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Costa AM, Dos Santos Valentim MR, da Silva LF, de Almeida R, Daflon SDA, Quintaes BR, Campos JC. Comparison between Aliivibrio fischeri and activated sludge microorganisms in the evaluation of the toxic pollutants of leachates from Brazilian landfills. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:1546-1558. [PMID: 34351579 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-15771-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Ecotoxicological assessment of landfill leachate has become a priority to determine its impacts on the ecosystem. Toxicity assays with microorganisms stand out due to their quick response, low cost and ease of testing. In this context, the present study evaluated the acute toxic effects of leachates from two landfills of different ages and modes of operation to bacterium Aliivibrio fischeri and activated sludge microorganisms and the ammonia nitrogen and humic substances (HS) sensitivity to these organisms. Reductions greater than 30% in leachate toxicity were observed after ammonia removal for A. fischeri and activated sludge microorganisms. After 97% removal of HS, the greater reductions in toxicity (44.28 to 79.82%) were verified for microbial species studied, indicating that the organic compounds (measured as chemical oxygen demand, total organic carbon and humic substances) were the primary pollutants responsible for the toxicity of the leachates. Concerning the organisms studied, A. fischeri showed greater sensitivity to the leachates' pollutants compared to the activated sludge microorganisms. Nevertheless, a strong correlation was observed between A. fischeri and activated sludge microorganisms' toxicity responses, suggesting that respirometry assay can be used to determine leachate toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyne Moraes Costa
- School of Chemistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Athos da Silveira Ramos Avenue 149, Rio de Janeiro, 21941-909, Brazil
| | | | - Livia Ferreira da Silva
- School of Chemistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Athos da Silveira Ramos Avenue 149, Rio de Janeiro, 21941-909, Brazil
| | - Ronei de Almeida
- School of Chemistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Athos da Silveira Ramos Avenue 149, Rio de Janeiro, 21941-909, Brazil
| | - Sarah Dario Alves Daflon
- School of Chemistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Athos da Silveira Ramos Avenue 149, Rio de Janeiro, 21941-909, Brazil
| | - Bianca Ramalho Quintaes
- Municipal Company of Urban Cleaning of Rio de Janeiro, Américo de Souza Braga street 647, Rio de Janeiro, 22783-385, Brazil
| | - Juacyara Carbonelli Campos
- School of Chemistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Athos da Silveira Ramos Avenue 149, Rio de Janeiro, 21941-909, Brazil.
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2
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Langone M, Sabia G, Petta L, Zanetti L, Leoni P, Basso D. Evaluation of the aerobic biodegradability of process water produced by hydrothermal carbonization and inhibition effects on the heterotrophic biomass of an activated sludge system. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2021; 299:113561. [PMID: 34523544 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.113561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 08/07/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In this work, the aerobic biodegradability of the process water (PW) produced by hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) of dewatered anaerobic digested sludge and the toxicity assessment in regard to the heterotrophic activated biomass of a conventional activated sludge systems, are described. Such assessments are not yet reported in other scientific papers, so this paper seeks to contribute to the increase of knowledge regarding the valorization of the HTC process applied in a wastewater treatment plant (WWTP). For such purpose, two different respirometric techniques were applied - multi-OUR respirometry and manometric respirometry. PW resulted highly biodegradable: 83% of total COD was biodegradable, with a 58% of readily biodegradable (rbCOD) fraction. The BOD5/COD ratio was 0.42. Further, it was characterized by a high concentration of volatile fatty acids (VFAs) (i.e. 2031 mg/L), of which the major constituent was acetic acid (i.e. 80%), an easily degradable intermediate of many biological processes. Both the respirometric techniques showed that the assessed PW, after being diluted accordingly with the WWTP real operational conditions, did not imply short-term toxic effects on the activated sludge, neither using fresh biomass nor keeping the same one. According to these results, the recirculation of PW at the water line of WWTPs represents a promising approach not affected by specific toxicity issues, especially when the HTC process is integrated into a WWTP scheme.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Langone
- Laboratory Technologies for the Efficient Use and Management of Water and Wastewater, Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development (ENEA), via Anguillarese, 301 - 00123, Roma, Italy.
| | - G Sabia
- Laboratory Technologies for the Efficient Use and Management of Water and Wastewater, Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development (ENEA), via M.M. Sole 4, 40129, Bologna, Italy.
