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Rupar MJ, Hanson H, Rogers S, Botlick B, Trimmer S, Hickman JJ. Modelling the innate immune system in microphysiological systems. LAB ON A CHIP 2024; 24:3604-3625. [PMID: 38957150 PMCID: PMC11264333 DOI: 10.1039/d3lc00812f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
This critical review aims to highlight how modeling of the immune response has adapted over time to utilize microphysiological systems. Topics covered here will discuss the integral components of the immune system in various human body systems, and how these interactions are modeled using these systems. Through the use of microphysiological systems, we have not only expanded on foundations of basic immune cell information, but have also gleaned insight on how immune cells work both independently and collaboratively within an entire human body system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Rupar
- Hesperos, Inc., 12501 Research Parkway, Suite 100, Orlando, FL 32826, USA.
| | - Hannah Hanson
- Hesperos, Inc., 12501 Research Parkway, Suite 100, Orlando, FL 32826, USA.
| | - Stephanie Rogers
- Hesperos, Inc., 12501 Research Parkway, Suite 100, Orlando, FL 32826, USA.
| | - Brianna Botlick
- Hesperos, Inc., 12501 Research Parkway, Suite 100, Orlando, FL 32826, USA.
| | - Steven Trimmer
- Hesperos, Inc., 12501 Research Parkway, Suite 100, Orlando, FL 32826, USA.
| | - James J Hickman
- Hesperos, Inc., 12501 Research Parkway, Suite 100, Orlando, FL 32826, USA.
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2
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Du H, Yu H, Zhou M, Hui Q, Hou Y, Jiang Y. The effect of STAT1, miR-99b, and MAP2K1 in alcoholic liver disease (ALD) mouse model and hepatocyte. Aging (Albany NY) 2024; 16:4224-4235. [PMID: 38431286 PMCID: PMC10968706 DOI: 10.18632/aging.205579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
Alcoholic liver disease (ALD) serves as the leading cause of chronic liver diseases-related morbidity and mortality, which threatens the life of millions of patients in the world. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying ALD progression remain unclear. Here, we applied microarray analysis and experimental approaches to identify miRNAs and related regulatory signaling that associated with ALD. Microarray analysis identified that the expression of miR-99b was elevated in the ALD mouse model. The AML-12 cells were treated with EtOH and the expression of miR-99b was enhanced in the cells. The expression of miR-99b was positively correlated with ALT levels in the ALD mice. The microarray analysis identified the abnormally expressed mRNAs in ALD mice and the overlap analysis was performed with based on the differently expressed mRNAs and the transcriptional factors of miR-99b, in which STAT1 was identified. The elevated expression of STAT1 was validated in ALD mice. Meanwhile, the treatment of EtOH induced the expression of STAT1 in the AML-12 cells. The expression of STAT1 was positively correlated with ALT levels in the ALD mice. The positive correlation of STAT1 and miR-99b expression was identified in bioinformatics analysis and ALD mice. The expression of miR-99b and pri-miR-99b was promoted by the overexpression of STAT1 in AML-12 cells. ChIP analysis confirmed the enrichment of STAT1 on miR-99b promoter in AML-12 cells. Next, we found that the expression of mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 1 (MAP2K1) was negatively associated with miR-99b. The expression of MAP2K1 was downregulated in ALD mice. Consistently, the expression of MAP2K1 was reduced by the treatment of EtOH in AML-12 cells. The expression of MAP2K1 was negative correlated with ALT levels in the ALD mice. We identified the binding site of MAP2K1 and miR-99b. Meanwhile, the treatment of miR-99b mimic repressed the luciferase activity of MAP2K1 in AML-12 cells. The expression of MAP2K1 was suppressed by miR-99b in the cells. We observed that the expression of MAP2K1 was inhibited by the overexpression of STAT1 in AML-12 cells. Meanwhile, the apoptosis of AML-12 cells was induced by the treatment of EtOH, while miR-99b mimic promoted but the overexpression of MAP2K1 attenuated the effect of EtOH in the cells. In conclusion, we identified the correlation and effect of STAT1, miR-99b, and MAP2K1 in ALD mouse model and hepatocyte. STAT1, miR-99b, and MAP2K1 may serve as potential therapeutic target of ALD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongbo Du
- Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100015, China
| | - Hao Yu
- Beijing Ditan Hospital Capital Medical University, Beijing 100015, China
| | - Meiyue Zhou
- Beijing Ditan Hospital Capital Medical University, Beijing 100015, China
| | - Quan Hui
- Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100015, China
| | - Yixin Hou
- Beijing Ditan Hospital Capital Medical University, Beijing 100015, China
| | - Yuyong Jiang
- Beijing Ditan Hospital Capital Medical University, Beijing 100015, China
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3
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Pahuja A, Goux Corredera I, Moya-Rull D, Garreta E, Montserrat N. Engineering physiological environments to advance kidney organoid models from human pluripotent stem cells. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2024; 86:102306. [PMID: 38194750 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2023.102306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Revised: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2024]
Abstract
During embryogenesis, the mammalian kidney arises because of reciprocal interactions between the ureteric bud (UB) and the metanephric mesenchyme (MM), driving UB branching and nephron induction. These morphogenetic processes involve a series of cellular rearrangements that are tightly controlled by gene regulatory networks and signaling cascades. Here, we discuss how kidney developmental studies have informed the definition of procedures to obtain kidney organoids from human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs). Moreover, bioengineering techniques have emerged as potential solutions to externally impose controlled microenvironments for organoid generation from hPSCs. Next, we summarize some of these advances with major focus On recent works merging hPSC-derived kidney organoids (hPSC-kidney organoids) with organ-on-chip to develop robust models for drug discovery and disease modeling applications. We foresee that, in the near future, coupling of different organoid models through bioengineering approaches will help advancing to recreate organ-to-organ crosstalk to increase our understanding on kidney disease progression in the human context and search for new therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anisha Pahuja
- Pluripotency for Organ Regeneration. Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Iphigénie Goux Corredera
- Pluripotency for Organ Regeneration. Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Daniel Moya-Rull
- Pluripotency for Organ Regeneration. Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Elena Garreta
- Pluripotency for Organ Regeneration. Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), 08028 Barcelona, Spain; University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Nuria Montserrat
- Pluripotency for Organ Regeneration. Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), 08028 Barcelona, Spain; University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina, Barcelona, Spain; Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain.
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4
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Xie R, Pal V, Yu Y, Lu X, Gao M, Liang S, Huang M, Peng W, Ozbolat IT. A comprehensive review on 3D tissue models: Biofabrication technologies and preclinical applications. Biomaterials 2024; 304:122408. [PMID: 38041911 PMCID: PMC10843844 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2023.122408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Revised: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/04/2023]
Abstract
The limitations of traditional two-dimensional (2D) cultures and animal testing, when it comes to precisely foreseeing the toxicity and clinical effectiveness of potential drug candidates, have resulted in a notable increase in the rate of failure during the process of drug discovery and development. Three-dimensional (3D) in-vitro models have arisen as substitute platforms with the capacity to accurately depict in-vivo conditions and increasing the predictivity of clinical effects and toxicity of drug candidates. It has been found that 3D models can accurately represent complex tissue structure of human body and can be used for a wide range of disease modeling purposes. Recently, substantial progress in biomedicine, materials and engineering have been made to fabricate various 3D in-vitro models, which have been exhibited better disease progression predictivity and drug effects than convention models, suggesting a promising direction in pharmaceutics. This comprehensive review highlights the recent developments in 3D in-vitro tissue models for preclinical applications including drug screening and disease modeling targeting multiple organs and tissues, like liver, bone, gastrointestinal tract, kidney, heart, brain, and cartilage. We discuss current strategies for fabricating 3D models for specific organs with their strengths and pitfalls. We expand future considerations for establishing a physiologically-relevant microenvironment for growing 3D models and also provide readers with a perspective on intellectual property, industry, and regulatory landscape.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renjian Xie
- Key Laboratory of Biomaterials and Biofabrication for Tissue Engineering in Jiangxi Province, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, JX, 341000, China; Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Diseases, Ministry of Education, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, JX, China
| | - Vaibhav Pal
- Department of Chemistry, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA; The Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Yanrong Yu
- School of Pharmaceutics, Nanchang University, Nanchang, JX, 330006, China
| | - Xiaolu Lu
- Key Laboratory of Biomaterials and Biofabrication for Tissue Engineering in Jiangxi Province, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, JX, 341000, China; Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Diseases, Ministry of Education, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, JX, China
| | - Mengwei Gao
- School of Pharmaceutics, Nanchang University, Nanchang, JX, 330006, China
| | - Shijie Liang
- School of Pharmaceutics, Nanchang University, Nanchang, JX, 330006, China
| | - Miao Huang
- Key Laboratory of Biomaterials and Biofabrication for Tissue Engineering in Jiangxi Province, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, JX, 341000, China; Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Diseases, Ministry of Education, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, JX, China
| | - Weijie Peng
- Key Laboratory of Biomaterials and Biofabrication for Tissue Engineering in Jiangxi Province, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, JX, 341000, China; Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Diseases, Ministry of Education, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, JX, China; School of Pharmaceutics, Nanchang University, Nanchang, JX, 330006, China.
| | - Ibrahim T Ozbolat
- The Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA; Engineering Science and Mechanics Department, Penn State University, University Park, PA, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA; Materials Research Institute, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, Pennsylvania State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA; Penn State Cancer Institute, Penn State University, Hershey, PA, 17033, USA; Department of Medical Oncology, Cukurova University, Adana, 01130, Turkey; Biotechnology Research and Application Center, Cukurova University, Adana, 01130, Turkey.
