell models were prepared for testing relative expression of extracellular histone H3 and E2 as well as analyzing the role of extracellular histone H3 and E2 in sepsis concerning cell viability, reactive oxygen species (ROS), and ferroptosis.

RESULTS

Under sepsis, we found increased ferroptosis and extracellular histone H3 content, but reduced E2 concentration. Extracellular histone H3 facilitated ferroptosis of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) induced by LPS through activating the ROS/c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) pathway. Moreover, E2 antagonized the effect of extracellular histone H3 on LPS-induced HUVEC ferroptosis and sepsis injury in CLP-induced animal models.

CONCLUSION

We highlighted that extracellular histone H3 facilitated lipopolysaccharides-induced HUVEC ferroptosis via activating ROS/JNK pathway, and such an effect could be antagonized by E2.

Vitamin C alleviates LPS-induced myocardial injury by inhibiting pyroptosis via the ROS-AKT/mTOR signalling pathway

BACKGROUND

The efficacy of vitamin C in sepsis remains controversial. Whether vitamin C can alleviate lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced myocardial injury by inhibiting pyroptosis has not been studied. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of vitamin C on LPS-induced myocardial injury in vitro.

METHODS

H9C2 cells were treated with indicated concentrations of LPS, and the cell viability was then assessed by CCK-8 assay. The levels of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), CK-MB, IL-18 and IL-1β were examined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The levels of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) were measured using the fluorescent probe dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate (DCFH-DA). Western blot assays were conducted to determine the levels of the ROS-associated protein nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase 4 (Nox4) and pyroptosis-associated proteins, such as NOD-like receptor (NLR) family pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3), caspase-1 and gasdermin D (GSDMD). The AKT inhibitor MK-2206 was then applied to explore the signalling pathway. Finally, H9C2 cells were divided into the control group, LPS group, vitamin C + LPS group, and N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC) + LPS group. The intracellular ROS, levels of associated proteins, cell viability, and release of LDH, CK-MB, IL-18 and IL-1β were examined.

RESULTS

LPS decreased cell viability and induced ROS and pyroptosis in H9C2 cells in a dose-dependent manner. Moreover, LPS activated the AKT/mTOR pathway in H9C2 cells. The AKT inhibitor MK-2206 protected H9C2 cells from LPS-induced death by suppressing pyroptosis, without changing intracellular ROS level. Vitamin C significantly inhibited intracellular ROS and cell pyroptosis in LPS-treated H9C2 cells. Moreover, vitamin C suppressed the activation of the AKT/mTOR pathway.

CONCLUSIONS

Our data suggest that vitamin C alleviates LPS-induced myocardial injury by inhibiting pyroptosis via the ROS-AKT/mTOR signalling pathway and thus provide novel insights into the prevention of sepsis-induced myocardial dysfunction.

The Interplay of Oxidative Stress and ROS Scavenging: Antioxidants as a Therapeutic Potential in Sepsis

Oxidative stress resulting from the disproportion of oxidants and antioxidants contributes to both physiological and pathological conditions in sepsis. To combat this, the antioxidant defense system comes into the picture, which contributes to limiting the amount of reactive oxygen species (ROS) leading to the reduction of oxidative stress. However, a strong relationship has been found between scavengers of ROS and antioxidants in preclinical in vitro and in vivo models. ROS is widely believed to cause human pathology most specifically in sepsis, where a small increase in ROS levels activates signaling pathways to initiate biological processes. An inclusive understanding of the effects of ROS scavenging in cellular antioxidant signaling is essentially lacking in sepsis. This review compiles the mechanisms of ROS scavenging as well as oxidative damage in sepsis, as well as antioxidants as a potent therapeutic. Direct interaction between ROS and cellular pathways greatly affects sepsis, but such interaction does not provide the explanation behind diverse biological outcomes. Animal models of sepsis and a number of clinical trials with septic patients exploring the efficiency of antioxidants in sepsis are reviewed. In line with this, both enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants were effective, and results from recent studies are promising. The usage of these potent antioxidants in sepsis patients would greatly impact the field of medicine.

Long noncoding RNA profiling reveals that LncRNA BTN3A2 inhibits the host inflammatory response to Eimeria tenella infection in chickens

Coccidiosis is a widespread parasitic disease that causes serious economic losses to the poultry industry every year. Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) play important roles in transcriptional regulation and are involved in a variety of diseases and immune responses. However, the lncRNAs associated with Eimeria tenella (E. tenella) resistance have not been identified in chickens. In addition, the expression profiles and functions of lncRNAs during E. tenella infection remain unclear. In the present study, high-throughput sequencing was applied to identify lncRNAs in chicken cecal tissues from control (JC), resistant (JR), and susceptible (JS) groups on day 4.5 post-infection (pi), and functional tests were performed. A total of 564 lncRNAs were differentially expressed, including 263 lncRNAs between the JS and JC groups, 192 between the JR and JS groups, and 109 between the JR and JC groups. Functional analyses indicated that these differentially expressed lncRNAs were involved in pathways related to E. tenella infection, including the NF-kappa B signaling, B cell receptor signaling and natural killer cell-mediated cytotoxicity pathways. Moreover, through cis regulation network analysis of the differentially expressed lncRNAs, we found that a novel lncRNA termed lncRNA BTN3A2 was significantly increased in both cecum tissue and DF-1 cells after coccidia infection or sporozoite stimulation. Functional test data showed that the overexpression of lncRNA BTN3A2 reduced the production of inflammatory cytokines, including IL-6, IL-1β, TNF-α and IL-8, while lncRNA BTN3A2 knockdown promoted the production of these inflammatory cytokines. Taken together, this study identify the differentially expressed lncRNAs during E. tenella infection in chickens for the first time and provide the direct evidence that lncRNA BTN3A2 regulates the host immune response to coccidia infection.

Silencing circ_0074371 inhibits the progression of sepsis-induced acute kidney injury by regulating miR-330-5p/ELK1 axis

BACKGROUND

Sepsis-induced acute kidney injury (AKI) is a common in clinic. Circular RNAs (circRNAs) play significant roles in ameliorating AKI. The purpose of this study was aimed to identify the role of circ_0074371 and the potential action mechanism in sepsis-induced AKI.

METHODS

AKI patients and healthy individual serum samples were collected and the relative expression of circ_0074371 was measured by real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). HK2 cells were treated with different dose (0, 2.5, 5 and 10 μg/ml) lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to establish the AKI cell model. The cell viability and apoptosis of HK2 cells were detected using cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8) and flow cytometry, respectively. The contents of malondialdehyde (MDA), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) were evaluated using the relative commercial kits. The IL-1β and TNF-α levels in cell culture supernatants were measured by ELISA. The interaction relationship between miR-330-5p and circ_0074371 or ELK1 was predicted by Targetscan database and further confirmed by the dual-luciferase reporter assay system.

