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Davison AS, Norman BP. Alkaptonuria – Past, present and future. Adv Clin Chem 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.acc.2023.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
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2
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Galeb HA, Lamantia A, Robson A, König K, Eichhorn J, Baldock SJ, Ashton MD, Baum JV, Mort RL, Robinson BJ, Schacher FH, Chechik V, Taylor AM, Hardy JG. The Polymerization of Homogentisic Acid in Vitro as a Model for Pyomelanin Formation. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.202100489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hanaa A. Galeb
- Department of Chemistry Lancaster University Lancaster LA1 4YB United Kingdom
- Department of Chemistry Science and Arts College, Rabigh Campus King Abdulaziz University Jeddah 21577 Saudi Arabia
| | - Angelo Lamantia
- Department of Physics Lancaster University Lancaster LA1 4YW United Kingdom
| | - Alexander Robson
- Department of Chemistry Lancaster University Lancaster LA1 4YB United Kingdom
| | - Katja König
- Institut für Organische und Makromolekulare Chemie Friedrich‐Schiller‐Universität Jena Lessingstraße 8 Jena 07743 Germany
| | - Jonas Eichhorn
- Institut für Organische und Makromolekulare Chemie Friedrich‐Schiller‐Universität Jena Lessingstraße 8 Jena 07743 Germany
| | - Sara J. Baldock
- Department of Chemistry Lancaster University Lancaster LA1 4YB United Kingdom
| | - Mark D. Ashton
- Department of Chemistry Lancaster University Lancaster LA1 4YB United Kingdom
| | - John V. Baum
- Department of Chemistry Lancaster University Lancaster LA1 4YB United Kingdom
| | - Richard L. Mort
- Division of Biomedical and Life Sciences Lancaster University Lancaster LA1 4YG United Kingdom
| | - Benjamin J. Robinson
- Department of Physics Lancaster University Lancaster LA1 4YW United Kingdom
- Materials Science Institute Lancaster University Lancaster LA1 4YB United Kingdom
| | - Felix H. Schacher
- Institut für Organische und Makromolekulare Chemie Friedrich‐Schiller‐Universität Jena Lessingstraße 8 Jena 07743 Germany
| | - Victor Chechik
- Department of Chemistry University of York Heslington, York YO10 5DD United Kingdom
| | - Adam M. Taylor
- Lancaster Medical School Lancaster University Lancaster LA1 4YW United Kingdom
| | - John G. Hardy
- Department of Chemistry Lancaster University Lancaster LA1 4YB United Kingdom
- Materials Science Institute Lancaster University Lancaster LA1 4YB United Kingdom
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3
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Gallagher JA, Dillon JP, Ranganath LR. Development of an Effective Therapy for Alkaptonuria - Lessons for Osteoarthritis. RHEUMATOLOGY AND IMMUNOLOGY RESEARCH 2021; 2:79-85. [PMID: 36465977 PMCID: PMC9524786 DOI: 10.2478/rir-2021-0011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is one of the major causes of disability and pain worldwide, yet despite a massive international research effort, no effective disease-modifying drugs have been identified to date. In this review, we put forward the proposition that greater focus on rarer forms of OA could lead to a better understanding of the pathogenesis of more common OA. We have investigated the severe osteoarthropathy of the ultra-rare disease alkaptonuria (AKU). In addition to the progress made in finding a treatment for AKU, our research has revealed important lessons for more common OA, including the identification of high-density mineralized protrusions (HDMPs), new pathoanatomical structures which may play an important role in joint destruction and pain in AKU and in OA. AKU is an inherited disorder of tyrosine metabolism, caused by genetic lack of the enzyme homogentisate 1,2 dioxygenase (HGD), which leads to failure to breakdown homogentisic acid (HGA). While most HGA is excreted over time, some of it is deposited as a pigment in connective tissues, a process described as ochronosis. Ochronotic pigment alters the mechanical properties of tissues, leading to inevitable joint destruction and frequently to