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5
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Zhang X, Luo Y, Wang Q. Editorial: Organ mimicking technologies and their applications in drug discovery. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2023; 11:1341153. [PMID: 38107621 PMCID: PMC10722410 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1341153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Xiuli Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yong Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Qun Wang
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
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6
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Krylov D, Rodimova S, Karabut M, Kuznetsova D. Experimental Models for Studying Structural and Functional State of the Pathological Liver (Review). Sovrem Tekhnologii Med 2023; 15:65-82. [PMID: 38434194 PMCID: PMC10902899 DOI: 10.17691/stm2023.15.4.06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Liver pathologies remain one of the leading causes of mortality worldwide. Despite a high prevalence of liver diseases, the possibilities of diagnosing, prognosing, and treating non-alcoholic and alcoholic liver diseases still have a number of limitations and require the development of new methods and approaches. In laboratory studies, various models are used to reconstitute the pathological conditions of the liver, including cell cultures, spheroids, organoids, microfluidic systems, tissue slices. We reviewed the most commonly used in vivo, in vitro, and ex vivo models for studying non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and alcoholic liver disease, toxic liver injury, and fibrosis, described their advantages, limitations, and prospects for use. Great emphasis was placed on the mechanisms of development of pathological conditions in each model, as well as the assessment of the possibility of reconstructing various key aspects of pathogenesis for all these pathologies. There is currently no consensus on the choice of the most adequate model for studying liver pathology. The choice of a certain effective research model is determined by the specific purpose and objectives of the experiment.
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Affiliation(s)
- D.P. Krylov
- Laboratory Assistant, Scientific Laboratory of Molecular Biotechnologies, Research Institute of Experimental Oncology and Biomedical Technologies; Privolzhsky Research Medical University, 10/1 Minin and Pozharsky Square, Nizhny Novgorod, 603005, Russia; Student, Institute of Biology and Biomedicine; National Research Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, 23 Prospekt Gagarina, Nizhny Novgorod, 603022, Russia
| | - S.A. Rodimova
- Junior Researcher, Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine, Scientific Laboratory of Molecular Biotechnologies, Research Institute of Experimental Oncology and Biomedical Technologies; Privolzhsky Research Medical University, 10/1 Minin and Pozharsky Square, Nizhny Novgorod, 603005, Russia
| | - M.M. Karabut
- Researcher, Laboratory of Genomics of Adaptive Antitumor Immunity, Research Institute of Experimental Oncology and Biomedical Technologies; Privolzhsky Research Medical University, 10/1 Minin and Pozharsky Square, Nizhny Novgorod, 603005, Russia
| | - D.S. Kuznetsova
- Head of Laboratory of Molecular Biotechnologies, Research Institute of Experimental Oncology and Biomedical Technologies; Privolzhsky Research Medical University, 10/1 Minin and Pozharsky Square, Nizhny Novgorod, 603005, Russia; Head of the Research Laboratory for Molecular Genetic Researches, Institute of Clinical Medicine; National Research Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, 23 Prospekt Gagarina, Nizhny Novgorod, 603022, Russia
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7
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Otumala AE, Hellen DJ, Luna CA, Delgado P, Dissanayaka A, Ugwumadu C, Oshinowo O, Islam MM, Shen L, Karpen SJ, Myers DR. Opportunities and considerations for studying liver disease with microphysiological systems on a chip. LAB ON A CHIP 2023; 23:2877-2898. [PMID: 37282629 DOI: 10.1039/d2lc00940d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Advances in microsystem engineering have enabled the development of highly controlled models of the liver that better recapitulate the unique in vivo biological conditions. In just a few short years, substantial progress has been made in creating complex mono- and multi-cellular models that mimic key metabolic, structural, and oxygen gradients crucial for liver function. Here we review: 1) the state-of-the-art in liver-centric microphysiological systems and 2) the array of liver diseases and pressing biological and therapeutic challenges which could be investigated with these systems. The engineering community has unique opportunities to innovate with new liver-on-a-chip devices and partner with biomedical researchers to usher in a new era of understanding of the molecular and cellular contributors to liver diseases and identify and test rational therapeutic modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adiya E Otumala
- The Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology & Emory University, 1760 Haygood Dr, Suite E-160, Rm E-156, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA.
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Aflac Cancer Center and Blood Disorders Service of Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Dominick J Hellen
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Emory University School of Medicine, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - C Alessandra Luna
- The Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology & Emory University, 1760 Haygood Dr, Suite E-160, Rm E-156, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA.
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Aflac Cancer Center and Blood Disorders Service of Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Priscilla Delgado
- The Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology & Emory University, 1760 Haygood Dr, Suite E-160, Rm E-156, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA.
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Aflac Cancer Center and Blood Disorders Service of Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Anjana Dissanayaka
- The Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology & Emory University, 1760 Haygood Dr, Suite E-160, Rm E-156, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA.
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Aflac Cancer Center and Blood Disorders Service of Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Chidozie Ugwumadu
- The Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology & Emory University, 1760 Haygood Dr, Suite E-160, Rm E-156, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA.
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Aflac Cancer Center and Blood Disorders Service of Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Oluwamayokun Oshinowo
- The Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology & Emory University, 1760 Haygood Dr, Suite E-160, Rm E-156, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA.
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Aflac Cancer Center and Blood Disorders Service of Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Md Mydul Islam
- The Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology & Emory University, 1760 Haygood Dr, Suite E-160, Rm E-156, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA.
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Aflac Cancer Center and Blood Disorders Service of Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Luyao Shen
- The Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology & Emory University, 1760 Haygood Dr, Suite E-160, Rm E-156, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA.
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Aflac Cancer Center and Blood Disorders Service of Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Saul J Karpen
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Emory University School of Medicine, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - David R Myers
- The Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology & Emory University, 1760 Haygood Dr, Suite E-160, Rm E-156, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA.
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Aflac Cancer Center and Blood Disorders Service of Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
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8
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From Single- to Multi-organ-on-a-Chip System for Studying Metabolic Diseases. BIOCHIP JOURNAL 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s13206-023-00098-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
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9
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McDuffie D, Barr D, Helm M, Baumert T, Agarwal A, Thomas E. Physiomimetic In Vitro Human Models for Viral Infection in the Liver. Semin Liver Dis 2023; 43:31-49. [PMID: 36402129 PMCID: PMC10005888 DOI: 10.1055/a-1981-5944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Viral hepatitis is a leading cause of liver morbidity and mortality globally. The mechanisms underlying acute infection and clearance, versus the development of chronic infection, are poorly understood. In vitro models of viral hepatitis circumvent the high costs and ethical considerations of animal models, which also translate poorly to studying the human-specific hepatitis viruses. However, significant challenges are associated with modeling long-term infection in vitro. Differentiated hepatocytes are best able to sustain chronic viral hepatitis infection, but standard two-dimensional models are limited because they fail to mimic the architecture and cellular microenvironment of the liver, and cannot maintain a differentiated hepatocyte phenotype over extended periods. Alternatively, physiomimetic models facilitate important interactions between hepatocytes and their microenvironment by incorporating liver-specific environmental factors such as three-dimensional ECM interactions and co-culture with non-parenchymal cells. These physiologically relevant interactions help maintain a functional hepatocyte phenotype that is critical for sustaining viral hepatitis infection. In this review, we provide an overview of distinct, novel, and innovative in vitro liver models and discuss their functionality and relevance in modeling viral hepatitis. These platforms may provide novel insight into mechanisms that regulate viral clearance versus progression to chronic infections that can drive subsequent liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis McDuffie
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Miami, Coral Gables, Florida
| | - David Barr
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - Madeline Helm
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Miami, Coral Gables, Florida
| | - Thomas Baumert
- Inserm Research Institute for Viral and Liver Diseases, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Ashutosh Agarwal
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Miami, Coral Gables, Florida
- Desai Sethi Urology Institute, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - Emmanuel Thomas
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Miami, Coral Gables, Florida
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
- Schiff Center for Liver Diseases, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
- Address for correspondence Emmanuel Thomas, MD, PhD, FAASLD Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of MiamiCoral Gables, FL 33136-1015
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10
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Liver Regeneration and Immunity: A Tale to Tell. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24021176. [PMID: 36674692 PMCID: PMC9864482 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24021176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The physiological importance of the liver is demonstrated by its unique and essential ability to regenerate following extensive injuries affecting its function. By regenerating, the liver reacts to hepatic damage and thus enables homeostasis to be restored. The aim of this review is to add new findings that integrate the regenerative pathway to the current knowledge. An optimal regeneration is achieved through the integration of two main pathways: IL-6/JAK/STAT3, which promotes hepatocyte proliferation, and PI3K/PDK1/Akt, which in turn enhances cell growth. Proliferation and cell growth are events that must be balanced during the three phases of the regenerative process: initiation, proliferation and termination. Achieving the correct liver/body weight ratio is ensured by several pathways as extracellular matrix signalling, apoptosis through caspase-3 activation, and molecules including transforming growth factor-beta, and cyclic adenosine monophosphate. The actors involved in the regenerative process are numerous and many of them are also pivotal players in both the immune and non-immune inflammatory process, that is observed in the early stages of hepatic regeneration. Balance of Th17/Treg is important in liver inflammatory process outcomes. Knowledge of liver regeneration will allow a more detailed characterisation of the molecular mechanisms that are crucial in the interplay between proliferation and inflammation.
