1
|
Tao S, Wu J, He Y, Jiao F. Numerical Studies on the Motions of Magnetically Tagged Cells Driven by a Micromagnetic Matrix. MICROMACHINES 2023; 14:2224. [PMID: 38138393 PMCID: PMC10745660 DOI: 10.3390/mi14122224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2023] [Revised: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
Precisely controlling magnetically tagged cells in a complex environment is crucial to constructing a magneto-microfluidic platform. We propose a two-dimensional model for capturing magnetic beads from non-magnetic fluids under a micromagnetic matrix. A qualitative description of the relationship between the capture trajectory and the micromagnetic matrix with an alternating polarity configuration was obtained by computing the force curve of the magnetic particles. Three stages comprise the capture process: the first, where motion is a parabolic fall in weak fields; the second, where the motion becomes unpredictable due to the competition between gravity and magnetic force; and the third, where the micromagnetic matrix finally captures cells. Since it is not always obvious how many particles are adhered to the surface, attachment density is utilized to illustrate how the quantity of particles influences the capture path. The longitudinal magnetic load is calculated to measure the acquisition efficiency. The optimal adhesion density is 13%, and the maximum adhesion density is 18%. It has been demonstrated that a magnetic ring model with 100% adhesion density can impede the capture process. The results offer a theoretical foundation for enhancing the effectiveness of rare cell capture in practical applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shanjia Tao
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Chongqing Technology and Business University, Chongqing 400067, China;
| | - Jianguo Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Power Transmission Equipment & System Security and New Technology, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China;
| | - Yongqing He
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Micro-Nano System and Intelligent Transduction, National Research Base of Intelligent Manufacturing Service, Chongqing Technology and Business University, Chongqing 400067, China
| | - Feng Jiao
- School of Chemical Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Wen Z, Yu J, Jeong H, Kim DU, Yang JY, Hyun KA, Choi S, Park S, Jung HI. An all-in-one platform to deplete pathogenic bacteria for rapid and safe enrichment of plant-derived extracellular vesicles. LAB ON A CHIP 2023; 23:4483-4492. [PMID: 37750717 DOI: 10.1039/d3lc00585b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/27/2023]
Abstract
Plant-derived extracellular vesicles (PDEVs) have exhibited several advantages, such as high biocompatibility, improvement of skin conditions, and the prevention of skin aging. However, traditional methods of extraction for plant substances, such as heating under reflux or solvent extraction, are complicated, time-consuming, and low in purity. Accordingly, a simple and efficient platform is necessary for purely isolating natural substances from plants. In this study, we report a newly designed platform for removing impurities to purify PDEVs. The proposed platform comprises three parts: (i) inflow of samples, (ii) depletion of impurities, and (iii) collection of PDEVs. The platform is designed to flow from top to bottom using gravity without the need for electric components. The platform allows the delimitation of impurities, such as the pathogenic bacteria in PDEVs, by capturing magnetic beads coated with Concanavalin A (Con A). We validate the practicality of our platform using extracellular vesicles derived from liquorice (LdEVs). Notably, the LdEVs purified using the Con A-coated magnetic beads provide better cell uptake and wound recovery than the commercialized extract LdEVs. This highlights the therapeutic potential of fresh LdEVs purified using our platform, particularly in preventing skin aging. The findings of this study hold significant practical implications for the cosmeceutical and therapeutic field, providing a promising approach for the extraction and purification of natural substances from plants to harness their benefits effectively.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhihao Wen
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jianning Yu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, College of Software and Digital Healthcare Convergence, Yonsei University, 1 Yonseidae-gil, Wonju-si, Gangwon-do, 26493, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyorim Jeong
- The DABOM Inc., 50, Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Uk Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea.
| | - Ji Yeong Yang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea.
- The DABOM Inc., 50, Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-A Hyun
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea.
| | - Seoyeon Choi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea.
- The DABOM Inc., 50, Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Sunyoung Park
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea.
- The DABOM Inc., 50, Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyo-Il Jung
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea.
- The DABOM Inc., 50, Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Johnson A, Reimer S, Childres R, Cupp G, Kohs TCL, McCarty OJT, Kang Y(A. The Applications and Challenges of the Development of In Vitro Tumor Microenvironment Chips. Cell Mol Bioeng 2023; 16:3-21. [PMID: 36660587 PMCID: PMC9842840 DOI: 10.1007/s12195-022-00755-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment (TME) plays a critical, yet mechanistically elusive role in tumor development and progression, as well as drug resistance. To better understand the pathophysiology of the complex TME, a reductionist approach has been employed to create in vitro microfluidic models called "tumor chips". Herein, we review the fabrication processes, applications, and limitations of the tumor chips currently under development for use in cancer research. Tumor chips afford capabilities for real-time observation, precise control of microenvironment factors (e.g. stromal and cellular components), and application of physiologically relevant fluid shear stresses and perturbations. Applications for tumor chips include drug screening and toxicity testing, assessment of drug delivery modalities, and studies of transport and interactions of immune cells and circulating tumor cells with primary tumor sites. The utility of tumor chips is currently limited by the ability to recapitulate the nuances of tumor physiology, including extracellular matrix composition and stiffness, heterogeneity of cellular components, hypoxic gradients, and inclusion of blood cells and the coagulome in the blood microenvironment. Overcoming these challenges and improving the physiological relevance of in vitro tumor models could provide powerful testing platforms in cancer research and decrease the need for animal and clinical studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Annika Johnson
- Department of Mechanical, Civil, and Biomedical Engineering, George Fox University, 414 N. Meridian Street, #6088, Newberg, OR 97132 USA
| | - Samuel Reimer
- Department of Mechanical, Civil, and Biomedical Engineering, George Fox University, 414 N. Meridian Street, #6088, Newberg, OR 97132 USA
| | - Ryan Childres
- Department of Mechanical, Civil, and Biomedical Engineering, George Fox University, 414 N. Meridian Street, #6088, Newberg, OR 97132 USA
| | - Grace Cupp
- Department of Mechanical, Civil, and Biomedical Engineering, George Fox University, 414 N. Meridian Street, #6088, Newberg, OR 97132 USA
| | - Tia C. L. Kohs
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239 USA
| | - Owen J. T. McCarty
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239 USA
- Cell, Developmental and Cancer Biology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97201 USA
| | - Youngbok (Abraham) Kang
- Department of Mechanical, Civil, and Biomedical Engineering, George Fox University, 414 N. Meridian Street, #6088, Newberg, OR 97132 USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Hasanzadeh Kafshgari M, Hayden O. Advances in analytical microfluidic workflows for differential cancer diagnosis. NANO SELECT 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/nano.202200158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Morteza Hasanzadeh Kafshgari
- Heinz‐Nixdorf‐Chair of Biomedical Electronics Campus Klinikum München rechts der Isar TranslaTUM Technical University of Munich Munich Germany
| | - Oliver Hayden
- Heinz‐Nixdorf‐Chair of Biomedical Electronics Campus Klinikum München rechts der Isar TranslaTUM Technical University of Munich Munich Germany
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Abstract
Microrobots have been developed and extensively employed for performing the variety tasks with various applications. However, the intricate fabrication and actuation processes employed for microrobots further restrict their multitudinous applicability as well as the controllability in high accuracy. As an alternative, in this work an aquatic microrobot was developed using a distinctive concept of the building block technique where the microrobot was built based on the block to block design. An in-house electromagnetic system as well as the control algorithm were developed to achieve the precise real-time dynamics of the microrobot for extensive applications. In addition, pivotal control parameters of the microrobot including the actuating waveforms together with the operational parameters were verified and discussed in conjunction with the magnetic intensity simulation. A mixing task was performed with high efficiency based on the trajectory planning and rotation control of the microrobot to demonstrate its capability in flow manipulation which can be advantageous for microreactor applications down the load. Aside from it, a dissolution test was further conducted to provide an on-demand flow agitation function of the microrobot for the next level of lab chip applications. The presented work with detail dynamic analysis is envisaged to provide a new look of microrobot control and functions from the engineering perspective with profoundly potential applications.
Collapse
|
6
|
Cheng J, Liu Y, Zhao Y, Zhang L, Zhang L, Mao H, Huang C. Nanotechnology-Assisted Isolation and Analysis of Circulating Tumor Cells on Microfluidic Devices. MICROMACHINES 2020; 11:E774. [PMID: 32823926 PMCID: PMC7465711 DOI: 10.3390/mi11080774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2020] [Revised: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Circulating tumor cells (CTCs), a type of cancer cell that spreads from primary tumors into human peripheral blood and are considered as a new biomarker of cancer liquid biopsy. It provides the direction for understanding the biology of cancer metastasis and progression. Isolation and analysis of CTCs offer the possibility for early cancer detection and dynamic prognosis monitoring. The extremely low quantity and high heterogeneity of CTCs are the major challenges for the application of CTCs in liquid biopsy. There have been significant research endeavors to develop efficient and reliable approaches to CTC isolation and analysis in the past few decades. With the advancement of microfabrication and nanomaterials, a variety of approaches have now emerged for CTC isolation and analysis on microfluidic platforms combined with nanotechnology. These new approaches show advantages in terms of cell capture efficiency, purity, detection sensitivity and specificity. This review focuses on recent progress in the field of nanotechnology-assisted microfluidics for CTC isolation and detection. Firstly, CTC isolation approaches using nanomaterial-based microfluidic devices are summarized and discussed. The different strategies for CTC release from the devices are specifically outlined. In addition, existing nanotechnology-assisted methods for CTC downstream analysis are summarized. Some perspectives are discussed on the challenges of current methods for CTC studies and promising research directions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jie Cheng
- Institute of Microelectronics of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; (J.C.); (Y.L.); (Y.Z.); (L.Z.); (H.M.)