RESULTS

The circ_0074371 expression was up-regulated in sepsis patients and LPS-induced HK2 cells. Silencing circ_0074371 promoted HK2 cells viability and inhibited the HK2 cells apoptosis. miR-330-5p inhibitor weakened circ_0074371 inhibitor-induced cell viability, apoptosis and oxidative stress. Further mechanism analysis showed that circ_0074371 acted as a sponge for miR-330-5p to increase ELK1 expression level. Importantly, miR-330-5p downregulation or ELK1 upregulation reversed the action of circ_0074371 knockdown on LPS-induced HK2 cells.

CONCLUSION

Knockdown of circ_0074371 ameliorated LPS-induced HK2 cells apoptosis, inflammation and oxidative stress via regulating miR-330-5p/ELK1, opening a new window into the pathogenesis AKI.

Expression of MicroRNAs in Sepsis-Related Organ Dysfunction: A Systematic Review

Sepsis is a critical condition characterized by increased levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines and proliferating cells such as neutrophils and macrophages in response to microbial pathogens. Such processes lead to an abnormal inflammatory response and multi-organ failure. MicroRNAs (miRNA) are single-stranded non-coding RNAs with the function of gene regulation. This means that miRNAs are involved in multiple intracellular pathways and thus contribute to or inhibit inflammation. As a result, their variable expression in different tissues and organs may play a key role in regulating the pathophysiological events of sepsis. Thanks to this property, miRNAs may serve as potential diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers in such life-threatening events. In this narrative review, we collect the results of recent studies on the expression of miRNAs in heart, blood, lung, liver, brain, and kidney during sepsis and the molecular processes in which they are involved. In reviewing the literature, we find at least 122 miRNAs and signaling pathways involved in sepsis-related organ dysfunction. This may help clinicians to detect, prevent, and treat sepsis-related organ failures early, although further studies are needed to deepen the knowledge of their potential contribution.

Dexmedetomidine prevents cardiomyocytes from hypoxia/reoxygenation injury via modulating tetmethylcytosine dioxygenase 1-mediated DNA demethylation of Sirtuin1

Myocardial hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R) injury is a common pathological change in patients with acute myocardial infarction undergoing reperfusion therapy. Dexmedetomidine (DEX) has been found to substantially improve ischemia-mediated cell damage. Here, we focus on probing the role and mechanism of DEX in ameliorating myocardial H/R injury. Oxygen–glucose deprivation and reoxygenation (OGD/R) were applied to construct the H/R injury model in human myocardial cell lines. After different concentrations of DEX’s treatment, cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8) assay and BrdU assay were employed to test cell viability. The profiles of apoptosis-related proteins Bcl2, Bax, Bad and Caspase3, 8, 9 were determined by Western blot (WB). The expression of inflammatory factors interleukin 1β (IL-1β) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) was checked by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). By conducting WB, we examined the expression of NF-κB, Sirt1, Tet methylcytosine dioxygenase 1 (TET1) and DNA methylation-related proteins (DNA methyltransferase 1, DNMT1; DNA methyltransferase 3 alpha, DNMT3A; and DNA methyltransferase 3 beta, DNMT3B). Our data showed that OGD/R stimulation distinctly hampered the viability and elevated apoptosis and inflammatory factor expression in cardiomyocytes. DEX treatment notably impeded myocardial apoptosis and inflammation and enhanced cardiomyocyte viability. OGD/R enhanced total DNA methylation levels in cardiomyocytes, while DEX curbed DNA methylation. In terms of mechanism, inhibiting TET1 or Sirtuin1 (Sirt1) curbed the DEX-mediated myocardial protection. TET1 strengthened demethylation of the Sirt1 promoter and up-regulated Sirt1. DEX up-regulates Sirt1 by accelerating TET1 and mediating demethylation of the Sirt1 promoter and improves H/R-mediated myocardial injury.

LncRNA NEAT1 knockdown ameliorates LPS-induced human kidney injury by mediating the miR-330-5p/FOXO3 axis

BACKGROUND

Sepsis is a systemic process with multiple inflammatory responses and organ injuries, particularly in the damage of the kidney. Recently, numerous studies suggest that long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are involved in sepsis-related kidney injury. This study aimed to investigate the functional role and mechanism of lncRNA nuclear paraspeckle assembly transcript 1 (NEAT1) in sepsis-related kidney injury.

METHODS

Cell model of kidney injury was constructed in human kidney 2 (HK-2) cells with the treatment of lipopolysaccharide (LPS). The expression of NEAT1 was measured by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR). Cell viability was examined using CCK-8 assay. Flow cytometry was performed to detect cell apoptosis, and apoptosis-related proteins were quantified by western blot. The release of proinflammatory cytokines was assessed by ELISA. Oxidative stress was assessed by the levels of SOD and MDA using kits. The putative relationship between miR-330-5p and NEAT1 or FOXO3 was confirmed using dual-luciferase reporter assay, RIP assay and pull-down assay.

RESULT

The expression of NEAT1 was increased in LPS-treated HK-2 cells. LPS exposure promoted apoptotic rate, inflammatory responses and oxidative stress in HK-2 cells, which were largely ameliorated by NEAT1 knockdown. MiR-330-5p was verified as a target of NEAT1, and miR-330-5p inhibition reversed the effects of NEAT1 knockdown in LPS-treated HK-2 cells. Moreover, FOXO3 was a target of miR-330-5p, and miR-330-5p restoration-blocked cell apoptosis, inflammation and oxidative stress in LPS-treated HK-2 cells were recovered by FOXO3 overexpression.

CONCLUSION

NEAT1 downregulation meliorated LPS-induced HK-2 cell injuries partly by regulating the miR-330-5p/FOXO3 pathway.

