1
|
Cremonesi A, Meili D, Rassi A, Poms M, Tavazzi B, Škopová V, Häberle J, Zikánová M, Hersberger M. Improved diagnostics of purine and pyrimidine metabolism disorders using LC-MS/MS and its clinical application. Clin Chem Lab Med 2023; 61:1792-1801. [PMID: 37011034 DOI: 10.1515/cclm-2022-1236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To develop a liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method to quantify 41 different purine and pyrimidine (PuPy) metabolites in human urine to allow detection of most known disorders in this metabolic pathway and to determine reference intervals. METHODS Urine samples were diluted with an aqueous buffer to minimize ion suppression. For detection and quantification, liquid chromatography was combined with electrospray ionization, tandem mass spectrometry and multiple reaction monitoring. Transitions and instrument settings were established to quantify 41 analytes and nine stable-isotope-labeled internal standards (IS). RESULTS The established method is precise (intra-day CV: 1.4-6.3%; inter-day CV: 1.3-15.2%), accurate (95.2% external quality control results within ±2 SD and 99.0% within ±3 SD; analyte recoveries: 61-121%), sensitive and has a broad dynamic range to quantify normal and pathological metabolite concentrations within one run. All analytes except aminoimidazole ribonucleoside (AIr) are stable before, during and after sample preparation. Moreover, analytes are not affected by five cycles of freeze-thawing (variation: -5.6 to 7.4%), are stable in thymol (variation: -8.4 to 12.9%) and the lithogenic metabolites also in HCl conserved urine. Age-dependent reference intervals from 3,368 urine samples were determined and used to diagnose 11 new patients within 7 years (total performed tests: 4,206). CONCLUSIONS The presented method and reference intervals enable the quantification of 41 metabolites and the potential diagnosis of up to 25 disorders of PuPy metabolism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alessio Cremonesi
- Division of Clinical Chemistry and Biochemistry, University Children's Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - David Meili
- Division of Clinical Chemistry and Biochemistry, University Children's Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Anahita Rassi
- Division of Clinical Chemistry and Biochemistry, University Children's Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Martin Poms
- Division of Clinical Chemistry and Biochemistry, University Children's Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Barbara Tavazzi
- UniCamillus-Saint Camillus International University of Health and Medical Sciences, Rome, Italy
| | - Václava Škopová
- Research Unit for Rare Diseases, Department of Paediatrics and Inherited Metabolic Disorders, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Johannes Häberle
- Division of Metabolism and Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Marie Zikánová
- Research Unit for Rare Diseases, Department of Paediatrics and Inherited Metabolic Disorders, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Hersberger
- Division of Clinical Chemistry and Biochemistry, University Children's Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Al Anazi AH, Ammar AS, Al-Hajj M, Cyrus C, Aljaafari D, Khoda I, Abdelfatah AK, Alsulaiman AA, Alanazi F, Alanazi R, Gandla D, Lad H, Barayan S, Keating BJ, Al-Ali AK. Whole-exome sequencing of a Saudi epilepsy cohort reveals association signals in known and potentially novel loci. Hum Genomics 2022; 16:71. [PMID: 36539902 PMCID: PMC9764464 DOI: 10.1186/s40246-022-00444-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epilepsy, a serious chronic neurological condition effecting up to 100 million people globally, has clear genetic underpinnings including common and rare variants. In Saudi Arabia, the prevalence of epilepsy is high and caused mainly by perinatal and genetic factors. No whole-exome sequencing (WES) studies have been performed to date in Saudi Arabian epilepsy cohorts. This offers a unique opportunity for the discovery of rare genetic variants impacting this disease as there is a high rate of consanguinity among large tribal pedigrees. RESULTS We performed WES on 144 individuals diagnosed with epilepsy, to interrogate known epilepsy-related genes for known and functional novel variants. We also used an American College of Medical Genetics (ACMG) guideline-based variant prioritization approach in an attempt to discover putative causative variants. We identified 32 potentially causative pathogenic variants across 30 different genes in 44/144 (30%) of these Saudi epilepsy individuals. We also identified 232 variants of unknown significance (VUS) across 101 different genes in 133/144 (92%) subjects. Strong enrichment of variants of likely pathogenicity was observed in previously described epilepsy-associated loci, and a number of putative pathogenic variants in novel loci are also observed. CONCLUSION Several putative pathogenic variants in known epilepsy-related loci were identified for the first time in our population, in addition to several potential new loci which may be prioritized for further investigation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abdulrahman H. Al Anazi