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Institute of Microelectronics of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; (J.C.); (Y.L.); (Y.Z.); (L.Z.); (H.M.)
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yang Zhao
- Institute of Microelectronics of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; (J.C.); (Y.L.); (Y.Z.); (L.Z.); (H.M.)
| | - Lina Zhang
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Beijing Chest Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Tuberculosis and Thoracic Tumor Research Institute, Beijing 101149, China;
| | - Lingqian Zhang
- Institute of Microelectronics of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; (J.C.); (Y.L.); (Y.Z.); (L.Z.); (H.M.)
| | - Haiyang Mao
- Institute of Microelectronics of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; (J.C.); (Y.L.); (Y.Z.); (L.Z.); (H.M.)
| | - Chengjun Huang
- Institute of Microelectronics of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; (J.C.); (Y.L.); (Y.Z.); (L.Z.); (H.M.)
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Kelp G, Li J, Lu J, DiNapoli N, Delgado R, Liu C, Fan D, Dutta-Gupta S, Shvets G. Infrared spectroscopy of live cells from a flowing solution using electrically-biased plasmonic metasurfaces. LAB ON A CHIP 2020; 20:2136-2153. [PMID: 32406430 DOI: 10.1039/c9lc01054h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Spectral cytopathology (SCP) is a promising label-free technique for diagnosing diseases and monitoring therapeutic outcomes using FTIR spectroscopy. In most cases, cells must be immobilized on a substrate prior to spectroscopic interrogation. This creates significant limitations for high throughput phenotypic whole-cell analysis, especially for the non-adherent cells. Here we demonstrate how metasurface-enhanced infrared reflection spectroscopy (MEIRS) can be applied to a continuous flow of live cell solution by applying AC voltage to metallic metasurfaces. By integrating metasurfaces with microfluidic delivery channels and attracting the cells to the metasurface via dielectrophoretic (DEP) force, we collect the infrared spectra of cells in real time within a minute, and correlate the spectra with simultaneously acquired images of the attracted cells. The resulting DEP-MEIRS technique paves the way for rapid SCP of complex cell-containing body fluids with low cell concentrations, and for the development of a wide range of label-free liquid biopsies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Glen Kelp
- Department of Physics, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Luo L, He Y. Magnetically driven microfluidics for isolation of circulating tumor cells. Cancer Med 2020; 9:4207-4231. [PMID: 32325536 PMCID: PMC7300401 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.3077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Revised: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) largely contribute to cancer metastasis and show potential prognostic significance in cancer isolation and detection. Miniaturization has progressed significantly in the last decade which in turn enabled the development of several microfluidic systems. The microfluidic systems offer a controlled microenvironment for studies of fundamental cell biology, resulting in the rapid development of microfluidic isolation of CTCs. Due to the inherent ability of magnets to provide forces at a distance, the technology of CTCs isolation based on the magnetophoresis mechanism has become a routine methodology. This historical review aims to introduce two principles of magnetic isolation and recent techniques, facilitating research in this field and providing alternatives for researchers in their study of magnetic isolation. Researchers intend to promote effective CTC isolation and analysis as well as active development of next-generation cancer treatment. The first part of this review summarizes the primary principles based on positive and negative magnetophoretic isolation and describes the metrics for isolation performance. The second part presents a detailed overview of the factors that affect the performance of CTC magnetic isolation, including the magnetic field sources, functionalized magnetic nanoparticles, magnetic fluids, and magnetically driven microfluidic systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laan Luo
- School of Chemical EngineeringKunming University of Science and TechnologyKunmingChina
| | - Yongqing He
- School of Chemical EngineeringKunming University of Science and TechnologyKunmingChina
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Micro‐Nano System and Intelligent SensingChongqing Technology and Business UniversityChongqingChina
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Lei KF. A Review on Microdevices for Isolating Circulating Tumor Cells. MICROMACHINES 2020; 11:E531. [PMID: 32456042 PMCID: PMC7281722 DOI: 10.3390/mi11050531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Revised: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Cancer metastasis is the primary cause of high mortality of cancer patients. Enumeration of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) in the bloodstream is a very important indicator to estimate the therapeutic outcome in various metastatic cancers. The aim of this article is to review recent developments on the CTC isolation technologies in microdevices. Based on the categories of biochemical and biophysical isolation approaches, a literature review and in-depth discussion will be included to provide an overview of this challenging topic. The current excellent developments suggest promising CTC isolation methods in order to establish a precise indicator of the therapeutic outcome of cancer patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kin Fong Lei
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan; ; Tel.: +886-3-2118800 (ext. 5345)
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou 333, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Khizar S, Ben Halima H, Ahmad NM, Zine N, Errachid A, Elaissari A. Magnetic nanoparticles in microfluidic and sensing: From transport to detection. Electrophoresis 2020; 41:1206-1224. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201900377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Revised: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sumera Khizar
- Université de Lyon LAGEP, UMR‐5007, CNRS, Université Lyon 1, 5007 43 Bd 11 Novembre 1918 Villeurbanne F‐69622 France
- Polymer Research Lab School of Chemical and Materials Engineering (SCME) National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST) H‐12 Sector Islamabad 44000 Pakistan
| | - Hamdi Ben Halima
- Université de Lyon Institut des Science Analytiques UMR 5280, CNRS Université Lyon 1 ENS Lyon-5, rue de la Doua Villeurbanne F‐69100 France
| | - Nasir M. Ahmad
- Polymer Research Lab School of Chemical and Materials Engineering (SCME) National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST) H‐12 Sector Islamabad 44000 Pakistan
| | - Nadia Zine
- Université de Lyon Institut des Science Analytiques UMR 5280, CNRS Université Lyon 1 ENS Lyon-5, rue de la Doua Villeurbanne F‐69100 France
| | - Abdelhamid Errachid
- Université de Lyon Institut des Science Analytiques UMR 5280, CNRS Université Lyon 1 ENS Lyon-5, rue de la Doua Villeurbanne F‐69100 France
| | - Abdelhamid Elaissari
- Université de Lyon LAGEP, UMR‐5007, CNRS, Université Lyon 1, 5007 43 Bd 11 Novembre 1918 Villeurbanne F‐69622 France
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Burklund A, Petryk JD, Hoopes PJ, Zhang JXJ. Microfluidic enrichment of bacteria coupled to contact-free lysis on a magnetic polymer surface for downstream molecular detection. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2020; 14:034115. [PMID: 32642021 PMCID: PMC7316515 DOI: 10.1063/5.0011908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
We report on a microsystem that couples high-throughput bacterial immunomagnetic capture to contact-free cell lysis using an alternating current magnetic field (AMF) to enable downstream molecular characterization of bacterial nucleic acids. Traditional methods for cell lysis rely on either dilutive chemical methods, expensive biological reagents, or imprecise physical methods. We present a microchip with a magnetic polymer substrate (Mag-Polymer microchip), which enables highly controlled, on-chip heating of biological targets following exposure to an AMF. First, we present a theoretical framework for the quantitation of power generation for single-domain magnetic nanoparticles embedded in a polymer matrix. Next, we demonstrate successful bacterial DNA recovery by coupling (1) high-throughput, sensitive microfluidic immunomagnetic capture of bacteria to (2) on-chip, contact-free bacterial lysis using an AMF. The bacterial capture efficiency exceeded 76% at 50 ml/h at cell loads as low as ∼10 CFU/ml, and intact DNA was successfully recovered at starting bacterial concentrations as low as ∼1000 CFU/ml. Using the presented methodology, cell lysis becomes non-dilutive, temperature is precisely controlled, and potential contamination risks are eliminated. This workflow and substrate modification could be easily integrated in a range of micro-scale diagnostic systems for infectious disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alison Burklund
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755, USA
| | - James D. Petryk
- Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Siemer S, Wünsch D, Khamis A, Lu Q, Scherberich A, Filippi M, Krafft MP, Hagemann J, Weiss C, Ding GB, Stauber RH, Gribko A. Nano Meets Micro-Translational Nanotechnology in Medicine: Nano-Based Applications for Early Tumor Detection and Therapy. NANOMATERIALS 2020; 10:nano10020383. [PMID: 32098406 PMCID: PMC7075286 DOI: 10.3390/nano10020383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Revised: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Nanomaterials have great potential for the prevention and treatment of cancer. Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) are cancer cells of solid tumor origin entering the peripheral blood after detachment from a primary tumor. The occurrence and circulation of CTCs are accepted as a prerequisite for the formation of metastases, which is the major cause of cancer-associated deaths. Due to their clinical significance CTCs are intensively discussed to be used as liquid biopsy for early diagnosis and prognosis of cancer. However, there are substantial challenges for the clinical use of CTCs based on their extreme rarity and heterogeneous biology. Therefore, methods for effective isolation and detection of CTCs are urgently needed. With the rapid development of nanotechnology and its wide applications in the biomedical field, researchers have designed various nano-sized systems with the capability of CTCs detection, isolation, and CTCs-targeted cancer therapy. In the present review, we summarize the underlying mechanisms of CTC-associated tumor metastasis, and give detailed information about the unique properties of CTCs that can be harnessed for their effective analytical detection and enrichment. Furthermore, we want to give an overview of representative nano-systems for CTC isolation, and highlight recent achievements in microfluidics and lab-on-a-chip technologies. We also emphasize the recent advances in nano-based CTCs-targeted cancer therapy. We conclude by critically discussing recent CTC-based nano-systems with high therapeutic and diagnostic potential as well as their biocompatibility as a practical example of applied nanotechnology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Svenja Siemer
- Nanobiomedicine Department, University Medical Center Mainz/ENT, Langenbeckstrasse 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Désirée Wünsch
- Nanobiomedicine Department, University Medical Center Mainz/ENT, Langenbeckstrasse 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Aya Khamis
- Nanobiomedicine Department, University Medical Center Mainz/ENT, Langenbeckstrasse 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Qiang Lu
- Nanobiomedicine Department, University Medical Center Mainz/ENT, Langenbeckstrasse 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Arnaud Scherberich
- Laboratory of Tissue Engineering, Universitätspital Basel, Hebelstrasse 20, CH-4031 Basel, Switzerland (M.F.)
