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Ozyigit II, Dogan I, Hocaoglu-Ozyigit A, Yalcin B, Erdogan A, Yalcin IE, Cabi E, Kaya Y. Production of secondary metabolites using tissue culture-based biotechnological applications. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1132555. [PMID: 37457343 PMCID: PMC10339834 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1132555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Plants are the sources of many bioactive secondary metabolites which are present in plant organs including leaves, stems, roots, and flowers. Although they provide advantages to the plants in many cases, they are not necessary for metabolisms related to growth, development, and reproduction. They are specific to plant species and are precursor substances, which can be modified for generations of various compounds in different plant species. Secondary metabolites are used in many industries, including dye, food processing and cosmetic industries, and in agricultural control as well as being used as pharmaceutical raw materials by humans. For this reason, the demand is high; therefore, they are needed to be obtained in large volumes and the large productions can be achieved using biotechnological methods in addition to production, being done with classical methods. For this, plant biotechnology can be put in action through using different methods. The most important of these methods include tissue culture and gene transfer. The genetically modified plants are agriculturally more productive and are commercially more effective and are valuable tools for industrial and medical purposes as well as being the sources of many secondary metabolites of therapeutic importance. With plant tissue culture applications, which are also the first step in obtaining transgenic plants with having desirable characteristics, it is possible to produce specific secondary metabolites in large-scale through using whole plants or using specific tissues of these plants in laboratory conditions. Currently, many studies are going on this subject, and some of them receiving attention are found to be taken place in plant biotechnology and having promising applications. In this work, particularly benefits of secondary metabolites, and their productions through tissue culture-based biotechnological applications are discussed using literature with presence of current studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ilhan Dogan
- Department of Medical Services and Techniques, Akyazi Vocational School of Health Services, Sakarya University of Applied Science, Sakarya, Türkiye
| | - Asli Hocaoglu-Ozyigit
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Marmara University, Istanbul, Türkiye
- Biology Program, Institute of Pure and Applied Sciences, Tekirdag Namık Kemal University, Tekirdag, Türkiye
| | - Bestenur Yalcin
- Department of Medical Laboratory Techniques, Vocational School of Health Services, Bahcesehir University, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Aysegul Erdogan
- Application and Research Centre for Testing and Analysis, EGE MATAL, Chromatography and Spectroscopy Laboratory, Ege University, Izmir, Türkiye
| | - Ibrahim Ertugrul Yalcin
- Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Bahcesehir University, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Evren Cabi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Tekirdag Namık Kemal University, Tekirdag, Türkiye
| | - Yilmaz Kaya
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Kyrgyz-Turkish Manas University, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Ondokuz Mayis University, Samsun, Türkiye
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Abstract
This Review explores the class of plant-derived macrocyclic peptides called cyclotides. We include an account of their discovery, characterization, and distribution in the plant kingdom as well as a detailed analysis of their sequences and structures, biosynthesis and chemical synthesis, biological functions, and applications. These macrocyclic peptides are around 30 amino acids in size and are characterized by their head-to-tail cyclic backbone and cystine knot motif, which render them to be exceptionally stable, with resistance to thermal or enzymatic degradation. Routes to their chemical synthesis have been developed over the past two decades, and this capability has facilitated a wide range of mutagenesis and structure-activity relationship studies. In turn, these studies have both led to an increased understanding of their mechanisms of action as well as facilitated a range of applications in agriculture and medicine, as ecofriendly crop protection agents, and as drug leads or scaffolds for pharmaceutical design. Our overall objective in this Review is to provide readers with a comprehensive overview of cyclotides that we hope will stimulate further work on this fascinating family of peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon J de Veer
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience , The University of Queensland , Brisbane , Queensland 4072 , Australia
| | - Meng-Wei Kan
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience , The University of Queensland , Brisbane , Queensland 4072 , Australia
| | - David J Craik
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience , The University of Queensland , Brisbane , Queensland 4072 , Australia