cardiac valve disease. Until recently, there was no effective therapy for AKU, but preclinical studies demonstrated that upstream inhibition of tyrosine metabolism by nitisinone, a drug previously used in hereditary tyrosinaemia 1 (HT1), completely prevented ochronosis in AKU mice. This was followed by successful clinical trials which have resulted in nitisinone being approved for therapy of AKU by the European Medicines Agency, making AKU the only cause of OA for which there is an effective therapy to date. Study of other rare causes of OA should be a higher priority for researchers and funders to ensure further advances in understanding and eventual therapy of OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- James A. Gallagher
- Musculoskeletal Biology and Ageing, University of Liverpool, LiverpoolL7 8TX, UK
| | - Jane P. Dillon
- Musculoskeletal Biology and Ageing, University of Liverpool, LiverpoolL7 8TX, UK
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Wilson PJM, Ranganath LR, Bou‐Gharios G, Gallagher JA, Hughes JH. Expression of tyrosine pathway enzymes in mice demonstrates that homogentisate 1,2-dioxygenase deficiency in the liver is responsible for homogentisic acid-derived ochronotic pigmentation. JIMD Rep 2021; 58:52-60. [PMID: 33728247 PMCID: PMC7932868 DOI: 10.1002/jmd2.12184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Revised: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Alkaptonuria (AKU) is caused by homogentisate 1,2-dioxygenase (HGD) deficiency. This study aimed to determine if HGD and other enzymes related to tyrosine metabolism are associated with the location of ochronotic pigment. Liver, kidney, skin, bone, brain, eyes, spleen, intestine, lung, heart, cartilage, and muscle were harvested from 6 AKU BALB/c Hgd -/- (3 females, 3 males) and 4 male C57BL/6 wild type (WT) mice. Hgd, 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase (4-Hppd), tyrosine hydroxylase (Th), and tyrosinase (Tyr) mRNA expression was investigated using qPCR. Adrenal gland and gonads from AKU Hgd tm1a -/- mice were LacZ stained, followed by qPCR analysis of Hgd mRNA. The liver had the highest expression of Hgd, followed by the kidney, with none detected in cartilage or brain. Low-level Hgd expression was observed within developing male germ cells within the testis and epididymis in Hgd tm1a -/-. 4-Hppd was most abundant in liver, with smaller amounts in kidney and low-level expression in other tissues. Th was expressed mainly in brain and Tyr was found primarily in the eyes. The tissue distribution of both Hgd and 4-Hppd suggest that ochronotic pigment in AKU mice is a consequence of enzymes within the liver, and not from enzymatic activity within ochronotic tissues. Excessive accumulation of HGA as ochronotic pigment in joints and other connective tissues originates from the circulation and therefore the extracellular fluid. The tissue distribution of both Th and Tyr suggests that these enzymes are not involved in the formation of HGA-derived ochronotic pigment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J. M. Wilson
- Department of Musculoskeletal & Ageing Science, Institute of Life Course and Medical ScienceUniversity of LiverpoolLiverpoolUnited Kingdom
| | - Lakshminarayan R. Ranganath
- Department of Musculoskeletal & Ageing Science, Institute of Life Course and Medical ScienceUniversity of LiverpoolLiverpoolUnited Kingdom
- Liverpool Clinical Laboratories, Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Metabolic MedicineRoyal Liverpool University HospitalLiverpoolUnited Kingdom
| | - George Bou‐Gharios
- Department of Musculoskeletal & Ageing Science, Institute of Life Course and Medical ScienceUniversity of LiverpoolLiverpoolUnited Kingdom
| | - James A. Gallagher
- Department of Musculoskeletal & Ageing Science, Institute of Life Course and Medical ScienceUniversity of LiverpoolLiverpoolUnited Kingdom
| | - Juliette H. Hughes
- Department of Musculoskeletal & Ageing Science, Institute of Life Course and Medical ScienceUniversity of LiverpoolLiverpoolUnited Kingdom
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5
