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Babcock SJ, Houten SM, Gillingham MB. A review of fatty acid oxidation disorder mouse models. Mol Genet Metab 2024; 142:108351. [PMID: 38430613 PMCID: PMC11073919 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2024.108351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
Fatty acid oxidation disorders (FAODs) are a family of rare, genetic disorders that affect any part of the fatty acid oxidation pathway. Patients present with severe phenotypes, such as hypoketotic hypoglycemia, cardiomyopathy, and rhabdomyolysis, and currently manage these symptoms by the avoidance of fasting and maintaining a low-fat, high-carbohydrate diet. Because knowledge about FAODs is limited due to the small number of patients, rodent models have been crucial in learning more about these disorders, particularly in studying the molecular mechanisms involved in different phenotypes and in evaluating treatments for patients. The purpose of this review is to present the different FAOD mouse models and highlight the benefits and limitations of using these models. Specifically, we discuss the phenotypes of the available FAOD mouse models, the potential molecular causes of prominent FAOD phenotypes that have been studied using FAOD mouse models, and how FAOD mouse models have been used to evaluate treatments for patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon J Babcock
- Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA.
| | - Sander M Houten
- Deparment of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Melanie B Gillingham
- Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA
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2
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Gaston G, Babcock S, Ryals R, Elizondo G, DeVine T, Wafai D, Packwood W, Holden S, Raber J, Lindner JR, Pennesi ME, Harding CO, Gillingham MB. A G1528C Hadha knock-in mouse model recapitulates aspects of human clinical phenotypes for long-chain 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency. Commun Biol 2023; 6:890. [PMID: 37644104 PMCID: PMC10465608 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-023-05268-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Long chain 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency (LCHADD) is a fatty acid oxidation disorder (FAOD) caused by a pathogenic variant, c.1528 G > C, in HADHA encoding the alpha subunit of trifunctional protein (TFPα). Individuals with LCHADD develop chorioretinopathy and peripheral neuropathy not observed in other FAODs in addition to the more ubiquitous symptoms of hypoketotic hypoglycemia, rhabdomyolysis and cardiomyopathy. We report a CRISPR/Cas9 generated knock-in murine model of G1528C in Hadha that recapitulates aspects of the human LCHADD phenotype. Homozygous pups are less numerous than expected from Mendelian probability, but survivors exhibit similar viability with wildtype (WT) littermates. Tissues of LCHADD homozygotes express TFPα protein, but LCHADD mice oxidize less fat and accumulate plasma 3-hydroxyacylcarnitines compared to WT mice. LCHADD mice exhibit lower ketones with fasting, exhaust earlier during treadmill exercise and develop a dilated cardiomyopathy compared to WT mice. In addition, LCHADD mice exhibit decreased visual performance, decreased cone function, and disruption of retinal pigment epithelium. Neurological function is affected, with impaired motor function during wire hang test and reduced open field activity. The G1528C knock-in mouse exhibits a phenotype similar to that observed in human patients; this model will be useful to explore pathophysiology and treatments for LCHADD in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garen Gaston
- Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Shannon Babcock
- Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Renee Ryals
- Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA
- Casey Eye Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Gabriela Elizondo
- Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Tiffany DeVine
- Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Dahlia Wafai
- Casey Eye Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - William Packwood
- Knight Cardiovascular Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Sarah Holden
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Jacob Raber
- Knight Cardiovascular Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA
- Departments of Neurology and Radiation Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA
- Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center (ONPRC), Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Jonathan R Lindner
- Knight Cardiovascular Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA
- Cardiovascular Division, University of Virginia Medical Center, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Mark E Pennesi
- Casey Eye Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Cary O Harding
- Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Melanie B Gillingham
- Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA.
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Gaston G, Gangoiti JA, Winn S, Chan B, Barshop BA, Harding CO, Gillingham MB. Cardiac tissue citric acid cycle intermediates in exercised very long-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase-deficient mice fed triheptanoin or medium-chain triglyceride. J Inherit Metab Dis 2020; 43:1232-1242. [PMID: 33448436 DOI: 10.1002/jimd.12284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2018] [Revised: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Anaplerotic odd-chain fatty acid supplementation has been suggested as an approach to replenish citric acid cycle intermediate (CACi) pools and facilitate adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production in subjects with long-chain fatty acid oxidation disorders, but the evidence that cellular CACi depletion exists and that repletion occurs following anaplerotic substrate supplementation is limited. We exercised very long-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase-deficient (VLCAD-/-) and wild-type (WT) mice to exhaustion and collected cardiac tissue for measurement of CACi by targeted metabolomics. In a second experimental group, VLCAD-/- and WT mice that had been fed chow prepared with either medium-chain triglyceride (MCT) oil or triheptanoin for 4 weeks were exercised for 60 minutes. VLCAD-/- mice exhibited lower succinate in cardiac muscle at exhaustion than WT mice suggesting lower CACi in VLCAD-/- with prolonged exercise. In mice fed either MCT or triheptanoin, succinate and malate were greater in VLCAD-/- mice fed triheptanoin compared to VLCAD-/- animals fed MCT but lower than WT mice fed triheptanoin. Long-chain odd acylcarnitines such as C19 were elevated in VLCAD-/- and WT mice fed triheptanoin suggesting some elongation of the heptanoate, but it is unknown what proportion of heptanoate was oxidized vs elongated. Prolonged exercise was associated with decreased cardiac muscle succinate in VLCAD-/- mice in comparison to WT mice. VLCAD-/- fed triheptanoin had increased succinate compared to VLCAD-/- mice fed MCT but lower than WT mice fed triheptanoin. Cardiac CACi were higher following dietary ingestion of an anaplerotic substrate, triheptanoin, in comparison to MCT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garen Gaston
- Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Jon A Gangoiti
- Department of Pediatrics, Genetics Division, Biochemical Genetics Program, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Shelley Winn
- Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Benjamin Chan
- Biostatistics and Design Program, School of Public Health, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Bruce A Barshop
- Department of Pediatrics, Genetics Division, Biochemical Genetics Program, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Cary O Harding
- Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Melanie B Gillingham
- Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
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Knottnerus SJG, van Harskamp D, Schierbeek H, Bleeker JC, Crefcoeur LL, Ferdinandusse S, van Goudoever JB, Houtkooper RH, IJlst L, Langeveld M, Wanders RJA, Vaz FM, Wijburg FA, Visser G. Exploring the metabolic fate of medium-chain triglycerides in healthy individuals using a stable isotope tracer. Clin Nutr 2020; 40:1396-1404. [PMID: 32948349 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2020.08.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Revised: 08/09/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Medium chain triglyceride (MCT) supplementation is often recommended as treatment for patients with long-chain fatty acid β-oxidation (lcFAO) disorders, since they can be utilized as an energy source without the use of the defective enzyme. However, studies in mice and preterm infants suggest that not all medium-chain fatty acids (MCFA) are oxidized and may undergo elongation to long-chain fatty acids (LCFA). In this single blinded study, we explored the metabolic fates of MCT in healthy individuals using a 13C-labeled MCT tracer. METHOD Three healthy males in rest received on two test days a primed continuous infusion of glyceryl tri[1,2,3,4-13C4]-octanoate with either an isocaloric supplementation of 1) exclusively MCT (MCT-only) or 2) a mixture of MCT, proteins and carbohydrates (MCT-mix). Gas chromatography - combustion - isotope ratio mass spectrometry (GC-C-IRMS) was used to determine 13C-enrichment of long-chain fatty acids in plasma and of 13CO2 in exhaled air. RESULTS When provided as single energy source, an estimated 42% of administered MCT was converted to CO2. In combination with carbohydrates and proteins in the diet, oxidation of MCT was higher (62%). In both diets <1% of 13C-label was incorporated in LCFA in plasma, indicating that administered MCT underwent chain-elongation to LCT. CONCLUSIONS Although the relative MCT oxidation rate was higher when combined with carbohydrates and protein, quantitatively more MCT was oxidized when given an isocaloric meal with solely MCT. As these results were obtained in the resting state opposed to during exercise, it is too early to give a recommendation concerning the use of MCT in lcFAO disorders. The data show that in resting healthy individuals only a very small part of the MCT is traced back as LCFA in plasma, suggesting that MCT treatment does not result in a large LCFA burden, however further research on storage of MCT in tissues is warranted. REGISTRATION The study was registered in the Nederlands Trialregister. Protocol ID: Trial NL7417 (NTR7650).