- grid.411975.f0000 0004 0607 035XDepartment of Neurosurgery, King Fahd Hospital of the University, Alkhobar, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed S. Ammar
- grid.411975.f0000 0004 0607 035XDepartment of Neurosurgery, King Fahd Hospital of the University, Alkhobar, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mahmoud Al-Hajj
- grid.415296.d0000 0004 0607 1539Department of Neurosurgery, King Fahd Hospital, Alhafof, Saudi Arabia
| | - Cyril Cyrus
- grid.411975.f0000 0004 0607 035XDepartment of Clinical Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, P. O. Box 1982, 31441 Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Danah Aljaafari
- grid.411975.f0000 0004 0607 035XDepartment of Neurology, King Fahd Hospital of the University, Alkhobar, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Iname Khoda
- grid.411975.f0000 0004 0607 035XDepartment of Neurology, King Fahd Hospital of the University, Alkhobar, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed K. Abdelfatah
- grid.411975.f0000 0004 0607 035XDepartment of Neurosurgery, King Fahd Hospital of the University, Alkhobar, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah A. Alsulaiman
- grid.411975.f0000 0004 0607 035XDepartment of Neurology, King Fahd Hospital of the University, Alkhobar, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Firas Alanazi
- grid.411975.f0000 0004 0607 035XDepartment of Neurosurgery, King Fahd Hospital of the University, Alkhobar, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rawan Alanazi
- grid.411975.f0000 0004 0607 035XDepartment of Neurosurgery, King Fahd Hospital of the University, Alkhobar, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Divya Gandla
- grid.25879.310000 0004 1936 8972Department of Surgery, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA USA
| | - Hetal Lad
- grid.25879.310000 0004 1936 8972Department of Surgery, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA USA
| | - Samar Barayan
- grid.411975.f0000 0004 0607 035XDepartment of Neurosurgery, King Fahd Hospital of the University, Alkhobar, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Brendan J. Keating
- grid.25879.310000 0004 1936 8972Department of Surgery, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA USA
| | - Amein K. Al-Ali
- grid.411975.f0000 0004 0607 035XDepartment of Clinical Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, P. O. Box 1982, 31441 Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Campanella B, Lomonaco T, Benedetti E, Onor M, Nieri R, Marmorino F, Cremolini C, Bramanti E. Fast, Direct Dihydrouracil Quantitation in Human Saliva: Method Development, Validation, and Application. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:6033. [PMID: 35627569 PMCID: PMC9140617 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19106033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Revised: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Background. Salivary metabolomics is garnering increasing attention in the health field because of easy, minimally invasive saliva sampling. Dihydrouracil (DHU) is a metabolite of pyrimidine metabolism present in urine, plasma, and saliva and of fluoropyrimidines-based chemotherapeutics. Its fast quantification would help in the identification of patients with higher risk of fluoropyrimidine-induced toxicity and inborn errors of pyrimidine metabolism. Few studies consider DHU as the main salivary metabolite, but reports of its concentration levels in saliva are scarce. We propose the direct determination of DHU in saliva by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC-UV detector) as a simple, rapid procedure for non-invasive screening. Methods. The method used was validated and applied to 176 saliva samples collected from 21 nominally healthy volunteers and 4 saliva samples from metastatic colorectal cancer patients before and after receiving 5-fluorouracil chemotherapy. Results. DHU levels in all samples analyzed were in the μmol L-1 range or below proving that DHU is not the main metabolite in saliva and confirming the results found in the literature with LC-MS/MS instrumentation. Any increase of DHU due to metabolism dysfunctions can be suggestive of disease and easily monitored in saliva using common, low-cost instrumentation available also for population screening.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Beatrice Campanella
- National Research Council of Italy, C.N.R., Institute of Chemistry of Organometallic Compounds—ICCOM, Via G. Moruzzi 1, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (B.C.); (M.O.); (R.N.)