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11
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Effects of tannic acid on liver function in a small hepatocyte–based detachable microfluidic platform. Biochem Eng J 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2022.108757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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12
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Rahimnejad M, Rasouli F, Jahangiri S, Ahmadi S, Rabiee N, Ramezani Farani M, Akhavan O, Asadnia M, Fatahi Y, Hong S, Lee J, Lee J, Hahn SK. Engineered Biomimetic Membranes for Organ-on-a-Chip. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2022; 8:5038-5059. [PMID: 36347501 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.2c00531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Organ-on-a-chip (OOC) systems are engineered nanobiosystems to mimic the physiochemical environment of a specific organ in the body. Among various components of OOC systems, biomimetic membranes have been regarded as one of the most important key components to develop controllable biomimetic bioanalysis systems. Here, we review the preparation and characterization of biomimetic membranes in comparison with the features of the extracellular matrix. After that, we review and discuss the latest applications of engineered biomimetic membranes to fabricate various organs on a chip, such as liver, kidney, intestine, lung, skin, heart, vasculature and blood vessels, brain, and multiorgans with perspectives for further biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maedeh Rahimnejad
- Biomedical Engineering Institute, School of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec H3T 1J4, Canada.,Research Centre, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montreal, Quebec H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Fariba Rasouli
- Bioceramics and Implants Laboratory, Faculty of New Sciences and Technologies, University of Tehran, Tehran 14174-66191, Iran
| | - Sepideh Jahangiri
- Research Centre, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montreal, Quebec H2X 0A9, Canada.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Sepideh Ahmadi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 19839-63113, Iran.,Cellular and Molecular Biology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 19839-63113, Iran
| | - Navid Rabiee
- Department of Physics, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran 11155-9161, Iran.,School of Engineering, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales 2109, Australia.,Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), 77 Cheongam-ro, Nam-gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, Korea
| | - Marzieh Ramezani Farani
- Toxicology and Diseases Group (TDG), Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center (PSRC), the Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (TIPS), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 14176-14411, Iran
| | - Omid Akhavan
- Department of Physics, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran 11155-9161, Iran
| | - Mohsen Asadnia
- School of Engineering, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales 2109, Australia
| | - Yousef Fatahi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 14176-14411, Iran
| | - Sanghoon Hong
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), 77 Cheongam-ro, Nam-gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, Korea
| | - Jungho Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), 77 Cheongam-ro, Nam-gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, Korea
| | - Junmin Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), 77 Cheongam-ro, Nam-gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, Korea
| | - Sei Kwang Hahn
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), 77 Cheongam-ro, Nam-gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, Korea
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13
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Deguchi S, Takayama K. State-of-the-art liver disease research using liver-on-a-chip. Inflamm Regen 2022; 42:62. [PMID: 36494740 PMCID: PMC9733013 DOI: 10.1186/s41232-022-00248-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
To understand disease pathophysiologies, models that recapitulate human functions are necessary. In vitro models that consist of human cells are preferred to ones using animal cells, because organ functions can vary from species to species. However, conventional in vitro models do not recapitulate human organ functions well. Organ-on-a-chip technology provides a reliable in vitro model of the functional units of human organs. Organ-on-a-chip technology uses microfluidic devices and their accessories to impart organ functions to human cells. Using microfluidic devices, we can co-culture multiple cell types that compose human organs. Moreover, we can culture human cells under physiologically relevant stresses, such as mechanical and shear stresses. Current organ-on-a-chip technology can reproduce the functions of several organs including the liver. Because it is difficult to maintain the function of human hepatocytes, which are the gold standard of in vitro liver models, under conventional culture conditions, the application of liver-on-a-chips to liver disease research is expected. This review introduces the current status and future prospects of liver-on-a-chips in liver disease research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayaka Deguchi
- grid.258799.80000 0004 0372 2033Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8507 Japan ,grid.258799.80000 0004 0372 2033Department of Medical Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8507 Japan
| | - Kazuo Takayama
- grid.258799.80000 0004 0372 2033Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8507 Japan ,grid.480536.c0000 0004 5373 4593AMED-CREST, Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development (AMED), Tokyo, 100-0004 Japan
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14
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Yang Z, Liu X, Cribbin EM, Kim AM, Li JJ, Yong KT. Liver-on-a-chip: Considerations, advances, and beyond. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2022; 16:061502. [PMID: 36389273 PMCID: PMC9646254 DOI: 10.1063/5.0106855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
The liver is the largest internal organ in the human body with largest mass of glandular tissue. Modeling the liver has been challenging due to its variety of major functions, including processing nutrients and vitamins, detoxification, and regulating body metabolism. The intrinsic shortfalls of conventional two-dimensional (2D) cell culture methods for studying pharmacokinetics in parenchymal cells (hepatocytes) have contributed to suboptimal outcomes in clinical trials and drug development. This prompts the development of highly automated, biomimetic liver-on-a-chip (LOC) devices to simulate native liver structure and function, with the aid of recent progress in microfluidics. LOC offers a cost-effective and accurate model for pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and toxicity studies. This review provides a critical update on recent developments in designing LOCs and fabrication strategies. We highlight biomimetic design approaches for LOCs, including mimicking liver structure and function, and their diverse applications in areas such as drug screening, toxicity assessment, and real-time biosensing. We capture the newest ideas in the field to advance the field of LOCs and address current challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Elise M. Cribbin
- School of Biomedical Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, New South Wales 2007, Australia
| | - Alice M. Kim
- School of Biomedical Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, New South Wales 2007, Australia
| | - Jiao Jiao Li
- Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed: and
| | - Ken-Tye Yong
- Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed: and
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15
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Kaur S, Kidambi S, Ortega-Ribera M, Thuy LTT, Nieto N, Cogger VC, Xie WF, Tacke F, Gracia-Sancho J. In Vitro Models for the Study of Liver Biology and Diseases: Advances and Limitations. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2022; 15:559-571. [PMID: 36442812 PMCID: PMC9868680 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2022.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
In vitro models of liver (patho)physiology, new technologies, and experimental approaches are progressing rapidly. Based on cell lines, induced pluripotent stem cells or primary cells derived from mouse or human liver as well as whole tissue (slices), such in vitro single- and multicellular models, including complex microfluidic organ-on-a-chip systems, provide tools to functionally understand mechanisms of liver health and disease. The International Society of Hepatic Sinusoidal Research (ISHSR) commissioned this working group to review the currently available in vitro liver models and describe the advantages and disadvantages of each in the context of evaluating their use for the study of liver functionality, disease modeling, therapeutic discovery, and clinical applicability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Savneet Kaur
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Institute of Liver and Biliary Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Srivatsan Kidambi
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska
| | - Martí Ortega-Ribera
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Le Thi Thanh Thuy
- Department of Hepatology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka Metropolitan University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Natalia Nieto
- Department of Pathology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Victoria C Cogger
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Wei-Fen Xie
- Department of Gastroenterology, Changzheng Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Frank Tacke
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jordi Gracia-Sancho
- Liver Vascular Biology, IDIBAPS Biomedical Research Institute, CIBEREHD, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Visceral Surgery and Medicine, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Switzerland; Department for BioMedical Research, Visceral Surgery and Medicine, University of Bern, Switzerland.