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzan J G Knottnerus
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology and Metabolism, Meibergdreef 9, 1105, AZ, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Section Metabolic Diseases, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Utrecht, Lundlaan 6, 3584, EA, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Dewi van Harskamp
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Stable Isotope Research Laboratory, Endocrinology, Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology and Metabolism, Meibergdreef 9, 1105, AZ, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Vrije Universiteit, Emma's Children's Hospital, Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology and Metabolism, Meibergdreef 9, 1105, AZ, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Henk Schierbeek
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Stable Isotope Research Laboratory, Endocrinology, Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology and Metabolism, Meibergdreef 9, 1105, AZ, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Vrije Universiteit, Emma's Children's Hospital, Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology and Metabolism, Meibergdreef 9, 1105, AZ, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jeannette C Bleeker
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology and Metabolism, Meibergdreef 9, 1105, AZ, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Loek L Crefcoeur
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology and Metabolism, Meibergdreef 9, 1105, AZ, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Section Metabolic Diseases, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Utrecht, Lundlaan 6, 3584, EA, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Sacha Ferdinandusse
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology and Metabolism, Meibergdreef 9, 1105, AZ, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Johannes B van Goudoever
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Vrije Universiteit, Emma's Children's Hospital, Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology and Metabolism, Meibergdreef 9, 1105, AZ, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Riekelt H Houtkooper
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology and Metabolism, Meibergdreef 9, 1105, AZ, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Lodewijk IJlst
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology and Metabolism, Meibergdreef 9, 1105, AZ, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Mirjam Langeveld
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology and Metabolism, Meibergdreef 9, 1105, AZ, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Ronald J A Wanders
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology and Metabolism, Meibergdreef 9, 1105, AZ, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Frédéric M Vaz
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology and Metabolism, Meibergdreef 9, 1105, AZ, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Frits A Wijburg
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Vrije Universiteit, Emma's Children's Hospital, Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology and Metabolism, Meibergdreef 9, 1105, AZ, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Gepke Visser
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology and Metabolism, Meibergdreef 9, 1105, AZ, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Section Metabolic Diseases, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Utrecht, Lundlaan 6, 3584, EA, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
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Ribas GS, Vargas CR. Evidence that Oxidative Disbalance and Mitochondrial Dysfunction are Involved in the Pathophysiology of Fatty Acid Oxidation Disorders. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2020; 42:521-532. [PMID: 32876899 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-020-00955-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 08/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial fatty acid β-oxidation disorders (FAODs) are a group of about 20 diseases which are caused by specific mutations in genes that codify proteins or enzymes involved in the fatty acid transport and mitochondrial β-oxidation. As a consequence of these inherited metabolic defects, fatty acids can not be used as an appropriate energetic source during special conditions, such as prolonged fasting, exercise or other catabolic states. Therefore, patients usually present hepatopathy, cardiomyopathy, severe skeletal myopathy and neuropathy, besides biochemical features like hypoketotic hypoglycemia, metabolic acidosis, hypotony and hyperammonemia. This set of symptoms seems to be related not only with the energy deficiency, but also with toxic effects provoked by fatty acids and carnitine derivatives accumulated in the tissues of the patients. The understanding of the mechanisms by which these metabolites provoke tissue injury in FAODs is crucial for the developmental of novel therapeutic strategies that promote increased life expectancy, as well as improved life quality for patients. In this sense, the objective of this review is to present evidence from the scientific literature on the role of oxidative damage and mitochondrial dysfunction in the pathogenesis of the most prevalent FAODs: medium-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (MCAD), long-chain 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase (LCHAD) and very long-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (VLCAD) deficiencies. It is expected that the findings presented in this review, obtained from both animal model and patients studies, may contribute to a better comprehension of the pathophysiology of these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graziela Schmitt Ribas
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Carmen Regla Vargas
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
- Serviço de Genética Médica, Hospital de Clíınicas de Porto Alegre, Ramiro Barcelos, 2350, Porto Alegre, RS, 90035-003, Brazil.
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6
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Knottnerus SJG, Mengarelli I, Wüst RCI, Baartscheer A, Bleeker JC, Coronel R, Ferdinandusse S, Guan K, IJlst L, Li W, Luo X, Portero VM, Ulbricht Y, Visser G, Wanders RJA, Wijburg FA, Verkerk AO, Houtkooper RH, Bezzina CR. Electrophysiological Abnormalities in VLCAD Deficient hiPSC-Cardiomyocytes Can Be Improved by Lowering Accumulation of Fatty Acid Oxidation Intermediates. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21072589. [PMID: 32276429 PMCID: PMC7177397 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21072589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Revised: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients with very long-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency (VLCADD) can present with life-threatening cardiac arrhythmias. The pathophysiological mechanism is unknown. We reprogrammed fibroblasts from one mildly and one severely affected VLCADD patient, into human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) and differentiated these into cardiomyocytes (VLCADD-CMs). VLCADD-CMs displayed shorter action potentials (APs), more delayed afterdepolarizations (DADs) and higher systolic and diastolic intracellular Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i) than control CMs. The mitochondrial booster resveratrol mitigated the biochemical, electrophysiological and [Ca2+]i changes in the mild but not in the severe VLCADD-CMs. Accumulation of potentially toxic intermediates of fatty acid oxidation was blocked by substrate reduction with etomoxir. Incubation with etomoxir led to marked prolongation of AP duration and reduced DADs and [Ca2+]i in both VLCADD-CMs. These results provide compelling evidence that reduced accumulation of fatty acid oxidation intermediates, either by enhanced fatty acid oxidation flux through increased mitochondria biogenesis (resveratrol) or by inhibition of fatty acid transport into the mitochondria (etomoxir), rescues pro-arrhythmia defects in VLCADD-CMs and open doors for new treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzan J. G. Knottnerus
- Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (S.J.G.K.); (R.C.I.W.); (J.C.B.); (S.F.); (L.I.); (G.V.); (R.J.A.W.)
- Department of Paediatric Metabolic Diseases, Wilhelmina Children’s Hospital, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 EA Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Isabella Mengarelli
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Cardiology, Heart Center, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (I.M.); (A.B.); (R.C.); (V.M.P.); (A.O.V.)
| | - Rob C. I. Wüst
- Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (S.J.G.K.); (R.C.I.W.); (J.C.B.); (S.F.); (L.I.); (G.V.); (R.J.A.W.)
| | - Antonius Baartscheer
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Cardiology, Heart Center, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (I.M.); (A.B.); (R.C.); (V.M.P.); (A.O.V.)
| | - Jeannette C. Bleeker
- Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (S.J.G.K.); (R.C.I.W.); (J.C.B.); (S.F.); (L.I.); (G.V.); (R.J.A.W.)