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Hughes JH, Keenan CM, Sutherland H, Edwards HR, Wilson PJM, Ranganath LR, Jarvis JC, Bou-Gharios G, Gallagher JA. Anatomical Distribution of Ochronotic Pigment in Alkaptonuric Mice is Associated with Calcified Cartilage Chondrocytes at Osteochondral Interfaces. Calcif Tissue Int 2021; 108:207-218. [PMID: 33057760 PMCID: PMC7820185 DOI: 10.1007/s00223-020-00764-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Alkaptonuria (AKU) is characterised by increased circulating homogentisic acid and deposition of ochronotic pigment in collagen-rich connective tissues (ochronosis), stiffening the tissue. This process over many years leads to a painful and severe osteoarthropathy, particularly affecting the cartilage of the spine and large weight bearing joints. Evidence in human AKU tissue suggests that pigment binds to collagen. The exposed collagen hypothesis suggests that collagen is initially protected from ochronosis, and that ageing and mechanical loading causes loss of protective molecules, allowing pigment binding. Schmorl's staining has previously demonstrated knee joint ochronosis in AKU mice. This study documents more comprehensively the anatomical distribution of ochronosis in two AKU mouse models (BALB/c Hgd-/-, Hgd tm1a-/-), using Schmorl's staining. Progression of knee joint pigmentation with age in the two AKU mouse models was comparable. Within the knee, hip, shoulder, elbow and wrist joints, pigmentation was associated with chondrons of calcified cartilage. Pigmented chondrons were identified in calcified endplates of intervertebral discs and the calcified knee joint meniscus, suggesting that calcified tissues are more susceptible to pigmentation. There were significantly more pigmented chondrons in lumbar versus tail intervertebral disc endplates (p = 0.002) and clusters of pigmented chondrons were observed at the insertions of ligaments and tendons. These observations suggest that loading/strain may be associated with increased pigmentation but needs further experimental investigation. The calcified cartilage may be the first joint tissue to acquire matrix damage, most likely to collagen, through normal ageing and physiological loading, as it is the first to become susceptible to pigmentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliette H Hughes
- Department of Musculoskeletal & Ageing Science, Institute of Life Course and Medical Science, University of Liverpool, William Henry Duncan Building, 6 West Derby Street, Liverpool, L7 8TX, UK.
| | - Craig M Keenan
- School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, L3 3AF, UK
| | - Hazel Sutherland
- Department of Musculoskeletal & Ageing Science, Institute of Life Course and Medical Science, University of Liverpool, William Henry Duncan Building, 6 West Derby Street, Liverpool, L7 8TX, UK
- School of Sport and Exercise Science, Faculty of Science, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, L3 3AF, UK
| | - Henry R Edwards
- Department of Musculoskeletal & Ageing Science, Institute of Life Course and Medical Science, University of Liverpool, William Henry Duncan Building, 6 West Derby Street, Liverpool, L7 8TX, UK
| | - Peter J M Wilson
- Department of Musculoskeletal & Ageing Science, Institute of Life Course and Medical Science, University of Liverpool, William Henry Duncan Building, 6 West Derby Street, Liverpool, L7 8TX, UK
| | - Lakshminarayan R Ranganath
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Metabolic Medicine, Royal Liverpool University Hospital, Liverpool, L7 8XP, UK
| | - Jonathan C Jarvis
- School of Sport and Exercise Science, Faculty of Science, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, L3 3AF, UK
| | - George Bou-Gharios
- Department of Musculoskeletal & Ageing Science, Institute of Life Course and Medical Science, University of Liverpool, William Henry Duncan Building, 6 West Derby Street, Liverpool, L7 8TX, UK
| | - James A Gallagher
- Department of Musculoskeletal & Ageing Science, Institute of Life Course and Medical Science, University of Liverpool, William Henry Duncan Building, 6 West Derby Street, Liverpool, L7 8TX, UK.