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Narayani M, Sai Varsha MKN, Potunuru UR, Sofi Beaula W, Rayala SK, Dixit M, Chadha A, Srivastava S. Production of bioactive cyclotides in somatic embryos of Viola odorata. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2018; 156:135-141. [PMID: 30292877 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2018.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Revised: 09/16/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Viola odorata L. (Violaceae), an Indian medicinal plant, contains a plethora of cyclotides, which are a class of cyclic peptides derived from plants, possessing several applications. Somatic embryo culture of V. odorata was developed, via indirect somatic embryogenesis, to serve as an alternative to natural plant biomass for sustainable and continuous production of its bioactive ingredients, such as cyclotides. Among the various combinations of phytohormones tested, Murashige and Skoog medium supplemented with 1 mg/l thidiazuron gave rise to the maximum frequency of induction (86.7%) and a high number of somatic embryos (3) from an embryogenic callus. Identification and characterization of cyclotides in the somatic embryos were carried out using a Fourier transform mass spectrometer coupled with liquid chromatography (LC-FTMS). Among the cyclotides identified in the study, few were found to be exclusively present in the somatic embryo culture. Furthermore, the relative abundance of the cyclotides was higher in somatic embryo extract than in the natural plant extract. The biological activities (cytotoxic, haemolytic and antimicrobial) of the somatic embryos and the parent plant were compared. Unlike the natural plants, the somatic embryo extracts demonstrated specificity i.e. they were found to be potent against cancerous cells but not against non-cancerous cell line or red blood cells. In contrast to the plant extract, the somatic embryos extracts were found to be potent against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. These results suggest that somatic embryos of V. odorata (rich in cyclotides) can be used as an alternative to plant biomass for its therapeutic applications and germplasm conservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Narayani
- Department of Biotechnology, Bhupat & Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai-600 036, India
| | - M K N Sai Varsha
- Department of Biotechnology, Bhupat & Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai-600 036, India
| | - Uma Rani Potunuru
- Department of Biotechnology, Bhupat & Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai-600 036, India
| | - W Sofi Beaula
- Department of Biotechnology, Bhupat & Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai-600 036, India
| | - Suresh Kumar Rayala
- Department of Biotechnology, Bhupat & Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai-600 036, India
| | - Madhulika Dixit
- Department of Biotechnology, Bhupat & Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai-600 036, India
| | - Anju Chadha
- Department of Biotechnology, Bhupat & Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai-600 036, India
| | - Smita Srivastava
- Department of Biotechnology, Bhupat & Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai-600 036, India.
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Slazak B, Kapusta M, Malik S, Bohdanowicz J, Kuta E, Malec P, Göransson U. Immunolocalization of cyclotides in plant cells, tissues and organ supports their role in host defense. PLANTA 2016; 244:1029-1040. [PMID: 27394154 PMCID: PMC5052299 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-016-2562-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2016] [Accepted: 06/20/2016] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The distribution of cyclotides was visualized in plant cells, tissues and organs using immunohistochemistry. Finding of cyclotides in tissues potentially vulnerable to pathogen attacks supports their role as defense molecules. The cyclotide family of plant peptides is characterized by the cyclic cystine knot motif and its diverse biological activities. Given their insecticidal and antimicrobial properties, the role of cyclotides in planta is probably associated with host defense. Our current understanding of the cellular compartmentalization of cyclotides in the vacuole is based on indirect studies on transgenic model plants that do not express cyclotides naturally. Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization (MALDI) imaging has also been used to study the distribution of cyclotides, but the technique's resolution was insufficient to determine their tissue or cell distribution. To avoid the limitations of these approaches, immunohistochemical visualization methods were used. Antibodies were raised in rabbits using cycloviolacin O2 (cyO2), and their specificity was determined by Western and dot blot experiments. Slides for immunohistochemical analysis were prepared from leaf, petiole and root fragments of Viola odorata and Viola uliginosa, and specimens were visualized using indirect epifluorescence microscopy. The antibodies against cyclotides were specific against selected bracelet cyclotides with high similarity (cyO2, cyO3, cyO8, cyO13) and suitable for immunohistochemistry. The tissue distribution of the cyclotides visualized in this way is consistent with their proposed role in host defense-relatively large quantities were observed in the leaf and petiole epidermis in both Viola species. Cyclotides were also found in vascular tissue in all the assessed plant organs. The vacuole storage of cyclotides was directly shown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blazej Slazak
- W. Szafer Institute of Botany, Polish Academy of Science, 46 Lubicz St, 31-512, Cracow, Poland.