| | - Tommaso Lomonaco
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, Via G. Moruzzi 15, 56124 Pisa, Italy;
| | - Edoardo Benedetti
- Hematology Unit, Department of Oncology, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Pisana, Via Roma 67, 56127 Pisa, Italy;
| | - Massimo Onor
- National Research Council of Italy, C.N.R., Institute of Chemistry of Organometallic Compounds—ICCOM, Via G. Moruzzi 1, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (B.C.); (M.O.); (R.N.)
| | - Riccardo Nieri
- National Research Council of Italy, C.N.R., Institute of Chemistry of Organometallic Compounds—ICCOM, Via G. Moruzzi 1, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (B.C.); (M.O.); (R.N.)
| | - Federica Marmorino
- Unity of Oncology, Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine, University of Pisa, Via Roma 67, 56127 Pisa, Italy; (F.M.); (C.C.)
| | - Chiara Cremolini
- Unity of Oncology, Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine, University of Pisa, Via Roma 67, 56127 Pisa, Italy; (F.M.); (C.C.)
| | - Emilia Bramanti
- National Research Council of Italy, C.N.R., Institute of Chemistry of Organometallic Compounds—ICCOM, Via G. Moruzzi 1, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (B.C.); (M.O.); (R.N.)
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
|
5
|
Monostori P, Klinke G, Hauke J, Richter S, Bierau J, Garbade SF, Hoffmann GF, Langhans CD, Haas D, Okun JG. Extended diagnosis of purine and pyrimidine disorders from urine: LC MS/MS assay development and clinical validation. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0212458. [PMID: 30817767 PMCID: PMC6394934 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0212458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 02/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and aims Inborn errors of purine and pyrimidine metabolism are a diverse group of disorders with possible serious or life-threatening symptoms. They may be associated with neurological symptoms, renal stone disease or immunodeficiency. However, the clinical presentation can be nonspecific and mild so that a number of cases may be missed. Previously published assays lacked detection of certain diagnostically important biomarkers, including SAICAr, AICAr, beta-ureidoisobutyric acid, 2,8-dihydroxyadenine and orotidine, necessitating the use of separate assays for their detection. Moreover, the limited sensitivity for some analytes in earlier assays may have hampered the reliable detection of mild cases. Therefore, we aimed to develop a liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) assay that allows the simultaneous and sensitive detection of an extended range of purine and pyrimidine biomarkers in urine. Methods The assay was developed and validated using LC-MS/MS and clinically tested by analyzing ERNDIM Diagnostic Proficiency Testing (DPT) samples and further specimens from patients with various purine and pyrimidine disorders. Results Reliable determination of 27 analytes including SAICAr, AICAr, beta-ureidoisobutyric acid, 2,8-dihydroxyadenine and orotidine was achieved in urine following a simple sample preparation. The method clearly distinguished pathological and normal samples and differentiated between purine and pyrimidine defects in all clinical specimens. Conclusions A LC-MS/MS assay allowing the simultaneous, sensitive and reliable diagnosis of an extended range of purine and pyrimidine disorders has been developed. The validated method has successfully been tested using ERNDIM Diagnostic Proficiency Testing (DPT) samples and further clinical specimens from patients with various purine and pyrimidine disorders. Sample preparation is simple and assay duration is short, facilitating an easier inclusion of the assay into the diagnostic procedures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Péter Monostori
- Department of General Pediatrics, Division of Neuropediatrics and Metabolic Medicine, Center for Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Glynis Klinke
- Department of General Pediatrics, Division of Neuropediatrics and Metabolic Medicine, Center for Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jana Hauke
- Department of General Pediatrics, Division of Neuropediatrics and Metabolic Medicine, Center for Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sylvia Richter
- Department of General Pediatrics, Division of Neuropediatrics and Metabolic Medicine, Center for Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jörgen Bierau
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Sven F. Garbade
- Department of General Pediatrics, Division of Neuropediatrics and Metabolic Medicine, Center for Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Georg F. Hoffmann
- Department of General Pediatrics, Division of Neuropediatrics and Metabolic Medicine, Center for Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Claus-Dieter Langhans
- Department of General Pediatrics, Division of Neuropediatrics and Metabolic Medicine, Center for Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Dorothea Haas
- Department of General Pediatrics, Division of Neuropediatrics and Metabolic Medicine, Center for Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jürgen G. Okun