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Galeb HA, Wilkinson EL, Stowell AF, Lin H, Murphy ST, Martin‐Hirsch PL, Mort RL, Taylor AM, Hardy JG. Melanins as Sustainable Resources for Advanced Biotechnological Applications. GLOBAL CHALLENGES (HOBOKEN, NJ) 2021; 5:2000102. [PMID: 33552556 PMCID: PMC7857133 DOI: 10.1002/gch2.202000102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Revised: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Melanins are a class of biopolymers that are widespread in nature and have diverse origins, chemical compositions, and functions. Their chemical, electrical, optical, and paramagnetic properties offer opportunities for applications in materials science, particularly for medical and technical uses. This review focuses on the application of analytical techniques to study melanins in multidisciplinary contexts with a view to their use as sustainable resources for advanced biotechnological applications, and how these may facilitate the achievement of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanaa A. Galeb
- Department of ChemistryLancaster UniversityLancasterLA1 4YBUK
- Department of ChemistryScience and Arts CollegeRabigh CampusKing Abdulaziz UniversityJeddah21577Saudi Arabia
| | - Emma L. Wilkinson
- Department of Biomedical and Life SciencesLancaster UniversityLancasterLA1 4YGUK
| | - Alison F. Stowell
- Department of Organisation, Work and TechnologyLancaster University Management SchoolLancaster UniversityLancasterLA1 4YXUK
| | - Hungyen Lin
- Department of EngineeringLancaster UniversityLancasterLA1 4YWUK
| | - Samuel T. Murphy
- Department of EngineeringLancaster UniversityLancasterLA1 4YWUK
- Materials Science InstituteLancaster UniversityLancasterLA1 4YBUK
| | - Pierre L. Martin‐Hirsch
- Lancashire Teaching Hospitals NHS TrustRoyal Preston HospitalSharoe Green LanePrestonPR2 9HTUK
| | - Richard L. Mort
- Department of Biomedical and Life SciencesLancaster UniversityLancasterLA1 4YGUK
| | - Adam M. Taylor
- Lancaster Medical SchoolLancaster UniversityLancasterLA1 4YWUK
| | - John G. Hardy
- Department of ChemistryLancaster UniversityLancasterLA1 4YBUK
- Materials Science InstituteLancaster UniversityLancasterLA1 4YBUK
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7
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Chow WY, Norman BP, Roberts NB, Ranganath LR, Teutloff C, Bittl R, Duer MJ, Gallagher JA, Oschkinat H. Pigmentierungschemie und radikalbasierter Kollagenabbau bei Alkaptonurie und Arthrose. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202000618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wing Ying Chow
- Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie, im Forschungsverbund Berlin e.V. (FMP) Campus Berlin-Buch, Robert-Rössle-Straße 10 13125 Berlin Deutschland
| | - Brendan P. Norman
- Department of Musculoskeletal Biology Institute of Ageing & Chronic Disease William Henry Duncan Building University of Liverpool Liverpool L7 8TX Vereinigtes Königreich
| | - Norman B. Roberts
- Departments of Clinical Biochemistry and Metabolic Medicine Royal Liverpool and Broadgreen University Hospitals Trust Liverpool L7 8XP Vereinigtes Königreich
| | - Lakshminarayan R. Ranganath
- Department of Musculoskeletal Biology Institute of Ageing & Chronic Disease William Henry Duncan Building University of Liverpool Liverpool L7 8TX Vereinigtes Königreich
- Departments of Clinical Biochemistry and Metabolic Medicine Royal Liverpool and Broadgreen University Hospitals Trust Liverpool L7 8XP Vereinigtes Königreich
| | - Christian Teutloff
- Freie Universität Berlin Fachbereich Physik, Berlin Joint EPR Lab Arnimallee 14 14195 Berlin Deutschland
| | - Robert Bittl
- Freie Universität Berlin Fachbereich Physik, Berlin Joint EPR Lab Arnimallee 14 14195 Berlin Deutschland
| | - Melinda J. Duer
- Department of Chemistry University of Cambridge Lensfield Road Cambridge CB2 1EW Vereinigtes Königreich
| | - James A. Gallagher
- Department of Musculoskeletal Biology Institute of Ageing & Chronic Disease William Henry Duncan Building University of Liverpool Liverpool L7 8TX Vereinigtes Königreich
| | - Hartmut Oschkinat
- Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie, im Forschungsverbund Berlin e.V. (FMP) Campus Berlin-Buch, Robert-Rössle-Straße 10 13125 Berlin Deutschland
- Freie Universität Berlin Fachbereich Biologie, Chemie und Pharmazie Takustraße 3 14195 Berlin Deutschland
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8
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Chow WY, Norman BP, Roberts NB, Ranganath LR, Teutloff C, Bittl R, Duer MJ, Gallagher JA, Oschkinat H. Pigmentation Chemistry and Radical-Based Collagen Degradation in Alkaptonuria and Osteoarthritic Cartilage. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:11937-11942. [PMID: 32219972 PMCID: PMC7383862 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202000618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Alkaptonuria (AKU) is a rare disease characterized by high levels of homogentisic acid (HGA); patients suffer from tissue ochronosis: dark brown pigmentation, especially of joint cartilage, leading to severe early osteoarthropathy. No molecular mechanism links elevated HGA to ochronosis; the pigment's chemical identity is still not known, nor how it induces joint cartilage degradation. Here we give key insight on HGA-derived pigment composition and collagen disruption in AKU cartilage. Synthetic pigment and pigmented human cartilage tissue both showed hydroquinone-resembling NMR signals. EPR spectroscopy showed that the synthetic pigment contains radicals. Moreover, we observed intrastrand disruption of collagen triple helix in pigmented AKU human cartilage, and in cartilage from patients with osteoarthritis. We propose that collagen degradation can occur via transient glycyl radicals, the formation of which is enhanced in AKU due to the redox environment generated by pigmentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wing Ying Chow
- Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie, im Forschungsverbund Berlin e.V. (FMP)Campus Berlin-Buch, Robert-Rössle-Str. 1013125BerlinGermany
| | - Brendan P. Norman
- Department of Musculoskeletal BiologyInstitute of Ageing & Chronic DiseaseWilliam Henry Duncan BuildingUniversity of LiverpoolLiverpoolL7 8TXUK
| | - Norman B. Roberts
- Departments of Clinical Biochemistry and Metabolic MedicineRoyal Liverpool and Broadgreen University Hospitals TrustLiverpoolL7 8XPUK
| | - Lakshminarayan R. Ranganath
- Department of Musculoskeletal BiologyInstitute of Ageing & Chronic DiseaseWilliam Henry Duncan BuildingUniversity of LiverpoolLiverpoolL7 8TXUK
- Departments of Clinical Biochemistry and Metabolic MedicineRoyal Liverpool and Broadgreen University Hospitals TrustLiverpoolL7 8XPUK
| | - Christian Teutloff
- Freie Universität BerlinFachbereich Physik, Berlin Joint EPR LabArnimallee 1414195BerlinGermany
| | - Robert Bittl
- Freie Universität BerlinFachbereich Physik, Berlin Joint EPR LabArnimallee 1414195BerlinGermany
| | - Melinda J. Duer
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of CambridgeLensfield RoadCambridgeCB2 1EWUK
| | - James A. Gallagher
- Department of Musculoskeletal BiologyInstitute of Ageing & Chronic DiseaseWilliam Henry Duncan BuildingUniversity of LiverpoolLiverpoolL7 8TXUK
| | - Hartmut Oschkinat
- Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie, im Forschungsverbund Berlin e.V. (FMP)Campus Berlin-Buch, Robert-Rössle-Str. 1013125BerlinGermany
- Freie Universität BerlinFachbereich Biologie, Chemie und PharmazieTakustraße 314195BerlinGermany
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9
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Ranganath LR, Norman BP, Gallagher JA. Ochronotic pigmentation is caused by homogentisic acid and is the key event in alkaptonuria leading to the destructive consequences of the disease-A review. J Inherit Metab Dis 2019; 42:776-792. [PMID: 31282009 DOI: 10.1002/jimd.12152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Revised: 07/04/2019] [Accepted: 07/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Ochronosis is the process in alkaptonuria (AKU) that causes all the debilitating morbidity. The process involves selective deposition of homogentisic acid (HGA)-derived pigment in tissues altering the properties of these tissues, leading to their failure. Some tissues like cartilage are more easily affected by ochronosis while others such as the liver and brain are unaffected for reasons that are still not understood. In vitro and mouse models of ochronosis have confirmed the dose relationships between HGA and ochronosis and also their modulation by p-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase inhibition. Ochronosis cannot be fully reversed and is a key factor in influencing treatment decisions. Earlier detection of ochronosis preferably by noninvasive means is desirable. A cause-effect relationship between HGA and ochronosis is discussed. The similarity in AKU and familial hypercholesterolaemia is explored and lessons learnt. More research is needed to more fully understand the crucial nature of ochronosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lakshminarayan R Ranganath
- Royal Liverpool University Hospital, Liverpool, UK
- Musculoskeletal Biology I, Institute of Ageing & Chronic Disease, William Henry Duncan Building, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Brendan P Norman
- Musculoskeletal Biology I, Institute of Ageing & Chronic Disease, William Henry Duncan Building, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - James A Gallagher
- Musculoskeletal Biology I, Institute of Ageing & Chronic Disease, William Henry Duncan Building, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
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10
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Taylor AM, Jenks DD, Kammath VD, Norman BP, Dillon JP, Gallagher JA, Ranganath LR, Kerns JG. Raman Spectroscopy identifies differences in ochronotic and non-ochronotic cartilage; a potential novel technique for monitoring ochronosis. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2019; 27:1244-1251. [PMID: 31022456 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2019.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2018] [Revised: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Alkaptonuria (AKU) is a rare, inherited disorder of tyrosine metabolism, where patients are unable to breakdown homogentisic acid (HGA), which increases systemically over time. It presents with a clinical triad of features; HGA in urine, ochronosis of collagenous tissues, and the subsequent ochronotic arthritis of these tissues. In recent years the advance in the understanding of the disease and the potential treatment of the disorder looks promising with the data on the efficacy of nitisinone. However, there are limited methods for the detection and monitoring of ochronosis in vivo, or for treatment monitoring. The study aim was to test the hypothesis that Raman spectra would identify a distinct chemical fingerprint for the non-ochronotic, compared to ochronotic cartilage. DESIGN Ochronotic and non-ochronotic cartilage from human hips and ears were analysed using Raman spectroscopy. RESULTS Non-ochronotic cartilage spectra were similar and reproducible and typical of normal articular cartilage. Conversely, the ochronotic cartilage samples were highly fluorescent and displayed limited or no discernible Raman peaks in the spectra, in stark contrast to their non-ochronotic pairs. Interestingly, a novel peak was observed associated with the polymer of HGA in the ochronotic cartilage that was confirmed by analysis of pigment derived from synthetic HGA. CONCLUSION This technique reveals novel data on the chemical differences in ochronotic compared with non-ochronotic cartilage, these differences are detectable by a technique that is already generating in vivo data and demonstrates the first possible procedure to monitor the progression of ochronosis in tissues of patients with AKU.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Taylor