Knockdown of circRNA Paralemmin 2 Ameliorates Lipopolysaccharide-induced Murine Lung Epithelial Cell Injury by Sponging miR-330-5p to Reduce ROCK2 Expression

Previous data have reported the high expression of circRNA paralemmin 2 (circPALM2) in mice with acute lung injury (ALI). However, the role of circPALM2 in ALI pathogenesis remains unclear. The study aims to reveal the function of circPALM2 in ALI and the underlying mechanism. C57BL/6 J mice and murine lung epithelial-12 (MLE-12) cells were treated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to simulate ALI mouse and ALI cell models, respectively. Lung injury score and lung wet-to-dry ratio assays were used to evaluate the ALI mouse model. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and Western blot assays were implemented to analyze the expressions of circPALM2, microRNA-330-5p (miR-330-5p), rho-associated coiled-coil containing protein kinase 2 (ROCK2), and apoptosis-related markers. Cell viability, apoptosis, and the production of inflammatory cytokines were investigated by cell counting kit-8, flow cytometry, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. The expressions of circPALM2 and ROCK2 were significantly increased, while miR-330-5p was decreased in ALI mice and LPS-induced MLE-12 cells compared with controls. LPS treatment inhibited cell viability but induced apoptosis, inflammatory cytokine production, and oxidative stress; however, these effects were attenuated after the combination of circPALM2 knockdown and LPS. CircPALM2 regulated LPS-caused MLE-12 cell damage by targeting miR-330-5p. Additionally, ROCK2, a target gene of miR-330-5p, participated in LPS-induced MLE-12 cell injury. Further, circPALM2 activated ROCK2 by associating with miR-330-5p. CircPALM2 modulated LPS-caused murine lung epithelial cell injury by the miR-330-5p/ROCK2 pathway, providing a therapeutic target for ALI.

ENSMUST00000147869 regulates proliferation and fibrosis of mesangial cells in diabetic nephropathy by interacting with Hspa9

AIMS

Our previous study showed that ENSMUST00000147869 was abnormally low expressed in the early stage of diabetic nephropathy (DN). ENSMUST00000147869 could inhibit the fibrosis and proliferation of mouse mesangial cells (MMCs), but the mechanism is still unclear. This study aims to explore the specific mechanism underline ENSMUST00000147869 regulates the proliferation and fibrosis of MMCs in DN.

METHODS

Nucleocytoplasmic fractionation was applied to define the location of ENSMUST00000147869 in MMCs. RNA-protein pulldown, RNA immunoprecipitation and mass spectrometry were used to identify upregulated Hspa9 directly interacting with ENSMUST00000147869. SiRNA and lentivirus packaging were used to clarify the role of Hspa9 downregulated by ENSMUST00000147869 in promoting proliferation and fibrosis in MMCs. CHX and MG132 were used to clarify the regulatory role of ENSMUST00000147869 to Hspa9. Immunoprecipitation confirmed the binding of Hspa9 and HMGB1.

RESULTS

HSPA9 was a direct binding protein of ENSMUST00000147869, and ENSMUST00000147869 could inhibit proliferation and fibrosis of MMCs by down-regulating HSPA9 through ubiquitination process. HMGB1 was the downstream binding protein of Hspa9, and ENSMUST00000147869 could inhibit the interaction between Hspa9 and HMGB1.

CONCLUSION

Our data showed that ENSMUST00000147869 regulates Hspa9 through the ubiquitin proteasome pathway, and inhibits the binding of Hspa9 and HMGB1. ENSMUST00000147869/Hspa9/HMGB1 axis may act as a diagnostic molecular marker and an effective therapeutic target for DN. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

The role of long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) nuclear paraspeckle assembly transcript 1 (NEAT1) in chronic periodontitis progression

Long non-coding RNA nuclear paraspeckle assembly transcript 1 (NEAT1) is a novel pro-inflammatory factor in severe human diseases. Since inflammatory plays important roles in periodontitis progression, we aimed to explore the role of NEAT1 in chronic periodontitis (CP) in vitro. We established a periodontitis cell model was established by Porphyromonas gingivalis lipopolysaccharide (Pg-LPS)-induced periodontal ligament cells (PDLCs). Quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) was performed to detect the expression of NEAT1, microRNA (miR)-200c-3p, and tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 6 (TRAF6). Cell viability, inflammatory factors, and protein expression of Bcl-2, Bax, and TRAF6 were analyzed by MTT, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and Western blot. The target relationships among NEAT1, miR-200c-3p, and TRAF6 were predicted by the StarBase/TargetScan software, and further validated by dual-luciferase reporter assay. In this research, NEAT1 is up-regulated in CP tissues and periodontitis model group. Silencing of NEAT1 and over-expression of miR-200c-3p enhanced cell viability and repressed apoptosis in the periodontitis model group. NEAT1 targets miR-200c-3p, and miR-200c-3p further targets TRAF6. MiR-200c-3p inhibitor or over-expression of TRAF6 reversed the promoting effect of NEAT1 knockdown on cell viability, and the inhibiting effects on inflammatory cytokines and cell apoptosis. Consequently, the silencing of NEAT1 inhibits inflammation and apoptosis via targeting miR-200c-3p/TRAF6 axis, thereby contributing to alleviate the progression of CP. This finding could provide an underlying target for the treatment of CP.

Long non-coding RNA myocardial infarction-associated transcript promotes 1-Methyl-4-phenylpyridinium ion-induced neuronal inflammation and oxidative stress in Parkinson's disease through regulating microRNA-221-3p/ transforming growth factor /nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 axis

This study attempted to evaluate the role of long non-coding RNA myocardial infarction-associated transcript (LncRNA MIAT) in Parkinson’s disease (PD). The mouse model was established through intraperitoneal injection with 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP), and in vitro model was induced by administrating cell with 1-Methyl-4-phenylpyridinium ion (MPP⁺). Rotarod test was conducted to evaluate the motor coordination of PD mice. In order to investigate the roles of LncRNA MIAT in neuronal inflammation and oxidative stress, MIAT shRNA (shMIAT) was transfected into MPP⁺-treated cells, and cell viability, cell apoptosis and oxidative stress response were evaluated. To evaluate the interactions between LncRNA MIAT and microRNA-221-3p (miR-221-3p)/TGF-β1/Nrf2, miR-221-3p mimic, miR-221-3p inhibitor, NC-inhibitor and transforming growth factor-β1 shRNA (shTGF-β1) were subsequently transfected into MPP+-treated cells. Dual-luciferase reporter gene assays were performed to determine the interaction of miR-221-3p with MIAT or TGFB receptor 1 (TGFBR1). The expressions of LncRNA MIAT, miR-221-3p, TGFBR1, transforming growth factor (TGF-β1) and nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) were measured by quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) and immunoblotting. As a result, LncRNA MIAT was abundantly expressed in PD mice and cells, while downregulation of LncRNA MIAT promoted the survival of neurons, inhibited apoptosis and oxidative stress in neurons. LncRNA MIAT bound to miR-221-3p, and there was a negative correlation between miR-221-3p and LncRNA MIAT expression. In addition, miR-221-3p targeted TGFBR1 and suppressed TGF-β1 expression but increased Nrf2 expression. LncRNA MIAT promoted MPP⁺-induced neuronal injury in PD via regulating TGF-β1/Nrf2 axis through binding with miR-221-3p.