- Division of Pharmacognosy, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University, Biomedical Center, Box 574, 751 23, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Małgorzata Kapusta
- Department of Plant Cytology and Embryology, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdańsk, 59 Wita Stwosza St, 80-308, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Sohaib Malik
- Division of Pharmacognosy, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University, Biomedical Center, Box 574, 751 23, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jerzy Bohdanowicz
- Department of Plant Cytology and Embryology, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdańsk, 59 Wita Stwosza St, 80-308, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Elżbieta Kuta
- Department of Plant Cytology and Embryology, Institute of Botany, Jagiellonian University, 9 Gronostajowa St, 30-387, Cracow, Poland
| | - Przemysław Malec
- Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, 7 Gronostajowa St, 30-387, Cracow, Poland
| | - Ulf Göransson
- Division of Pharmacognosy, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University, Biomedical Center, Box 574, 751 23, Uppsala, Sweden
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Slazak B, Kapusta M, Malik S, Bohdanowicz J, Kuta E, Malec P, Göransson U. Immunolocalization of cyclotides in plant cells, tissues and organ supports their role in host defense. PLANTA 2016. [PMID: 27394154 DOI: 10.1016/10.1007/s00425-016-2562-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The distribution of cyclotides was visualized in plant cells, tissues and organs using immunohistochemistry. Finding of cyclotides in tissues potentially vulnerable to pathogen attacks supports their role as defense molecules. The cyclotide family of plant peptides is characterized by the cyclic cystine knot motif and its diverse biological activities. Given their insecticidal and antimicrobial properties, the role of cyclotides in planta is probably associated with host defense. Our current understanding of the cellular compartmentalization of cyclotides in the vacuole is based on indirect studies on transgenic model plants that do not express cyclotides naturally. Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization (MALDI) imaging has also been used to study the distribution of cyclotides, but the technique's resolution was insufficient to determine their tissue or cell distribution. To avoid the limitations of these approaches, immunohistochemical visualization methods were used. Antibodies were raised in rabbits using cycloviolacin O2 (cyO2), and their specificity was determined by Western and dot blot experiments. Slides for immunohistochemical analysis were prepared from leaf, petiole and root fragments of Viola odorata and Viola uliginosa, and specimens were visualized using indirect epifluorescence microscopy. The antibodies against cyclotides were specific against selected bracelet cyclotides with high similarity (cyO2, cyO3, cyO8, cyO13) and suitable for immunohistochemistry. The tissue distribution of the cyclotides visualized in this way is consistent with their proposed role in host defense-relatively large quantities were observed in the leaf and petiole epidermis in both Viola species. Cyclotides were also found in vascular tissue in all the assessed plant organs. The vacuole storage of cyclotides was directly shown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blazej Slazak
- W. Szafer Institute of Botany, Polish Academy of Science, 46 Lubicz St, 31-512, Cracow, Poland.
- Division of Pharmacognosy, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University, Biomedical Center, Box 574, 751 23, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Małgorzata Kapusta
- Department of Plant Cytology and Embryology, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdańsk, 59 Wita Stwosza St, 80-308, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Sohaib Malik
- Division of Pharmacognosy, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University, Biomedical Center, Box 574, 751 23, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jerzy Bohdanowicz
- Department of Plant Cytology and Embryology, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdańsk, 59 Wita Stwosza St, 80-308, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Elżbieta Kuta
- Department of Plant Cytology and Embryology, Institute of Botany, Jagiellonian University, 9 Gronostajowa St, 30-387, Cracow, Poland
| | - Przemysław Malec
- Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, 7 Gronostajowa St, 30-387, Cracow, Poland
| | - Ulf Göransson
- Division of Pharmacognosy, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University, Biomedical Center, Box 574, 751 23, Uppsala, Sweden