| | - L Petta
- Laboratory Technologies for the Efficient Use and Management of Water and Wastewater, Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development (ENEA), via M.M. Sole 4, 40129, Bologna, Italy
| | - L Zanetti
- HBI S.r.l., via A. Volta 13/A, 39100 Bolzano, Italy
| | - P Leoni
- HBI S.r.l., via A. Volta 13/A, 39100 Bolzano, Italy
| | - D Basso
- HBI S.r.l., via A. Volta 13/A, 39100 Bolzano, Italy
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3
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Larvicidal activity, aquatic and in vivo toxicity of anacardic acid loaded-zein nanoparticles. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2021.102513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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4
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Gu W, Zhou L, Wang Z, Lin C, Liu J, Ge H, Shi L. Ready Biodegradability Ring Testing of 4-Isopropylphenol in Different Laboratories for Critical Evaluation of a Biodegradable Reference Substance. INTEGRATED ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT AND MANAGEMENT 2021; 17:562-572. [PMID: 32970353 DOI: 10.1002/ieam.4347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2020] [Revised: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Ready biodegradability is a key property for studying the environmental and ecological risks posed by chemicals, and a reference substance is used to check the reliability of the test results. Traditional reference substances such as aniline, sodium benzoate, and ammonium acetate rapidly degrade even in test systems without inoculum. In this study, 4-isopropylphenol was investigated as a reference candidate. Aerobic biodegradation of 4-isopropylphenol was studied using different methods, and repeatability tests were performed in multiple laboratories. 4-Isopropylphenol met the ready biodegradability passing level in a closed bottle test (OECD 301D) and manometric respirometry test (OECD 301F). No obvious toxicity was found in activated sludge respiration inhibition and biodegradable toxicity control tests. The results of 301F tests performed in 15 Chinese laboratories were compared using statistical robustness analyses and Z-scores. The robust average 28-d biodegradability rate for 4-isopropylphenol was 80.3%, and the relative standard deviation was 9.20%. The data from the 15 laboratories consistently indicated that 4-isopropylphenol was readily biodegradable, except for an "unsatisfactory" outlier result from 1 laboratory. The degradation kinetics of 4-isopropylphenol were derived from a logistic model, which had a good fit for the degradation curve. The biodegradation lag phase was 2.3 d (range 2-5 d), and the pass level was attained at 6.5 d on average (range 2-9 d), which met the 10-d window requirement. The biodegradation rate at 28 d was 75.3% (range 64.0%-95.1%). The ready biodegradability of 4-isopropylphenol indicates that it will be more appropriate as a reference chemical than other reference compounds used for investigating the biodegradability of chemicals. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2021;17:562-572. © 2020 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Gu
- Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Nanjing, China
| | - Linjun Zhou
- Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhen Wang
- Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Nanjing, China
| | - Chunjun Lin
- Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Nanjing, China
| | - Jining Liu
- Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Nanjing, China
| | - Haihong Ge
- Solid Waste and Chemicals Management Center, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Beijing, China
| | - Lili Shi
- Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Nanjing, China
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Wang J, Sun Z. Exploring the effects of carbon source level on the degradation of 2,4,6-trichlorophenol in the co-metabolism process. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2020; 392:122293. [PMID: 32097852 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.122293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Revised: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
External organic sources could make up for the lack of carbon in the treatment of chlorophenol; but the impact on external carbon concentration on the degradation of 2,4,6-trichlorophenol (2,4,6-TCP) has rarely been studied. In this study, the effect of carbon addition on the degradation of 2,4,6-TCP was investigated using the lab-scale sequencing batch reactor (SBR). The results indicated that excessive carbon amounts inhibited 2,4,6-TCP degradation in the long-term operation and a typical cycle, while a suitable dosage could increase the removal of 2,4,6-TCP. The application of external carbon rapidly decreased the dissolved oxygen level of the system, resulting in inhibited chlorophenol removal. The concentration of removed 2,4,6-TCP could be increased from 35.49-152.89 mg L-1 by adjusting the carbon dosage. At the phylum level, Proteobacteria and Acidobacteria phylum bacteria, related to 2,4,6-TCP removal, were dominant when no carbon source was added, while excessive carbon levels resulted in the overgrowth of Saccharibacteria (50.19 %), responsible for carbon metabolism. In co-metabolism systems, chlorophenol-contaminated wastewater can effectively be treated by adjusting the external carbon source.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianguang Wang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Advanced Municipal Wastewater Treatment and Reuse Technology, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100124, China
| | - Zhirong Sun
- National Engineering Laboratory for Advanced Municipal Wastewater Treatment and Reuse Technology, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100124, China.
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6
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Mena IF, Diaz E, Palomar J, Rodriguez JJ, Mohedano AF. Cation and anion effect on the biodegradability and toxicity of imidazolium- and choline-based ionic liquids. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 240:124947. [PMID: 31568943 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.124947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2019] [Revised: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 09/22/2019] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
This work studies the effect of the cation and anion on the biodegradability and inhibition of imidazolium- and choline-based ionic liquids (ILs) using activated sludge. Six commercial ILs, formed by combination of 1-Butyl-3-methylimidazolium (Bmim+) and N,N,N-trimethylethanolammonium (Choline+) cations and chloride (Cl-), acetate (Ac-) and bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (NTf2-) anions were evaluated, all representative counter-ions with markedly different toxicity and biodegradability. Inherent and fast biodegradability tests were used to evaluate both the microorganism inhibition and the IL biodegradability. In addition, the ecotoxicological response (EC50) of the ILs was studied using activated sludge and Vibrio fischeri (Microtox® test). Bmim+ and NTf2- can be considered as non-biodegradable, whereas aerobic microorganisms easily degraded Choline+ and Ac-. The biodegradation pattern of each cation/anion is nearly unaffected by counter-ion nature. Moreover, concentrations of CholineNTf2 higher than 50 mg/L caused a partial inhibition on microbial activity, in good concordance with its low EC50 (54 mg/L) measured by respiration inhibition test, which alerts on the negative environmental impact of NTf2-containing ILs on the performance of sewage treatment plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- I F Mena
- Chemical Engineering Department, University Autonoma de Madrid, C/ Francisco Tomás y Valiente 7, 28049, Madrid, Spain.