- Department of General Pediatrics, Division of Neuropediatrics and Metabolic Medicine, Center for Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Jacobs BAW, Rosing H, de Vries N, Meulendijks D, Henricks LM, Schellens JHM, Beijnen JH. Development and validation of a rapid and sensitive UPLC-MS/MS method for determination of uracil and dihydrouracil in human plasma. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2016; 126:75-82. [PMID: 27179185 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2016.04.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2016] [Revised: 04/24/2016] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Quantification of the endogenous dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase (DPD) substrate uracil (U) and the reaction product dihydrouracil (UH2) in plasma might be suitable for identification of patients at risk of fluoropyrimidine-induced toxicity as a result of DPD deficiency. In this paper, we describe the development and validation of a rapid and sensitive ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) assay for quantification of U and UH2 in human plasma. Analytes were extracted by protein precipitation, chromatographically separated on an Acquity UPLC(®) HSS T3 column with gradient elution and analyzed with a tandem mass spectrometer equipped with an electrospray ionization source. U was quantified in the negative ion mode and UH2 in the positive ion mode. Stable isotopes for U and UH2 were used as internal standards. Total chromatographic run time was 5min. Validated concentration ranges for U and UH2 were from 1 to 100ng/mL and 10 to 1000ng/mL, respectively. Inter-assay bias and inter-assay precision for U were within ±2.8% and ≤12.4%. For UH2, inter-assay bias and inter-assay precision were within ±2.9% and ≤7.2%. Adequate stability of U and UH2 in dry extract, final extract, stock solution and plasma was demonstrated. Stability of U and UH2 in whole blood was only satisfactory when stored up to 4hours at 2-8°C, but not at ambient temperatures. An accurate, precise and sensitive UPLC-MS/MS assay for quantification of U and UH2 in plasma was developed. This assay is now applied to support clinical studies with fluoropyrimidine drugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bart A W Jacobs
- The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Louwesweg 6, 1066 EC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Hilde Rosing
- The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Louwesweg 6, 1066 EC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Niels de Vries
- The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Louwesweg 6, 1066 EC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Didier Meulendijks
- The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Linda M Henricks
- The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jan H M Schellens
- The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Utrecht University, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jos H Beijnen
- The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Louwesweg 6, 1066 EC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Utrecht University, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Kittel A, Müller F, König J, Mieth M, Sticht H, Zolk O, Kralj A, Heinrich MR, Fromm MF, Maas R. Alanine-glyoxylate aminotransferase 2 (AGXT2) polymorphisms have considerable impact on methylarginine and β-aminoisobutyrate metabolism in healthy volunteers. PLoS One 2014; 9:e88544. [PMID: 24586340 PMCID: PMC3933329 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0088544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2013] [Accepted: 01/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Elevated plasma concentrations of asymmetric (ADMA) and symmetric (SDMA) dimethylarginine have repeatedly been linked to adverse clinical outcomes. Both methylarginines are substrates of alanine-glyoxylate aminotransferase 2 (AGXT2). It was the aim of the present study to simultaneously investigate the functional relevance and relative contributions of common AGXT2 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) to plasma and urinary concentrations of methylarginines as well as β-aminoisobutyrate (BAIB), a prototypic substrate of AGXT2. In a cohort of 400 healthy volunteers ADMA, SDMA and BAIB concentrations were determined in plasma and urine using HPLC-MS/MS and were related to the coding AGXT2 SNPs rs37369 (p.Val140Ile) and rs16899974 (p.Val498Leu). Volunteers heterozygous or homozygous for the AGXT2 SNP rs37369 had higher SDMA plasma concentrations by 5% and 20% (p = 0.002) as well as higher BAIB concentrations by 54% and 146%, respectively, in plasma and 237% and 1661%, respectively, in urine (both p<0.001). ADMA concentrations were not affected by both SNPs. A haplotype analysis revealed that the second investigated AGXT2 SNP rs16899974, which was not significantly linked to the other AGXT2 SNP, further aggravates the effect of rs37369 with respect to BAIB concentrations in plasma and urine. To investigate the impact of the amino acid exchange p.Val140Ile, we established human embryonic kidney cell lines stably overexpressing wild-type or mutant (p.Val140Ile) AGXT2 protein and assessed enzyme activity using BAIB and stable-isotope labeled [²H₆]-SDMA as substrate. In vitro, the amino acid exchange of the mutant protein resulted in a significantly lower enzyme activity compared to wild-type AGXT2 (p<0.05). In silico modeling of the SNPs indicated reduced enzyme stability and substrate binding. In conclusion, SNPs of AGXT2 affect plasma as well as urinary BAIB and SDMA concentrations linking methylarginine metabolism to the common genetic trait of hyper-β-aminoisobutyric aciduria.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anja Kittel
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Fabian Müller
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jörg König