| | - Miriam Filippi
- Laboratory of Tissue Engineering, Universitätspital Basel, Hebelstrasse 20, CH-4031 Basel, Switzerland (M.F.)
| | - Marie Pierre Krafft
- Institut Charles Sadron (CNRS), University of Strasbourg, 23 rue du Loess, 67034 Strasbourg Cedex, France
| | - Jan Hagemann
- Nanobiomedicine Department, University Medical Center Mainz/ENT, Langenbeckstrasse 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Carsten Weiss
- Institute of Biological and Chemical Systems-Biological Information Processing (IBCS-BIP), Postfach 3640, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Guo-Bin Ding
- Institute for Biotechnology, Shanxi University, No. 92 Wucheng Road, 030006 Taiyuan, China
| | - Roland H. Stauber
- Nanobiomedicine Department, University Medical Center Mainz/ENT, Langenbeckstrasse 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany
- Institute for Biotechnology, Shanxi University, No. 92 Wucheng Road, 030006 Taiyuan, China
- Correspondence: (R.H.S.); (A.G.); Tel.: +49-6131-176030 (A.G.)
| | - Alena Gribko
- Nanobiomedicine Department, University Medical Center Mainz/ENT, Langenbeckstrasse 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany
- Correspondence: (R.H.S.); (A.G.); Tel.: +49-6131-176030 (A.G.)
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
|
14
|
Rapid prototyping of Nanoroughened polydimethylsiloxane surfaces for the enhancement of immunomagnetic isolation and recovery of rare tumor cells. Biomed Microdevices 2019; 21:58. [PMID: 31227909 DOI: 10.1007/s10544-019-0418-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Traditional immunomagnetic assays for the isolation and recovery of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) usually require sophisticated device or intense magnetic field to simultaneously achieve high capture efficiency and high throughout. In this study, a simple microfluidic chip featured with nanoroughened channel substrate was developed for effectively capture and release of CTCs based on an immunomagnetic chip-based approach. The nanoroughened substrate aims to increase the cell-surface contact area, facilitate the immobilization of magnet particles (MPs) and accommodate cell attachment tendency. Hep3B tumor cells were firstly conjugated with MPs that were functionalized with anti-EpCAM. Comparing with the flat channel, MPs modified tumor cells can be more effectively captured on nanoroughened substrate at the presence of the magnetic field. Upon the removal of magnetic field, these captured cells can be released from the device and collected for further analysis. Under the optimum operating conditions, the capture efficiency of tumor cells was obtained as high as ~90% with a detection limit of 10 cell per mL. Additionally, recovery rates of trapped tumor cells at various densities all exceeded 90% and their biological potencies were well retained by investigating the cell attachment and proliferation. Therefore, the present approach may potentially be used in clinical CTC analysis for cancer diagnosis and prognosis as well as the fundamental understanding of tumor metastasis.
Collapse
|
15
|
Gribko A, Künzel J, Wünsch D, Lu Q, Nagel SM, Knauer SK, Stauber RH, Ding GB. Is small smarter? Nanomaterial-based detection and elimination of circulating tumor cells: current knowledge and perspectives. Int J Nanomedicine 2019; 14:4187-4209. [PMID: 31289440 PMCID: PMC6560927 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s198319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) are disseminated cancer cells. The occurrence and circulation of CTCs seem key for metastasis, still the major cause of cancer-associated deaths. As such, CTCs are investigated as predictive biomarkers. However, due to their rarity and heterogeneous biology, CTCs’ practical use has not made it into the clinical routine. Clearly, methods for the effective isolation and reliable detection of CTCs are urgently needed. With the development of nanotechnology, various nanosystems for CTC isolation and enrichment and CTC-targeted cancer therapy have been designed. Here, we summarize the relationship between CTCs and tumor metastasis, and describe CTCs’ unique properties hampering their effective enrichment. We comment on nanotechnology-based systems for CTC isolation and recent achievements in microfluidics and lab-on-a-chip technologies. We discuss recent advances in CTC-targeted cancer therapy exploiting the unique properties of nanomaterials. We conclude by introducing developments in CTC-directed nanosystems and other advanced technologies currently in (pre)clinical research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alena Gribko
- Nanobiomedicine Department/ENT, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz 55131, Germany, ;
| | - Julian Künzel
- Nanobiomedicine Department/ENT, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz 55131, Germany, ;
| | - Désirée Wünsch
- Nanobiomedicine Department/ENT, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz 55131, Germany, ;
| | - Qiang Lu
- Nanobiomedicine Department/ENT, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz 55131, Germany, ;
| | - Sophie Madeleine Nagel
- Nanobiomedicine Department/ENT, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz 55131, Germany, ;
| | - Shirley K Knauer
- Department of Molecular Biology II, Center for Medical Biotechnology (ZMB)/Center for Nanointegration (CENIDE), University Duisburg-Essen, Essen 45117, Germany
| | - Roland H Stauber
- Nanobiomedicine Department/ENT, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz 55131, Germany, ;
| | - Guo-Bin Ding
- Nanobiomedicine Department/ENT, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz 55131, Germany, ; .,Institute of Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, People's Republic of China,
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Cho H, Kim J, Song H, Sohn KY, Jeon M, Han KH. Microfluidic technologies for circulating tumor cell isolation. Analyst 2019; 143:2936-2970. [PMID: 29796523 DOI: 10.1039/c7an01979c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Metastasis is the main cause of tumor-related death, and the dispersal of tumor cells through the circulatory system is a critical step in the metastatic process. Early detection and analysis of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) is therefore important for early diagnosis, prognosis, and effective treatment of cancer, enabling favorable clinical outcomes in cancer patients. Accurate and reliable methods for isolating and detecting CTCs are necessary to obtain this clinical information. Over the past two decades, microfluidic technologies have demonstrated great potential for isolating and detecting CTCs from blood. The present paper reviews current advanced microfluidic technologies for isolating CTCs based on various biological and physical principles, and discusses their fundamental advantages and drawbacks for subsequent cellular and molecular assays. Owing to significant genetic heterogeneity among CTCs, microfluidic technologies for isolating individual CTCs have recently been developed. We discuss these single-cell isolation methods, as well as approaches to overcoming the limitations of current microfluidic CTC isolation technologies. Finally, we provide an overview of future innovative microfluidic platforms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hyungseok Cho
- Department of Nanoscience and Engineering, Center for Nano Manufacturing, Inje University, Gimhae 621-749, Republic of Korea.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Tang W, Jiang D, Li Z, Zhu L, Shi J, Yang J, Xiang N. Recent advances in microfluidic cell sorting techniques based on both physical and biochemical principles. Electrophoresis 2018; 40:930-954. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201800361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2018] [Revised: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 09/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Wenlai Tang
- School of Electrical and Automation Engineering; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of 3D Printing Equipment and Manufacturing; Nanjing Normal University; P. R. China
- Nanjing Institute of Intelligent High-end Equipment Industry Co., Ltd.; P. R. China
| | - Di Jiang
- School of Mechanical and Electronic Engineering; Nanjing Forestry University; P. R. China
| | - Zongan Li
- School of Electrical and Automation Engineering; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of 3D Printing Equipment and Manufacturing; Nanjing Normal University; P. R. China
| | - Liya Zhu
- School of Electrical and Automation Engineering; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of 3D Printing Equipment and Manufacturing; Nanjing Normal University; P. R. China
| | - Jianping Shi
- School of Electrical and Automation Engineering; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of 3D Printing Equipment and Manufacturing; Nanjing Normal University; P. R. China
| | - Jiquan Yang
- School of Electrical and Automation Engineering; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of 3D Printing Equipment and Manufacturing; Nanjing Normal University; P. R. China
- Nanjing Institute of Intelligent High-end Equipment Industry Co., Ltd.; P. R. China
| | - Nan Xiang
- School of Mechanical Engineering; Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Design and Manufacture of Micro-Nano Biomedical Instruments; Southeast University; P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Design and characterization of novel Al-doped ZnO nanoassembly as an effective nanoantibiotic. APPLIED NANOSCIENCE 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s13204-018-0863-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
|
19
|
Kulasinghe A, Wu H, Punyadeera C, Warkiani ME. The Use of Microfluidic Technology for Cancer Applications and Liquid Biopsy. MICROMACHINES 2018; 9:E397. [PMID: 30424330 PMCID: PMC6187606 DOI: 10.3390/mi9080397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Revised: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 08/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
There is growing awareness for the need of early diagnostic tools to aid in point-of-care testing in cancer. Tumor biopsy remains the conventional means in which to sample a tumor and often presents with challenges and associated risks. Therefore, alternative sources of tumor biomarkers is needed. Liquid biopsy has gained attention due to its non-invasive sampling of tumor tissue and ability to serially assess disease via a simple blood draw over the course of treatment. Among the leading technologies developing liquid biopsy solutions, microfluidics has recently come to the fore. Microfluidic platforms offer cellular separation and analysis platforms that allow for high throughout, high sensitivity and specificity, low sample volumes and reagent costs and precise liquid controlling capabilities. These characteristics make microfluidic technology a promising tool in separating and analyzing circulating tumor biomarkers for diagnosis, prognosis and monitoring. In this review, the characteristics of three kinds of circulating tumor markers will be described in the context of cancer, circulating tumor cells (CTCs), exosomes, and circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA). The review will focus on how the introduction of microfluidic technologies has improved the separation and analysis of these circulating tumor markers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arutha Kulasinghe
- The School of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4059, Australia.
| | - Hanjie Wu
- The School of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Internet Technology, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia.
| | - Chamindie Punyadeera
- The School of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4059, Australia.
| | - Majid Ebrahimi Warkiani
- The School of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Internet Technology, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia.