| | - E Diaz
- Chemical Engineering Department, University Autonoma de Madrid, C/ Francisco Tomás y Valiente 7, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - J Palomar
- Chemical Engineering Department, University Autonoma de Madrid, C/ Francisco Tomás y Valiente 7, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - J J Rodriguez
- Chemical Engineering Department, University Autonoma de Madrid, C/ Francisco Tomás y Valiente 7, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - A F Mohedano
- Chemical Engineering Department, University Autonoma de Madrid, C/ Francisco Tomás y Valiente 7, 28049, Madrid, Spain
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7
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Sigurnjak M, Ukić Š, Cvetnić M, Markić M, Novak Stankov M, Rasulev B, Kušić H, Lončarić Božić A, Rogošić M, Bolanča T. Combined toxicities of binary mixtures of alachlor, chlorfenvinphos, diuron and isoproturon. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 240:124973. [PMID: 31726602 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.124973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Revised: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Pesticides are the chemicals of increased concern regarding their adverse environmental effects. In particular, the reports on their joint toxicity effects are scarce in the literature. Therefore, this paper describes the experiments on toxicities of four pesticides: alachlor, chlorfenvinphos, diuron, and isoproturon, toward Vibrio fischeri. In particular, the joint toxicity effects for all possible binary combinations of the pesticides were analyzed. The analysis included the application of concentration addition and independent action models at two toxicity levels: EC10 and EC50. The analysis revealed additive behavior between all pesticide pairs. The only exception was isoproturon and chlorfenvinphos whose combination resulted in synergistic toxic activity. The original form of the logistic function was given preference over the linearized form in describing the response-dose relationships of investigated pesticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Sigurnjak
- University of Zagreb, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Marulićev Trg 19, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Š Ukić
- University of Zagreb, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Marulićev Trg 19, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - M Cvetnić
- University of Zagreb, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Marulićev Trg 19, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - M Markić
- University of Zagreb, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Marulićev Trg 19, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - M Novak Stankov
- University of Zagreb, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Marulićev Trg 19, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - B Rasulev
- North Dakota State University, Department of Coatings and Polymeric Materials, Fargo, ND, 58102, USA
| | - H Kušić
- University of Zagreb, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Marulićev Trg 19, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - A Lončarić Božić
- University of Zagreb, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Marulićev Trg 19, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - M Rogošić
- University of Zagreb, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Marulićev Trg 19, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - T Bolanča
- University of Zagreb, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Marulićev Trg 19, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
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8
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Turek M, Pawłowska B, Różycka-Sokołowska E, Biczak R, Skalik J, Owsianik K, Marciniak B, Bałczewski P. Ecotoxicity of ammonium chlorophenoxyacetate derivatives towards aquatic organisms: Unexpected enhanced toxicity upon oxygen by sulfur replacement. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2020; 382:121086. [PMID: 31465943 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.121086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Revised: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Phenoxyacetate herbicides, such as 2,4-D and MCPA, having a high toxicity to non-target organisms are commonly used for controlling broadleaf weeds in agriculture. However, novel and environmentally friendly analogs are constantly sought after. For this purpose, various substituents at the phenyl group have been tested to find the optimal balance between the potent herbicidal activity and safety for non-target species. In this work, we investigated the influence of the oxygen by sulfur replacement in the phenoxy moiety of ammonium chlorophenoxyacetates on the toxicity towards aquatic organisms, such as bacteria (Vibrio fischeri), water flea (Daphnia magna) and freshwater fish (Pimephales promelas) by determining experimental (Microtox® test - V. fischeri) and predicted (ACD Lab Percepta software - D. magna, P. promelas) EC50/LC50 values. The achieved results showed that in contrary to the literature observations, where O-compounds were more toxic than their S-analogs (urea/thiourea), the O/S replacement in chlorophenoxyacetate significantly increased ecotoxicity of the S-analogs (up to 11 times). Moreover, one- and two-substituted phenoxyacetates in the form of ammonium salts were less toxic to V. fischeri than the commercially available phenoxy herbicides in the acid form. The logP/logD values were also calculated to understand hydro/lipophilic nature of the investigated compounds and differences in their toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marika Turek
- Institute of Chemistry, Health and Food Sciences, The Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Jan Długosz University in Częstochowa, Armii Krajowej 13/15, Częstochowa, 42-201, Poland
| | - Barbara Pawłowska
- Institute of Chemistry, Health and Food Sciences, The Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Jan Długosz University in Częstochowa, Armii Krajowej 13/15, Częstochowa, 42-201, Poland
| | - Ewa Różycka-Sokołowska
- Institute of Chemistry, Health and Food Sciences, The Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Jan Długosz University in Częstochowa, Armii Krajowej 13/15, Częstochowa, 42-201, Poland
| | - Robert Biczak
- Institute of Chemistry, Health and Food Sciences, The Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Jan Długosz University in Częstochowa, Armii Krajowej 13/15, Częstochowa, 42-201, Poland
| | - Joanna Skalik
- Division of Organic Chemistry, Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sienkiewicza 112, Łódź, 90-363, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Owsianik
- Division of Organic Chemistry, Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sienkiewicza 112, Łódź, 90-363, Poland
| | - Bernard Marciniak
- Institute of Chemistry, Health and Food Sciences, The Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Jan Długosz University in Częstochowa, Armii Krajowej 13/15, Częstochowa, 42-201, Poland
| | - Piotr Bałczewski
- Institute of Chemistry, Health and Food Sciences, The Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Jan Długosz University in Częstochowa, Armii Krajowej 13/15, Częstochowa, 42-201, Poland; Division of Organic Chemistry, Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sienkiewicza 112, Łódź, 90-363, Poland.