Regulatory Role of Non-Coding RNAs on Immune Responses During Sepsis

Sepsis is resulted from a systemic inflammatory response to bacterial, viral, or fungal agents. The induced inflammatory response by these microorganisms can lead to multiple organ system failure with devastating consequences. Recent studies have shown altered expressions of several non-coding RNAs such as long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), microRNAs (miRNAs) and circular RNAs (circRNAs) during sepsis. These transcripts have also been found to participate in the pathogenesis of multiple organ system failure through different mechanisms. NEAT1, MALAT1, THRIL, XIST, MIAT and TUG1 are among lncRNAs that participate in the pathoetiology of sepsis-related complications. miR-21, miR-155, miR-15a-5p, miR-494-3p, miR-218, miR-122, miR-208a-5p, miR-328 and miR-218 are examples of miRNAs participating in these complications. Finally, tens of circRNAs such as circC3P1, hsa_circRNA_104484, hsa_circRNA_104670 and circVMA21 and circ-PRKCI have been found to affect pathogenesis of sepsis. In the current review, we describe the role of these three classes of noncoding RNAs in the pathoetiology of sepsis-related complications.

Knockdown of long noncoding RNA MIAT attenuates cigarette smoke-induced airway remodeling by downregulating miR-29c-3p-HIF3A axis

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a global public health issue and is defined as persistent airflow limitation. COPD is a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Long noncoding RNAs are involved in the course of pulmonary diseases. Here, we revealed that a long noncoding RNA called myocardial-infarction-associated transcript (MIAT) is upregulated in lung tissues of cigarette smoke (CS)-exposed mice. Knockdown of MIAT attenuated CS or CS-extract-induced inflammatory processes, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), and collagen deposition. Moreover, according to bioinformatic analyses and luciferase reporter assays, MIAT binds to microRNA-29c-3p (miR-29c-3p) and upregulates hypoxia-inducible factor 3 alpha (HIF3A), a target gene of miR-29c-3p. When the MIAT-specific short hairpin RNA and an miR-29c-3p inhibitor were cotransfected into cells, the inhibitor reversed the effects of MIAT knockdown on cell proliferation, apoptosis, inflammation, EMT, and collagen deposition. Overall, these results indicate that MIAT participates in CS-induced EMT and airway remodeling in COPD by upregulating miR-29c-3p-HIF3A axis output, thereby offering a novel promising biomarker for the assessment of COPD exacerbation induced by CS exposure.

MIAT, a potent CVD-promoting lncRNA

The initial identification of long non-coding RNA myocardial infarction associated transcript (MIAT) as a genetic risk factor of myocardial infarction has made this lncRNA (designated as lncR-MIAT here) a focus of intensive studies worldwide. Emerging evidence supports that lncR-MIAT is susceptible in its expression to multiple deleterious factors like angiotensin II, isoproterenol, hypoxia, and infection and is anomaly overexpressed in serum, plasma, blood cells and myocardial tissues under a variety of cardiovascular conditions including myocardial infarction, cardiac hypertrophy, diabetic cardiomyopathy, dilated cardiomyopathy, sepsis cardiomyopathy, atrial fibrillation and microvascular dysfunction. Experimental results consistently demonstrated that upregulation of lncR-MIAT plays active roles in the pathological processes of the cardiovascular system and knockdown of this lncRNA effectively ameliorates the adverse conditions. The available data revealed that lncR-MIAT acts through multiple mechanisms such as competitive endogenous RNA, natural antisense RNA and RNA/protein interactions. Moreover, the functional domains of lncR-MIAT accounting for certain specific cellular functions of the full-length transcript have been identified and characterized. These insights will not only tremendously advance our understanding of lncRNA biology and pathophysiology, but also offer good opportunities for more innovative and precise design of agents that have the potential to be developed into new drugs for better therapy of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) in the future. Herein, we provide an overview of lncR-MIAT, focusing on its roles in cardiovascular diseases, underline the unique cellular/molecular mechanisms for its actions, and speculate the perspectives about the translational studies on the potential diagnostic and therapeutic applications of lncR-MIAT.

Roles of LncRNAs in Regulating Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Septic Cardiomyopathy

Sepsis is an abnormal systemic inflammatory response of the host immune system to infection and can lead to fatal multiorgan dysfunction syndrome. Epidemiological studies have shown that approximately 10-70% of sepsis cases can lead to septic cardiomyopathy. Since the pathogenesis of septic cardiomyopathy is not clear, it is difficult for medical doctors to treat the disease. Therefore, finding effective interventions to prevent and reduce myocardial damage in septic cardiomyopathy is clinically significant. Epigenetics is the study of stable genetic phenotype inheritance that does not involve changing gene sequences. Epigenetic inheritance is affected by both gene and environmental regulation. Epigenetic studies focus on the modification and influence of chromatin structure, mainly including chromatin remodelling, DNA methylation, histone modification and noncoding RNA (ncRNA)-related mechanisms. Recently, long ncRNA (lncRNA)-related mechanisms have been the focus of epigenetic studies. LncRNAs are expected to become important targets to prevent, diagnose and treat human diseases. As the energy metabolism centre of cells, mitochondria are important targets in septic cardiomyopathy. Intervention measures to prevent and treat mitochondrial damage are of great significance for improving the prognosis of septic cardiomyopathy. LncRNAs play important roles in life activities. Recently, studies have focused on the involvement of lncRNAs in regulating mitochondrial dysfunction. However, few studies have revealed the involvement of lncRNAs in regulating mitochondrial dysfunction in septic cardiomyopathy. In this article, we briefly review recent research in this area.

ATP2B1-AS1 Promotes Cerebral Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury Through Regulating the miR-330-5p/TLR4-MyD88-NF-κB Signaling Pathway

We aim to explore the expression and function of long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) ATP2B1-AS1 in a cerebral ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury. In this study, we established a middle cerebral artery occlusion/reperfusion (MCAO/IR) rat model and an OGD/R PC12 cell model to evaluate the expression and role of ATP2B1-AS1 in the cerebral I/R injury. We found that the expression of ATP2B1-AS1 was upregulated in both in vitro and in vivo cerebral I/R injury models. Knockdown of ATP2B1-AS1 increased the cell viability, inhibited apoptosis, and decreased the expressions of inflammation cytokines. The target of ATP2B1-AS1 was predicted and validated to be miR-330-5p. MiR-330-5p abrogated the regulatory effect of ATP2B1-AS1 on cell viability, apoptosis, and cytokines of OGD/R PC12 cells. Furthermore, the results showed that miR-330-5p targeted TLR4, which was also upregulated in the infarcted area of MCAO/IR rats and OGD/R PC12 cells. Overexpression of ATP2B1-AS1 increased the expressions of TLR4, MyD88, and NF-κB p65 of OGD/R PC12 cells, while the effect of ATP2B1-AS1 was abrogated by miR-330-5p. In addition, knockdown of ATP2B1-AS1 decreased the latency time, increased the time of passing the platform position, reduced the cerebral infarct volume, decreased neurological deficit scores, and reduced the number of damaged neurons of MCAO/IR rats that were subjected to the Morris water maze test. Taken together, our study indicates that ATP2B1-AS1 may be an attractive therapeutic target for the treatment of cerebral ischemic injuries.