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Burman R, Gunasekera S, Strömstedt AA, Göransson U. Chemistry and biology of cyclotides: circular plant peptides outside the box. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2014; 77:724-36. [PMID: 24527877 DOI: 10.1021/np401055j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Cyclotides stand out as the largest family of circular proteins of plant origin hitherto known, with more than 280 sequences isolated at peptide level and many more predicted from gene sequences. Their unusual stability resulting from the signature cyclic cystine knot (CCK) motif has triggered a broad interest in these molecules for potential therapeutic and agricultural applications. Since the time of the first cyclotide discovery, our laboratory in Uppsala has been engaged in cyclotide discovery as well as the development of protocols to isolate and characterize these seamless peptides. We have also developed methods to chemically synthesize cyclotides by Fmoc-SPPS, which are useful in protein grafting applications. In this review, experience in cyclotide research over two decades and the recent literature related to their structures, synthesis, and folding as well the recent proof-of-concept findings on their use as "epitope" stabilizing scaffolds are summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Burman
- Division of Pharmacognosy, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University , Biomedical Centre, Box 574, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
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Passinho-Soares HC, Meira PR, David JP, Mesquita PRR, do Vale AE, de M. Rodrigues F, de P. Pereira PA, de Santana JRF, de Oliveira FS, de Andrade JB, David JM. Volatile organic compounds obtained by in vitro callus cultivation of Plectranthus ornatus Codd. (Lamiaceae). Molecules 2013; 18:10320-33. [PMID: 24064448 PMCID: PMC6269817 DOI: 10.3390/molecules180910320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2013] [Revised: 08/10/2013] [Accepted: 08/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Plectranthus spp (Lamiaceae) are plants of economic importance because they are sources of aromatic essential oils and are also cultivated and several species of this genus are used as folk medicines. This paper describes the effects of different concentrations of the 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 1-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) on the induction of callus from nodal segments of Plectranthus ornatus Codd and in the production of volatile organic compounds (monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes). The 20 and 40 day calli were subjected to solid phase micro extraction (HS-SPME) and submitted to GCMS analysis. Variations in VOCs between the samples were observed and, a direct relationship was observed between of the major constituent detected (α-terpinyl acetate) and the monoterpenes α-thujene, α-pinene, β-pinene, camphene, sabinene and α-limonene that were present in the volatile fractions. Besides α-terpinyl acetate, isobornyl acetate and α-limonene were also major constituents. Variations were observed in VOCs in the analyzed periods. The best cultivation media for the production of VOCs was found to be MS0 (control). Moderate success was achieved by treatment with 2.68 µM and 5:37 µM NAA (Group 2). With 2,4-D (9.0 µM), only the presence of α-terpinyl acetate and isocumene were detected and, with 2.26 µM of 2,4-D was produced mainly α-terpinyl acetate, α-thujene and β-caryophyllene (16.2%). The VOC profiles present in P. ornatus were interpreted using PCA and HCA. The results permitted us to determine the best cultivation media for VOC production and, the PCA and HCA analysis allowed us to recognize four groups among the different treatments from the compounds identified in this set of treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helna C. Passinho-Soares
- Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Rua Barão de Jeremoabo, s/n, 41810-290, Salvador (BA), Brazil; E-Mails: (H.C.P.-S.); (P.R.M.); (A.E.V.)
- Programa de Pós- graduação em Biotecnologia, Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana, 44031-460, Feira de Santana (BA), Brazil; E-Mail:
| | - Paloma R. Meira
- Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Rua Barão de Jeremoabo, s/n, 41810-290, Salvador (BA), Brazil; E-Mails: (H.C.P.-S.); (P.R.M.); (A.E.V.)
| | - Juceni P. David
- Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Rua Barão de Jeremoabo, s/n, 41810-290, Salvador (BA), Brazil; E-Mails: (H.C.P.-S.); (P.R.M.); (A.E.V.)
| | - Paulo R. R. Mesquita
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Campus de Ondina, 40170290, Salvador (BA), Brazil; E-Mails: (P.R.R.M.); (P.A.P.P.); (J.B.A.); (J.M.D.)
| | - Ademir E. do Vale
- Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Rua Barão de Jeremoabo, s/n, 41810-290, Salvador (BA), Brazil; E-Mails: (H.C.P.-S.); (P.R.M.); (A.E.V.)
| | | | - Pedro A. de P. Pereira
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Campus de Ondina, 40170290, Salvador (BA), Brazil; E-Mails: (P.R.R.M.); (P.A.P.P.); (J.B.A.); (J.M.D.)
| | - José Raniere F. de Santana
- Programa de Pós- graduação em Biotecnologia, Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana, 44031-460, Feira de Santana (BA), Brazil; E-Mail:
| | - Fabio S. de Oliveira
- Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Recôncavo Baiano, 44574-490, Santo Antonio de Jesus (BA), Brazil; E-Mail:
| | - Jailson B. de Andrade
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Campus de Ondina, 40170290, Salvador (BA), Brazil; E-Mails: (P.R.R.M.); (P.A.P.P.); (J.B.A.); (J.M.D.)
| | - Jorge M. David
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Campus de Ondina, 40170290, Salvador (BA), Brazil; E-Mails: (P.R.R.M.); (P.A.P.P.); (J.B.A.); (J.M.D.)