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9
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Gomez-Herrero E, Tobajas M, Polo A, Rodriguez JJ, Mohedano AF. Toxicity and inhibition assessment of ionic liquids by activated sludge. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2020; 187:109836. [PMID: 31675504 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.109836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2019] [Revised: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Toxicity of 13 ionic liquids (ILs) corresponding to different families were studied by inhibition respiration assays (15 min) using activated sludge. Toxicity increased as increasing the number of carbons in the alkyl-chain of imidazolium-based ILs, with EC50 values from 4.19 to 0.17 for 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride ([Emim][Cl]) and 1-octyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride ([Omim][Cl]), respectively. An increase in toxicity was observed for aromatic-based ILs (pyridinium- and imidazolium-based ILs) due to the hydrophobic character of the head groups in comparison with linear structures as phosphonium and ammonium cations. Among to the anions studied fixing [Emim]+ as cation, [HSO4]- and [NTf2]- presented low EC50 values (0.34 mM and 1.69 mM, respectively) while [Cl]- and [EtSO4]- were considered harmless anions due to the hydrophilic character of chloride and the organic nature of [EtSO4]-. ILs toxicity/inhibition was determined by adding a biodegradable compound and measuring the sludge response after being in contact with the ILs for at least 15 h. The exposure of sewage sludge to ILs for more than 15 min used in short inhibition assays caused more toxic effect on microorganisms, even for [Choline][NTf2], previously defined as practically harmless (EC50 = 2.79 mM). Biodegradability assays confirmed the biodegradable nature of choline cation, related with TOC conversion of 40%, only due to cation consumption. No oxygen consumption or even lysis of microbial cells was observed for Tetrabutylammonium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide and for 1-Ethyl-3-methylimidazolium hydrogensulphate due to the presence of anions previously defined as hazardous ([NTf2]- and [HSO4]-), maintaining their recalcitrant character to sewage systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Gomez-Herrero
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Science, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain.
| | - M Tobajas
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Science, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - A Polo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Science, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - J J Rodriguez
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Science, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - A F Mohedano
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Science, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain
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10
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Energy balance of an airlift bioreactor used for electrical power generation in energy storage. Chem Eng Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2019.115208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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11
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Efremova Aaron S, Tosheska-Trajkovska K, Cekovska S, Aaron JJ. Establishment of an EC 50 database of pesticides using a Vibrio fischeri bioluminescence method. LUMINESCENCE 2019; 34:508-511. [PMID: 30947403 DOI: 10.1002/bio.3628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Revised: 02/24/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
An EC50 database was established to assess the acute toxicity of 16 PESTANAL pesticide standards and of seven pesticide commercial formulations using a Vibrio fischeri bioluminescence method. Half maximal effective concentration (EC50 ) is defined as the concentration of pollutant (in this case, pesticide) destroying 50% of the bacteria population and causing 50% bioluminescence inhibition, after a specified exposure time. Linear curves of bioluminescence inhibition versus pesticide concentration and EC50 values were obtained for exposure times (t) of 5 or 15 min for these pesticides. The EC50 values ranged from 6.90 × 10-4 to 0.83 mg/ml (t = 5 min), and from 9.00 × 10-4 to 0.37 mg/ml (t = 15 min) for pesticide standards, plus from 0.0077 to 0.74 mg/ml (t = 5 min), and from 0.0076 and 0.57 mg/ml (t = 15 min) for pesticide commercial formulations. The EC50 database allowed classification of the pesticides under study into three categories according to their toxicity: very toxic, toxic and moderately toxic. These results demonstrated that the establishment of an EC50 database and of linear curves of bioluminescence inhibition versus the pesticide concentration resulted in very important and irreplaceable tools to estimate the global and individual toxicity of pesticides present in environmental samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Snezana Efremova Aaron
- Department of Medical and Experimental Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Ss. Ciril & Metodius University, Skopje, R. Macedonia
| | - Katerina Tosheska-Trajkovska
- Department of Medical and Experimental Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Ss. Ciril & Metodius University, Skopje, R. Macedonia
| | - Svetlana Cekovska
- Department of Medical and Experimental Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Ss. Ciril & Metodius University, Skopje, R. Macedonia
| | - Jean-Jacques Aaron
- Laboratory LGE, Champs-sur-Marne, University Paris-Est Marne la Vallée, 77454, Marne-la-Vallée Cedex 2, France
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12
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Gomez-Herrero E, Tobajas M, Polo A, Rodriguez JJ, Mohedano AF. Removal of imidazolium-based ionic liquid by coupling Fenton and biological oxidation. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2019; 365:289-296. [PMID: 30447636 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2018.10.097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Revised: 10/20/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we assessed the potential of combining Fenton´s reagent and biological oxidation for removing the imidazolium-based ionic liquid 1-Ethyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride (EmimCl). Fenton-like oxidation was conducted at variable H2O2 doses from 20 to 100% the stoichiometric value as calculated from the theoretical chemical oxygen demand (COD). The stoichiometric H2O2 dose afforded Total Organic Carbon (TOC) conversion and COD removal of 50 and 62%, respectively. Identifying the reaction by-products formed at low hydrogen peroxide doses allowed a plausible pathway for EmimCl oxidation to be proposed. The effluents from Fenton-like oxidation at substoichiometric H2O2 doses were less ecotoxic and more biodegradable than was the parent ionic liquid. The effluent from Fenton-like oxidation with the 60% H2O2 dose (TOC conversion ≅ 41%, COD removal ≅ 31%) was subsequently subjected to an effective biological treatment that allowed complete removal of the starting compound, increased its ecotoxicity to a low-moderate level and rendered it acceptably biodegradable. Biological oxidation was performed in 8-h and 12-h cycles in a sequencing batch reactor. Combining Fenton and biological oxidation of EmimCl afforded TOC conversion and COD removal of around 90%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther Gomez-Herrero