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Maren Mieth
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Heinrich Sticht
- Institute of Biochemistry, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Oliver Zolk
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Ana Kralj
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität, Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Markus R. Heinrich
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität, Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Martin F. Fromm
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Renke Maas
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Caudle KE, Thorn CF, Klein TE, Swen JJ, McLeod HL, Diasio RB, Schwab M. Clinical Pharmacogenetics Implementation Consortium guidelines for dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase genotype and fluoropyrimidine dosing. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2013; 94:640-5. [PMID: 23988873 PMCID: PMC3831181 DOI: 10.1038/clpt.2013.172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 247] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2013] [Accepted: 08/22/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The fluoropyrimidines are the mainstay chemotherapeutic agents for the treatment of many types of cancers. Detoxifying metabolism of fluoropyrimidines requires dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase (DPD, encoded by the DPYD gene), and reduced or absent activity of this enzyme can result in severe, and sometimes fatal, toxicity. We summarize evidence from the published literature supporting this association and provide dosing recommendations for fluoropyrimidines based on DPYD genotype (updates at http://www.pharmgkb.org).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K E Caudle
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - C F Thorn
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, California, USA
| | - T E Klein
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, California, USA
| | - J J Swen
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Toxicology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - H L McLeod
- Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - R B Diasio
- Division of Oncology Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - M Schwab
- Dr Margarete Fischer-Bosch Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart, Germany
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital, Tuebingen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
In vivo evidence that Agxt2 can regulate plasma levels of dimethylarginines in mice. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2013; 430:84-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2012.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2012] [Accepted: 11/06/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
|
10
|
Dudley E, Yousef M, Wang Y, Griffiths WJ. Targeted metabolomics and mass spectrometry. ADVANCES IN PROTEIN CHEMISTRY AND STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY 2010; 80:45-83. [PMID: 21109217 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-381264-3.00002-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
While a great emphasis has been placed on global metabolomic analysis in recent years, the application of metabolomic style analyses to specific subsets of compounds (targeted metabolomics) also has merits in addressing biological questions in a more hypothesis-driven manner. These analyses are designed to selectively extract information regarding a group of related metabolites from the complex mixture of biomolecules present in most metabolomic samples. Furthermore, targeted metabolomics can also be applied to metabolism within macromolecules, hence furthering the systems biology impact of the analysis. This chapter describes the difference between the global metabolomics approach and the undertaking of metabolomics in a targeted manner and describes the application of this type of analysis in a number of biologically and medically relevant fields.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E Dudley
- Institute of Mass Spectrometry, Swansea University, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Mutlib AE. Application of stable isotope-labeled compounds in metabolism and in metabolism-mediated toxicity studies. Chem Res Toxicol 2008; 21:1672-89. [PMID: 18702535 DOI: 10.1021/tx800139z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Stable isotope-labeled compounds have been synthesized and utilized by scientists from various areas of biomedical research during the last several decades. Compounds labeled with stable isotopes, such as deuterium and carbon-13, have been used effectively by drug metabolism scientists and toxicologists to gain better understanding of drugs' disposition and their potential role in target organ toxicities. The combination of stable isotope-labeling techniques with mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, which allows rapid acquisition and interpretation of data, has promoted greater use of these stable isotope-labeled compounds in absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) studies. Examples of the use of stable isotope-labeled compounds in elucidating structures of metabolites and delineating complex metabolic pathways are presented in this review. The application of labeled compounds in mechanistic toxicity studies will be discussed by providing an example of how strategic placement of a deuterium atom in a drug molecule mitigated specific-specific