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Craik DJ, Swedberg JE, Mylne JS, Cemazar M. Cyclotides as a basis for drug design. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2012; 7:179-94. [PMID: 22468950 DOI: 10.1517/17460441.2012.661554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cyclotides are plant-made defence proteins with a head-to-tail cyclic backbone combined with a conserved, six cystine knot. They have a range of biological activities, including uterotonic and anti-HIV activity, which have attracted attention to their potential pharmaceutical applications. Furthermore, their unique structures and high stability make them appealing as peptide-based templates for drug design applications. Methods have been developed for their production, including solid phase peptide synthesis as well as recombinant methods. AREAS COVERED This article reviews the recent literature associated with therapeutic applications of naturally occurring and synthetically modified cyclotides. It includes applications of cyclotides and cyclotide-like molecules as peptide-based drug leads and diagnostic agents. EXPERT OPINION The ultra-stable cyclotides are promising templates for drug development applications and are currently being assessed for the potential breadth of their applications. For synthetic versions of cyclotides to enter human clinical trials further studies to examine their biopharmaceutical properties and toxicities are required. However, several promising proof-of-concept studies have established that pharmaceutically relevant bioactive peptide sequences can be grafted into cyclotide frameworks and thereby stabilised, while maintaining biological activity. These studies include examples directed at cancer, cardiovascular disease and infectious diseases. Solid phase peptide synthesis has been the preferred approach for making pharmaceutically modified cyclotides so far, but promising progress is being made in biological approaches to cyclotide production.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Craik
- The University of Queensland, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, Brisbane, Australia.
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Craik DJ. Host-defense activities of cyclotides. Toxins (Basel) 2012; 4:139-56. [PMID: 22474571 PMCID: PMC3317112 DOI: 10.3390/toxins4020139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2011] [Revised: 01/25/2012] [Accepted: 01/31/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclotides are plant mini-proteins whose natural function is thought to be to protect plants from pest or pathogens, particularly insect pests. They are approximately 30 amino acids in size and are characterized by a cyclic peptide backbone and a cystine knot arrangement of three conserved disulfide bonds. This article provides an overview of the reported pesticidal or toxic activities of cyclotides, discusses a possible common mechanism of action involving disruption of biological membranes in pest species, and describes methods that can be used to produce cyclotides for potential applications as novel pesticidal agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Craik
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia.
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López-García B, San Segundo B, Coca M. Antimicrobial Peptides as a Promising Alternative for Plant Disease Protection. ACS SYMPOSIUM SERIES 2012. [DOI: 10.1021/bk-2012-1095.ch013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- B. López-García
- CRAG-Center for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB), Edificio CRAG, Campus de la UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - B. San Segundo
- CRAG-Center for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB), Edificio CRAG, Campus de la UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - M. Coca
- CRAG-Center for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB), Edificio CRAG, Campus de la UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
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Abstract
Cyclotides are disulfide-rich miniproteins with a circular backbone and a knotted arrangement ofdisulfide bonds. Because these plant-derived peptides are resistant to degradation and exhibit a diverse range of bioactivity they have become important agronomic and industrial objectives. They belong to a group of compounds with low market volume and high price that are poorly processed by microorganisms, are too complex for economic chemical synthesis, and thus are valuable candidates for the synthesis in plant cell bioprocesses. This review highlights current research aimed at production routes of cyclotides in Oldenlandia affinis plantlets and cell cultures, and summarizes recent advances in bioprocessing aspects, with particular emphasis on the development of suitable bioreactor configurations for plant cell culture-based processes, the optimization of culture environments as a powerful means to improve yields, bioreactor operational modes, and trends in protein recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heike Dörnenburg
- Institute of Bioprocess Engineering, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Paul-Gordan-Str. 3, 91052 Erlangen, Germany.