- -Departamento de Ingeniería Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Montserrat Tobajas
- -Departamento de Ingeniería Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Alicia Polo
- -Departamento de Ingeniería Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan J Rodriguez
- -Departamento de Ingeniería Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Angel F Mohedano
- -Departamento de Ingeniería Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
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Cotillas S, Lacasa E, Herraiz M, Sáez C, Cañizares P, Rodrigo MA. The Role of the Anode Material in Selective Penicillin G Oxidation in Urine. ChemElectroChem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.201801747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Salvador Cotillas
- Department of Chemical Engineering School of Industrial EngineeringUniversity of Castilla-La Mancha 02071 Albacete Spain
| | - Engracia Lacasa
- Department of Chemical Engineering School of Industrial EngineeringUniversity of Castilla-La Mancha 02071 Albacete Spain
| | - Miguel Herraiz
- Department of Chemical Engineering School of Industrial EngineeringUniversity of Castilla-La Mancha 02071 Albacete Spain
| | - Cristina Sáez
- Department of Chemical Engineering Faculty of Chemical Sciences and TechnologiesUniversity of Castilla-La Mancha 13005 Ciudad Real Spain
| | - Pablo Cañizares
- Department of Chemical Engineering Faculty of Chemical Sciences and TechnologiesUniversity of Castilla-La Mancha 13005 Ciudad Real Spain
| | - Manuel A. Rodrigo
- Department of Chemical Engineering Faculty of Chemical Sciences and TechnologiesUniversity of Castilla-La Mancha 13005 Ciudad Real Spain
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14
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Diaz E, Monsalvo VM, Lopez J, Mena IF, Palomar J, Rodriguez JJ, Mohedano AF. Assessment the ecotoxicity and inhibition of imidazolium ionic liquids by respiration inhibition assays. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2018; 162:29-34. [PMID: 29960119 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.06.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2018] [Revised: 06/18/2018] [Accepted: 06/20/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The ecotoxicity and inhibition of 12 imidazolium ionic liquids (ILs) with alkyl chain from C4 to C10 and chloride (Cl-), tetrafluoroborate (BF4-) and bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (NTf2-) anions have been studied by means of respiration inhibition assays using activated sludge collected from a wastewater treatment plant. This test represents an alternative easy, economic and quick way to evaluate the true impact of ILs on activated sludge-based wastewater treatment. For comparison purposes, the EC50 values were also determined by the Microtox test (Vibrio fischeri). It was observed that this widely used microbial test overestimates the effect of the ILs on biological wastewater treatment facilities, especially in the case of ILs with lower ecotoxicity. The results of the biological tests showed that the alkyl chain length plays a crucial role in the ecotoxicity of ILs. A significant increase of the toxicity with the length of the n-alkyl chain was found. Regarding to the impact of the anion, the ecotoxicity measured by respiration inhibition assays follows the order NTf2- > Cl- > BF4-, being the anion effect higher as decreasing the length of cation alkyl chain. According to the hazard substances ranking for aquatic organisms (Passino and Smith, 1987), imidazolium ILs with C4 alkyl chain can be classified as "practically harmless" compounds whereas those with alkyl chains C8 or C10 correspond to "highly toxic" species.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Diaz
- Chemical Engineering Section, University Autonoma de Madrid, C/ Francisco Tomás y Valiente 7, 28049, Madrid, Spain.
| | - V M Monsalvo
- Chemical Engineering Section, University Autonoma de Madrid, C/ Francisco Tomás y Valiente 7, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - J Lopez
- Chemical Engineering Section, University Autonoma de Madrid, C/ Francisco Tomás y Valiente 7, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - I F Mena
- Chemical Engineering Section, University Autonoma de Madrid, C/ Francisco Tomás y Valiente 7, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - J Palomar
- Chemical Engineering Section, University Autonoma de Madrid, C/ Francisco Tomás y Valiente 7, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - J J Rodriguez
- Chemical Engineering Section, University Autonoma de Madrid, C/ Francisco Tomás y Valiente 7, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - A F Mohedano
- Chemical Engineering Section, University Autonoma de Madrid, C/ Francisco Tomás y Valiente 7, 28049, Madrid, Spain
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15
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Westlund P, Nasuhoglu D, Isazadeh S, Yargeau V. Investigation of Acute and Chronic Toxicity Trends of Pesticides Using High-Throughput Bioluminescence Assay Based on the Test Organism Vibrio fischeri. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2018; 74:557-567. [PMID: 29177941 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-017-0483-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Accepted: 11/14/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
High-throughput acute and chronic toxicity tests using Vibrio fischeri were used to assess the toxicity of a variety of fungicides, herbicides, and neonicotinoids. The use of time points beyond the traditional 30 min of an acute test highlighted the sensitivity and applicability of the chronic toxicity test and indicated that for some compounds toxicity is underestimated using only the acute test. The comparison of EC50 values obtained from acute and chronic tests provided insight regarding the toxicity mode of action, either being direct or indirect. Using a structure-activity relationship approach similar to the one used in hazard assessments, the relationship between toxicity and key physicochemical properties of pesticides was investigated and trends were identified. This study not only provides new information regarding acute toxicity of some pesticides but also is one of the first studies to investigate the chronic toxicity of pesticides using the test organism V. fischeri. The findings demonstrated that the initial bioluminescence has a large effect on the calculated effective concentrations for target compounds in both acute and chronic tests, providing a way to improve and standardize the test protocol. In addition, the findings emphasize the need for additional investigation regarding the relationship between a toxicant's physicochemical properties and mode of action in nontarget organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Westlund
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, H3A0C5, Canada
| | - Deniz Nasuhoglu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, H3A0C5, Canada
| | - Siavash Isazadeh
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, H3A0C5, Canada
| | - Viviane Yargeau
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, H3A0C5, Canada.