LncRNA MIAT enhances cerebral ischaemia/reperfusion injury in rat model via interacting with EGLN2 and reduces its ubiquitin-mediated degradation

Long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) MIAT (myocardial infarction associated transcript) has been characterized as a functional lncRNA modulating cerebral ischaemic/reperfusion (I/R) injury. However, the underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. This study explored the functional partners of MIAT in primary rat neurons and their regulation on I/R injury. Sprague-Dawley rats were used to construct middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) models. Their cerebral cortical neurons were used for in vitro oxygen-glucose deprivation/reoxygenation (OGD/R) models. Results showed that MIAT interacted with EGLN2 in rat cortical neurons. MIAT overexpression or knockdown did not alter EGLN2 transcription. In contrast, MIAT overexpression increased EGLN2 stability after I/R injury via reducing its ubiquitin-mediated degradation. EGLN2 was a substrate of MDM2, a ubiquitin E3 ligase. MDM2 interacted with the N-terminal of EGLN2 and mediated its K48-linked poly-ubiquitination, thereby facilitating its proteasomal degradation. MIAT knockdown enhanced the interaction and reduced EGLN2 stability. MIAT overexpression enhanced infarct volume and induced a higher ratio of neuronal apoptosis. EGLN2 knockdown significantly reversed the injury. MIAT overexpression reduced oxidative pentose phosphate pathway flux and increased oxidized/reduced glutathione ratio, the effects of which were abrogated by EGLN2 knockdown. In conclusion, MIAT might act as a stabilizer of EGLN2 via reducing MDM2 mediated K48 poly-ubiquitination. MIAT-EGLN2 axis exacerbates I/R injury via altering redox homeostasis in neurons.

Long Non-Coding RNAs as Biomarkers and Therapeutic Targets in Sepsis

Sepsis, an infection-induced systemic inflammatory disorder, is often accompanied by multiple organ dysfunction syndromes with high incidence and mortality rates, and those who survive are often left with long-term sequelae, bringing great burden to social economy. Therefore, novel approaches to solve this puzzle are urgently needed. Previous studies revealed that long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have exerted significant influences on the process of sepsis. The aim of this review is to summarize our understanding of lncRNAs as potential sepsis-related diagnostic markers and therapeutic targets, and provide new insights into the diagnosis and treatment for sepsis. In this study, we also introduced the current diagnostic markers of sepsis and discussed their limitations, while review the research advances in lncRNAs as promising biomarkers for diagnosis and prognosis of sepsis. Furthermore, the roles of lncRNAs in sepsis-induced organ dysfunction were illustrated in terms of different organ systems. Nevertheless, further studies should be carried out to elucidate underlying molecular mechanisms and pathological process of sepsis.

LncRNA MIAT Inhibits MPP+-Induced Neuronal Damage Through Regulating the miR-132/SIRT1 Axis in PC12 Cells

Parkinson's disease (PD) is an age-related neurodegenerative disease caused by the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra. LncRNA MIAT has been shown to be critical in Alzheimer's disease, but its role and mechanism in PD are still unknown. Differentiated PC12 cells were treated with 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP⁺) to establish in vitro cell injury model of PD. MTT, Annexin V-PI double staining test and Western blot were used to detect cell viability and apoptosis. Reactive oxygen species (ROS), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and phospholipid hydroperoxide glutathione peroxidase (GSH-PX) kits were used to evaluate oxidative stress in cells. These results showed that LncRNA MIAT was down-regulated in MPP⁺-induced PC12 cells. Overexpression of LncRNA MIAT remarkably increased cell viability, inhibited cell apoptosis and oxidative stress in MPP⁺-treated cells. In addition, we proved that miR-132 is a target of LncRNA MIAT. Overexpression of miR-132 could reverse the positive effect of LncRNA MIAT overexpression on MPP⁺-induced cell oxidative stress injury. SIRT1 is a target of miR-132 and silencing of SIRT1 attunated the positive effect of LncRNA MIAT overexpression on oxidative stress injury in MPP⁺-induced PC12 cells. In conclusion, this study indicated that LncRNA MIAT suppressed MPP⁺-induced oxidative stress injury by regulating miR-132/SIRT1 axis in PC12 cells.

Lutein exerts its cardioprotective effect against the experimental model of isoprenaline-induced myocardial infarction via MIAT/miR-200a/Nrf2/TXINP pathway

Acute myocardial infarction (AMI) remains a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Lutein (LU) possesses numerous pharmacological activities, including anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antiapoptotic effects. This study aimed to investigate the cardioprotective potential of LU in isoprenaline (ISO)-induced MI and to explore its molecular mechanisms of action. AMI was induced by two consecutive subcutaneous doses of ISO (65 mg/kg; s.c.). The LU group was pretreated with LU (20 mg/kg; p.o.) for 30 days followed by ISO injections on Days 29 and 30. ISO group showed elevated serum creatine kinas-MB (CK-MB) and considerable electrocardiographic changes along with reduced ejection fraction compared to the normal group. LU pretreatment could decrease serum CK-MB activity, normalize QRS and QTc intervals and restore ejection fraction compared to the untreated group. The ISO group demonstrated infarcted-like lesions, which were ameliorated in the LU-pretreated group. Immunohistochemical investigation revealed upregulated cardiac troponin T (cTn T) and desmin expressions in the LU-pretreated group. LU pretreatment also enhanced cardiac thioredoxin (Trx) and glutathione (GSH) contents as well as reduced lipid peroxidation, compared to the untreated group. Importantly, LU pretreatment could downregulate long noncoding MI associated transcript (lncRNA MIAT) and thioredoxin-interacting protein (TXNIP) and augment micro RNA (miR)-200a and nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) expressions compared to the ISO group. Moreover, a significant inverse correlation between MIAT and miR-200a was observed. In conclusion, this study revealed that LU could ameliorate ISO-induced MI in rats by modulating MIAT/miR-200a/Nrf2 pathway.