- Department of Paediatric Metabolic Diseases, Wilhelmina Children’s Hospital, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 EA Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Ruben Coronel
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Cardiology, Heart Center, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (I.M.); (A.B.); (R.C.); (V.M.P.); (A.O.V.)
| | - Sacha Ferdinandusse
- Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (S.J.G.K.); (R.C.I.W.); (J.C.B.); (S.F.); (L.I.); (G.V.); (R.J.A.W.)
| | - Kaomei Guan
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Technische Universität Dresden, 01069 Dresden, Germany; (K.G.); (W.L.); (X.L.); (Y.U.)
| | - Lodewijk IJlst
- Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (S.J.G.K.); (R.C.I.W.); (J.C.B.); (S.F.); (L.I.); (G.V.); (R.J.A.W.)
| | - Wener Li
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Technische Universität Dresden, 01069 Dresden, Germany; (K.G.); (W.L.); (X.L.); (Y.U.)
| | - Xiaojing Luo
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Technische Universität Dresden, 01069 Dresden, Germany; (K.G.); (W.L.); (X.L.); (Y.U.)
| | - Vincent M. Portero
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Cardiology, Heart Center, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (I.M.); (A.B.); (R.C.); (V.M.P.); (A.O.V.)
| | - Ying Ulbricht
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Technische Universität Dresden, 01069 Dresden, Germany; (K.G.); (W.L.); (X.L.); (Y.U.)
| | - Gepke Visser
- Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (S.J.G.K.); (R.C.I.W.); (J.C.B.); (S.F.); (L.I.); (G.V.); (R.J.A.W.)
- Department of Paediatric Metabolic Diseases, Wilhelmina Children’s Hospital, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 EA Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Ronald J. A. Wanders
- Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (S.J.G.K.); (R.C.I.W.); (J.C.B.); (S.F.); (L.I.); (G.V.); (R.J.A.W.)
| | - Frits A. Wijburg
- Department of Paediatric Metabolic Diseases, Emma Children’s Hospital, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands;
| | - Arie O. Verkerk
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Cardiology, Heart Center, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (I.M.); (A.B.); (R.C.); (V.M.P.); (A.O.V.)
- Department of Medical Biology, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Riekelt H. Houtkooper
- Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (S.J.G.K.); (R.C.I.W.); (J.C.B.); (S.F.); (L.I.); (G.V.); (R.J.A.W.)
- Correspondence: (R.H.H.); (C.R.B.)
| | - Connie R. Bezzina
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Cardiology, Heart Center, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (I.M.); (A.B.); (R.C.); (V.M.P.); (A.O.V.)
- Correspondence: (R.H.H.); (C.R.B.)
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7
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Alatibi KI, Wehbe Z, Spiekerkoetter U, Tucci S. Sex-specific perturbation of complex lipids in response to medium-chain fatty acids in very long-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency. FEBS J 2020; 287:3511-3525. [PMID: 31971349 DOI: 10.1111/febs.15221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2019] [Revised: 12/28/2019] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Very-long-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency (VLCAD) is the most common defect of long-chain fatty acid β-oxidation. The recommended treatment includes the application of medium-chain triacylglycerols (MCTs). However, long-term treatment of VLCAD-/- mice resulted in the development of a sex-specific metabolic syndrome due to the selective activation of the ERK/mTORc1 signalling in females and ERK/peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma pathway in males. In order to investigate a subsequent sex-specific effect of MCT on the lipid composition of the cellular membranes, we performed lipidomic analysis, SILAC-based quantitative proteomics and gene expression in fibroblasts from WT and VLCAD-/- mice of both sexes. Treatment with octanoate (C8) affected the composition of complex lipids resulting in a sex-specific signature of the molecular profile. The content of ceramides and sphingomyelins in particular differed significantly under control conditions and increased markedly in cells from mutant female mice but remained unchanged in cells from mutant males. Moreover, we observed a specific upregulation of biosynthesis of plasmalogens only in male mice, whereas in females C8 led to the accumulation of higher concentration of phosphatidylcholines and lysophosphatidylcholines. Our data on membrane lipids in VLCAD after supplementation with C8 provide evidence of a sex-specific lipid perturbation. We hypothesize a likely C8-induced pro-inflammatory response contributing to the development of a severe metabolic syndrome in female VLCAD-/- mice on long-term MCT supplementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khaled I Alatibi
- Laboratory of Clinical Biochemistry and Metabolism, Department of General Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany.,Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - Zeinab Wehbe
- Laboratory of Clinical Biochemistry and Metabolism, Department of General Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany.,Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ute Spiekerkoetter
- Department of General Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Center for Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - Sara Tucci
- Laboratory of Clinical Biochemistry and Metabolism, Department of General Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany
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Cecatto C, Amaral AU, Wajner A, Wajner SM, Castilho RF, Wajner M. Disturbance of mitochondrial functions associated with permeability transition pore opening induced by cis-5-tetradecenoic and myristic acids in liver of adolescent rats. Mitochondrion 2019; 50:1-13. [PMID: 31655165 DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2019.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Revised: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Patients affected by very long-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (VLCAD) deficiency commonly present liver dysfunction whose pathogenesis is poorly known. We demonstrate here that major metabolites accumulating in this disorder, namely cis-5-tetradecenoic acid (Cis-5) and myristic acid (Myr), markedly impair mitochondrial respiration, decreasing ATP production in liver mitochondrial preparations from adolescent rats. Other parameters of mitochondrial homeostasis such as membrane potential (ΔΨm) and Ca2+retention capacity were strongly compromised by these fatty acids, involving induction of mitochondrial permeability transition. The present data indicate that disruption of mitochondrial bioenergetics and Ca2+homeostasis may contribute to the liver dysfunction of VLCAD deficient patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristiane Cecatto
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Alexandre Umpierrez Amaral
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Regional Integrada do Alto Uruguai e das Missões, Erechim, RS, Brazil
| | - Alessandro Wajner
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Simone Magagnin Wajner
- Departamento de Medicina Interna, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Roger Frigério Castilho
- Departamento de Patologia Clínica, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Moacir Wajner
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Serviço de Genética Médica, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
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9
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Bleeker JC, Kok IL, Ferdinandusse S, de Vries M, Derks TGJ, Mulder MF, Williams M, Gozalbo ER, Bosch AM, van den Hurk DT, de Sain-van der Velden MGM, Waterham HR, Wijburg FA, Visser G. Proposal for an individualized dietary strategy in patients with very long-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency. J Inherit Metab Dis 2019; 42:159-168. [PMID: 30740737 DOI: 10.1002/jimd.12037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients with very long chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency (VLCADD), a long chain fatty acid oxidation disorder, are traditionally treated with a long chain triglyceride (LCT) restricted and medium chain triglyceride (MCT) supplemented diet. Introduction of VLCADD in newborn screening (NBS) programs has led to the identification of asymptomatic newborns with VLCADD, who may have a more attenuated phenotype and may not need dietary adjustments. OBJECTIVE To define dietary strategies for individuals with VLCADD based on the predicted phenotype. METHOD We evaluated long-term dietary histories of a cohort of individuals diagnosed with VLCADD identified before the introduction of VLCADD in NBS and their beta-oxidation (LC-FAO) flux score (rate of oleate oxidation) in cultured skin fibroblasts in relation to the clinical outcome. Based on these results a dietary strategy is proposed. RESULTS Sixteen individuals with VLCADD were included. One had an LC-FAO flux score >90%, was not on a restricted diet and is asymptomatic to date. Four patients had an LC-FAO flux score <10%, and significant VLCADD related symptoms despite the use of strict diets including LCT restriction, MCT supplementation and nocturnal gastric drip feeding. Patients with an LC-FAO flux score between 10 and 90% (n = 11) showed a more heterogeneous phenotype. CONCLUSIONS This study shows that a strict diet cannot prevent poor clinical outcome in severely affected patients and that the LC-FAO flux is a good predictor of clinical outcome in individuals with VLCADD identified before its introduction in NBS. Hereby, we propose an individualized dietary strategy based on the LC-FAO flux score.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeannette C Bleeker
- Department of Metabolic Diseases, Dutch Fatty Acid Oxidation Expertise Center, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital (UMCU), University Medical Center Utrecht, Internal Mail KE 04.306.0, PO Box 85090 3508 AB, Utrecht, Netherlands
- Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Pediatrics, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Irene L Kok