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16
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Gallego A, Laurino Soulé J, Napolitano H, Rossi SL, Vescina C, Korol SE. Biodegradability of Chlorophenols in Surface Waters from the Urban Area of Buenos Aires. BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2018; 100:541-547. [PMID: 29464279 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-018-2300-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2017] [Accepted: 02/14/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Biodegradability of 2-Chlorophenol (2-CP), 3-Chlorophenol (3-CP), 4-Chlorophenol (4-CP), 2,4-Dichlorophenol (2,4-DCP) and 2,4,6 Trichlorophenol (2,4,6-TCP) has been tested in surface waters in the urban area of Buenos Aires. Samples were taken from the La Plata River and from the Reconquista and Matanza-Riachuelo basins, with a total amount of 18 sampling points. Water quality was established measuring chemical oxygen demand (COD), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5), and both Escherichia coli and Enterococcus counts. Biodegradability was carried out by a respirometric method, using a concentration of 20 mg L-1 of chlorophenol, and the surface water as inoculum. Chlorophenols concentration in the same water samples were simultaneously measured by a solid phase microextraction (SPME) procedure followed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). 2,4-DCP was the most degradable compound followed by 2,4,6-TCP, 4-CP, 3-CP and 2-CP. Biodegradability showed no correlation with compound concentration. At most sampling points the concentration was below the detection limit for all congeners. Biodegradability does not correlate even with COD, BOD5, or fecal contamination. Biodegradability assays highlighted information about bacterial exposure to contaminants that parameters routinely used for watercourse characterization do not reveal. For this reason, they might be a helpful tool to complete the characterization of a site.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Gallego
- Cátedra de Salud Pública e Higiene Ambiental, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Junín 956 4ºPiso, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - J Laurino Soulé
- Cátedra de Salud Pública e Higiene Ambiental, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Junín 956 4ºPiso, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - H Napolitano
- Jenk S.A. Alvarez Thomas 228, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - S L Rossi
- Cátedra de Salud Pública e Higiene Ambiental, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Junín 956 4ºPiso, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - C Vescina
- Cátedra de Química Analítica, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Junín 956 4ºPiso, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - S E Korol
- Cátedra de Salud Pública e Higiene Ambiental, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Junín 956 4ºPiso, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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17
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García-Mancha N, Monsalvo VM, Puyol D, Rodriguez JJ, Mohedano AF. Enhanced anaerobic degradability of highly polluted pesticides-bearing wastewater under thermophilic conditions. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2017; 339:320-329. [PMID: 28658641 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2017.06.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2017] [Revised: 06/14/2017] [Accepted: 06/15/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
This work presents a sustainable and cost-competitive solution for hardly biodegradable pesticides-bearing wastewater treatment in an anaerobic expanded granular sludge bed (EGSB) reactor at mesophilic (35°C) and thermophilic (55°C). The reactor was operated in continuous mode during 160days, achieving an average COD removal of 33 and 44% under mesophilic and thermophilic conditions, respectively. The increase of temperature improved the biomass activity and the production of methane by 35%. Around 96% of pesticides identified in raw wastewater were not detected in both mesophilic and thermophilic effluents. A dramatic selection of the microbial population in anaerobic granules was caused by the presence of pesticides, which also changed significantly when the temperature was increased. Pesticides caused a significant inhibition on methanogenesis, especially over acetoclastic methanogens. Aerobic biodegradability tests of the resulting anaerobic effluents revealed that aerobic post-treatment is also a feasible and effective option, yielding more than 60% COD reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- N García-Mancha
- Chemical Engineering Section, University Autonoma de Madrid, Francisco Tomas y Valiente 7, 28049 Madrid, Spain.
| | - V M Monsalvo
- Innovation and Technology Department, FCC Aqualia, Av. del Camino de Santiago, 40, 28050 Madrid, Spain.
| | - D Puyol
- Department of Chemical and Energy Tech., Chemical and Environmental Tech., Mechanical Tech. and Analytical Chemistry ESCET, Rey Juan Carlos University, 28933 Madrid, Spain.
| | - J J Rodriguez
- Chemical Engineering Section, University Autonoma de Madrid, Francisco Tomas y Valiente 7, 28049 Madrid, Spain.
| | - A F Mohedano
- Chemical Engineering Section, University Autonoma de Madrid, Francisco Tomas y Valiente 7, 28049 Madrid, Spain.
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18
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Amariei G, Boltes K, Rosal R, Letón P. Toxicological interactions of ibuprofen and triclosan on biological activity of activated sludge. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2017; 334:193-200. [PMID: 28412629 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2017.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2016] [Revised: 04/04/2017] [Accepted: 04/05/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The growing use of pharmaceutical and personal care products increases their concentrations in the wastewater entering treatment plants and their levels into biological reactors. The most extended biological wastewater treatment is the activated sludge process. The toxicity of ibuprofen and triclosan, individually and combined, was studied by tracking the biological activity of the activated sludge measuring oxygen uptake rate and the inhibition of the esterase activity. Short-term exposure produced significant inhibition in oxygen uptake, with lower damage to enzymatic activity. Median effect values for oxygen uptake inhibition were 64±13mgL-1 and 0.32±0.07mgL-1 for ibuprofen and triclosan respectively using 125mgL-1 activated sludge. For the inhibition of enzymatic activity values were 633±63mgL-1 for ibuprofen and 1.94±0.32mgL-1 for triclosan. Results indicated that oxygen uptake, related to primary activity of microorganisms, was more strongly affected than the enzymatic activity associated to energy consumption. Toxicity interactions were determined using the Combination Index-isobologram method. Results showed antagonism at lower values of affected population, after which the mixtures tended to additivity and synergism. For the case of enzymatic activity, the antagonism was less marked and the additivity range was higher.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgiana Amariei
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Alcalá, E-28871 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Karina Boltes
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Alcalá, E-28871 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain; Madrid Institute for Advanced Studies of Water (IMDEA Agua), Parque Científico Tecnológico, E-28805 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Roberto Rosal
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Alcalá, E-28871 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain; Madrid Institute for Advanced Studies of Water (IMDEA Agua), Parque Científico Tecnológico, E-28805 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Pedro Letón