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16
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Zhu L, Li HD, Xu JJ, Li JJ, Cheng M, Meng XM, Huang C, Li J. Advancements in the Alcohol-Associated Liver Disease Model. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12081035. [PMID: 36008929 PMCID: PMC9406170 DOI: 10.3390/biom12081035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Revised: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Alcohol-associated liver disease (ALD) is an intricate disease that results in a broad spectrum of liver damage. The presentation of ALD can include simple steatosis, steatohepatitis, liver fibrosis, cirrhosis, and even hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Effective prevention and treatment strategies are urgently required for ALD patients. In previous decades, numerous rodent models were established to investigate the mechanisms of alcohol-associated liver disease and explore therapeutic targets. This review provides a summary of the latest developments in rodent models, including those that involve EtOH administration, which will help us to understand the characteristics and causes of ALD at different stages. In addition, we discuss the pathogenesis of ALD and summarize the existing in vitro models. We analyse the pros and cons of these models and their translational relevance and summarize the insights that have been gained regarding the mechanisms of alcoholic liver injury.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Xiao-Ming Meng
- Correspondence: (X.-M.M.); (C.H.); (J.L.); Tel.: +86-551-65161001 (J.L.); Fax: +86-551-65161001 (J.L.)
| | - Cheng Huang
- Correspondence: (X.-M.M.); (C.H.); (J.L.); Tel.: +86-551-65161001 (J.L.); Fax: +86-551-65161001 (J.L.)
| | - Jun Li
- Correspondence: (X.-M.M.); (C.H.); (J.L.); Tel.: +86-551-65161001 (J.L.); Fax: +86-551-65161001 (J.L.)
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17
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Koyilot MC, Natarajan P, Hunt CR, Sivarajkumar S, Roy R, Joglekar S, Pandita S, Tong CW, Marakkar S, Subramanian L, Yadav SS, Cherian AV, Pandita TK, Shameer K, Yadav KK. Breakthroughs and Applications of Organ-on-a-Chip Technology. Cells 2022; 11:cells11111828. [PMID: 35681523 PMCID: PMC9180073 DOI: 10.3390/cells11111828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Revised: 05/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Organ-on-a-chip (OOAC) is an emerging technology based on microfluid platforms and in vitro cell culture that has a promising future in the healthcare industry. The numerous advantages of OOAC over conventional systems make it highly popular. The chip is an innovative combination of novel technologies, including lab-on-a-chip, microfluidics, biomaterials, and tissue engineering. This paper begins by analyzing the need for the development of OOAC followed by a brief introduction to the technology. Later sections discuss and review the various types of OOACs and the fabrication materials used. The implementation of artificial intelligence in the system makes it more advanced, thereby helping to provide a more accurate diagnosis as well as convenient data management. We introduce selected OOAC projects, including applications to organ/disease modelling, pharmacology, personalized medicine, and dentistry. Finally, we point out certain challenges that need to be surmounted in order to further develop and upgrade the current systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mufeeda C. Koyilot
- Molecular Robotics, Cochin 682033, India; (M.C.K.); (P.N.); (S.S.); (R.R.); (S.J.); (S.M.); (A.V.C.)
| | - Priyadarshini Natarajan
- Molecular Robotics, Cochin 682033, India; (M.C.K.); (P.N.); (S.S.); (R.R.); (S.J.); (S.M.); (A.V.C.)
| | - Clayton R. Hunt
- Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA;
| | - Sonish Sivarajkumar
- Molecular Robotics, Cochin 682033, India; (M.C.K.); (P.N.); (S.S.); (R.R.); (S.J.); (S.M.); (A.V.C.)
| | - Romy Roy
- Molecular Robotics, Cochin 682033, India; (M.C.K.); (P.N.); (S.S.); (R.R.); (S.J.); (S.M.); (A.V.C.)
| | - Shreeram Joglekar
- Molecular Robotics, Cochin 682033, India; (M.C.K.); (P.N.); (S.S.); (R.R.); (S.J.); (S.M.); (A.V.C.)
| | - Shruti Pandita
- Mays Cancer Center, University of Texas Health Sciences Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA;
| | - Carl W. Tong
- School of Engineering Medicine, Texas A&M University, Houston, TX 77030, USA;
| | - Shamsudheen Marakkar
- Molecular Robotics, Cochin 682033, India; (M.C.K.); (P.N.); (S.S.); (R.R.); (S.J.); (S.M.); (A.V.C.)
| | | | - Shalini S. Yadav
- Department of Immunology, UT MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA;
| | - Anoop V. Cherian
- Molecular Robotics, Cochin 682033, India; (M.C.K.); (P.N.); (S.S.); (R.R.); (S.J.); (S.M.); (A.V.C.)
| | - Tej K. Pandita
- Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA;
- Center for Genomic and Precision Medicine, Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Texas A&M University, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Correspondence: (T.K.P.); (K.S.); (K.K.Y.)
| | - Khader Shameer
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, South Kensington, London SW7 2AZ, UK
- Correspondence: (T.K.P.); (K.S.); (K.K.Y.)
| | - Kamlesh K. Yadav
- School of Engineering Medicine, Texas A&M University, Houston, TX 77030, USA;
- Center for Genomic and Precision Medicine, Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Texas A&M University, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Correspondence: (T.K.P.); (K.S.); (K.K.Y.)
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18
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Microfluidic Organ-on-a-Chip Devices for Liver Disease Modeling In Vitro. MICROMACHINES 2022; 13:mi13030428. [PMID: 35334720 PMCID: PMC8950395 DOI: 10.3390/mi13030428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 03/05/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Mortality from liver disease conditions continues to be very high. As liver diseases manifest and progress silently, prompt measures after diagnosis are essential in the treatment of these conditions. Microfluidic organs-on-chip platforms have significant potential for the study of the pathophysiology of liver diseases in vitro. Different liver-on-a-chip microphysiological platforms have been reported to study cell-signaling pathways such as those activating stellate cells within liver diseases. Moreover, the drug efficacy for liver conditions might be evaluated on a cellular metabolic level. Here, we present a comprehensive review of microphysiological platforms used for modelling liver diseases. First, we briefly introduce the concept and importance of organs-on-a-chip in studying liver diseases in vitro, reflecting on existing reviews of healthy liver-on-a-chip platforms. Second, the techniques of cell cultures used in the microfluidic devices, including 2D, 3D, and spheroid cells, are explained. Next, the types of liver diseases (NAFLD, ALD, hepatitis infections, and drug injury) on-chip are explained for a further comprehensive overview of the design and methods of developing liver diseases in vitro. Finally, some challenges in design and existing solutions to them are reviewed
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19
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Shroff T, Aina K, Maass C, Cipriano M, Lambrecht J, Tacke F, Mosig A, Loskill P. Studying metabolism with multi-organ chips: new tools for disease modelling, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. Open Biol 2022; 12:210333. [PMID: 35232251 PMCID: PMC8889168 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.210333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-clinical models to study metabolism including animal models and cell assays are often limited in terms of species translatability and predictability of human biology. This field urgently requires a push towards more physiologically accurate recapitulations of drug interactions and disease progression in the body. Organ-on-chip systems, specifically multi-organ chips (MOCs), are an emerging technology that is well suited to providing a species-specific platform to study the various types of metabolism (glucose, lipid, protein and drug) by recreating organ-level function. This review provides a resource for scientists aiming to study human metabolism by providing an overview of MOCs recapitulating aspects of metabolism, by addressing the technical aspects of MOC development and by providing guidelines for correlation with in silico models. The current state and challenges are presented for two application areas: (i) disease modelling and (ii) pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics. Additionally, the guidelines to integrate the MOC data into in silico models could strengthen the predictive power of the technology. Finally, the translational aspects of metabolizing MOCs are addressed, including adoption for personalized medicine and prospects for the clinic. Predictive MOCs could enable a significantly reduced dependence on animal models and open doors towards economical non-clinical testing and understanding of disease mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanvi Shroff
- NMI Natural and Medical Sciences Institute at the University of Tübingen, Reutlingen, Germany,Department for Microphysiological Systems, Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Österbergstraße 3, 72074 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Kehinde Aina
- Institute of Biochemistry II, Center for Sepsis Control and Care, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | | | - Madalena Cipriano
- Department for Microphysiological Systems, Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Österbergstraße 3, 72074 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Joeri Lambrecht
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Campus Virchow Klinikum and Campus Charité Mitte, Berlin, Germany
| | - Frank Tacke
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Campus Virchow Klinikum and Campus Charité Mitte, Berlin, Germany
| | - Alexander Mosig
- Institute of Biochemistry II, Center for Sepsis Control and Care, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Peter Loskill
- NMI Natural and Medical Sciences Institute at the University of Tübingen, Reutlingen, Germany,Department for Microphysiological Systems, Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Österbergstraße 3, 72074 Tübingen, Germany,3R-Center for In vitro Models and Alternatives to Animal Testing, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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20
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Jia X, Yang X, Luo G, Liang Q. Recent progress of microfluidic technology for pharmaceutical analysis. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2021; 209:114534. [PMID: 34929566 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2021.114534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, the progress of microfluidic technology has provided new tools for pharmaceutical analysis and the proposal of pharm-lab-on-a-chip is appealing for its great potential to integrate pharmaceutical test and pharmacological test in a single chip system. Here, we summarize and highlight recent advances of chip-based principles, techniques and devices for pharmaceutical test and pharmacological/toxicological test focusing on the separation and analysis of drug molecules on a chip and the construction of pharmacological models on a chip as well as their demonstrative applications in quality control, drug screening and precision medicine. The trend and challenge of microfluidic technology for pharmaceutical analysis are also discussed and prospected. We hope this review would update the insight and development of pharm-lab-on-a-chip.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomeng Jia
- Center for Synthetic and Systems Biology, MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China
| | - Xiaoping Yang
- Center for Synthetic and Systems Biology, MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China
| | - Guoan Luo
- Center for Synthetic and Systems Biology, MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China.