- Department of Metabolic Diseases, Dutch Fatty Acid Oxidation Expertise Center, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital (UMCU), University Medical Center Utrecht, Internal Mail KE 04.306.0, PO Box 85090 3508 AB, Utrecht, Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine and Dermatology, Dietetics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Sacha Ferdinandusse
- Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Maaike de Vries
- Department of Pediatrics, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Terry G J Derks
- Department of Metabolic Diseases, Beatrix Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Margot F Mulder
- Department of Pediatrics, VU University Medical Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Monique Williams
- Department of Pediatrics, Erasmus MC-Sophia, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Estela Rubio Gozalbo
- Department of Pediatrics and Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Annet M Bosch
- Department of Pediatrics, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Dorine T van den Hurk
- Department of Internal Medicine and Dermatology, Dietetics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Monique G M de Sain-van der Velden
- Department of Medical Genetics, Section Metabolic Diagnostics, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Hans R Waterham
- Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Frits A Wijburg
- Department of Pediatrics, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Gepke Visser
- Department of Metabolic Diseases, Dutch Fatty Acid Oxidation Expertise Center, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital (UMCU), University Medical Center Utrecht, Internal Mail KE 04.306.0, PO Box 85090 3508 AB, Utrecht, Netherlands
- Department of Pediatrics, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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10
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Tucci S. Very long-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (VLCAD-) deficiency-studies on treatment effects and long-term outcomes in mouse models. J Inherit Metab Dis 2017; 40:317-323. [PMID: 28247148 DOI: 10.1007/s10545-017-0016-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2016] [Revised: 01/12/2017] [Accepted: 01/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Very-long-chain-acyl-CoA-dehydrogenase deficiency is the most common disorder of mitochondrial long-chain fatty acid (LCFA) oxidation, with an incidence of 1:50,000-1:100,000 in newborns. Catabolic situations contribute to the aggravation of symptoms and induce severe metabolic derangement. Treatment for VLCAD-deficiency includes avoidance of fasting and a long-chain fat-restricted and fat-modified diet in which LCFAs are fully or partially replaced by medium-chain triglycerides (MCT). The aim of this work was to investigate the outcome and the effects of long-term treatment in a mouse model of VLCAD-deficiency. The application of a single MCT bolus in a mouse model of VLCAD-deficiency (VLCAD-/- mice) immediately prior to exercise protected the muscles from the accumulation of acylcarnitines providing the required energy and it did not affect hepatic lipid metabolism. However, when MCT was applied over the course of a year as a regular part of the diet, female VLCAD-/- mice developed a severe clinical phenotype comparable to the human metabolic syndrome. Indeed, they were characterized by massive visceral fat infiltration, hepatosteatosis, disturbed fatty acid composition, hyperlipidemia, and systemic oxidative stress. In contrast, male VLCAD-/- mice seemed to be protected and displayed only signs of insulin resistance. Besides the sex-specific response to MCT supplementation with regard to the lipid metabolism, all VLCAD-/- mice developed progressive cardiac dysfunction over time which worsened when they were treated with regular MCT resulting in severe dilated cardiomyopathy. While long term use of MCT oil in mice has adverse effects, no such effects have been demonstrated in humans, likely reflecting the differences in long chain fatty acid oxidation between the two species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Tucci
- Department of General Pediatrics, Center for Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical Centre - University of Freiburg, Mathildenstrasse 1, 79106, Freiburg, Germany.
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11
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Chamma CMDO, Bargut TCL, Mandarim-de-Lacerda CA, Aguila MB. A rich medium-chain triacylglycerol diet benefits adiposity but has adverse effects on the markers of hepatic lipogenesis and beta-oxidation. Food Funct 2017; 8:778-787. [DOI: 10.1039/c6fo01663d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the increasing amounts of medium-chain triacylglycerol (MCT) in the diet on hepatic lipid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Maria de Oliveira Chamma
- Laboratory of Morphometry
- Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases
- Biomedical Center
- Institute of Biology
- State University of Rio de Janeiro
| | - Thereza Cristina Lonzetti Bargut
- Laboratory of Morphometry
- Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases
- Biomedical Center
- Institute of Biology
- State University of Rio de Janeiro
| | | | - Marcia Barbosa Aguila
- Laboratory of Morphometry
- Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases
- Biomedical Center
- Institute of Biology
- State University of Rio de Janeiro
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12
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Tucci S, Floegel U, Beermann F, Behringer S, Spiekerkoetter U. Triheptanoin: long-term effects in the very long-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase-deficient mouse. J Lipid Res 2016; 58:196-207. [PMID: 27884962 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m072033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2016] [Revised: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
A rather new approach in the treatment of long-chain fatty acid oxidation disorders is represented by triheptanoin, a triglyceride with three medium-odd-chain heptanoic acids (C7), due to its anaplerotic potential. We here investigate the effects of a 1-year triheptanoin-based diet on the clinical phenotype of very long-chain-acyl-CoA-dehydrogenase-deficient (VLCAD-/-) mice. The cardiac function was assessed in VLCAD-/- mice by in vivo MRI. Metabolic adaptations were identified by the expression of genes regulating energy metabolism and anaplerotic processes using real-time PCR, and the results were correlated with the measurement of the glycolytic enzymes pyruvate dehydrogenase and pyruvate kinase. Finally, the intrahepatic lipid accumulation and oxidative stress in response to the long-term triheptanoin diet were assessed. Triheptanoin was not able to prevent the development of systolic dysfunction in VLCAD-/- mice despite an upregulation of cardiac glucose oxidation. Strikingly, the anaplerotic effects of triheptanoin were restricted to the liver. Despite this, the hepatic lipic content was increased upon triheptanoin supplementation. Our data demonstrate that the concept of anaplerosis does not apply to all tissues equally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Tucci
- Department of General Pediatrics, Center for Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ulrich Floegel
- Department of Molecular Cardiology, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Frauke Beermann
- Department of General Pediatrics, Center for Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Sidney Behringer
- Department of General Pediatrics, Center for Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ute Spiekerkoetter
- Department of General Pediatrics, Center for Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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13
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Wang W, Palmfeldt J, Mohsen AW, Gregersen N, Vockley J. Fasting induces prominent proteomic changes in liver in very long chain Acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficient mice. Biochem Biophys Rep 2016; 8:333-339. [PMID: 28955973 PMCID: PMC5613767 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2016.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2016] [Revised: 07/27/2016] [Accepted: 08/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Very long chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (VLCAD) deficiency (VLCADD) is a clinically heterogeneous disorder of mitochondrial fatty acid β-oxidation usually identified through newborn screening. Genotype-phenotype correlations have been defined, but considerable clinical heterogeneity still exists. Symptoms are often induced by physiological stress such as fasting or intercurrent illness, setting it as an important example of environmental effects altering clinical course in an individual with a genetic disease. However, neither the cellular changes that predispose to this phenomenon nor the alterations it induces are well characterized. We examined the effects of fasting in a knockout mouse model to explore changes in global mitochondria protein profiles in liver and to investigate the physiologically relevant changes that lead to the clinical presentations. An isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantification (iTRAQ) labeling approach was employed to examine mitochondrial proteome changes in VLCAD deficient compared to wild type mice in the fed and fasted states. We identified numerous proteomic changes associated with the gene defect and fasting within relevant metabolic pathways. Few changes induced by fasting were shared between the VLCAD deficient and wild type mice, with more alterations found in the deficient mice on fasting. Particularly, fasting in the deficient mice could reverse the protective response in oxidative phosphorylation pathway seen in wild type animals. In addition, we found that changes in chaperone proteins including heat shock protein 60 (HSP60) and 10 (HSP10) during fasting differed between the two genotypes, highlighting the importance of these proteins in VLCAD deficiency. Finally, the effects on the liver proteome imposed by changes in fasted VLCAD deficient mice indicates that this environmental factor may be an inducer of both cellular and physiological changes. VLCAD deficient mice show significant changes in the proteome compared to wild type animals. Hypoglycemia induces different proteomic changes in VLCAD deficient mice than is seen in wild type animals. Multiple functional pathways are altered in VLCAD deficient animals. Proteomic changes in VLCAD deficient mice may help understand the physiologic ramifications of this deficiency in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wang