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State University, Moscow 119991, Russia.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Shamloo A, Ahmad S, Momeni M. Design and Parameter Study of Integrated Microfluidic Platform for CTC Isolation and Enquiry; A Numerical Approach. BIOSENSORS 2018; 8:E56. [PMID: 29912175 PMCID: PMC6023013 DOI: 10.3390/bios8020056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2018] [Revised: 04/28/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Being the second cause of mortality across the globe, there is now a persistent effort to establish new cancer medication and therapies. Any accomplishment in treating cancers entails the existence of accurate identification systems empowering the early diagnosis. Recent studies indicate CTCs’ potential in cancer prognosis as well as therapy monitoring. The chief shortcoming with CTCs is that they are exceedingly rare cells in their clinically relevant concentration. Here, we simulated a microfluidic construct devised for immunomagnetic separation of the particles of interest from the background cells. This separation unit is integrated with a mixer subunit. The mixer is envisioned for mixing the CTC enriched stream with lysis buffer to extract the biological material of the cell. Some modification was proposed on mixing geometry improving the efficacy of the functional unit. A valuation of engaged forces was made and some forces were neglected due to their order of magnitude. The position of the magnet was also optimized by doing parametric study. For the mixer unit, the effect of applied voltage and frequency on mixing index was studied to find the optimal voltage and frequency which provides better mixing. Above-mentioned studies were done on isolated units and the effect of each functional unit on the other is not studied. As the final step, an integrated microfluidic platform composed of both functional subunits was simulated simultaneously. To ensure the independence of results from the grid, grid studies were also performed. The studies carried out on the construct reveal its potential for diagnostic application.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amir Shamloo
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Azadi Ave., 11155-9567 Tehran, Iran.
| | - Saba Ahmad
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Azadi Ave., 11155-9567 Tehran, Iran.
| | - Maede Momeni
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Azadi Ave., 11155-9567 Tehran, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
LI CHIYU, LI WANG, GENG CHUNYANG, REN HAIJUN, YU XIAOHUI, LIU BO. MICROFLUIDIC CHIP FOR CANCER CELL DETECTION AND DIAGNOSIS. J MECH MED BIOL 2018. [DOI: 10.1142/s0219519418300016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Since cancer becomes the most deadly disease to our health, research on early detection on cancer cells is necessary for clinical treatment. The combination of microfluidic device with cell biology has shown a unique method for cancer cell research. In the present review, recent development on microfluidic chip for cancer cell detection and diagnosis will be addressed. Some typical microfluidic chips focussed on cancer cells and their advantages for different kinds of cancer cell detection and diagnosis will be listed, and the cell capture methods within the microfluidics will be simultaneously mentioned. Then the potential direction of microfluidic chip on cancer cell detection and diagnosis in the future is also discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- CHIYU LI
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian Liaoning Province 116024, P. R. China
| | - WANG LI
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian Liaoning Province 116024, P. R. China
| | - CHUNYANG GENG
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian Liaoning Province 116024, P. R. China
| | - HAIJUN REN
- Dalian Friendship Hospital, Dalian, Liaoning Province 116024, P. R. China
| | - XIAOHUI YU
- Dalian Institute of Maternal and Child Health Care, Dalian, Liaoning Province 116024, P. R. China
| | - BO LIU
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian Liaoning Province 116024, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Huang Q, Wang Y, Chen X, Wang Y, Li Z, Du S, Wang L, Chen S. Nanotechnology-Based Strategies for Early Cancer Diagnosis Using Circulating Tumor Cells as a Liquid Biopsy. Nanotheranostics 2018; 2:21-41. [PMID: 29291161 PMCID: PMC5743836 DOI: 10.7150/ntno.22091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Accepted: 10/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) are cancer cells that shed from a primary tumor and circulate in the bloodstream. As a form of “tumor liquid biopsy”, CTCs provide important information for the mechanistic investigation of cancer metastasis and the measurement of tumor genotype evolution during treatment and disease progression. However, the extremely low abundance of CTCs in the peripheral blood and the heterogeneity of CTCs make their isolation and characterization major technological challenges. Recently, nanotechnologies have been developed for sensitive CTC detection; such technologies will enable better cell and molecular characterization and open up a wide range of clinical applications, including early disease detection and evaluation of treatment response and disease progression. In this review, we summarize the nanotechnology-based strategies for CTC isolation, including representative nanomaterials (such as magnetic nanoparticles, gold nanoparticles, silicon nanopillars, nanowires, nanopillars, carbon nanotubes, dendrimers, quantum dots, and graphene oxide) and microfluidic chip technologies that incorporate nanoroughened surfaces and discuss their key challenges and perspectives in CTC downstream analyses, such as protein expression and genetic mutations that may reflect tumor aggressiveness and patient outcome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qinqin Huang
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, and Brain Center, Zhongnan Hospital, and Medical Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Yin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, and Brain Center, Zhongnan Hospital, and Medical Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Xingxiang Chen
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, and Brain Center, Zhongnan Hospital, and Medical Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Yimeng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, and Brain Center, Zhongnan Hospital, and Medical Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Zhiqiang Li
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, and Brain Center, Zhongnan Hospital, and Medical Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Shiming Du
- Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei, 442000, China
| | - Lianrong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, and Brain Center, Zhongnan Hospital, and Medical Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Shi Chen
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, and Brain Center, Zhongnan Hospital, and Medical Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Suh YS, Joung JY, Kim SH, Seo HK, Chung J, Lee KH. Establishment and Application of Prostate Cancer Circulating Tumor Cells in the Era of Precision Medicine. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 2017:7206307. [PMID: 29230413 PMCID: PMC5694577 DOI: 10.1155/2017/7206307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2017] [Accepted: 08/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PC) is the second most common cancer in men and is the fifth leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. Additionally, there is concern for overdiagnosis and overtreatment of PC. Thus, selection of an appropriate candidate for active surveillance as well as more accurate and less invasive tools for monitoring advanced PC is required. Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) have emerged as a liquid biopsy tool; there have been several reports on its role, technologies, and applications to various cancers, including PC. Liquid biopsy using CTCs has been gaining attention as a minimal invasive tool for investigation of biomarkers and for prognosis and assessment of response to therapies in patients with PC. Because of the lower invasiveness of liquid biopsy using CTCs, it can be performed more frequently; accordingly, personalized disease status can be successively determined at serial time points. CTC analysis enables detection of genomic alterations, which is drug-targetable, and it is a potential tool for monitoring response to therapeutic agents in patients with PC. This review focuses on the characteristics, technologies for analysis, and advantages and disadvantages of CTCs as a liquid biopsy tool and their application in PC. Finally, we propose future directions of CTCs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yoon Seok Suh
- Center for Prostate Cancer, Hospital, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Young Joung
- Center for Prostate Cancer, Hospital, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Han Kim
- Center for Prostate Cancer, Hospital, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Ho Kyung Seo
- Center for Prostate Cancer, Hospital, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinsoo Chung
- Center for Prostate Cancer, Hospital, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Kang Hyun Lee
- Center for Prostate Cancer, Hospital, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Sun D, Chen Z, Wu M, Zhang Y. Nanomaterial-based Microfluidic Chips for the Capture and Detection of Circulating Tumor Cells. Nanotheranostics 2017; 1:389-402. [PMID: 29071201 PMCID: PMC5647762 DOI: 10.7150/ntno.21268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Accepted: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Circulating tumor cells (CTCs), a type of cancer cells that spreads from primary or metastatic tumors into the bloodstream, can lead to a new fatal metastasis. As a new type of liquid biopsy, CTCs have become a hot pursuit and detection of CTCs offers the possibility for early diagnosis of cancers, earlier evaluation of chemotherapeutic efficacy and cancer recurrence, and choice of individual sensitive anti-cancer drugs. The fundamental challenges of capturing and characterizing CTCs are the extremely low number of CTCs in the blood and the intrinsic heterogeneity of CTCs. A series of microfluidic devices have been proposed for the analysis of CTCs with automation capability, precise flow behaviors, and significant advantages over the conventional larger scale systems. This review aims to provide in-depth insights into CTCs analysis, including various nanomaterial-based microfluidic chips for the capture and detection of CTCs based on the specific biochemical and physical properties of CTCs. The current developmental trends and promising research directions in the establishment of microfluidic chips for the capture and detection of CTCs are also discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Duanping Sun
- Institute of Medical Instrument and Application, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China
| | - Zuanguang Chen
- Institute of Medical Instrument and Application, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China
| | - Minhao Wu
- Department of Immunology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, P. R. China
| | - Yuanqing Zhang
- Institute of Medical Instrument and Application, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Hao N, Zhang JX. Microfluidic Screening of Circulating Tumor Biomarkers toward Liquid Biopsy. SEPARATION AND PURIFICATION REVIEWS 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/15422119.2017.1320763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nanjing Hao
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
| | - John X.J. Zhang
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Ming Y, Li Y, Xing H, Luo M, Li Z, Chen J, Mo J, Shi S. Circulating Tumor Cells: From Theory to Nanotechnology-Based Detection. Front Pharmacol 2017; 8:35. [PMID: 28203204 PMCID: PMC5285331 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2017.00035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2016] [Accepted: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer stem cells with stem-cell properties are regarded as tumor initiating cells. Sharing stem-cell properties, circulating tumor cells (CTCs) are responsible for the development of metastasis, which significant affects CTC analysis in clinical practice. Due to their extremely low occurrence in blood, however, it is challenging to enumerate and analyze CTCs. Nanotechnology is able to address the problems of insufficient capture efficiency and low purity of CTCs owing to the unique structural and functional properties of nanomaterials, showing strong promise for CTC isolation and detection. In this review, we discuss the role of stem-like CTCs in metastases, provide insight into recent progress in CTC isolation and detection approaches using various nanoplatforms, and highlight the role of nanotechnology in the advancement of CTC research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yue Ming