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Ireland DC, Clark RJ, Daly NL, Craik DJ. Isolation, sequencing, and structure-activity relationships of cyclotides. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2010; 73:1610-1622. [PMID: 20718473 DOI: 10.1021/np1000413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Cyclotides are a topologically fascinating family of miniproteins discovered over the past decade that have expanded the diversity of plant-derived natural products. They are approximately 30 amino acids in size and occur in plants of the Violaceae, Rubiaceae, and Cucurbitaceae families. Despite their proteinaceous composition, cyclotides behave in much the same way as many nonpeptidic natural products in that they are resistant to degradation by enzymes or heat and can be extracted from plants using methanol. Their stability arises, in large part, due to their characteristic cyclic cystine knot (CCK) structural motif. Cystine knots are present in a variety of proteins of insect, plant, and animal origin, comprising a ring formed by two disulfide bonds and their connecting backbone segments that is threaded by a third disulfide bond. In cyclotides, the cystine knot is uniquely embedded within a head-to-tail cyclized peptide backbone, leading to the ultrastable CCK structural motif. Apart from the six absolutely conserved cysteine residues, the majority of amino acids in the six backbone loops of cyclotides are tolerant to variation. It has been predicted that the family might include up to 50,000 members; although, so far, sequences for only 140 have been reported. Cyclotides exhibit a variety of biological activities, including insecticidal, nematocidal, molluscicidal, antimicrobial, antibarnacle, anti-HIV, and antitumor activities. Due to their diverse activities and common structural core from which variable loops protrude, cyclotides can be thought of as combinatorial peptide templates capable of displaying a variety of amino acid sequences. They have thus attracted interest in drug design as well as in crop protection applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- David C Ireland
- Division of Chemistry and Structural Biology, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
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Craik DJ, Mylne JS, Daly NL. Cyclotides: macrocyclic peptides with applications in drug design and agriculture. Cell Mol Life Sci 2010; 67:9-16. [PMID: 19795188 PMCID: PMC11115554 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-009-0159-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2009] [Revised: 08/20/2009] [Accepted: 09/16/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Cyclotides are disulfide-rich peptides from plants that are exceptionally stable as a result of their unique cyclic cystine knot structural motif. Their natural role is thought to be as plant defence agents, most notably against insect pests, but they also have potential applications in drug design and agriculture. This article identifies gaps in current knowledge on cyclotides and suggests future directions for research into this fascinating family of ultra-stable mini-proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Craik
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia.
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Abstract
Cyclotides are plant-derived peptides with a cyclic backbone and knotted topology of disulfide bonds. Their extreme stability and natural sequence variation has led to the suggestion that they might be useful as scaffolds to stabilize bioactive sequences. Recent studies have shown that anti-angiogenic activity and protease inhibitory activity against a foot and mouth disease protease can be grafted onto the cyclotide framework. There has also been significant progress made in determining the mechanism of cyclization of cyclotides and in producing cyclotides using bacterial expression and plant cell culture. There is a wide range of disease states that can be targeted using the cyclotide framework and the advances that have been made in the production of cyclotides will facilitate their development as pharmaceutical templates.
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16
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Abstract
Cyclotides are disulfide-rich mini-proteins with the unique structural features of a circular backbone and knotted arrangement of three conserved disulfide bonds. They typically comprise 28-37 amino acids and are produced from linear precursors, and translational modification via oxidative folding, proteolytic processing and N-C cyclization. Because these plant-derived peptides are resistant to degradation and do exhibit a diverse range of biological activities, they have become important agronomic and industrial objectives. Due to its tolerance to sequence variation, the cyclotide backbone is also potentially useful as a molecular scaffold for protein-engineering applications. Several production options are available for bioactive plant metabolites including natural harvesting, total chemical synthesis, and expression of plant pathways in microbial systems. For the cyclotides with low yields in nature, chemical complexity and lack of knowledge of the complete biosynthetic pathway, however, many of these options are precluded. Plant cell-culture technology shows promise towards the goal of producing therapeutically active cyclotides in quality and quantities required for drug development as they are amenable to process optimization, scale-up, and metabolic engineering. It is conceivable that plant-based production systems may ultimately prove to be the preferred route for the production of native or designed cyclotides, and will contribute towards the development of target-specific drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heike Dörnenburg
- Institute of Bioprocess Engineering, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Germany.
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17
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Seydel P, Walter C, Dörnenburg H. Scale-up ofOldenlandia affinissuspension cultures in photobioreactors for cyclotide production. Eng Life Sci 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/elsc.200800103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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Craik DJ. Circling the enemy: cyclic proteins in plant defence. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2009; 14:328-335. [PMID: 19423383 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2009.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2009] [Revised: 03/06/2009] [Accepted: 03/10/2009] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Cyclotides are ultra-stable plant proteins that have a circular peptide backbone crosslinked by a cystine knot of disulfide bonds. They are produced in large quantities by plants of the Violaceae and Rubiaceae families and have a role in plant defence against insect predation. As I discuss here, recent studies have begun to reveal how their unique circular topology evolved. Cyclization is achieved by hijacking existing plant proteolytic enzymes and operating them in 'reverse' to form a peptide bond between the N- and C-termini of a linear precursor. Such studies suggest that circular proteins are more common in the plant kingdom than was previously thought, and their exceptional stability has led to their application as protein-engineering templates in drug design.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Craik
- The University of Queensland, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia.
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