- Lancaster Medical School, Faculty of Health & Medicine, Lancaster University, Bailrigg, Lancaster, UK.
| | - D D Jenks
- Lancaster Medical School, Faculty of Health & Medicine, Lancaster University, Bailrigg, Lancaster, UK.
| | - V D Kammath
- Lancaster Medical School, Faculty of Health & Medicine, Lancaster University, Bailrigg, Lancaster, UK.
| | - B P Norman
- Department of Musculoskeletal Biology, Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.
| | - J P Dillon
- Department of Musculoskeletal Biology, Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.
| | - J A Gallagher
- Department of Musculoskeletal Biology, Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.
| | - L R Ranganath
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Metabolic Medicine, Liverpool Clinical Laboratories, Royal Liverpool University Hospital, Liverpool, UK.
| | - J G Kerns
- Lancaster Medical School, Faculty of Health & Medicine, Lancaster University, Bailrigg, Lancaster, UK.
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11
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Millucci L, Bernardini G, Spreafico A, Orlandini M, Braconi D, Laschi M, Geminiani M, Lupetti P, Giorgetti G, Viti C, Frediani B, Marzocchi B, Santucci A. Histological and Ultrastructural Characterization of Alkaptonuric Tissues. Calcif Tissue Int 2017; 101:50-64. [PMID: 28271171 DOI: 10.1007/s00223-017-0260-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2016] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Alkaptonuria (AKU) is a hereditary disorder that results from altered structure and function of homogentisate 1,2 dioxygenase (HGD). This enzyme, predominantly produced by liver and kidney, is responsible for the breakdown of homogentisic acid (HGA), an intermediate in the tyrosine degradation pathway. A deficient HGD activity causes HGA levels to rise systemically. The disease is clinically characterized by homogentisic aciduria, bluish-black discoloration of connective tissues (ochronosis) and joint arthropathy. Additional manifestations are cardiovascular abnormalities, renal, urethral and prostate calculi and scleral and ear involvement. While the radiological aspect of ochronotic spondyloarthropathy is known, there are only few data regarding an exhaustive ultrastructural and histologic study of different tissues in AKU. Moreover, an in-depth analysis of tissues from patients of different ages, having varied symptoms, is currently lacking. A complete microscopic and ultrastructural analysis of different AKU tissues, coming from six differently aged patients, is here presented thus significantly contributing to a more comprehensive knowledge of this ultra-rare pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lia Millucci
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Chimica e Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100, Siena, Italy
| | - Giulia Bernardini
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Chimica e Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100, Siena, Italy
| | - Adriano Spreafico
- Immunoematologia Trasfusionale, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Senese, Viale Bracci, Siena, Italy
| | - Maurizio Orlandini
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Chimica e Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100, Siena, Italy
| | - Daniela Braconi
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Chimica e Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100, Siena, Italy
| | - Marcella Laschi
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Chimica e Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100, Siena, Italy
| | - Michela Geminiani
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Chimica e Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100, Siena, Italy
| | - Pietro Lupetti
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, Università degli Studi di Siena, via A. Moro 2, Siena, Italy
| | - Giovanna Giorgetti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Fisiche, della Terra e dell'Ambiente, Università degli Studi di Siena, Strada Laterina 8, Siena, Italy
| | - Cecilia Viti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Fisiche, della Terra e dell'Ambiente, Università degli Studi di Siena, Strada Laterina 8, Siena, Italy
| | - Bruno Frediani
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche, Chirurgiche e Neuroscienze, Università degli Studi di Siena, Viale Bracci, Siena, Italy
| | - Barbara Marzocchi
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Chimica e Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100, Siena, Italy
- U. O. C. Patologia Clinica, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Senese, Viale Bracci, Siena, Italy
| | - Annalisa Santucci
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Chimica e Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100, Siena, Italy.