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Alcalá, E-28871 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain; Madrid Institute for Advanced Studies of Water (IMDEA Agua), Parque Científico Tecnológico, E-28805 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
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19
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Nasuhoglu D, Westlund P, Isazadeh S, Neamatallah S, Yargeau V. Development of a Facile and High-Throughput Bioluminescence Assay Using Vibrio fischeri to Determine the Chronic Toxicity of Contaminated Samples. BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2017; 98:196-203. [PMID: 28028550 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-016-2008-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2016] [Accepted: 12/09/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Chronic toxicity testing using the luminescent bacterium, Vibrio fischeri, has recently been demonstrated to be a suitable bioassay for water quality monitoring. The toxicity evaluation is typically based on determining the EC50 at specific time points which may lead to overlooking the dynamic nature of luminescence response and limits information regarding the possible mechanisms of action of target compounds. This study investigated various approaches (standard, integral, and luminescence rate inhibition) to evaluate the chronic toxicity of three target compounds (atrazine, trimethoprim, and acetamiprid) using a 96-well plate based method. The chronic toxicity assay and the methods used for EC50 calculation provided in this work resulted in a high-throughput method of chronic toxicity testing and indicated lower EC50 than the values provided by the standard short term methods, indicating higher toxicity. This study emphasizes the need for additional chronic toxicity testing to further evaluate the toxicity of compounds or unknown samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deniz Nasuhoglu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, H3A0C5, Canada
| | - Paul Westlund
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, H3A0C5, Canada
| | - Siavash Isazadeh
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, H3A0C5, Canada
| | - Sarah Neamatallah
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, H3A0C5, Canada
| | - Viviane Yargeau
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, H3A0C5, Canada.
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20
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Tobajas M, Verdugo V, Polo AM, Rodriguez JJ, Mohedano AF. Assessment of toxicity and biodegradability on activated sludge of priority and emerging pollutants. ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY 2015; 37:713-721. [PMID: 26243262 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2015.1079264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Several methods for evaluating the toxicity and biodegradability of hazardous pollutants (chlorinated compounds, chemical additives and pharmaceuticals) have been studied in this work. Different bioassays using representative bacteria of marine and terrestrial ecosystems such as Vibrio fischeri and Pseudomonas putida have been used to assess the ecotoxicity. Activated sludge was used to analyse the effect of those pollutants in a biological reactor of a sewage treatment plant (STP). The results demonstrate that none of the compounds is toxic to activated sludge, except ofloxacin to P. putida. The additives tested can be considered moderately toxic according to the more sensitive V. fischeri assays, whereas the EC50 values of the pharmaceuticals depend on the specific microorganism used in each test. Regarding the biodegradability, respirometric measurements were carried out for fast biodegradability assessment and the Zahn-Wellens test for inherent biodegradability. The evolution of the specific oxygen uptake rate (SOUR) showed that only diethyl phthalate was easily biodegradable and acetylsalicylic acid was partially biodegradable (98% and 65% degradation, respectively). The persistence of dichloromethane, ofloxacin and hidrochlorothiazide was confirmed along the 28 days of the Zahn-Wellens test whereas 1,1,1-trichloroethane showed inherent biodegradability (74% removal). Most of the chlorinated compounds, pharmaceuticals, bisphenol A and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid were partially degraded in 28 d with total organic carbon (TOC) reduction ranging from 21% to 51%. Sulphamethoxazole showed certain biodegradation (50% removal) with TOC decrease around 31%, which indicates the formation of non-biodegradable by-products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Montserrat Tobajas
- a Sección de Ingeniería Química, Facultad de Ciencias , Universidad Autónoma de Madrid , C/Francisco Tomás y Valiente, 7, 28049 Madrid , Spain
| | - Verónica Verdugo
- a Sección de Ingeniería Química, Facultad de Ciencias , Universidad Autónoma de Madrid , C/Francisco Tomás y Valiente, 7, 28049 Madrid , Spain
| | - Alicia M Polo
- a Sección de Ingeniería Química, Facultad de Ciencias , Universidad Autónoma de Madrid , C/Francisco Tomás y Valiente, 7, 28049 Madrid , Spain
| | - Juan J Rodriguez
- a Sección de Ingeniería Química, Facultad de Ciencias , Universidad Autónoma de Madrid , C/Francisco Tomás y Valiente, 7, 28049 Madrid , Spain
| | - Angel F Mohedano
- a Sección de Ingeniería Química, Facultad de Ciencias , Universidad Autónoma de Madrid , C/Francisco Tomás y Valiente, 7, 28049 Madrid , Spain
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21
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Diaz E, Mohedano A, Casas J, Calvo L, Gilarranz M, Rodriguez J. Deactivation of a Pd/AC catalyst in the hydrodechlorination of chlorinated herbicides. Catal Today 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cattod.2014.03.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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22
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Microrespirometric characterization of activated sludge inhibition by copper and zinc. Biodegradation 2014; 25:867-79. [DOI: 10.1007/s10532-014-9706-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2014] [Accepted: 08/05/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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23
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Sanchis S, Polo AM, Tobajas M, Rodriguez JJ, Mohedano AF. Coupling Fenton and biological oxidation for the removal of nitrochlorinated herbicides from water. WATER RESEARCH 2014; 49:197-206. [PMID: 24333521 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2013.11.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2013] [Revised: 11/13/2013] [Accepted: 11/15/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The combination of Fenton and biological oxidation for the removal of the nitrochlorinated herbicides alachlor, atrazine and diuron in aqueous solution has been studied. The H2O2 dose was varied from 20 to 100% of the stoichiometric amount related to the initial chemical oxygen demand (COD). The effluents from Fenton oxidation were analyzed for ecotoxicity, biodegradability, total organic carbon (TOC), COD and intermediate byproducts. The chemical step resulted in a significant improvement of the biodegradability in spite of its negligible or even slightly negative effect on the ecotoxicity. Working at 60% of the stoichiometric H2O2 dose allowed obtaining highly biodegradable effluents in the cases of alachlor and atrazine. That dose was even lower (40% of the stoichiometric) for diuron. The subsequent biological treatment was carried out in a sequencing batch reactor (SBR) and the combined Fenton-biological treatment allowed up to around 80% of COD reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Sanchis
- Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Sección Departamental de Ingeniería Química, Carretera Madrid-Colmenar Viejo Km 12.700, 28049 Madrid, Spain.