- Department of Pharmacy, Institute of Surgery Research, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University Chongqing, China
| | - Yuanyuan Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Institute of Surgery Research, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University Chongqing, China
| | - Haiyan Xing
- Department of Pharmacy, Institute of Surgery Research, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University Chongqing, China
| | - Minghe Luo
- Department of Pharmacy, Institute of Surgery Research, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University Chongqing, China
| | - Ziwei Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Institute of Surgery Research, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University Chongqing, China
| | - Jianhong Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, Institute of Surgery Research, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University Chongqing, China
| | - Jingxin Mo
- Key Laboratory for Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen UniversityGuangzhou, China; Department of Histology and Embryology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen UniversityGuangzhou, China
| | - Sanjun Shi
- Department of Pharmacy, Institute of Surgery Research, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University Chongqing, China
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Lin R, Li Y, MacDonald T, Wu H, Provenzale J, Peng X, Huang J, Wang L, Wang AY, Yang J, Mao H. Improving sensitivity and specificity of capturing and detecting targeted cancer cells with anti-biofouling polymer coated magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2017; 150:261-270. [PMID: 28029547 PMCID: PMC5253252 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2016.10.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2016] [Revised: 08/29/2016] [Accepted: 10/13/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Detecting circulating tumor cells (CTCs) with high sensitivity and specificity is critical to management of metastatic cancers. Although immuno-magnetic technology for in vitro detection of CTCs has shown promising potential for clinical applications, the biofouling effect, i.e., non-specific adhesion of biomolecules and non-cancerous cells in complex biological samples to the surface of a device/probe, can reduce the sensitivity and specificity of cell detection. Reported herein is the application of anti-biofouling polyethylene glycol-block-allyl glycidyl ether copolymer (PEG-b-AGE) coated iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) to improve the separation of targeted tumor cells from aqueous phase in an external magnetic field. PEG-b-AGE coated IONPs conjugated with transferrin (Tf) exhibited significant anti-biofouling properties against non-specific protein adsorption and off-target cell uptake, thus substantially enhancing the ability to target and separate transferrin receptor (TfR) over-expressed D556 medulloblastoma cells. Tf conjugated PEG-b-AGE coated IONPs exhibited a high capture rate of targeted tumor cells (D556 medulloblastoma cell) in cell media (58.7±6.4%) when separating 100 targeted tumor cells from 1×105 non-targeted cells and 41 targeted tumor cells from 100 D556 medulloblastoma cells spiked into 1mL blood. It is demonstrated that developed nanoparticle has higher efficiency in capturing targeted cells than widely used micron-sized particles (i.e., Dynabeads®).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Run Lin
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, China
| | - Yuancheng Li
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Tobey MacDonald
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Hui Wu
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - James Provenzale
- Department of Radiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Xingui Peng
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; Department of Radiology, The Medical College of Southeastern University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jing Huang
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Liya Wang
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | | | - Jianyong Yang
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, China
| | - Hui Mao
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Immunomagnetic separation of tumor initiating cells by screening two surface markers. Sci Rep 2017; 7:40632. [PMID: 28074882 PMCID: PMC5225414 DOI: 10.1038/srep40632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2016] [Accepted: 12/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Isolating tumor initiating cells (TICs) often requires screening of multiple surface markers, sometimes with opposite preferences. This creates a challenge for using bead-based immunomagnetic separation (IMS) that typically enriches cells based on one abundant marker. Here, we propose a new strategy that allows isolation of CD44+/CD24− TICs by IMS involving both magnetic beads coated by anti-CD44 antibody and nonmagnetic beads coated by anti-CD24 antibody (referred to as two-bead IMS). Cells enriched with our approach showed significant enhancement in TIC marker expression (examined by flow cytometry) and improved tumorsphere formation efficiency. Our method will extend the application of IMS to cell subsets characterized by multiple markers.
Collapse
|
29
|
Xu G, Tan Y, Xu T, Yin D, Wang M, Shen M, Chen X, Shi X, Zhu X. Hyaluronic acid-functionalized electrospun PLGA nanofibers embedded in a microfluidic chip for cancer cell capture and culture. Biomater Sci 2017; 5:752-761. [DOI: 10.1039/c6bm00933f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Hyaluronic acid-functionalized electrospun PLGA nanofibers embedded in a microfluidic chip are able to effectively capture cancer cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gangwei Xu
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials
- College of Chemistry
- Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology
- Donghua University
- Shanghai 201620
| | - Yulong Tan
- Department of Thoracic Surgery
- Huashan Hospital
- Fudan University
- Shanghai 200040
- P. R. China
| | - Tiegang Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology
- Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Shanghai 200050
- People's Republic of China
| | - Di Yin
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials
- College of Chemistry
- Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology
- Donghua University
- Shanghai 201620
| | - Mengyuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials
- College of Chemistry
- Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology
- Donghua University
- Shanghai 201620
| | - Mingwu Shen
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials
- College of Chemistry
- Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology
- Donghua University
- Shanghai 201620
| | - Xiaofeng Chen
- Department of Thoracic Surgery
- Huashan Hospital
- Fudan University
- Shanghai 200040
- P. R. China
| | - Xiangyang Shi
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials
- College of Chemistry
- Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology
- Donghua University
- Shanghai 201620
| | - Xiaoyue Zhu
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials
- College of Chemistry
- Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology
- Donghua University
- Shanghai 201620
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Perez-Gonzalez VH, Gallo-Villanueva RC, Camacho-Leon S, Gomez-Quiñones JI, Rodriguez-Delgado JM, Martinez-Chapa SO. Emerging microfluidic devices for cancer cells/biomarkers manipulation and detection. IET Nanobiotechnol 2016; 10:263-275. [PMID: 27676373 PMCID: PMC8676477 DOI: 10.1049/iet-nbt.2015.0060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2015] [Revised: 12/09/2015] [Accepted: 12/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Circulating tumour cells (CTCs) are active participants in the metastasis process and account for ∼90% of all cancer deaths. As CTCs are admixed with a very large amount of erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets in blood, CTCs are very rare, making their isolation, capture, and detection a major technological challenge. Microfluidic technologies have opened-up new opportunities for the screening of blood samples and the detection of CTCs or other important cancer biomarker-proteins. In this study, the authors have reviewed the most recent developments in microfluidic devices for cells/biomarkers manipulation and detection, focusing their attention on immunomagnetic-affinity-based devices, dielectrophoresis-based devices, surface-plasmon-resonance microfluidic sensors, and quantum-dots-based sensors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Victor Hugo Perez-Gonzalez
- School of Engineering and Sciences, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Avenue Eugenio Garza Sada 2501 Sur, Monterrey, Mexico
| | | | - Sergio Camacho-Leon
- School of Engineering and Sciences, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Avenue Eugenio Garza Sada 2501 Sur, Monterrey, Mexico
| | - Jose Isabel Gomez-Quiñones
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Avenue Eugenio Garza Sada 2501 Sur, Monterrey, Mexico
| | | | - Sergio Omar Martinez-Chapa
- School of Engineering and Sciences, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Avenue Eugenio Garza Sada 2501 Sur, Monterrey, Mexico.
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
An integrated on-chip platform for negative enrichment of tumour cells. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2016; 1028:153-164. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2016.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2015] [Revised: 06/08/2016] [Accepted: 06/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
|
32
|
Kashaninejad N, Nikmaneshi MR, Moghadas H, Kiyoumarsi Oskouei A, Rismanian M, Barisam M, Saidi MS, Firoozabadi B. Organ-Tumor-on-a-Chip for Chemosensitivity Assay: A Critical Review. MICROMACHINES 2016; 7:mi7080130. [PMID: 30404302 PMCID: PMC6190381 DOI: 10.3390/mi7080130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2016] [Revised: 06/22/2016] [Accepted: 07/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
With a mortality rate over 580,000 per year, cancer is still one of the leading causes of death worldwide. However, the emerging field of microfluidics can potentially shed light on this puzzling disease. Unique characteristics of microfluidic chips (also known as micro-total analysis system) make them excellent candidates for biological applications. The ex vivo approach of tumor-on-a-chip is becoming an indispensable part of personalized medicine and can replace in vivo animal testing as well as conventional in vitro methods. In tumor-on-a-chip, the complex three-dimensional (3D) nature of malignant tumor is co-cultured on a microfluidic chip and high throughput screening tools to evaluate the efficacy of anticancer drugs are integrated on the same chip. In this article, we critically review the cutting edge advances in this field and mainly categorize each tumor-on-a-chip work based on its primary organ. Specifically, design, fabrication and characterization of tumor microenvironment; cell culture technique; transferring mechanism of cultured cells into the microchip; concentration gradient generators for drug delivery; in vitro screening assays of drug efficacy; and pros and cons of each microfluidic platform used in the recent literature will be discussed separately for the tumor of following organs: (1) Lung; (2) Bone marrow; (3) Brain; (4) Breast; (5) Urinary system (kidney, bladder and prostate); (6) Intestine; and (7) Liver. By comparing these microchips, we intend to demonstrate the unique design considerations of each tumor-on-a-chip based on primary organ, e.g., how microfluidic platform of lung-tumor-on-a-chip may differ from liver-tumor-on-a-chip. In addition, the importance of heart–liver–intestine co-culture with microvasculature in tumor-on-a-chip devices for in vitro chemosensitivity assay will be discussed. Such system would be able to completely evaluate the absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion and toxicity (ADMET) of anticancer drugs and more realistically recapitulate tumor in vivo-like microenvironment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Navid Kashaninejad
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, 11155-9567 Tehran, Iran.