- Department of Medical Genetics, Shanghai Children's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China.,Department of Human Genetics, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, USA
| | - Johan Palmfeldt
- Research Unit for Molecular Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Al-Walid Mohsen
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, USA
| | - Niels Gregersen
- Research Unit for Molecular Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Jerry Vockley
- Department of Human Genetics, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, USA
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14
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Bauquier J, Stent A, Gibney J, Jerrett I, White J, Tennent-Brown B, Pearce A, Pitt J. Evidence for marsh mallow (Malva parviflora
) toxicosis causing myocardial disease and myopathy in four horses. Equine Vet J 2016; 49:307-313. [DOI: 10.1111/evj.12604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2016] [Accepted: 06/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. Bauquier
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences; University of Melbourne; Werribee Victoria Australia
| | - A. Stent
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences; University of Melbourne; Werribee Victoria Australia
| | - J. Gibney
- Victorian Department of Environment and Primary Industries; Bundoora Victoria Australia
| | - I. Jerrett
- Victorian Department of Environment and Primary Industries; Bundoora Victoria Australia
| | - J. White
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences; University of Melbourne; Parkville Victoria Australia
| | - B. Tennent-Brown
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences; University of Melbourne; Werribee Victoria Australia
| | - A. Pearce
- Golden Plains Equine; Bannockburn Victoria Australia
| | - J. Pitt
- Victorian Clinical Genetics Services; Royal Children's Hospital; Melbourne Victoria Australia
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15
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Houten SM, Violante S, Ventura FV, Wanders RJA. The Biochemistry and Physiology of Mitochondrial Fatty Acid β-Oxidation and Its Genetic Disorders. Annu Rev Physiol 2015; 78:23-44. [PMID: 26474213 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-physiol-021115-105045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 449] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial fatty acid β-oxidation (FAO) is the major pathway for the degradation of fatty acids and is essential for maintaining energy homeostasis in the human body. Fatty acids are a crucial energy source in the postabsorptive and fasted states when glucose supply is limiting. But even when glucose is abundantly available, FAO is a main energy source for the heart, skeletal muscle, and kidney. A series of enzymes, transporters, and other facilitating proteins are involved in FAO. Recessively inherited defects are known for most of the genes encoding these proteins. The clinical presentation of these disorders may include hypoketotic hypoglycemia, (cardio)myopathy, arrhythmia, and rhabdomyolysis and illustrates the importance of FAO during fasting and in hepatic and (cardio)muscular function. In this review, we present the current state of knowledge on the biochemistry and physiological functions of FAO and discuss the pathophysiological processes associated with FAO disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sander M Houten
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences and Icahn Institute for Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029; ,
| | - Sara Violante
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences and Icahn Institute for Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029; ,
| | - Fatima V Ventura
- Metabolism and Genetics Group, Research Institute for Medicines and Pharmaceutical Sciences, iMed.ULisboa, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal; .,Department of Biochemistry and Human Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lisbon, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Ronald J A Wanders
- Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Department of Clinical Chemistry, University of Amsterdam, 1100 DE Amsterdam, The Netherlands; .,Department of Pediatrics, Emma Children's Hospital, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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16
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Tucci S, Behringer S, Spiekerkoetter U. De novo fatty acid biosynthesis and elongation in very long-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase-deficient mice supplemented with odd or even medium-chain fatty acids. FEBS J 2015; 282:4242-53. [PMID: 26284828 DOI: 10.1111/febs.13418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2015] [Revised: 07/30/2015] [Accepted: 08/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
An even medium-chain triglyceride (MCT)-based diet is the mainstay of treatment in very long-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (VLCAD) deficiency (VLCADD). Previous studies with magnetic resonance spectroscopy have shown an impact of MCT on the average fatty acid chain length in abdominal fat. We therefore assume that medium-chain fatty acids (MCFAs) are elongated and accumulate in tissue as long-chain fatty acids. In this study, we explored the hepatic effects of long-term supplementation with MCT or triheptanoin, an odd-chain C7-based triglyceride, in wild-type and VLCAD-deficient (VLCAD(-/-) ) mice after 1 year of supplementation as compared with a control diet. The de novo biosynthesis and elongation of fatty acids, and peroxisomal β-oxidation, were quantified by RT-PCR. This was followed by a comprehensive analysis of hepatic and cardiac fatty acid profiles by GC-MS. Long-term application of even and odd MCFAs strongly induced de novo biosynthesis and elongation of fatty acids in both wild-type and VLCAD(-/-) mice, leading to an alteration of the hepatic fatty acid profiles. We detected de novo-synthesized and elongated fatty acids, such as heptadecenoic acid (C17:1n9), eicosanoic acid (C20:1n9), erucic acid (C22:1n9), and mead acid (C20:3n9), that were otherwise completely absent in mice under control conditions. In parallel, the content of monounsaturated fatty acids was massively increased. Furthermore, we observed strong upregulation of peroxisomal β-oxidation in VLCAD(-/-) mice, especially when they were fed an MCT diet. Our data raise the question of whether long-term MCFA supplementation represents the most efficient treatment in the long term. Studies on the hepatic toxicity of triheptanoin are still ongoing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Tucci
- Department of General Paediatrics, Centre for Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital Freiburg, Germany
| | - Sidney Behringer
- Department of General Paediatrics, Centre for Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ute Spiekerkoetter
- Department of General Paediatrics, Centre for Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital Freiburg, Germany
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17
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Tucci S, Flögel U, Spiekerkoetter U. Sexual dimorphism of lipid metabolism in very long-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficient (VLCAD-/-) mice in response to medium-chain triglycerides (MCT). Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2015; 1852:1442-50. [PMID: 25887160 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2015.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2015] [Revised: 03/17/2015] [Accepted: 04/07/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Medium-chain triglycerides (MCT) are widely applied in the treatment of long-chain fatty acid oxidation disorders. Previously it was shown that long-term MCT supplementation strongly affects lipid metabolism in mice. We here investigate sex-specific effects in mice with very-long-chain-acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (VLCAD) deficiency in response to a long-term MCT modified diet. We quantified blood lipids, acylcarnitines, glucose, insulin and free fatty acids, as well as tissue triglycerides in the liver and skeletal muscle under a control and an MCT diet over 1 year. In addition, visceral and hepatic fat content and muscular intramyocellular lipids (IMCL) were assessed by in vivo(1)H magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) techniques. The long-term application of an MCT diet induced a marked alteration of glucose homeostasis. However, only VLCAD-/- female mice developed a severe metabolic syndrome characterized by marked insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, severe hepatic and visceral steatosis, whereas VLCAD-/- males seemed to be protected and only presented with milder insulin resistance. Moreover, the highly saturated MCT diet is associated with a decreased hepatic stearoyl-CoA desaturase 1 (SCD1) activity in females aggravating the harmful effects of a saturated MCT diet. Long-term MCT supplementation deeply affects lipid metabolism in a sexual dimorphic manner resulting in a severe metabolic syndrome only in female mice. These findings are striking since the first signs of insulin resistance already occur in female VLCAD-/- mice during their reproductive period. How these metabolic adaptations are finally regulated needs to be determined. More important, the relevance of these findings for humans under these dietary modifications needs to be investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Tucci
- Department of General Pediatrics, Center for Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany.