| | - A M Polo
- Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Sección Departamental de Ingeniería Química, Carretera Madrid-Colmenar Viejo Km 12.700, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - M Tobajas
- Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Sección Departamental de Ingeniería Química, Carretera Madrid-Colmenar Viejo Km 12.700, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - J J Rodriguez
- Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Sección Departamental de Ingeniería Química, Carretera Madrid-Colmenar Viejo Km 12.700, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - A F Mohedano
- Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Sección Departamental de Ingeniería Química, Carretera Madrid-Colmenar Viejo Km 12.700, 28049 Madrid, Spain
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24
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Sanchis S, Polo AM, Tobajas M, Rodriguez JJ, Mohedano AF. Strategies to evaluate biodegradability: application to chlorinated herbicides. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 21:9445-52. [PMID: 24026209 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-013-2130-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2013] [Accepted: 08/30/2013] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The biodegradability of nitrochlorinated (diuron and atrazine) and chlorophenoxy herbicides (2,4-D and MCPA) has been studied through several bioassays using different testing times and biomass/substrate ratios. A fast biodegradability test using unacclimated activated sludge yielded no biodegradation of the herbicides in 24 h. The inherent biodegradability test gave degradation percentages of around 20-30% for the nitrochlorinated herbicides and almost complete removal of the chlorophenoxy compounds. Long-term biodegradability assays were performed using sequencing batch reactor (SBR) and sequencing batch membrane bioreactor (SB-MBR). Fixed concentrations of each herbicide below the corresponding EC50 value for activated sludge were used (30 mg L(-1) for diuron and atrazine and 50 mg L(-1) for 2,4-D and MCPA). No signs of herbicide degradation appeared before 35 days in the case of diuron and atrazine and 21 days for 2,4-D, whereas MCPA was partially degraded since the early stages. Around 25-36% degradation of the nitrochlorinated herbicides and 53-77% of the chlorophenoxy ones was achieved after 180 and 135 days, respectively, in SBR, whereas complete disappearance of 2,4-D was reached after 80 days in SB-MBR.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Sanchis
- Sección Departamental de Ingeniería Química, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Carretera Madrid-Colmenar Viejo Km 12.700, 28049, Madrid, Spain,
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25
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Sanchis S, Polo AM, Tobajas M, Rodriguez JJ, Mohedano AF. Degradation of chlorophenoxy herbicides by coupled Fenton and biological oxidation. CHEMOSPHERE 2013; 93:115-22. [PMID: 23726010 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.04.097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2013] [Revised: 04/19/2013] [Accepted: 04/25/2013] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
A combined treatment for the degradation of the chlorophenoxy herbicides 2,4-D and MCPA in water by means of Fenton and biological oxidation has been studied. The chemical oxidation step was necessary to achieve an efficient removal of these pollutants due to their toxicity and low biodegradability. Aqueous herbicide solutions (180mgL(-1)) were subjected to Fenton oxidation upon different H2O2 doses (from the theoretical stoichiometric amount referred to initial COD to 20% of this value). The toxicity and biodegradability tests of the Fenton effluents suggested that the ones resulting upon treatment with 80% and 60% of stoichiometric H2O2 were the optimal for subsequent biological treatment dealing with 2,4-D and MCPA, respectively. These effluents were treated in a sequencing batch reactor achieving nearly 90% conversion of organic matter measured as COD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Sanchis
- Seccion Departamental de Ingenieria Quimica, Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, Madrid 28049, Spain.
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26
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Al Bahri M, Calvo L, Polo AM, Gilarranz MA, Mohedano AF, Rodriguez JJ. Identification of by-products and toxicity assessment in aqueous-phase hydrodechlorination of diuron with palladium on activated carbon catalysts. CHEMOSPHERE 2013; 91:1317-1323. [PMID: 23562546 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.02.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2013] [Revised: 02/26/2013] [Accepted: 02/27/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The hydrodechlorination (HDC) of diuron in aqueous phase with hydrogen using two different activated carbon-supported Pd catalysts was studied. A commercial activated carbon and one prepared by chemical activation of grape seeds with phosphoric acid (GS) were evaluated as supports, being the catalysts tested in a wide range of temperature (30-100 °C) and space-time (78-311 kgcat h mol(-1)). Diuron conversion was above 70% under all the conditions tested. The Pd catalyst supported on GS showed the highest activity in terms of diuron conversion within the temperature range studied, allowing nearly complete conversion above 50 °C. However, a gradual loss of activity with time was observed for this catalyst. A complete route of hydrogenation of diuron was elucidated. Two reaction routes one leading to fenuron and another to aniline were identified. As the temperature and space-time were increased, the formation of fenuron (via monuron) was found to be favored. The toxicity of the reaction products was evaluated, being the route to fenuron and monuron, the one giving rise to a significant decrease of ecotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Al Bahri
- Sección Departamental de Ingeniería Química, C/Francisco Tomás y Valiente 7, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain.
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