| | | | - Hajar Moghadas
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, 11155-9567 Tehran, Iran.
| | | | - Milad Rismanian
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, 11155-9567 Tehran, Iran.
| | - Maryam Barisam
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, 11155-9567 Tehran, Iran.
| | - Mohammad Said Saidi
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, 11155-9567 Tehran, Iran.
| | - Bahar Firoozabadi
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, 11155-9567 Tehran, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Xavier M, Oreffo ROC, Morgan H. Skeletal stem cell isolation: A review on the state-of-the-art microfluidic label-free sorting techniques. Biotechnol Adv 2016; 34:908-923. [PMID: 27236022 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2016.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2016] [Revised: 05/13/2016] [Accepted: 05/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Skeletal stem cells (SSC) are a sub-population of bone marrow stromal cells that reside in postnatal bone marrow with osteogenic, chondrogenic and adipogenic differentiation potential. SSCs reside only in the bone marrow and have organisational and regulatory functions in the bone marrow microenvironment and give rise to the haematopoiesis-supportive stroma. Their differentiation capacity is restricted to skeletal lineages and therefore the term SSC should be clearly distinguished from mesenchymal stem cells which are reported to exist in extra-skeletal tissues and, critically, do not contribute to skeletal development. SSCs are responsible for the unique regeneration capacity of bone and offer unlimited potential for application in bone regenerative therapies. A current unmet challenge is the isolation of homogeneous populations of SSCs, in vitro, with homogeneous regeneration and differentiation capacities. Challenges that limit SSC isolation include a) the scarcity of SSCs in bone marrow aspirates, estimated at between 1 in 10-100,000 mononuclear cells; b) the absence of specific markers and thus the phenotypic ambiguity of the SSC and c) the complexity of bone marrow tissue. Microfluidics provides innovative approaches for cell separation based on bio-physical features of single cells. Here we review the physical principles underlying label-free microfluidic sorting techniques and review their capacity for stem cell selection/sorting from complex (heterogeneous) samples.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Xavier
- Faculty of Physical Sciences and Engineering, Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom.; Centre for Human Development, Stem Cells and Regeneration, Institute of Developmental Sciences, Southampton General Hospital, Tremona Road, SO16 6YD Southampton, United Kingdom..
| | - Richard O C Oreffo
- Centre for Human Development, Stem Cells and Regeneration, Institute of Developmental Sciences, Southampton General Hospital, Tremona Road, SO16 6YD Southampton, United Kingdom..
| | - Hywel Morgan
- Faculty of Physical Sciences and Engineering, Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom..
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Chen P, Huang YY, Bhave G, Hoshino K, Zhang X. Inkjet-Print Micromagnet Array on Glass Slides for Immunomagnetic Enrichment of Circulating Tumor Cells. Ann Biomed Eng 2016; 44:1710-20. [PMID: 26289942 PMCID: PMC4761332 DOI: 10.1007/s10439-015-1427-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2015] [Accepted: 08/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
We report an inkjet-printed microscale magnetic structure that can be integrated on regular glass slides for the immunomagnetic screening of rare circulating tumor cells (CTCs). CTCs detach from the primary tumor site, circulate with the bloodstream, and initiate the cancer metastasis process. Therefore, a liquid biopsy in the form of capturing and analyzing CTCs may provide key information for cancer prognosis and diagnosis. Inkjet printing technology provides a non-contact, layer-by-layer and mask-less approach to deposit defined magnetic patterns on an arbitrary substrate. Such thin film patterns, when placed in an external magnetic field, significantly enhance the attractive force in the near-field close to the CTCs to facilitate the separation. We demonstrated the efficacy of the inkjet-print micromagnet array integrated immunomagnetic assay in separating COLO205 (human colorectal cancer cell line) from whole blood samples. The micromagnets increased the capture efficiency by 26% compared with using plain glass slide as the substrate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peng Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Yu-Yen Huang
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, 03755, USA
| | - Gauri Bhave
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Kazunori Hoshino
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, 06269, USA
| | - Xiaojing Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA.
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, 03755, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Abstract
Isolation and analysis of cancer cells from body fluids have significant implications in diagnosis and therapeutic treatment of cancers. Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) are cancer cells circulating in the peripheral blood or spreading iatrogenically into blood vessels, which is an early step in the cascade of events leading to cancer metastasis. Therefore, CTCs can be used for diagnosing for therapeutic treatment, prognosing a given anticancer intervention, and estimating the risk of metastatic relapse. However, isolation of CTCs is a significant technological challenge due to their rarity and low recovery rate using traditional purification techniques. Recently microfluidic devices represent a promising platform for isolating cancer cells with high efficiency in processing complex cellular fluids, with simplicity, sensitivity, and throughput. This review summarizes recent methods of CTC isolation and analysis, as well as their applications in clinical studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Zhang
- University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - K Chen
- University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Z H Fan
- University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Bhana S, Wang Y, Huang X. Nanotechnology for enrichment and detection of circulating tumor cells. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2016; 10:1973-90. [PMID: 26139129 DOI: 10.2217/nnm.15.32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) are a hallmark of invasive behavior of cancer, responsible for the development of metastasis. Their detection and analysis have significant impacts in cancer biology and clinical practice. However, CTCs are rare events and contain heterogeneous subpopulations, requiring highly sensitive and specific techniques to identify and capture CTCs with high efficiency. Nanotechnology shows strong promises for CTC enrichment and detection owning to the unique structural and functional properties of nanoscale materials. In this review, we discuss the CTC enrichment and detection technologies based on a variety of functional nanosystems and nanostructured substrates, with the goal to highlight the role of nanotechnology in the advancement of basic and clinical CTC research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Saheel Bhana
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Memphis, Memphis, TN 38152, USA
| | - Yongmei Wang
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Memphis, Memphis, TN 38152, USA
| | - Xiaohua Huang
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Memphis, Memphis, TN 38152, USA
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Tang M, Wen CY, Wu LL, Hong SL, Hu J, Xu CM, Pang DW, Zhang ZL. A chip assisted immunomagnetic separation system for the efficient capture and in situ identification of circulating tumor cells. LAB ON A CHIP 2016; 16:1214-23. [PMID: 26928405 DOI: 10.1039/c5lc01555c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The detection of circulating tumor cells (CTCs), a kind of "liquid biopsy", represents a potential alternative to noninvasive detection, characterization and monitoring of carcinoma. Many previous studies have shown that the number of CTCs has a significant relationship with the stage of cancer. However, CTC enrichment and detection remain notoriously difficult because they are extremely rare in the bloodstream. Herein, aided by a microfluidic device, an immunomagnetic separation system was applied to efficiently capture and in situ identify circulating tumor cells. Magnetic nanospheres (MNs) were modified with an anti-epithelial-cell-adhesion-molecule (anti-EpCAM) antibody to fabricate immunomagnetic nanospheres (IMNs). IMNs were then loaded into the magnetic field controllable microfluidic chip to form uniform IMN patterns. The IMN patterns maintained good stability during the whole processes including enrichment, washing and identification. Apart from its simple manufacture process, the obtained microfluidic device was capable of capturing CTCs from the bloodstream with an efficiency higher than 94%. The captured cells could be directly visualized with an inverted fluorescence microscope in situ by immunocytochemistry (ICC) identification, which decreased cell loss effectively. Besides that, the CTCs could be recovered completely just by PBS washing after removal of the permanent magnets. It was observed that all the processes showed negligible influence on cell viability (viability up to 93%) and that the captured cells could be re-cultured for more than 5 passages after release without disassociating IMNs. In addition, the device was applied to clinical samples and almost all the samples from patients showed positive results, which suggests it could serve as a valuable tool for CTC enrichment and detection in the clinic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Man Tang
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biology and Medicine (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, and Wuhan Institute of Biotechnology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, PR China.
| | - Cong-Ying Wen
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biology and Medicine (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, and Wuhan Institute of Biotechnology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, PR China.
| | - Ling-Ling Wu
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biology and Medicine (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, and Wuhan Institute of Biotechnology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, PR China.
| | - Shao-Li Hong
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biology and Medicine (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, and Wuhan Institute of Biotechnology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, PR China.
| | - Jiao Hu
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biology and Medicine (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, and Wuhan Institute of Biotechnology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, PR China.
| | - Chun-Miao Xu
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biology and Medicine (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, and Wuhan Institute of Biotechnology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, PR China.
| | - Dai-Wen Pang
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biology and Medicine (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, and Wuhan Institute of Biotechnology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, PR China.