Propofol protects cardiomyocytes from hypoxia/reoxygenation injury via regulating MALAT1/miR-206/ATG3 axis

Previous studies have shown that propofol (PPF) plays a protective role in ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) in multiple organs and tissues. This study was aimed to explore the mechanism of PPF in ameliorating myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury (MIRI). MIRI model was established with Sprague-Dawley rats, and PPF pretreatment was performed before reperfusion. Creatine kinase isoform (CK-MB), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and hematoxylin and eosin stain were used to evaluate the severity of MIRI. H9c2 cells were treated with hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R) to simulate I/R injury in vitro. Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) was employed to assess MALAT1 and microRNA (miR)-206 expressions. Autophagy-related 3 (ATG3), LC3BⅡ/LC3BⅠ, and Beclin-1 expression were examined by western blot. Apoptosis was monitored using flow cytometry. Interaction between MALAT1 and miR-206 was determined by bioinformatics analysis, dual-luciferase reporter gene assay, RIP assay, and RNA pull-down assay. PPF pretreatment remarkably reduced CK-MB level, LDH level, myocardial infarct size, and LC3BⅡ/LC3BⅠ ratio and Beclin-1 expression in the rats with MIRI, and repressed the apoptosis of H9c2 cells exposed to H/R. PPF pretreatment markedly suppressed MALAT1 expression and enhanced miR-206 expression in both in vivo and in vitro models. MiR-206 was identified as a target of MALAT1 in cardiomyocytes, and MALAT1 could increase the expression of ATG3. Additionally, the upregulation of MALAT1 partially reversed the protective effect of PPF on cardiomyocytes in vitro. PPF modulated MALAT1/miR-206/ATG3 axis to protect cardiomyocytes against I/R injury.

Long noncoding RNAs: A potential target in sepsis-induced cellular disorder

Sepsis, an inflammation-related clinical syndrome, is characterized by disrupted immune homeostasis accompanied by infection and multiple organ dysfunction as determined by the Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA). Substantial evidence has recently suggested that lncRNAs orchestrate various biological processes in diseases, and lncRNAs play special roles in the diagnosis and management of sepsis. To date, very few reviews have provided clear and comprehensive clues to demonstrate the roles of lncRNAs in the pathogenesis of sepsis. Based on previously published studies, in this review, we summarize the different functions of lncRNAs in sepsis-induced cellular disorders and sepsis-induced organ failure to show the potential roles of lncRNAs in the diagnosis and management of sepsis. We further depict the function of some lncRNAs known to be pivotal regulators in the pathogenesis of sepsis to discuss the underlying molecular events. Additionally, we list and discuss several hotspots in research on lncRNAs, which may be conducive to future lncRNA-targeted therapeutic approaches for sepsis treatment.

Serum extracellular vesicles containing MIAT induces atrial fibrosis, inflammation and oxidative stress to promote atrial remodeling and atrial fibrillation via blockade of miR-485-5p-mediated CXCL10 inhibition

BACKGROUND

Atrial fibrillation (AF), a supraventricular arrhythmia that impairs cardiac function, is a main source of morbidity and mortality. Serum-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) have been identified to carry potential biomarker or target for the diagnosis and treatment of AF. We intended to dissect out the role of lncRNA MIAT enriched in serum-derived EVs in AF.

METHODS

MIAT expression was quantified in EVs isolated from serum samples of AF patients. Mouse and cell models of AF were developed after angiotensin II (Ang II) induction. Relationship between MIAT, miR-485-5p, and CXCL10 was identified. Ectopic expression and depletion assays were implemented in Ang II-treated mice or HL-1 cells, or those co-cultured with serum-derived EVs to explore the roles of EV-carried MIAT.

RESULTS

MIAT was upregulated in EVs from serum samples of AF patients. Further analysis indicated that MIAT enriched in serum-derived EVs promoted atrial fibrosis, inflammation and oxidative stress, and aggravated the atrial remodeling and resultant AF. Mechanistically, MIAT bound to miR-485-5p and weakened its inhibitory role on the target CXCL10, which was responsible for the role of serum-derived EV containing MIAT in cellular fibrosis, oxidative stress and inflammation, and atrial remodeling in vivo.

CONCLUSIONS

In conclusion, serum-derived EV containing MIAT facilitates atrial remodeling and exacerbates the AF by abolishing the miR-485-5p-mediated CXCL10 inhibition. This finding aids in the deeper understanding about the pathophysiology of AF.

MiR-141 attenuates sepsis-induced cardiomyopathy by targeting DAPK1

OBJECTIVE

To discuss the possible effects of microRNA-141 (miR-141) in sepsis-induced cardiomyopathy (SIC) via targeting death-associated protein kinase 1 (DAPK1).

METHODS

An SIC mouse model was constructed by abdominal injection of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and divided into control, LPS, LPS + pre-miR-141, and LPS + anti-miR-141 groups. Hemodynamic indicators and heart function indexes of mice were detected. ELISA was used to determine the serum levels of inflammatory cytokines, while TUNEL staining to observe the apoptosis of myocardial cells of mice, as well as qRT-PCR and Western blotting to clarify the expression of miR-141 and DAPK1. Lastly, in vitro experiment was also conducted on the primary neonatal rat ventricular cardiomyocytes (NRVCMs) to validate the results.

RESULTS

Mice in the LPS group, as compared to the control group, had lower left ventricular ejection fraction, left ventricular fractional shortening, left ventricular systolic pressure, and ±dp/dt, but a higher left ventricular end-diastolic pressure, while the serum expression of IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, and cTn-T was up-regulated evidently with the increased apoptotic index of myocardial tissues. However, miR-141 and Bcl-2/Bax were down-regulated with elevated DAPK1 and cleaved caspase-3. The above changes were ameliorated in mice from the LPS + pre-miR-141 group relative to the LPS group, while those in the LPS + anti-miR-141 group were further deteriorated. In vitro experiment showed that miR-141 overexpression could reduce the apoptosis of LPS-induced NRVCMs and the levels of inflammatory cytokines with the increased cell viability.

CONCLUSION

MiR-141 could decrease inflammatory response and reduce myocardial cell apoptosis by targeting DAPK1, thereby playing the promising protective role in SIC.