| | - Ulrich Flögel
- Department of Molecular Cardiology, Heinrich-Heine-University Duesseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Ute Spiekerkoetter
- Department of General Pediatrics, Center for Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
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18
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Tucci S, Krogmann A, Herebian D, Spiekerkoetter U. Renal response to short- and long-term exercise in very-long-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase-deficient (VLCAD(-/-)) mice. Mol Cell Pediatr 2014; 1:5. [PMID: 26567099 PMCID: PMC4530567 DOI: 10.1186/s40348-014-0005-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2014] [Accepted: 07/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Deficiency of very long-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (VLCAD) is the most common disorder of mitochondrial β-oxidation of long-chain fatty acids. In order to maintain glucose homeostasis, the kidney and liver as the main gluconeogenic organs play an important role under conditions of impaired fatty acid oxidation. However, little is known about how a defective fatty acid oxidation machinery affects renal metabolism and function as well as renal energy supply especially during catabolic situations. METHODS In this study, we analyzed VLCAD(-/-) mice under different metabolic conditions such as after moderate (1 h) and intensive long-term (1 h twice per day over 2 weeks) physical exercise and after 24 h of fasting. We measured the oxidation rate of palmitoyl-CoA (C16-CoA) as well as the expression of genes involved in lipogenesis and renal failure. Oxidative stress was assessed by the function of antioxidant enzymes. Moreover, we quantified the content of glycogen and long-chain acylcarnitines in the kidney. RESULTS We observed a significant depletion in renal glycogen with a concomitant reduction in long-chain acylcarnitines, suggesting a substrate switch for energy production and an optimal compensation of impaired fatty acid oxidation in the kidney. In fact, the mutants did not show any signs of oxidative stress or renal failure under catabolic conditions. CONCLUSIONS Our data demonstrate that despite Acadvl ablation, the kidney of VLCAD(-/-) mice fully compensates for impaired fatty acid oxidation by enhanced glycogen utilization and preserves renal energy metabolism and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Tucci
- Department of General Pediatrics, Center for Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital Freiburg, Mathildenstrasse 1, Freiburg, 79106, Germany.
| | - Antonia Krogmann
- Department of General Pediatrics, Neonatology and Children's Cardiology, University Children's Hospital, Duesseldorf, 40225, Germany.
| | - Diran Herebian
- Department of General Pediatrics, Neonatology and Children's Cardiology, University Children's Hospital, Duesseldorf, 40225, Germany.
| | - Ute Spiekerkoetter
- Department of General Pediatrics, Center for Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital Freiburg, Mathildenstrasse 1, Freiburg, 79106, Germany.
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19
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Kim T, He L, Johnson MS, Li Y, Zeng L, Ding Y, Long Q, Moore JF, Sharer JD, Nagy TR, Young ME, Wood PA, Yang Q. Carnitine Palmitoyltransferase 1b Deficiency Protects Mice from Diet-Induced Insulin Resistance. JOURNAL OF DIABETES & METABOLISM 2014; 5:361. [PMID: 25309812 PMCID: PMC4190034 DOI: 10.4172/2155-6156.1000361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Carnitine Palmitoyl Transferase 1 (CPT1) is the rate-limiting enzyme governing long-chain fatty acid entry into mitochondria. CPT1 inhibitors have been developed and exhibited beneficial effects against type II diabetes in short-term preclinical animal studies. However, the long-term effects of treatment remain unclear and potential non-specific effects of these CPT1 inhibitors hamper in-depth understanding of the potential molecular mechanisms involved. METHODS We investigated the effects of restricting the activity of the muscle isoform CPT1b in mice using heterozygous CPT1b deficient (Cpt1b+/-) and Wild Type (WT) mice fed with a High Fat Diet (HFD) for 22 weeks. Insulin sensitivity was assessed using Glucose Tolerance Test (GTT), insulin tolerance test and hyperinsulinemic euglycemic clamps. We also examined body weight/composition, tissue and systemic metabolism/energetic status, lipid profile, transcript analysis, and changes in insulin signaling pathways. RESULTS We found that Cpt1b+/- mice were protected from HFD-induced insulin resistance compared to WT littermates. Cpt1b+/- mice exhibited elevated whole body glucose disposal rate and skeletal muscle glucose uptake. Furthermore, Cpt1b+/- skeletal muscle showed diminished ex vivo palmitate oxidative capacity by ~40% and augmented glucose oxidation capacity by ~50% without overt change in whole body energy metabolism. HFD feeding Cpt1b+/- but not WT mice exhibited well-maintained insulin signaling in skeletal muscle, heart, and liver. CONCLUSION The present study on a genetic model of CPT1b restriction supports the concept that partial CPT1b inhibition is a potential therapeutic strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teayoun Kim
- Department of Nutrition Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham, USA
| | - Lan He
- Department of Nutrition Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham, USA
| | - Maria S. Johnson
- Department of Nutrition Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham, USA
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Nutrition Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham, USA
| | - Ling Zeng
- Department of Nutrition Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham, USA
- Department of Anatomy, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Higher Education Mega Center Campus, China
| | - Yishu Ding
- Department of Nutrition Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham, USA
| | - Qinqiang Long
- Department of Nutrition Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham, USA
| | - John F. Moore
- Department of Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, USA
| | - Jon D. Sharer
- Department of Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, USA
| | - Tim R. Nagy
- Department of Nutrition Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham, USA
| | - Martin E. Young
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, USA
| | - Philip A. Wood
- Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute at Lake Nona, Orlando, USA
| | - Qinglin Yang
- Department of Nutrition Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham, USA
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20
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Tucci S, Flögel U, Hermann S, Sturm M, Schäfers M, Spiekerkoetter U. Development and pathomechanisms of cardiomyopathy in very long-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficient (VLCAD(-/-)) mice. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2014; 1842:677-85. [PMID: 24530811 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2014.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2013] [Revised: 01/15/2014] [Accepted: 02/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is a typical manifestation of very long-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency (VLCADD), the most common long-chain β-oxidation defects in humans; however in some patients cardiac function is fully compensated. Cardiomyopathy may also be reversed by supplementation of medium-chain triglycerides (MCT). We here characterize cardiac function of VLCAD-deficient (VLCAD(-/-)) mice over one year. Furthermore, we investigate the long-term effect of a continuous MCT diet on the cardiac phenotype. We assessed cardiac morphology and function in VLCAD(-/-) mice by in vivo MRI. Cardiac energetics were measured by (31)P-MRS and myocardial glucose uptake was quantified by positron-emission-tomography (PET). Metabolic adaptations were identified by the expression of genes regulating glucose and lipid metabolism using real-time-PCR. VLCAD(-/-) mice showed a progressive decrease in heart function over 12 months accompanied by a reduced phosphocreatine-to-ATP-ratio indicative of chronic energy deficiency. Long-term MCT supplementation aggravated the cardiac phenotype into dilated cardiomyopathy with features similar to diabetic heart disease. Cardiac energy production and function in mice with a β-oxidation defect cannot be maintained with age. Compensatory mechanisms are insufficient to preserve the cardiac energy state over time. However, energy deficiency by impaired β-oxidation and long-term MCT induce cardiomyopathy by different mechanisms. Cardiac MRI and MRS may be excellent tools to assess minor changes in cardiac function and energetics in patients with β-oxidation defects for preventive therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Tucci
- Department of General Pediatrics, Center for Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany; Department of General Pediatrics, University Children's Hospital Duesseldorf, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany.