| | - Zhi-Ling Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biology and Medicine (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, and Wuhan Institute of Biotechnology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Ng E, Chen K, Hang A, Syed A, Zhang JXJ. Multi-Dimensional Nanostructures for Microfluidic Screening of Biomarkers: From Molecular Separation to Cancer Cell Detection. Ann Biomed Eng 2016; 44:847-62. [PMID: 26692080 PMCID: PMC4828292 DOI: 10.1007/s10439-015-1521-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2015] [Accepted: 11/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Rapid screening of biomarkers, with high specificity and accuracy, is critical for many point-of-care diagnostics. Microfluidics, the use of microscale channels to manipulate small liquid samples and carry reactions in parallel, offers tremendous opportunities to address fundamental questions in biology and provide a fast growing set of clinical tools for medicine. Emerging multi-dimensional nanostructures, when coupled with microfluidics, enable effective and efficient screening with high specificity and sensitivity, both of which are important aspects of biological detection systems. In this review, we provide an overview of current research and technologies that utilize nanostructures to facilitate biological separation in microfluidic channels. Various important physical parameters and theoretical equations that characterize and govern flow in nanostructure-integrated microfluidic channels will be introduced and discussed. The application of multi-dimensional nanostructures, including nanoparticles, nanopillars, and nanoporous layers, integrated with microfluidic channels in molecular and cellular separation will also be reviewed. Finally, we will close with insights on the future of nanostructure-integrated microfluidic platforms and their role in biological and biomedical applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elaine Ng
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
| | - Kaina Chen
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, 03755, USA
| | - Annie Hang
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, 03755, USA
| | - Abeer Syed
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, 03755, USA
| | - John X J Zhang
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, 03755, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Yuan Y, Jiang YC, Sun CK, Chen QM. Role of the tumor microenvironment in tumor progression and the clinical applications (Review). Oncol Rep 2016; 35:2499-515. [PMID: 26986034 DOI: 10.3892/or.2016.4660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 210] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2015] [Accepted: 01/27/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Oncogene activation and tumor-suppressor gene inactivation are considered as the main causes driving the transformation of normal somatic cells into malignant tumor cells. Cancer cells are the driving force of tumor development and progression. Yet, cancer cells are unable to accomplish this alone. The tumor microenvironment is also considered to play an active role rather than simply acting as a by-stander in tumor progression. Through different pathways, tumor cells efficiently recruit stromal cells, which in turn, provide tumor cell growth signals, intermediate metabolites, and provide a suitable environment for tumor progression as well as metastasis. Through reciprocal communication, cancer cells and the microenvironment act in collusion leading to high proliferation and metastatic capability. Understanding the role of the tumor microenvironment in tumor progression provides us with novel approaches through which to target the tumor microenvironment for efficient anticancer treatment. In this review, we summarize the mechanisms involved in the recruitment of stromal cells by tumor cells to the primary tumor site and highlight the role of the tumor microenvironment in the regulation of tumor progression. We further discuss the potential approaches for cancer therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yao Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Yu-Chen Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Chong-Kui Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Qian-Ming Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Bhuvanendran Nair Gourikutty S, Chang CP, Puiu PD. Microfluidic immunomagnetic cell separation from whole blood. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2016; 1011:77-88. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2015.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2015] [Revised: 08/06/2015] [Accepted: 12/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
|
41
|
Screening and Molecular Analysis of Single Circulating Tumor Cells Using Micromagnet Array. Sci Rep 2015; 5:16047. [PMID: 26538094 PMCID: PMC4633592 DOI: 10.1038/srep16047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2015] [Accepted: 08/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunomagnetic assay has been developed to detect rare circulating tumor cells (CTCs), which shows clinical significance in cancer diagnosis and prognosis. The generation and fine-tuning of the magnetic field play essential roles in such assay toward effective single-cell-based analyses of target cells. However, the current assay has a limited range of field gradient, potentially leading to aggregation of cells and nanoparticles. Consequently, quenching of the fluorescence signal and mechanical damage to the cells may occur, which lower the system sensitivity and specificity. We develop a micromagnet-integrated microfluidic system for enhanced CTC detection. The ferromagnetic micromagnets, after being magnetized, generate localized magnetic field up to 8-fold stronger than that without the micromagnets, and strengthen the interactions between CTCs and the magnetic field. The system is demonstrated with four cancer cell lines with over 97% capture rate, as well as with clinical samples from breast, prostate, lung, and colorectal cancer patients. The system captures target CTCs from patient blood samples on a standard glass slide that can be examined using the fluorescence in-situ hybridization method for the single-cell profiling. All cells showed clear hybridization signals, indicating the efficacy of the compact system in providing retrievable cells for molecular studies.
Collapse
|
42
|
Hoshino K, Chung H, Wu CH, Rajendran K, Huang YY, Chen P, Sokolov KV, Kim J, Zhang JXJ. An Immunofluorescence-Assisted Microfluidic Single Cell Quantitative Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction Analysis of Tumour Cells Separated from Blood. J Circ Biomark 2015; 4:11. [PMID: 28936247 PMCID: PMC5572989 DOI: 10.5772/61822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2015] [Accepted: 10/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Circulating tumour cells (CTCs) are important indicators of metastatic cancer and may provide critical information for individualized treatment. As CTCs are usually very rare, the techniques to obtain information from very small numbers of cells are crucial. Here, we propose a method to perform a single cell quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) analysis of rare tumour cells. We utilized a microfluidic immunomagnetic assay to separate cancer cells from blood. A combination of detailed immunofluorescence and laser microdissection enabled the precise selection of individual cells. Cancer cells that were spiked into blood were successfully separated and picked up for a single cell PCR analysis. The breast cancer cell lines MCF7, SKBR3 and MDAMB231 were tested with 10 different genes. The result of the single cell analysis matched the results from a few thousand cells. Some markers (e.g., ER, HER2) that are commonly used for cancer identification showed relatively large deviations in expression levels. However, others (e.g., GRB7) showed deviations that are small enough to supplement single cell disease profiling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kazunori Hoshino
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
| | - HaeWon Chung
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Center for Systems and Synthetic Biology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Chun-Hsien Wu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Kaarthik Rajendran
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Yu-Yen Huang
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - Peng Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Konstantin V Sokolov
- Department of Imaging Physics, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jonghwan Kim
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Center for Systems and Synthetic Biology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - John X J Zhang
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Li YQ, Chandran BK, Lim CT, Chen X. Rational Design of Materials Interface for Efficient Capture of Circulating Tumor Cells. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2015; 2:1500118. [PMID: 27980914 PMCID: PMC5115340 DOI: 10.1002/advs.201500118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2015] [Revised: 05/25/2015] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Originating from primary tumors and penetrating into blood circulation, circulating tumor cells (CTCs) play a vital role in understanding the biology of metastasis and have great potential for early cancer diagnosis, prognosis and personalized therapy. By exploiting the specific biophysical and biochemical properties of CTCs, various material interfaces have been developed for the capture and detection of CTCs from blood. However, due to the extremely low number of CTCs in peripheral blood, there exists a need to improve the efficiency and specificity of the CTC capture and detection. In this regard, a critical review of the numerous reports of advanced platforms for highly efficient and selective capture of CTCs, which have been spurred by recent advances in nanotechnology and microfabrication, is essential. This review gives an overview of unique biophysical and biochemical properties of CTCs, followed by a summary of the key material interfaces recently developed for improved CTC capture and detection, with focus on the use of microfluidics, nanostructured substrates, and miniaturized nuclear magnetic resonance-based systems. Challenges and future perspectives in the design of material interfaces for capture and detection of CTCs in clinical applications are also discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Qiang Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering Nanyang Technological University 50 Nanyang Avenue SIngapore 639798 Singapore; School of Radiation Medicine and Protection and School for Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD-X)Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions Medical College of Soochow University Suzhou Jiangsu 215123 China
| | - Bevita K Chandran
- School of Materials Science and Engineering Nanyang Technological University 50 Nanyang Avenue SIngapore 639798 Singapore
| | - Chwee Teck Lim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering Mechanobiology Institute Centre for Advanced 2D Materials National University of Singapore 9 Engineering Drive 1 Singapore 117575 Singapore
| | - Xiaodong Chen
- School of Materials Science and Engineering Nanyang Technological University 50 Nanyang Avenue SIngapore 639798 Singapore
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Bhave G, Lee Y, Chen P, Zhang JXJ. Plasmonic nanograting enhanced quantum dots excitation for cellular imaging on-chip. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2015; 26:365301. [PMID: 26294071 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/26/36/365301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We present the design and integration of a two-dimensional (2D) plasmonic nanogratings structure on the electrode of colloidal quantum dot-based light-emitting diodes (QDLEDs) as a compact light source towards arrayed on-chip imaging of tumor cells. Colloidal quantum dots (QDs) were used as the emission layer due to their unique capabilities, including multicolor emission, narrow bandwidth, tunable emission wavelengths, and compatibility with silicon fabrication. The nanograting, based on a metal-dielectric-metal plasmonic waveguide, aims to enhance the light intensity through the resonant reflection of surface plasmon (SP) waves. The key parameters of plasmonic nanogratings, including periodicity, slit width, and thicknesses of the metal and dielectric layers, were designed to tailor the frequency bandgap such that it matches the wavelength of operation. We fabricated QDLEDs with the integrated nanogratings and demonstrated an increase in electroluminescence intensity, measured along the direction perpendicular to the metal electrode. We found an increase of 34.72% in QDLED electroluminescence intensity from the area of the pattern and an increase of 32.63% from the photoluminescence of QDs deposited on a metal surface. We performed ex vivo transmission-mode microscopy to evaluate the nucleus-cytoplasm ratios of MDA-MB 231 cultured breast cancer cells using QDLEDs as the light source. We showed wavelength dependent imaging of different cell components and imaging of cells at higher magnification using enhanced emission from QDLEDs with integrated plasmonic nanogratings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gauri Bhave
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Chen P, Huang YY, Hoshino K, Zhang JX. Microscale magnetic field modulation for enhanced capture and distribution of rare circulating tumor cells. Sci Rep 2015; 5:8745. [PMID: 25735563 PMCID: PMC4348664 DOI: 10.1038/srep08745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2014] [Accepted: 02/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunomagnetic assay combines the powers of the magnetic separation and biomarker recognition and has been an effective tool to perform rare Circulating Tumor Cells detection. Key factors associated with immunomagnetic assay include the capture rate, which indicates the sensitivity of the system, and distributions of target cells after capture, which impact the cell integrity and other biological properties that are critical to downstream analyses. Here we present a theoretical framework and technical approach to implement a microscale magnetic immunoassay through modulating local magnetic field towards enhanced capture and distribution of rare cancer cells. Through the design of a two-dimensional micromagnet array, we characterize the magnetic field generation and quantify the impact of the micromagnets on rare cell separation. Good agreement is achieved between the theory and experiments using a human colon cancer cell line (COLO205) as the capture targets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peng Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Yu-Yen Huang
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, NH 03755, USA
| | - Kazunori Hoshino
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - John X.J. Zhang
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, NH 03755, USA
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
|
47
|
Zhou MD, Hao S, Williams AJ, Harouaka RA, Schrand B, Rawal S, Ao Z, Brennaman R, Gilboa E, Lu B, Wang S, Zhu J, Datar R, Cote R, Tai YC, Zheng SY. Separable bilayer microfiltration device for viable label-free enrichment of circulating tumour cells. Sci Rep 2014; 4:7392. [PMID: 25487434 PMCID: PMC4260227 DOI: 10.1038/srep07392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2014] [Accepted: 11/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The analysis of circulating tumour cells (CTCs) in cancer patients could provide important information for therapeutic management. Enrichment of viable CTCs could permit performance of functional analyses on CTCs to broaden understanding of metastatic disease. However, this has not been widely accomplished. Addressing this challenge, we present a separable bilayer (SB) microfilter for viable size-based CTC capture. Unlike other single-layer CTC microfilters, the precise gap between the two layers and the architecture of pore alignment result in drastic reduction in mechanical stress on CTCs, capturing them viably. Using multiple cancer cell lines spiked in healthy donor blood, the SB microfilter demonstrated high capture efficiency (78-83%), high retention of cell viability (71-74%), high tumour cell enrichment against leukocytes (1.7-2 × 10(3)), and widespread ability to establish cultures post-capture (100% of cell lines tested). In a metastatic mouse model, SB microfilters successfully enriched viable mouse CTCs from 0.4-0.6 mL whole mouse blood samples and established in vitro cultures for further genetic and functional analysis. Our preliminary studies reflect the efficacy of the SB microfilter device to efficiently and reliably enrich viable CTCs in animal model studies, constituting an exciting technology for new insights in cancer research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Da Zhou
- Micro & Nano Integrated Biosystem (MINIBio) Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering and Materials Research Institute, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, U.S.A.