| | - Qionglin Liang
- Center for Synthetic and Systems Biology, MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China.
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21
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Panwar A, Das P, Tan LP. 3D Hepatic Organoid-Based Advancements in LIVER Tissue Engineering. Bioengineering (Basel) 2021; 8:185. [PMID: 34821751 PMCID: PMC8615121 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering8110185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Revised: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Liver-associated diseases and tissue engineering approaches based on in vitro culture of functional Primary human hepatocytes (PHH) had been restricted by the rapid de-differentiation in 2D culture conditions which restricted their usability. It was proven that cells growing in 3D format can better mimic the in vivo microenvironment, and thus help in maintaining metabolic activity, phenotypic properties, and longevity of the in vitro cultures. Again, the culture method and type of cell population are also recognized as important parameters for functional maintenance of primary hepatocytes. Hepatic organoids formed by self-assembly of hepatic cells are microtissues, and were able to show long-term in vitro maintenance of hepato-specific characteristics. Thus, hepatic organoids were recognized as an effective tool for screening potential cures and modeling liver diseases effectively. The current review summarizes the importance of 3D hepatic organoid culture over other conventional 2D and 3D culture models and its applicability in Liver tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Panwar
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore;
- Faculty of Biotechnology, Institute of Bio-Sciences and Technology, Shri Ramswaroop Memorial University, Lucknow-Deva Road Barabanki, Uttar Pradesh 225003, India
| | - Prativa Das
- The Henry Samueli School of Engineering, University of California, Irvine, CA 92617, USA;
| | - Lay Poh Tan
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore;
- Singapore Centre for 3D Printing (SC3DP), Singapore 639798, Singapore
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22
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Lee SY, Kim D, Lee SH, Sung JH. Microtechnology-based in vitro models: Mimicking liver function and pathophysiology. APL Bioeng 2021; 5:041505. [PMID: 34703969 PMCID: PMC8520487 DOI: 10.1063/5.0061896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The liver plays important roles in drug metabolism and homeostasis. The metabolism and biotransformation can not only affect the efficacy of drugs but also result in hepatotoxicity and drug-induced liver injury. Understanding the complex physiology of the liver and the pathogenetic mechanisms of liver diseases is essential for drug development. Conventional in vitro models have limitations in the ability to predict drug effects, due to the lack of physiological relevance. Recently, the liver-on-a-chip platform has been developed to reproduce the microarchitecture and in vivo environment of the liver. These efforts have improved the physiological relevance of the liver tissue used in the platform and have demonstrated its applicability to drug screening and disease models. In this review, we summarize the recent development of liver-on-a-chip models that closely mimic the in vivo liver environments and liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung Yeon Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Hongik University, Seoul 04066, South Korea
| | - Donghyun Kim
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, South Korea
| | - Seung Hwan Lee
- Department of Bionano Engineering, Center for Bionano Intelligence Education and Research, Hanyang University, Ansan 15588, South Korea
| | - Jong Hwan Sung
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Hongik University, Seoul 04066, South Korea
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23
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Polidoro MA, Ferrari E, Marzorati S, Lleo A, Rasponi M. Experimental liver models: From cell culture techniques to microfluidic organs-on-chip. Liver Int 2021; 41:1744-1761. [PMID: 33966344 DOI: 10.1111/liv.14942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Revised: 05/02/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The liver is one of the most studied organs of the human body owing to its central role in xenobiotic and drug metabolism. In recent decades, extensive research has aimed at developing in vitro liver models able to mimic liver functions to study pathophysiological clues in high-throughput and reproducible environments. Two-dimensional (2D) models have been widely used in screening potential toxic compounds but have failed to accurately reproduce the three-dimensionality (3D) of the liver milieu. To overcome these limitations, improved 3D culture techniques have been developed to recapitulate the hepatic native microenvironment. These models focus on reproducing the liver architecture, representing both parenchymal and nonparenchymal cells, as well as cell interactions. More recently, Liver-on-Chip (LoC) models have been developed with the aim of providing physiological fluid flow and thus achieving essential hepatic functions. Given their unprecedented ability to recapitulate critical features of the liver cellular environments, LoC have been extensively adopted in pathophysiological modelling and currently represent a promising tool for tissue engineering and drug screening applications. In this review, we discuss the evolution of experimental liver models, from the ancient 2D hepatocyte models, widely used for liver toxicity screening, to 3D and LoC culture strategies adopted for mirroring a more physiological microenvironment for the study of liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michela Anna Polidoro
- Hepatobiliary Immunopathology Laboratory, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Erika Ferrari
- Department of Electronics, Information and Bioengineering, Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Simona Marzorati
- Hepatobiliary Immunopathology Laboratory, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Ana Lleo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Pieve Emanuele, Milan, Italy.,Division of Internal Medicine and Hepatology, Department of Gastroenterology, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Marco Rasponi
- Department of Electronics, Information and Bioengineering, Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy
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24
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Joseph X, Akhil V, Arathi A, Mohanan PV. Comprehensive Development in Organ-On-A-Chip Technology. J Pharm Sci 2021; 111:18-31. [PMID: 34324944 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2021.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The expeditious advancement in the organ on chip technology provided a phase change to the conventional in vitro tests used to evaluate absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion (ADME) studies and toxicity assessments. The demand for an accurate predictive model for assessing toxicity and reducing the potential risk factors became the prime area of any drug delivery process. Researchers around the globe are welcoming the incorporation of organ-on-a-chips for ADME and toxicity evaluation. Organ-on-a-chip (OOC) is an interdisciplinary technology that evolved as a contemporary in vitro model for the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics (PK-PD) studies of a proposed drug candidate in the pre-clinical phases of drug development. The OOC provides a platform that mimics the physiological functions occurring in the human body. The precise flow control systems and the rapid sample processing makes OOC more advanced than the conventional two-dimensional (2D) culture systems. The integration of various organs as in the multi organs-on-a-chip provides more significant ideas about the time and dose dependant effects occurring in the body when a new drug molecule is administered as part of the pre-clinical times. This review outlines the comprehensive development in the organ-on-a-chip technology, various OOC models and its drug development applications, toxicity evaluation and efficacy studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Joseph
- Toxicology Division, Biomedical Technology Wing, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology (Govt. of India), Poojapura, Trivandrum 695012, Kerala, India
| | - V Akhil
- Toxicology Division, Biomedical Technology Wing, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology (Govt. of India), Poojapura, Trivandrum 695012, Kerala, India
| | - A Arathi
- Toxicology Division, Biomedical Technology Wing, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology (Govt. of India), Poojapura, Trivandrum 695012, Kerala, India
| | - P V Mohanan
- Toxicology Division, Biomedical Technology Wing, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology (Govt. of India), Poojapura, Trivandrum 695012, Kerala, India.