renal toxicity. Other examples from the literature demonstrating the application of stable isotope-labeled compounds in understanding metabolism-mediated toxicities are presented. Furthermore, an example of how a stable isotope-labeled compound was utilized to better understand some of the gene changes in toxicogenomic studies is discussed. The interpretation of large sets of data produced from toxicogenomics studies can be a challenge. One approach that could be used to simplify interpretation of the data, especially from studies designed to link gene changes with the formation of reactive metabolites thought to be responsible for toxicities, is through the use of stable isotope-labeled compounds. This is a relatively unexplored territory and needs to be further investigated. The employment of analytical techniques, especially mass spectrometry and NMR, used in conjunction with stable isotope-labeled compounds to establish and understand mechanistic link between reactive metabolite formation, genomic, and proteomic changes and onset of toxicity is proposed. The use of stable isotope-labeled compounds in early human ADME studies as a way of identifying and possibly quantifying all drug-related components present in systemic circulation is suggested.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abdul E Mutlib
- Biotransformation Department, Drug Safety and Metabolism, Wyeth Research, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Kuhara T. Noninvasive human metabolome analysis for differential diagnosis of inborn errors of metabolism. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2007; 855:42-50. [PMID: 17467347 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2007.03.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2006] [Revised: 03/15/2007] [Accepted: 03/20/2007] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Early diagnosis and treatment are critical for patients with inborn errors of metabolism (IEMs). For most IEMs, the clinical presentations are variable and nonspecific, and routine laboratory tests do not indicate the etiology of the disease. A diagnostic procedure using highly sensitive gas chromatography-mass spectrometric urine metabolome analysis is useful for screening and chemical diagnosis of IEM. Metabolite analysis can comprehensively detect enzyme dysfunction caused by a variety of abnormalities. The mutations may be uncommon or unknown. The lack of coenzymes or activators and the presence of post-translational modification defects and subcellular localization abnormalities are also reflected in the metabolome. This noninvasive and feasible urine metabolome analysis, which uses urease-pretreatment, partial adoption of stable isotope dilution, and GC/MS, can be used to detect more than 130 metabolic disorders. It can also detect an acquired abnormal metabolic profile. The metabolic profiles for two cases of non-inherited phenylketonuria are shown. In this review, chemical diagnoses of hyperphenylalaninemia, phenylketonuria, hyperprolinemia, and lactic acidemia, and the differential diagnosis of beta-ureidopropionase deficiency and primary hyperammonemias including ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency and carbamoylphosphate synthetase deficiency are described.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tomiko Kuhara
- Division of Human Genetics, Medical Research Institute, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada-machi, Kahoku-gun, Ishikawa, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
la Marca G, Casetta B, Malvagia S, Pasquini E, Innocenti M, Donati MA, Zammarchi E. Implementing tandem mass spectrometry as a routine tool for characterizing the complete purine and pyrimidine metabolic profile in urine samples. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2006; 41:1442-52. [PMID: 17061293 DOI: 10.1002/jms.1115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Purines and pyrimidines are the basic constituents of DNA and RNA and constitute the basis of at least 50 other important compounds that serve equally vital but separate roles as integral components of intracellular mononucleotide pools. They maintain the supply of these basic components to the different nucleotide pools through an extremely efficient mechanism involving the degradation and recycling of the daily waste products of normal cell turnover. We have developed an LC-MS/MS diagnostic and routine monitoring method for known defects due to both purine and pyrimidine metabolism in a single analysis. Precision tests were made by spiking several urine samples with different creatinine concentrations. For nonspiked low-creatinine urine, intraday precision was in the range of 0.1-9.8% and interday precision was between 1.6 and 14.1%. For nonspiked high-creatinine urine, intraday precision was in the range 0.5-17.2% and interday precision was between 1.5 and 29%. Limit-of-detection (LOD) was in the range 0.1-10 micromol/l and limit-of-quantification (LOQ) in the range of 0.2-15 micromol/l. The current 'dilute and shoot' approach monitors many metabolites, and utilizes a reverse phase chromatographic analysis with a detection requiring 17 min of analysis time. Tandem mass spectrometry and isotope dilution technique enable the accurate quantitation of more than 30 metabolites in one analysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giancarlo la Marca
- Meyer Children's Hospital, Metabolic Unit, Dept of Paediatrics, University of Florence, Via Luca Giordano 13, 50132, Florence, Italy.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|