| | - Sijie Hao
- Micro & Nano Integrated Biosystem (MINIBio) Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering and Materials Research Institute, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, U.S.A.
| | - Anthony J. Williams
- Department of Pathology, University of Miami – Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, U.S.A.
- Sheila and David Fuente Graduate Program in Cancer Biology, University of Miami – Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, U.S.A.
- Dr John T Macdonald Foundation Biomedical Nanotechnology Institute, University of Miami – Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, U.S.A.
| | - Ramdane A. Harouaka
- Micro & Nano Integrated Biosystem (MINIBio) Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering and Materials Research Institute, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, U.S.A.
| | - Brett Schrand
- Sheila and David Fuente Graduate Program in Cancer Biology, University of Miami – Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, U.S.A.
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami – Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, U.S.A.
| | - Siddarth Rawal
- Department of Pathology, University of Miami – Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, U.S.A.
- Dr John T Macdonald Foundation Biomedical Nanotechnology Institute, University of Miami – Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, U.S.A.
| | - Zheng Ao
- Department of Pathology, University of Miami – Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, U.S.A.
- Sheila and David Fuente Graduate Program in Cancer Biology, University of Miami – Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, U.S.A.
- Dr John T Macdonald Foundation Biomedical Nanotechnology Institute, University of Miami – Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, U.S.A.
| | - Randall Brennaman
- Sheila and David Fuente Graduate Program in Cancer Biology, University of Miami – Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, U.S.A.
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami – Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, U.S.A.
| | - Eli Gilboa
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami – Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, U.S.A.
| | - Bo Lu
- Caltech Micromachining Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, MC 136-93, Pasadena, CA 91125, U.S.A.
| | - Shuwen Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University College of Pharmacy, Spokane, WA 99210, U.S.A
| | - Jiyue Zhu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University College of Pharmacy, Spokane, WA 99210, U.S.A
| | - Ram Datar
- Department of Pathology, University of Miami – Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, U.S.A.
- Dr John T Macdonald Foundation Biomedical Nanotechnology Institute, University of Miami – Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, U.S.A.
| | - Richard Cote
- Department of Pathology, University of Miami – Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, U.S.A.
- Dr John T Macdonald Foundation Biomedical Nanotechnology Institute, University of Miami – Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, U.S.A.
| | - Yu-Chong Tai
- Caltech Micromachining Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, MC 136-93, Pasadena, CA 91125, U.S.A.
| | - Si-Yang Zheng
- Micro & Nano Integrated Biosystem (MINIBio) Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering and Materials Research Institute, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, U.S.A.
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Lee SW, Hyun KA, Kim SI, Kang JY, Jung HI. Enrichment of circulating tumor cells using a centrifugal affinity plate system. J Chromatogr A 2014; 1373:25-30. [PMID: 25435456 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.11.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2014] [Revised: 10/23/2014] [Accepted: 11/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) are defined as cells that have detached from a primary tumor and are circulating in the bloodstream. Their isolation and quantification is of great value for cancer prognoses and drug testing. Here, the development of a centrifugal affinity plate (CAP) system is described, in which centrifugal force and antibody-based capture are exploited to enrich CTCs on one plate and hematological cells on the other. The CAP is rotated to exert centrifugal force on the cells in a blood sample, quickly transporting them to the anti-epithelial adhesion molecule (EpCAM)-coated and anti-CD45-coated surface of the CAP to shorten the reaction time and increase the adhesion force between the tumor and blood cells and each antibody. The effect of a rotating process on cell capture was investigated, and the capture efficiency was demonstrated using blood samples from healthy donors spiked with human non-small cell lung cancer (NCI-H1650) and breast cancer (MCF-7) cells. The CAP system was capable of rapid isolation and identification of CTCs without the requirement for pretreatment of blood samples. Finally, the CAP system was tested to evaluate the detection efficiency of CTCs in the blood samples of breast cancer patients. The number of captured CTCs in only 1ml of blood varied from 6 to 10.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Woo Lee
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea; Center for Bio-Microsystems, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Kyung-A Hyun
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Seung-Il Kim
- College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Ji-Yoon Kang
- Center for Bio-Microsystems, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, South Korea.
| | - Hyo-Il Jung
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Toy R, Bauer L, Hoimes C, Ghaghada KB, Karathanasis E. Targeted nanotechnology for cancer imaging. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2014; 76:79-97. [PMID: 25116445 PMCID: PMC4169743 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2014.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2014] [Revised: 07/26/2014] [Accepted: 08/04/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Targeted nanoparticle imaging agents provide many benefits and new opportunities to facilitate accurate diagnosis of cancer and significantly impact patient outcome. Due to the highly engineerable nature of nanotechnology, targeted nanoparticles exhibit significant advantages including increased contrast sensitivity, binding avidity and targeting specificity. Considering the various nanoparticle designs and their adjustable ability to target a specific site and generate detectable signals, nanoparticles can be optimally designed in terms of biophysical interactions (i.e., intravascular and interstitial transport) and biochemical interactions (i.e., targeting avidity towards cancer-related biomarkers) for site-specific detection of very distinct microenvironments. This review seeks to illustrate that the design of a nanoparticle dictates its in vivo journey and targeting of hard-to-reach cancer sites, facilitating early and accurate diagnosis and interrogation of the most aggressive forms of cancer. We will report various targeted nanoparticles for cancer imaging using X-ray computed tomography, ultrasound, magnetic resonance imaging, nuclear imaging and optical imaging. Finally, to realize the full potential of targeted nanotechnology for cancer imaging, we will describe the challenges and opportunities for the clinical translation and widespread adaptation of targeted nanoparticles imaging agents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Randall Toy
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA; Case Center for Imaging Research, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Lisa Bauer
- Case Center for Imaging Research, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA; Department of Physics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Christopher Hoimes
- Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA; University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Ketan B Ghaghada
- Edward B. Singleton Department of Pediatric Radiology, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Radiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Efstathios Karathanasis
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA; Case Center for Imaging Research, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA; Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA; Department of Radiology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Yu ZTF, Yong KMA, Fu J. Microfluidic blood cell sorting: now and beyond. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2014; 10:1687-703. [PMID: 24515899 PMCID: PMC4013196 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201302907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2013] [Revised: 12/16/2013] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Blood plays an important role in homeostatic regulation with each of its cellular components having important therapeutic and diagnostic uses. Therefore, separation and sorting of blood cells hasa been of a great interest to clinicians and researchers. However, while conventional methods of processing blood have been successful in generating relatively pure fractions, they are time consuming, labor intensive, and are not optimal for processing small volume blood samples. In recent years, microfluidics has garnered great interest from clinicians and researchers as a powerful technology for separating blood into different cell fractions. As microfluidics involves fluid manipulation at the microscale level, it has the potential for achieving high-resolution separation and sorting of blood cells down to a single-cell level, with an added benefit of integrating physical and biological methods for blood cell separation and analysis on the same single chip platform. This paper will first review the conventional methods of processing and sorting blood cells, followed by a discussion on how microfluidics is emerging as an efficient tool to rapidly change the field of blood cell sorting for blood-based therapeutic and diagnostic applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zeta Tak For Yu
- Integrated Biosystems and Biomechanics Laboratory, University of
Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann
Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Koh Meng Aw Yong
- Integrated Biosystems and Biomechanics Laboratory, University of
Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann
Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Jianping Fu
- Integrated Biosystems and Biomechanics Laboratory, University of
Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann
Arbor, Michigan, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann
Arbor, Michigan, USA
| |
Collapse
|