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25
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Deguchi S, Tsuda M, Kosugi K, Sakamoto A, Mimura N, Negoro R, Sano E, Nobe T, Maeda K, Kusuhara H, Mizuguchi H, Yamashita F, Torisawa YS, Takayama K. Usability of Polydimethylsiloxane-Based Microfluidic Devices in Pharmaceutical Research Using Human Hepatocytes. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2021; 7:3648-3657. [PMID: 34283567 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.1c00642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
A liver-on-a-chip (liver-chip) is a microfluidic device carrying liver cells such as human hepatocytes. It is used to reproduce a part of liver function. Many microfluidic devices are composed of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), which is a type of silicone elastomer. PDMS is easy to process and suitable for cell observation, but its high hydrophobicity carries the risk of drug absorption. In this study, we evaluated drug absorption to the PDMS device and investigated the drug responsiveness of human hepatocytes cultured in the PDMS device (hepatocyte-chips). First, the absorption rates of 12 compounds to the PDMS device were measured. The absorption rates of midazolam, bufuralol, cyclosporine A, and verapamil were 92.9, 71.7, 71.4, and 99.6%, respectively, but the other compounds were poorly absorbed. Importantly, the absorption rate of the compounds was correlated with their octanol/water distribution coefficient (log D) values (R2 = 0.76). Next, hepatocyte-chips were used to examine the response to drugs, which are typically used to evaluate hepatic functions. Using the hepatocyte-chips, we could confirm the responsiveness of drugs including cytochrome P450 (CYP) inducers and farnesoid X receptor (FXR) ligands. We believe that our findings will contribute to drug discovery research using PDMS-based liver-chips.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayaka Deguchi
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan.,Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Masahiro Tsuda
- Department of Applied Pharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Kaori Kosugi
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan.,Department of Micro Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto 615-8540, Japan
| | - Ayaka Sakamoto
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Natsumi Mimura
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Negoro
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacokinetics, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, Noji-Higashi, Kusatsu 525-8577, Japan
| | - Emi Sano
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Takuro Nobe
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan.,Department of Micro Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto 615-8540, Japan
| | - Kazuya Maeda
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacokinetics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Kusuhara
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacokinetics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Mizuguchi
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Fumiyoshi Yamashita
- Department of Applied Pharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan.,Department of Drug Delivery Research, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Yu-Suke Torisawa
- Department of Micro Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto 615-8540, Japan
| | - Kazuo Takayama
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
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26
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Rothbauer M, Bachmann BE, Eilenberger C, Kratz SR, Spitz S, Höll G, Ertl P. A Decade of Organs-on-a-Chip Emulating Human Physiology at the Microscale: A Critical Status Report on Progress in Toxicology and Pharmacology. MICROMACHINES 2021; 12:470. [PMID: 33919242 PMCID: PMC8143089 DOI: 10.3390/mi12050470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Organ-on-a-chip technology has the potential to accelerate pharmaceutical drug development, improve the clinical translation of basic research, and provide personalized intervention strategies. In the last decade, big pharma has engaged in many academic research cooperations to develop organ-on-a-chip systems for future drug discoveries. Although most organ-on-a-chip systems present proof-of-concept studies, miniaturized organ systems still need to demonstrate translational relevance and predictive power in clinical and pharmaceutical settings. This review explores whether microfluidic technology succeeded in paving the way for developing physiologically relevant human in vitro models for pharmacology and toxicology in biomedical research within the last decade. Individual organ-on-a-chip systems are discussed, focusing on relevant applications and highlighting their ability to tackle current challenges in pharmacological research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Rothbauer
- Faculty of Technical Chemistry, Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry and Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, Vienna University of Technology, Getreidemarkt 9/163-164, 1060 Vienna, Austria; (B.E.M.B.); (C.E.); (S.R.A.K.); (S.S.); (G.H.)
- Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, 1200 Vienna, Austria
- Karl Chiari Lab for Orthopaedic Biology, Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-22, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Barbara E.M. Bachmann
- Faculty of Technical Chemistry, Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry and Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, Vienna University of Technology, Getreidemarkt 9/163-164, 1060 Vienna, Austria; (B.E.M.B.); (C.E.); (S.R.A.K.); (S.S.); (G.H.)
- Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, 1200 Vienna, Austria
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Experimental and Clinical Traumatology, Allgemeine Unfallversicherungsanstalt (AUVA) Research Centre, Donaueschingenstraße 13, 1200 Vienna, Austria
| | - Christoph Eilenberger
- Faculty of Technical Chemistry, Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry and Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, Vienna University of Technology, Getreidemarkt 9/163-164, 1060 Vienna, Austria; (B.E.M.B.); (C.E.); (S.R.A.K.); (S.S.); (G.H.)
- Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, 1200 Vienna, Austria
| | - Sebastian R.A. Kratz
- Faculty of Technical Chemistry, Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry and Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, Vienna University of Technology, Getreidemarkt 9/163-164, 1060 Vienna, Austria; (B.E.M.B.); (C.E.); (S.R.A.K.); (S.S.); (G.H.)
- Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, 1200 Vienna, Austria
- Drug Delivery and 3R-Models Group, Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences & Institute for Pharmaceutical Technology, Goethe University Frankfurt Am Main, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Sarah Spitz
- Faculty of Technical Chemistry, Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry and Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, Vienna University of Technology, Getreidemarkt 9/163-164, 1060 Vienna, Austria; (B.E.M.B.); (C.E.); (S.R.A.K.); (S.S.); (G.H.)
- Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, 1200 Vienna, Austria
| | - Gregor Höll
- Faculty of Technical Chemistry, Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry and Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, Vienna University of Technology, Getreidemarkt 9/163-164, 1060 Vienna, Austria; (B.E.M.B.); (C.E.); (S.R.A.K.); (S.S.); (G.H.)
- Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, 1200 Vienna, Austria
| | - Peter Ertl
- Faculty of Technical Chemistry, Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry and Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, Vienna University of Technology, Getreidemarkt 9/163-164, 1060 Vienna, Austria; (B.E.M.B.); (C.E.); (S.R.A.K.); (S.S.); (G.H.)
- Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, 1200 Vienna, Austria
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27
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Kohl Y, Biehl M, Spring S, Hesler M, Ogourtsov V, Todorovic M, Owen J, Elje E, Kopecka K, Moriones OH, Bastús NG, Simon P, Dubaj T, Rundén-Pran E, Puntes V, William N, von Briesen H, Wagner S, Kapur N, Mariussen E, Nelson A, Gabelova A, Dusinska M, Velten T, Knoll T. Microfluidic In Vitro Platform for (Nano)Safety and (Nano)Drug Efficiency Screening. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2021; 17:e2006012. [PMID: 33458959 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202006012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Microfluidic technology is a valuable tool for realizing more in vitro models capturing cellular and organ level responses for rapid and animal-free risk assessment of new chemicals and drugs. Microfluidic cell-based devices allow high-throughput screening and flexible automation while lowering costs and reagent consumption due to their miniaturization. There is a growing need for faster and animal-free approaches for drug development and safety assessment of chemicals (Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of Chemical Substances, REACH). The work presented describes a microfluidic platform for in vivo-like in vitro cell cultivation. It is equipped with a wafer-based silicon chip including integrated electrodes and a microcavity. A proof-of-concept using different relevant cell models shows its suitability for label-free assessment of cytotoxic effects. A miniaturized microscope within each module monitors cell morphology and proliferation. Electrodes integrated in the microfluidic channels allow the noninvasive monitoring of barrier integrity followed by a label-free assessment of cytotoxic effects. Each microfluidic cell cultivation module can be operated individually or be interconnected in a flexible way. The interconnection of the different modules aims at simulation of the whole-body exposure and response and can contribute to the replacement of animal testing in risk assessment studies in compliance with the 3Rs to replace, reduce, and refine animal experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvonne Kohl
- Fraunhofer Institute for Biomedical Engineering IBMT, Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft zur Förderung der angewandten Forschung e.V., Joseph-von-Fraunhofer-Weg 1, Sulzbach, 66280, Germany