| | - Ulrich Flögel
- Department of Molecular Cardiology, Heinrich Heine University Duesseldorf, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Sven Hermann
- European Institute for Molecular Imaging - EIMI, University of Muenster, 48149 Muenster, Germany
| | - Marga Sturm
- Department of General Pediatrics, University Children's Hospital Duesseldorf, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Michael Schäfers
- European Institute for Molecular Imaging - EIMI, University of Muenster, 48149 Muenster, Germany
| | - Ute Spiekerkoetter
- Department of General Pediatrics, Center for Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
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21
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Tucci S, Pearson S, Herebian D, Spiekerkoetter U. Long-term dietary effects on substrate selection and muscle fiber type in very-long-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficient (VLCAD(-/-)) mice. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2013; 1832:509-16. [PMID: 23313579 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2013.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2012] [Revised: 12/28/2012] [Accepted: 01/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Dietary fat restriction and increased carbohydrate intake are part of treatment in very-long-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (VLCAD)-deficiency, the most common defect of long-chain fatty acid oxidation. The long-term impact of these interventions is unknown. We characterized here the effects of a fat-reduced, carbohydrate-enriched diet and an increased fat intake on energy metabolism in a mouse model of VLCAD-deficiency. Wild-type and VLCAD(-/-) mice were fed one year either with a normal (5.1%), a high fat (10.6%) or a low-fat, carbohydrate-enriched (2.6%) diet. Dietary effects on genes involved in lipogenesis, energy homeostasis and substrate selection were quantified by real-time-PCR. Acylcarnitines as sign of impaired energy production were determined in dried blood spots and tissues. White skeletal muscle was analyzed for muscle fiber type as well as for glycogen and triglyceride content. Both dietary modifications induced enhanced triacylglyceride accumulation in skeletal muscle and inhibition of glucose oxidation. This was accompanied by an up-regulation of genes coding for oxidative muscle fiber type I and a marked accumulation of acylcarnitines, especially prominent in the heart (164±2.8 in VLCAD(-/-) vs. 82.3±2.1 in WT μmol/mg) under a low-fat, carbohydrate-enriched diet. We demonstrate here that both dietary interventions with respect to the fat content of the diet reverse endogenous compensatory mechanisms in muscle that have evolved in VLCAD(-/-) mice resulting in pronounced energy deficiency. In particular, the low-fat carbohydrate-enriched diet was not effective in the long term. Further experiments are necessary to define the optimal energy provision for fatty acid oxidation defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Tucci
- Department of General Pediatrics, University Hospital Freiburg, Germany.
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22
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Tucci S, Herebian D, Sturm M, Seibt A, Spiekerkoetter U. Tissue-specific strategies of the very-long chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase-deficient (VLCAD-/-) mouse to compensate a defective fatty acid β-oxidation. PLoS One 2012; 7:e45429. [PMID: 23024820 PMCID: PMC3443214 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0045429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2012] [Accepted: 08/16/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Very long-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (VLCAD)-deficiency is the most common long-chain fatty acid oxidation disorder presenting with heterogeneous phenotypes. Similar to many patients with VLCADD, VLCAD-deficient mice (VLCAD−/−) remain asymptomatic over a long period of time. In order to identify the involved compensatory mechanisms, wild-type and VLCAD−/− mice were fed one year either with a normal diet or with a diet in which medium-chain triglycerides (MCT) replaced long-chain triglycerides, as approved intervention in VLCADD. The expression of the mitochondrial long-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (LCAD) and medium-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (MCAD) was quantified at mRNA and protein level in heart, liver and skeletal muscle. The oxidation capacity of the different tissues was measured by LC-MS/MS using acyl-CoA substrates with a chain length of 8 to 20 carbons. Moreover, in white skeletal muscle the role of glycolysis and concomitant muscle fibre adaptation was investigated. In one year old VLCAD−/− mice MCAD and LCAD play an important role in order to compensate deficiency of VLCAD especially in the heart and in the liver. However, the white gastrocnemius muscle develops alternative compensatory mechanism based on a different substrate selection and increased glucose oxidation. Finally, the application of an MCT diet over one year has no effects on LCAD or MCAD expression. MCT results in the VLCAD−/− mice only in a very modest improvement of medium-chain acyl-CoA oxidation capacity restricted to cardiac tissue. In conclusion, VLCAD−/− mice develop tissue-specific strategies to compensate deficiency of VLCAD either by induction of other mitochondrial acyl-CoA dehydrogenases or by enhancement of glucose oxidation. In the muscle, there is evidence of a muscle fibre type adaptation with a predominance of glycolytic muscle fibres. Dietary modification as represented by an MCT-diet does not improve these strategies long-term.
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MESH Headings
- Acyl-CoA Dehydrogenase, Long-Chain/deficiency
- Acyl-CoA Dehydrogenase, Long-Chain/genetics
- Acyl-CoA Dehydrogenase, Long-Chain/metabolism
- Acyl-CoA Dehydrogenases/genetics
- Acyl-CoA Dehydrogenases/metabolism
- Adaptation, Physiological
- Animals
- Citrate (si)-Synthase/metabolism
- Congenital Bone Marrow Failure Syndromes
- Diet
- Disease Models, Animal
- Fatty Acids/metabolism
- Homozygote
- Lipid Metabolism, Inborn Errors/genetics
- Lipid Metabolism, Inborn Errors/metabolism
- Liver/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Knockout
- Mitochondrial Diseases/genetics
- Mitochondrial Diseases/metabolism
- Muscle, Skeletal/metabolism
- Muscular Diseases/genetics
- Muscular Diseases/metabolism
- Myocardium/metabolism
- Organ Specificity
- Oxidation-Reduction
- Phenotype
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Tucci
- Department of General Pediatrics and Neonatology, University Childreńs Hospital, Duesseldorf, Germany.