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Dhital B, Gul-E-Noor F, Downing KT, Hirsch S, Boutis GS. Pregnancy-Induced Dynamical and Structural Changes of Reproductive Tract Collagen. Biophys J 2017; 111:57-68. [PMID: 27410734 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2016.05.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2016] [Revised: 05/27/2016] [Accepted: 05/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The tissues and organs of the female reproductive tract and pelvic floor undergo significant remodeling and alterations to allow for fetal growth and birth. In this work, we report on a study of the alterations of murine reproductive tract collagen resulting from pregnancy and parturition by spectrophotometry, histology, and (13)C, (2)H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). Four different cohorts of rats were investigated that included virgin, multiparous, two- and fourteen-day postpartum primiparous rats. (13)C CPMAS NMR revealed small chemical shift differences across the cohorts. The measured H-C internuclear correlation times indicated differences in dynamics of some motifs. However, the dynamics of the major amino acids, e.g., Gly, remained unaltered with respect to parity. (2)H NMR relaxation measurements revealed an additional water reservoir in the postpartum and multiparous cohorts pointing to redistribution of water due to pregnancy and/or parturition. Spectrophotometric measurements indicated that the collagen content in virgin rats was highest. Histological analysis of the upper vaginal wall indicated a signature of collagen fiber dissociation with smooth muscle and a change in the density of collagen fibers in multiparous rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Basant Dhital
- Department of Physics, The Graduate Center, The City University of New York, New York, New York
| | - Farhana Gul-E-Noor
- Department of Physics, Brooklyn College, The City University of New York, Brooklyn, New York
| | - Keith T Downing
- Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
| | - Shari Hirsch
- Department of Physics, Brooklyn College, The City University of New York, Brooklyn, New York
| | - Gregory S Boutis
- Department of Physics, The Graduate Center, The City University of New York, New York, New York; Department of Physics, Brooklyn College, The City University of New York, Brooklyn, New York.