| | - Margit Biehl
- Fraunhofer Institute for Biomedical Engineering IBMT, Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft zur Förderung der angewandten Forschung e.V., Joseph-von-Fraunhofer-Weg 1, Sulzbach, 66280, Germany
| | - Sarah Spring
- Fraunhofer Institute for Biomedical Engineering IBMT, Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft zur Förderung der angewandten Forschung e.V., Joseph-von-Fraunhofer-Weg 1, Sulzbach, 66280, Germany
| | - Michelle Hesler
- Fraunhofer Institute for Biomedical Engineering IBMT, Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft zur Förderung der angewandten Forschung e.V., Joseph-von-Fraunhofer-Weg 1, Sulzbach, 66280, Germany
| | - Vladimir Ogourtsov
- Tyndall National Institute, University College Cork, Dyke Parade, Cork, T12 R5CP, Ireland
| | - Miomir Todorovic
- Tyndall National Institute, University College Cork, Dyke Parade, Cork, T12 R5CP, Ireland
| | - Joshua Owen
- Institute of Thermofluids, School of Mechanical Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Elisabeth Elje
- NILU-Norwegian Institute for Air Research, Department for Environmental Chemistry, Health Effects Laboratory, Instituttveien 18, Kjeller, 2007, Norway
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Oslo, Sognsvannsveien 9, Oslo, 0372, Norway
| | - Kristina Kopecka
- Department of Nanobiology, Cancer Research Institute, Biomedical Research Center of the Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska cesta 9, Bratislava, 84505, Slovakia
| | - Oscar Hernando Moriones
- Institut Català de Nanociència i Nanotecnologia (ICN2), CSIC and BIST, Campus UAB, Bellaterra 08193, Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Campus UAB, Bellaterra, 08193, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Neus G Bastús
- Institut Català de Nanociència i Nanotecnologia (ICN2), CSIC and BIST, Campus UAB, Bellaterra 08193, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Peter Simon
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Chemical Physics, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology SUT, Radlinskeho 9, Bratislava, 812 37, Slovakia
| | - Tibor Dubaj
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Chemical Physics, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology SUT, Radlinskeho 9, Bratislava, 812 37, Slovakia
| | - Elise Rundén-Pran
- NILU-Norwegian Institute for Air Research, Department for Environmental Chemistry, Health Effects Laboratory, Instituttveien 18, Kjeller, 2007, Norway
| | - Victor Puntes
- Institut Català de Nanociència i Nanotecnologia (ICN2), CSIC and BIST, Campus UAB, Bellaterra 08193, Barcelona, Spain
- Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Barcelona, 08193, Spain
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Barcelona, 08193, Spain
| | - Nicola William
- School of Chemistry, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Hagen von Briesen
- Fraunhofer Institute for Biomedical Engineering IBMT, Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft zur Förderung der angewandten Forschung e.V., Joseph-von-Fraunhofer-Weg 1, Sulzbach, 66280, Germany
| | - Sylvia Wagner
- Fraunhofer Institute for Biomedical Engineering IBMT, Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft zur Förderung der angewandten Forschung e.V., Joseph-von-Fraunhofer-Weg 1, Sulzbach, 66280, Germany
| | - Nikil Kapur
- Institute of Thermofluids, School of Mechanical Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Espen Mariussen
- NILU-Norwegian Institute for Air Research, Department for Environmental Chemistry, Health Effects Laboratory, Instituttveien 18, Kjeller, 2007, Norway
| | - Andrew Nelson
- School of Chemistry, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Alena Gabelova
- Department of Nanobiology, Cancer Research Institute, Biomedical Research Center of the Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska cesta 9, Bratislava, 84505, Slovakia
| | - Maria Dusinska
- NILU-Norwegian Institute for Air Research, Department for Environmental Chemistry, Health Effects Laboratory, Instituttveien 18, Kjeller, 2007, Norway
| | - Thomas Velten
- Fraunhofer Institute for Biomedical Engineering IBMT, Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft zur Förderung der angewandten Forschung e.V., Joseph-von-Fraunhofer-Weg 1, Sulzbach, 66280, Germany
| | - Thorsten Knoll
- Fraunhofer Institute for Biomedical Engineering IBMT, Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft zur Förderung der angewandten Forschung e.V., Joseph-von-Fraunhofer-Weg 1, Sulzbach, 66280, Germany
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28
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Yang S, Chen Z, Cheng Y, Liu T, Pu Y, Liang G. Environmental toxicology wars: Organ-on-a-chip for assessing the toxicity of environmental pollutants. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 268:115861. [PMID: 33120150 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2020] [Revised: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Environmental pollution is a widespread problem, which has seriously threatened human health and led to an increase of human diseases. Therefore, it is critical to evaluate environmental pollutants quickly and efficiently. Because of obvious inter-species differences between animals and humans, and lack of physiologically-relevant microenvironment, animal models and in vitro two-dimensional (2D) models can not accurately describe toxicological effects and predicting actual in vivo responses. To make up the limitations of conventional environmental toxicology screening, organ-on-a-chip (OOC) systems are increasingly developing. OOC systems can provide a well-organized architecture with comparable to the complex microenvironment in vivo and generate realistic responses to environmental pollutants. The feasibility, adjustability and reliability of OCC systems make it possible to offer new opportunities for environmental pollutants screening, which can study their metabolism, collective response, and fate in vivo. Further progress can address the challenges to make OCC systems better investigate and evaluate environmental pollutants with high predictive power.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Yang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR China, 210009.
| | - Zaozao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR China, 210096.
| | - Yanping Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR China, 210009.
| | - Tong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR China, 210009.
| | - Yuepu Pu
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR China, 210009.
| | - Geyu Liang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR China, 210009.
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29
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A New 3D Cultured Liver Chip and Real-Time Monitoring System Based on Microfluidic Technology. MICROMACHINES 2020; 11:mi11121118. [PMID: 33339350 PMCID: PMC7765835 DOI: 10.3390/mi11121118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Revised: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In vitro models of the liver have a good simulation of the micro-liquid environment inside the human liver and the communication between cell tissues, which provides an important research tool for drug research and liver disease treatment. In this paper, we designed a 3D liver chip and real-time monitoring system based on microfluidic technology. The in vitro model of the liver on the chip was established by the three-dimensional microfluidic chip pipeline and the corresponding microwell array. Meanwhile, the culture medium is continuously injected on the chip, and the electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and near-infrared spectroscopy of the liver chip are recorded and analyzed from day one to day five. When the 3D cultured liver chip in vitro model reached a certain period and stabilized, paracetamol with varying gradients of concentration was applied to the cultured cells for drug resistance testing. The experimental results show that the liver chip and its monitoring system designed in this paper can maintain 100% cell viability of hepatocytes in vitro for a long time. Furthermore, it can meet the requirements of measurement technologies such as electrical impedance measurement and near-infrared spectroscopy in real-time, providing a stable culture platform for the further study of organ chips.
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30
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Moradi E, Jalili-Firoozinezhad S, Solati-Hashjin M. Microfluidic organ-on-a-chip models of human liver tissue. Acta Biomater 2020; 116:67-83. [PMID: 32890749 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2020.08.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Revised: 08/22/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The liver is the largest internal organ of the body with complex microarchitecture and function that plays critical roles in drug metabolism. Hepatotoxicity and drug-induced liver injury (DILI) caused by various drugs is the main reason for late-stage drug failures. Moreover, liver diseases are among the leading causes of death in the world, with the number of new cases arising each year. Although animal models have been used to understand human drug metabolism and toxicity before clinical trials, tridimensional microphysiological systems, such as liver-on-a-chip (Liver Chip) platforms, could better recapitulate features of human liver physiology and pathophysiology and thus, are often more predictive of human outcome. Liver Chip devices have shown promising results in mimicking in vivo condition by recapitulating the sinusoidal structure of the liver, maintaining high cell viability and cellular phenotypes, and emulating native liver functions. Here, we first review the cellular constituents and physiology of the liver and then critically discuss the state-of-the-art chip-based liver models and their applications in drug screening, disease modeling, and regenerative medicine. We finally address the pending issues of existing platforms and touch upon future directions for developing new, advanced on-chip models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ehsanollah Moradi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology (Tehran Polytechnic), Iran
| | - Sasan Jalili-Firoozinezhad
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
| | - Mehran Solati-Hashjin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology (Tehran Polytechnic), Iran.