LncRNA CASC2 Alleviates Sepsis-induced Acute Lung Injury by Regulating the miR-152-3p/PDK4 Axis

Background: Acute lung injury (ALI) is an early complication of sepsis and it is also considered as an important cause of high mortality in sepsis patients. This research aimed to explore the potential role and mechanism of long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) cancer susceptibility candidate 2 (CASC2) in sepsis-induced ALI. Methods: The levels of CASC2, microRNA-152-3p (miR-152-3p) and pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 4 (PDK4) in sepsis patients and LPS-treated HPAEpiC were detected by quantitative real-time PCR and western blot. Cell viability and apoptosis were assessed by Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) assay and flow cytometry. The concentrations of inflammatory factors were tested by Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Oxidative stress was evaluated by the levels of reactive oxygen species and superoxide dismutase using corresponding commercial kits. The targeting relationship between miR-152-3p and CASC2 or PDK4 was verified by dual-luciferase reporter, RNA immunoprecipitation (RIP) and RNA pull-down assays.Results: CASC2 and PDK4 were down-regulated, while miR-152-3p was up-regulated in sepsis patients and LPS-stimulated HPAEpiC. Overexpression of CASC2 relieved the LPS-resulted cell viability inhibition, apoptosis promotion, inflammatory and oxidative damages in HPAEpiC. In addition, miR-152-3p was a miRNA target of CASC2 and CASC2 alleviated cell injury in LPS-disposed HPAEpiC by sponging miR-152-3p. Moreover, miR-152-3p directly targeted PDK4 and CASC2 increased the PDK4 expression by depending on the sponge effect on miR-152-3p. Meanwhile, inhibition of miR-152-3p attenuated LPS-triggered HPAEpiC injury by upregulating the level of PDK4.Conclusion: These results suggested that CASC2 ameliorated the LPS-induced injury in HPAEpiC via regulating miR-152-3p/PDK4 pathway.

Identifying ceRNA Networks Associated With the Susceptibility and Persistence of Atrial Fibrillation Through Weighted Gene Co-Expression Network Analysis

Background: Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common arrhythmia. We aimed to construct competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) networks associated with the susceptibility and persistence of AF by applying the weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) and prioritize key genes using the random walk with restart on multiplex networks (RWR-M) algorithm.

Methods: RNA sequencing results from 235 left atrial appendage samples were downloaded from the GEO database. The top 5,000 lncRNAs/mRNAs with the highest variance were used to construct a gene co-expression network using the WGCNA method. AF susceptibility- or persistence-associated modules were identified by correlating the module eigengene with the atrial rhythm phenotype. Using a module-specific manner, ceRNA pairs of lncRNA–mRNA were predicted. The RWR-M algorithm was applied to calculate the proximity between lncRNAs and known AF protein-coding genes. Random forest classifiers, based on the expression value of key lncRNA-associated ceRNA pairs, were constructed and validated against an independent data set.

Results: From the 21 identified modules, magenta and tan modules were associated with AF susceptibility, whereas turquoise and yellow modules were associated with AF persistence. ceRNA networks in magenta and tan modules were primarily involved in the inflammatory process, whereas ceRNA networks in turquoise and yellow modules were primarily associated with electrical remodeling. A total of 106 previously identified AF-associated protein-coding genes were found in the ceRNA networks, including 16 that were previously implicated in the genome-wide association study. Myocardial infarction–associated transcript (MIAT) and LINC00964 were prioritized as key lncRNAs through RWR-M. The classifiers based on their associated ceRNA pairs were able to distinguish AF from sinus rhythm with respective AUC values of 0.810 and 0.940 in the training set and 0.870 and 0.922 in the independent test set. The AF-related single-nucleotide polymorphism rs35006907 was found in the intronic region of LINC00964 and negatively regulated the LINC00964 expression.

Conclusion: Our study constructed AF susceptibility- and persistence-associated ceRNA networks, linked genetics with epigenetics, identified MIAT and LINC00964 as key lncRNAs, and constructed random forest classifiers based on their associated ceRNA pairs. These results will help us to better understand the mechanisms underlying AF from the ceRNA perspective and provide candidate therapeutic and diagnostic tools.

Suppressing long noncoding RNA OGRU ameliorates diabetic retinopathy by inhibition of oxidative stress and inflammation via miR-320/USP14 axis

Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are important regulators in various diseases including diabetic retinopathy (DR). In this study, DR patients exhibited significantly increased expression of serum LncRNA-OGRU compared with normal individuals. Streptozotocin (STZ)-challenged rats with DR also had higher OGRU expression in retinas than that of the control group, which was confirmed in Müller cells upon high glucose (HG) stimulation. OGRU knockdown remarkably decreased vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) expression in HG-incubated Müller cells. HG-induced inflammatory response and oxidative stress in vitro were markedly mitigated by OGRU knockdown through restraining IκBɑ/nuclear factor kappa beta (NF-κB) and improving nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) signaling pathways, respectively. Further studies indicated that OGRU suppression greatly restored miR-320 expression, and a negative correlation between them was detected in DR patients. We also found that miR-320 over-expression considerably restrained TGF-β1 signaling, and hindered inflammation and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in HG-stimulated Müller cells. Additionally, OGRU knockdown or miR-320 over-expression could dramatically down-regulate ubiquitin-specific peptidase 14 (USP14) expression levels in HG-incubated Müller cells, and miR-320 could directly target USP14. Notably, OGRU/miR-320 axis-mediated TGF-β1 signaling, inflammation and ROS were largely dependent on USP14. Intriguingly, our results showed that USP14 directly interacted with transforming growth factor-beta type 1 receptor (TβR1), and impeded TβR1 ubiquitination and degradation. Furthermore, USP14 could also facilitate IκBɑ deubiquitination and degradation, exacerbating IκBɑ phosphorylation and NF-κB activation. Finally, our in vivo studies confirmed that OGRU knockdown considerably ameliorated DR progression in STZ-challenged rats through mediating the mechanisms observed in vitro. Collectively, these findings implicated that LncRNA-OGRU mediated DR progression through competing for miR-320 to regulate USP14 expression, and thus LncRNA-OGRU/miR-320/USP14 axis may be considered as a therapeutic target for DR treatment.

Long Noncoding RNA: Regulatory Mechanisms and Therapeutic Potential in Sepsis

Sepsis is a life-threatening organ dysfunction caused by a dysregulated host response to infection and is characterized by a hyperinflammatory state accompanied by immunosuppression. Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are noncoding RNAs longer than 200 nucleotides and have important roles in mediating various biological processes. Recently, lncRNAs were found to exert both promotive and inhibitory immune functions in sepsis, thus participating in sepsis regulation. Additionally, several studies have revealed that lncRNAs are involved in sepsis-induced organ dysfunctions, including cardiovascular dysfunction, acute lung injury, and acute kidney injury. Considering the lack of effective biomarkers for early identification and specific treatment for sepsis, lncRNAs may be promising biomarkers and even targets for sepsis therapies. This review systematically highlights the recent advances regarding the roles of lncRNAs in sepsis and sheds light on their use as potential biomarkers and treatment targets for sepsis.