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23
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Long-term correction of very long-chain acyl-coA dehydrogenase deficiency in mice using AAV9 gene therapy. Mol Ther 2012; 20:1131-8. [PMID: 22395529 PMCID: PMC3370259 DOI: 10.1038/mt.2012.39] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Very long-chain acyl-coA dehydrogenase (VLCAD) is the rate-limiting step in mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation. VLCAD-deficient mice and patients clinical symptoms stem from not only an energy deficiency but also long-chain metabolite accumulations. VLCAD-deficient mice were treated systemically with 1 × 1012 vector genomes of recombinant adeno-associated virus 9 (rAAV9)-VLCAD. Biochemical correction was observed in vector-treated mice beginning 2 weeks postinjection, as characterized by a significant drop in long-chain fatty acyl accumulates in whole blood after an overnight fast. Changes persisted through the termination point around 20 weeks postinjection. Magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) and tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) revealed normalization of intramuscular lipids in treated animals. Correction was not observed in liver tissue extracts, but cardiac muscle extracts showed significant reduction of long-chain metabolites. Disease-specific phenotypes were characterized, including thermoregulation and maintenance of euglycemia after a fasting cold challenge. Internal body temperatures of untreated VLCAD−/− mice dropped below 20 °C and the mice became lethargic, requiring euthanasia. In contrast, all rAAV9-treated VLCAD−/− mice and the wild-type controls maintained body temperatures. rAAV9-treated VLCAD−/− mice maintained euglycemia, whereas untreated VLCAD−/− mice suffered hypoglycemia following a fasting cold challenge. These promising results suggest rAAV9 gene therapy as a potential treatment for VLCAD deficiency in humans.
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24
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Primassin S, Tucci S, Spiekerkoetter U. Hepatic and muscular effects of different dietary fat content in VLCAD deficient mice. Mol Genet Metab 2011; 104:546-51. [PMID: 21963783 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2011.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2011] [Revised: 09/08/2011] [Accepted: 09/08/2011] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Very long-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (VLCAD) deficiency is the most common long-chain fatty acid oxidation defect presenting with heterogeneous clinical phenotypes. Dietary fat plays a crucial role in disease pathogenesis and fat restriction is a common treatment measure. We here investigate the hepatic and muscular effects of a fat-enriched and a fat-restricted diet. METHODS VLCAD knock-out (KO) and wild-type (WT) mice are subjected to a fat-rich (10.6%), a fat-reduced (2.6%) or a regular mouse diet (5.1%) for 5 weeks. Analyses are performed at rest and after one hour exercise on a treadmill. Acylcarnitines in muscle as well as lipid and glycogen content in muscle and liver are quantified. Expression of genes involved in lipogenesis is measured by Real-Time-PCR. RESULTS At rest, VLCAD KO mice develop no clinical phenotype with all three diets, but importantly VLCAD KO mice cannot perform one hour exercise as compared to WT, this is especially apparent in mice with a fat-reduced diet. Moreover, changes in dietary fat content induce a significant increase in muscular long-chain acylcarnitines and hepatic lipid content in VLCAD KO mice after exercise. A fat-reduced diet up-regulates hepatic lipogenesis at rest. At the same time, muscular glycogen is significantly lower than in WT. CONCLUSIONS We here demonstrate that a fat-reduced and carbohydrate-enriched diet does not prevent the myopathic phenotype in VLCAD KO mice. An increase in dietary fat is safe at rest with respect to the muscle but results in a significant muscular acylcarnitine increase after exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonja Primassin
- Department of General Pediatrics, University Children's Hospital, Duesseldorf, Germany.
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25
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Tucci S, Flögel U, Sturm M, Borsch E, Spiekerkoetter U. Disrupted fat distribution and composition due to medium-chain triglycerides in mice with a β-oxidation defect. Am J Clin Nutr 2011; 94:439-49. [PMID: 21697078 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.111.012948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Because of the enhanced recognition of inherited long-chain fatty acid oxidation disorders by worldwide newborn screening programs, an increasing number of asymptomatic patients receive medium-chain triglyceride (MCT) supplements to prevent the development of cardiomyopathy and myopathy. OBJECTIVE MCT supplementation has been recognized as a safe dietary intervention, but long-term observations into later adulthood are still not available. We investigated the consequences of a prolonged MCT diet on abdominal fat distribution and composition and on liver fat. DESIGN Mice with very-long-chain acyl-coenzyme A dehydrogenase deficiency (VLCAD(-/-)) were supplemented for 1 y with a diet in which MCTs replaced long-chain triglycerides without increasing the total fat content. The dietary effects on abdominal fat accumulation and composition were analyzed by in vivo (1)H- and (13)C-magnetic resonance spectroscopy (9.4 Tesla). RESULTS After 1 y of MCT supplementation, VLCAD(-/-) mice accumulated massive visceral fat and had a dramatic increase in the concentration of serum free fatty acids. Furthermore, we observed a profound shift in body triglyceride composition, ie, concentrations of physiologically important polyunsaturated fatty acids dramatically decreased. (1)H-Magnetic resonance spectroscopy analysis and histologic evaluation of the liver also showed pronounced fat accumulation and marked oxidative stress. CONCLUSION Although the MCT-supplemented diet has been reported to prevent the development of cardiomyopathy and skeletal myopathy in fatty acid oxidation disorders, our data show that long-term MCT supplementation results in a severe clinical phenotype similar to that of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis and the metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Tucci
- Department of General Pediatrics, University Children's Hospital, Düsseldorf, Germany.
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26
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Ringseis R, Mooren FC, Keller J, Couturier A, Wen G, Hirche F, Stangl GI, Eder K, Krüger K. Regular endurance exercise improves the diminished hepatic carnitine status in mice fed a high-fat diet. Mol Nutr Food Res 2011; 55 Suppl 2:S193-202. [DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201100040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2011] [Revised: 04/29/2011] [Accepted: 05/17/2011] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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27
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Goetzman ES. Modeling Disorders of Fatty Acid Metabolism in the Mouse. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2011; 100:389-417. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-384878-9.00010-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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28
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Tucci S, Primassin S, Ter Veld F, Spiekerkoetter U. Medium-chain triglycerides impair lipid metabolism and induce hepatic steatosis in very long-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (VLCAD)-deficient mice. Mol Genet Metab 2010; 101:40-7. [PMID: 20580297 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2010.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2010] [Revised: 05/17/2010] [Accepted: 05/17/2010] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
A medium-chain-triglyceride (MCT)-based diet is mainstay of treatment in very-long-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency (VLCADD), a long-chain fatty acid beta-oxidation defect. Beneficial effects have been reported with an MCT-bolus prior to exercise. Little is known about the impact of a long-term MCT diet on hepatic lipid metabolism. Here we investigate the effects of MCT-supplementation on liver and blood lipids in the murine model of VLCADD. Wild-type (WT) and VLCAD-knock-out (KO) mice were fed (1) a long-chain triglyceride (LCT)-diet over 5weeks, (2) an MCT diet over 5 weeks and (3) an LCT diet plus MCT-bolus. Blood and liver lipid content were determined. Expression of genes regulating lipogenesis was analyzed by RT-PCR. Under the LCT diet, VLCAD-KO mice accumulated significantly higher blood cholesterol concentrations compared to WT mice. The MCT-diet induced severe hepatic steatosis, significantly higher serum free fatty acids and impaired hepatic lipid mobilization in VLCAD-KO mice. Expression at mRNA level of hepatic lipogenic genes was up-regulated. The long-term MCT diet stimulates lipogenesis and impairs hepatic lipid metabolism in VLCAD-KO mice. These results suggest a critical reconsideration of a long-term MCT-modified diet in human VLCADD. In contrast, MCT in situations of increased energy demand appears to be a safer treatment alternative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Tucci
- Department of General Pediatrics, University Children's Hospital, Duesseldorf, Germany.
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