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31
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Sasikumar S, Chameettachal S, Kingshott P, Cromer B, Pati F. 3D hepatic mimics - the need for a multicentric approach. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 15:052002. [PMID: 32460259 DOI: 10.1088/1748-605x/ab971c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The liver is a center of metabolic activity, including the metabolism of drugs, and consequently is prone to drug-induced liver injury. Failure to detect hepatotoxicity of drugs during their development will lead to the withdrawal of the drugs during clinical trials. To avoid such clinical and economic consequences, in vitro liver models that can precisely predict the toxicity of a drug during the pre-clinical phase is necessary. This review describes the different technologies that are used to develop in vitro liver models and the different approaches aimed at mimicking different functional aspects of the liver at the fundamental level. This involves mimicking of the functional and structural units like the sinusoid, the bile canalicular system, and the acinus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shyama Sasikumar
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad, Sangareddy 502285, Telangana, India. Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Science, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, Victoria 3122, Australia
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32
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Ferrari E, Palma C, Vesentini S, Occhetta P, Rasponi M. Integrating Biosensors in Organs-on-Chip Devices: A Perspective on Current Strategies to Monitor Microphysiological Systems. BIOSENSORS 2020; 10:E110. [PMID: 32872228 PMCID: PMC7558092 DOI: 10.3390/bios10090110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Revised: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Organs-on-chip (OoC), often referred to as microphysiological systems (MPS), are advanced in vitro tools able to replicate essential functions of human organs. Owing to their unprecedented ability to recapitulate key features of the native cellular environments, they represent promising tools for tissue engineering and drug screening applications. The achievement of proper functionalities within OoC is crucial; to this purpose, several parameters (e.g., chemical, physical) need to be assessed. Currently, most approaches rely on off-chip analysis and imaging techniques. However, the urgent demand for continuous, noninvasive, and real-time monitoring of tissue constructs requires the direct integration of biosensors. In this review, we focus on recent strategies to miniaturize and embed biosensing systems into organs-on-chip platforms. Biosensors for monitoring biological models with metabolic activities, models with tissue barrier functions, as well as models with electromechanical properties will be described and critically evaluated. In addition, multisensor integration within multiorgan platforms will be further reviewed and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Marco Rasponi
- Department of Electronics, Information and Bioengineering, Politecnico di Milano, 20133 Milano, Italy; (E.F.); (C.P.); (S.V.); (P.O.)
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33
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Klak M, Bryniarski T, Kowalska P, Gomolka M, Tymicki G, Kosowska K, Cywoniuk P, Dobrzanski T, Turowski P, Wszola M. Novel Strategies in Artificial Organ Development: What Is the Future of Medicine? MICROMACHINES 2020; 11:E646. [PMID: 32629779 PMCID: PMC7408042 DOI: 10.3390/mi11070646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The technology of tissue engineering is a rapidly evolving interdisciplinary field of science that elevates cell-based research from 2D cultures through organoids to whole bionic organs. 3D bioprinting and organ-on-a-chip approaches through generation of three-dimensional cultures at different scales, applied separately or combined, are widely used in basic studies, drug screening and regenerative medicine. They enable analyses of tissue-like conditions that yield much more reliable results than monolayer cell cultures. Annually, millions of animals worldwide are used for preclinical research. Therefore, the rapid assessment of drug efficacy and toxicity in the early stages of preclinical testing can significantly reduce the number of animals, bringing great ethical and financial benefits. In this review, we describe 3D bioprinting techniques and first examples of printed bionic organs. We also present the possibilities of microfluidic systems, based on the latest reports. We demonstrate the pros and cons of both technologies and indicate their use in the future of medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Michal Wszola
- Foundation of Research and Science Development, 01-793 Warsaw, Poland; (M.K.); (T.B.); (P.K.); (M.G.); (G.T.); (K.K.); (P.C.); (T.D.); (P.T.)
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34
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Özkan A, Stolley D, Cressman ENK, McMillin M, DeMorrow S, Yankeelov TE, Rylander MN. The Influence of Chronic Liver Diseases on Hepatic Vasculature: A Liver-on-a-chip Review. MICROMACHINES 2020; 11:E487. [PMID: 32397454 PMCID: PMC7281532 DOI: 10.3390/mi11050487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Revised: 05/02/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In chronic liver diseases and hepatocellular carcinoma, the cells and extracellular matrix of the liver undergo significant alteration in response to chronic injury. Recent literature has highlighted the critical, but less studied, role of the liver vasculature in the progression of chronic liver diseases. Recent advancements in liver-on-a-chip systems has allowed in depth investigation of the role that the hepatic vasculature plays both in response to, and progression of, chronic liver disease. In this review, we first introduce the structure, gradients, mechanical properties, and cellular composition of the liver and describe how these factors influence the vasculature. We summarize state-of-the-art vascularized liver-on-a-chip platforms for investigating biological models of chronic liver disease and their influence on the liver sinusoidal endothelial cells of the hepatic vasculature. We conclude with a discussion of how future developments in the field may affect the study of chronic liver diseases, and drug development and testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alican Özkan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Texas, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Danielle Stolley
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Erik N K Cressman
- Department of Interventional Radiology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Matthew McMillin
- Department of Internal Medicine, Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78713, USA
- Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, TX 76504, USA
| | - Sharon DeMorrow
- Department of Internal Medicine, Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78713, USA
- Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, TX 76504, USA
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Thomas E Yankeelov
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas, Austin, TX 78712, USA
- Oden Institute for Computational Engineering and Sciences, The University of Texas, Austin, TX 78712, USA
- Departments of Diagnostic Medicine, The University of Texas, Austin, TX 78712, USA
- Department of Oncology, The University of Texas, Austin, TX 78712, USA
- Livestrong Cancer Institutes, Dell Medical School, The University of Texas, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Marissa Nichole Rylander
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Texas, Austin, TX 78712, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas, Austin, TX 78712, USA
- Oden Institute for Computational Engineering and Sciences, The University of Texas, Austin, TX 78712, USA
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35
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Hassan S, Sebastian S, Maharjan S, Lesha A, Carpenter AM, Liu X, Xie X, Livermore C, Zhang YS, Zarrinpar A. Liver-on-a-Chip Models of Fatty Liver Disease. Hepatology 2020; 71:733-740. [PMID: 31909504 PMCID: PMC7012755 DOI: 10.1002/hep.31106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
As a consequence of the obesity epidemic and increasing incidence of metabolic syndrome fatty liver disease now affects a large portion of the world’s population. Left untreated, fatty liver disease can progress to more severe pathologic conditions such as cirrhosis and liver cancer. In an effort to probe the pathophysiology of fatty liver disease and its progression, research over the last decade has led to the engineering of in vitro models of the liver to aid in drug discovery and study of liver pathophysiology. In this review, we discuss advances in modeling liver tissue and the latest developments in understanding disease etiology and treatment from the perspective of engineered in vitro models spanning from conventional planar, static monolayer cultures to those based on the more recently developed bioprinted and liver-on-a-chip platforms. These technologies promise to transform basic biological research, the pharmaceutical industry, and clinical medicine of the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shabir Hassan
- Division of Engineering in Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Shikha Sebastian
- Division of Engineering in Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Sushila Maharjan
- Division of Engineering in Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Ami Lesha
- Division of Engineering in Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Anne-Marie Carpenter
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Xiuli Liu
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Xin Xie
- Division of Engineering in Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Carol Livermore
- Micropower and Nanoengineering Lab, Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Yu Shrike Zhang
- Division of Engineering in Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA,Correspondence: (Y.S.Z.), (A.Z.)
| | - Ali Zarrinpar
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Bioengineering, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA,Correspondence: (Y.S.Z.), (A.Z.)
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36
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Deng J, Wei W, Chen Z, Lin B, Zhao W, Luo Y, Zhang X. Engineered Liver-on-a-Chip Platform to Mimic Liver Functions and Its Biomedical Applications: A Review. MICROMACHINES 2019; 10:E676. [PMID: 31591365 PMCID: PMC6843249 DOI: 10.3390/mi10100676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Revised: 10/03/2019] [Accepted: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Hepatology and drug development for liver diseases require in vitro liver models. Typical models include 2D planar primary hepatocytes, hepatocyte spheroids, hepatocyte organoids, and liver-on-a-chip. Liver-on-a-chip has emerged as the mainstream model for drug development because it recapitulates the liver microenvironment and has good assay robustness such as reproducibility. Liver-on-a-chip with human primary cells can potentially correlate clinical testing. Liver-on-a-chip can not only predict drug hepatotoxicity and drug metabolism, but also connect other artificial organs on the chip for a human-on-a-chip, which can reflect the overall effect of a drug. Engineering an effective liver-on-a-chip device requires knowledge of multiple disciplines including chemistry, fluidic mechanics, cell biology, electrics, and optics. This review first introduces the physiological microenvironments in the liver, especially the cell composition and its specialized roles, and then summarizes the strategies to build a liver-on-a-chip via microfluidic technologies and its biomedical applications. In addition, the latest advancements of liver-on-a-chip technologies are discussed, which serve as a basis for further liver-on-a-chip research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiu Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Department of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China; (J.D.); (W.W.); (W.Z.); (Y.L.)
| | - Wenbo Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Department of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China; (J.D.); (W.W.); (W.Z.); (Y.L.)
| | - Zongzheng Chen
- Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine Postdoctoral research station, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China;
| | - Bingcheng Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Department of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China; (J.D.); (W.W.); (W.Z.); (Y.L.)
| | - Weijie Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Department of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China; (J.D.); (W.W.); (W.Z.); (Y.L.)
| | - Yong Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Department of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China; (J.D.); (W.W.); (W.Z.); (Y.L.)
| | - Xiuli Zhang
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
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