The Role of Long Non-coding RNAs in Sepsis-Induced Cardiac Dysfunction

Sepsis is a syndrome with life-threatening organ dysfunction induced by a dysregulated host response to infection. The heart is one of the most commonly involved organs during sepsis, and cardiac dysfunction, which is usually indicative of an extremely poor clinical outcome, is a leading cause of death in septic cases. Despite substantial improvements in the understanding of the mechanisms that contribute to the origin and responses to sepsis, the prognosis of sepsis-induced cardiac dysfunction (SICD) remains poor and its molecular pathophysiological changes are not well-characterized. The recently discovered group of mediators known as long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have presented novel insights and opportunities to explore the mechanisms and development of SICD and may provide new targets for diagnosis and therapeutic strategies. LncRNAs are RNA transcripts of more than 200 nucleotides with limited or no protein-coding potential. Evidence has rapidly accumulated from numerous studies on how lncRNAs function in associated regulatory circuits during SICD. This review outlines the direct evidence of the effect of lncRNAs on SICD based on clinical trials and animal studies. Furthermore, potential functional lncRNAs in SICD that have been identified in sepsis studies are summarized with a proven biological function in research on other cardiovascular diseases.

The interaction between miRNAs/lncRNAs and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) in human disorders

Nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) represents a group of inducible transcription factors (TFs) regulating the expression of a great variety of genes implicated in diverse processes, particularly modulation of immune system responses. This TF has functional interactions with non-coding RNAs, constructing a complicated network through which NF-κB, miRNAs, and lncRNAs coordinately regulate gene expression at different facets. This type of interaction is involved in the pathophysiology of several human disorders including both neoplastic disorders and non-neoplastic conditions. MALAT1 and NKILA are among lncRNAs whose interactions with NF-κB have been vastly assessed in different conditions including cancer and inflammatory conditions. In addition, miR-146a/b has functional interactions with this TF in different contexts. Although miRNAs have mutual interactions with NF-κB, the regulatory role of miRNAs on this TF has been more clarified. The aim of the current review is to explore the function of NF-κB-related miRNAs and lncRNAs in these two types of human disorders.

Anti-Interleukin-16 Neutralizing Antibody Treatment Alleviates Sepsis-Induced Cardiac Injury and Dysfunction via the Nuclear Factor Erythroid-2 Related Factor 2 Pathway in Mice

Several interleukin (IL) members have been reported to participate in sepsis. In this study, the effects of IL-16 on sepsis-induced cardiac injury and dysfunction were examined, and the related mechanisms were detected. IL-16 expression in septic mice was first measured, and the results showed that both cardiac and serum IL-16 expression levels were increased in mice with sepsis induced by LPS or cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) compared with control mice. Then, IL-16 was neutralized, and the effects on lipopolysaccharide- (LPS-) induced cardiac injury were detected. The results showed that an anti-IL-16 neutralizing antibody (nAb) significantly reduced mortality and increased serum lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), creatine kinase myocardial bound (CK-MB), and cardiac troponin T (cTnT) levels while improving cardiac function in mice with LPS-induced sepsis. Neutralization of IL-16 also increased the activation of antioxidant pathways and the expression of antioxidant factors in septic mice while decreasing the activation of prooxidant pathways and the expression of prooxidants. Treatment with the anti-IL-16 nAb increased mitochondrial apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF) expression, decreased nuclear AIF and cleaved poly-ADP-ribose polymerase (PARP) expression, and decreased TUNEL-positive cell percentages in LPS-treated mice. Additionally, treatment with CPUY192018, the nuclear factor erythroid-2 related factor 2 (Nrf2) pathway, significantly increased mortality and reversed the above effects in mice treated with LPS and the anti-IL-16 nAb. Our results showed that the anti-IL-16 nAb regulates oxidative stress through the Nrf2 pathway and participates in the regulation of cardiac injury in septic mice. Neutralization of IL-16 may be a beneficial strategy for the prevention of cardiac injury and dysfunction in sepsis patients.

MicroRNAs and Sepsis-Induced Cardiac Dysfunction: A Systematic Review

Sepsis is a severe condition characterized by systemic inflammation. One of the most involved organs in sepsis is the heart. On the other hand, heart failure and dysfunction are some of the most leading causes of death in septic patients. miRNAs are short single-strand non-coding ribonucleic acids involved in the regulation of gene expression on a post-transcriptional phase, which means they are a part of the epigenetic process. Recently, researchers have found that miRNA expression in tissues and blood differs depending on different conditions. Because of this property, their use as serum sepsis biomarkers has also been explored. A narrative review is carried out to gather and summarize what is known about miRNAs' influence on cardiac dysfunction during sepsis. When reviewing the literature, we found at least 77 miRNAs involved in cardiac inflammation and dysfunction during sepsis. In the future, miRNAs may be used as early sepsis-induced cardiac dysfunction biomarkers or as new drug targets. This could help clinicians to early detect, prevent, and treat cardiac damage. The potential role of miRNAs as new diagnostic tools and therapeutic strategies worth deepening the complex network between non-coding RNA and biological pathways. Additional studies are needed to further investigate their role in sepsis-induced myocardium injury.

Silencing of lncRNA MIAT alleviates LPS-induced pneumonia via regulating miR-147a/NKAP/NF-κB axis

Purpose: Pneumonia is a respiratory disease with an increasing incidence in recent years. More and more studies have revealed that lncRNAs can regulate the transcriptional expression of target genes at different stage. Herein, we aimed to explore the effect of lncRNA MIAT in LPS-induced pneumonia, and further illuminate the possible underlying mechanisms.

Method and results: Mice were intraperitoneally injected with LPS, and the lung inflammation was evaluated. Microarray showed lncRNA MIAT was up-regulated in LPS-induced pulmonary inflammation. And qRT-PCR and FISH assay indicated that MIAT was increased in mice with LPS injection. Functional analysis showed sh-MIAT inhibited LPS-induced inflammation response, inhibited apoptosis level and protected lung function. As well, si-MIAT removed the injury of LPS on mouse lung epithelial TC-1 cells, and inhibited the activation of NF-κB signaling. Furthermore, MIAT acted as a sponge of miR-147a, and miR-147a directly targeted NKAP. Functionally, AMO-147a or NKAP remitted the beneficial effects of si-MIAT on LPS-induced inflammation response of TC-1 cells.

Conclusion: Deletion of MIAT protected against LPS-induced lung inflammation via regulating miR-147a/NKAP, which might provide new insight for pneumonia treatment.