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13
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Taylor AM, Hsueh MF, Ranganath LR, Gallagher JA, Dillon JP, Huebner JL, Catterall JB, Kraus VB. Cartilage biomarkers in the osteoarthropathy of alkaptonuria reveal low turnover and accelerated ageing. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2017; 56:156-164. [PMID: 28028161 PMCID: PMC5188995 DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/kew355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2015] [Revised: 08/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Alkaptonuria (AKU) is a rare autosomal recessive disease resulting from a single enzyme deficiency in tyrosine metabolism. As a result, homogentisic acid cannot be metabolized, causing systemic increases. Over time, homogentisic acid polymerizes and deposits in collagenous tissues, leading to ochronosis. Typically, this occurs in joint cartilages, leading to an early onset, rapidly progressing osteoarthropathy. The aim of this study was to examine tissue turnover in cartilage affected by ochronosis and its role in disease initiation and progression. METHODS With informed patient consent, hip and knee cartilages were obtained at surgery for arthropathy due to AKU (n = 6; 2 knees/4 hips) and OA (n = 12; 5 knees/7 hips); healthy non-arthritic (non-OA n = 6; 1 knee/5 hips) cartilages were obtained as waste from trauma surgery. We measured cartilage concentrations (normalized to dry weight) of racemized aspartate, GAG, COMP and deamidated COMP (D-COMP). Unpaired AKU, OA and non-OA samples were compared by non-parametric Mann-Whitney U test. RESULTS Despite more extractable total protein being obtained from AKU cartilage than from OA or non-OA cartilage, there was significantly less extractable GAG, COMP and D-COMP in AKU samples compared with OA and non-OA comparators. Racemized Asx (aspartate and asparagine) was significantly enriched in AKU cartilage compared with in OA cartilage. CONCLUSIONS These novel data represent the first examination of cartilage matrix components in a sample of patients with AKU, representing almost 10% of the known UK alkaptonuric population. Compared with OA and non-OA, AKU cartilage demonstrates a very low turnover state and has low levels of extractable matrix proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam M Taylor
- Lancaster Medical School, Faculty of Health & Medicine, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK
- Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Duke Molecular Physiology Institute
| | - Ming-Feng Hsueh
- Department of Pathology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | | | | | - Jane P Dillon
- Musculoskeletal Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Janet L Huebner
- Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Duke Molecular Physiology Institute
| | - Jon B Catterall
- Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Duke Molecular Physiology Institute
| | - Virginia B Kraus
- Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Duke Molecular Physiology Institute
- Department of Pathology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
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14
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Analysis of Melanin-like Pigment Synthesized from Homogentisic Acid, with or without Tyrosine, and Its Implications in Alkaptonuria. JIMD Rep 2016; 35:79-85. [PMID: 27943071 DOI: 10.1007/8904_2016_27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2016] [Revised: 11/02/2016] [Accepted: 11/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Alkaptonuria is an iconic disease used by Archibald Garrod to demonstrate the theory of "inborn errors of metabolism". AKU knowledge has advanced in recent years: development of an in vitro model, discovery of murine models and advances in understanding bone and cartilage phenotypes and arthropathy in AKU. These discoveries have aided in a new clinical trial into nitisinone. However, there are still knowledge gaps surrounding the pigment in AKU and the pigmentation process. We demonstrate an advance in the understanding in the kinetics and chemistry of the polymerisation of homogentisic acid (HGA) into its pigment using size-exclusion chromatography and IR spectroscopy. We compared the properties of HGA-based pigments that were freshly prepared to those stored in solution for 2 years. Our results demonstrate the importance of pH in the polymerisation process and that colour change seen in solution (analogous to AKU patient urine) is not initially due to presence of ochronotic pigment but the quinone intermediary. In addition, we observed that pigment formation from HGA can occur in the presence of tyrosine, without the inclusion of this tyrosine into the pigment. These observations have positive implications for patients with alkaptonuria; an increased understanding of the pigment polymer chemistry, the presence of an intermediary and their kinetics present more therapeutic opportunities for treating the condition, including preventing the pigment from forming, binding or reversing established pigmentation. AKU patients treated with nitisinone show elevated tyrosine levels causing side effects such as corneal opacities; our data demonstrates that elevated tyrosine levels should not contribute or add to the ochronotic pigment burden in these patients.
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15
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Taylor AM, Kammath V, Bleakley A. Tyrosinase, could it be a missing link in ochronosis in alkaptonuria? Med Hypotheses 2016; 91:77-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2016.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2016] [Accepted: 04/03/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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16
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Gallagher JA, Dillon JP, Sireau N, Timmis O, Ranganath LR. Alkaptonuria: An example of a "fundamental disease"--A rare disease with important lessons for more common disorders. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2016; 52:53-7. [PMID: 26891864 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2016.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2015] [Revised: 02/09/2016] [Accepted: 02/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
"Fundamental diseases" is a term introduced by the charity Findacure to describe rare genetic disorders that are gateways to understanding common conditions and human physiology. The concept that rare diseases have important lessons for biomedical science has been recognised by some of the great figures in the history of medical research, including Harvey, Bateson and Garrod. Here we describe some of the recently discovered lessons from the study of the iconic genetic disease alkaptonuria (AKU), which have shed new light on understanding the pathogenesis of osteoarthritis. In AKU, ochronotic pigment is deposited in cartilage when collagen fibrils become susceptible to attack by homogentisic acid (HGA). When HGA binds to collagen, cartilage matrix becomes stiffened, resulting in the aberrant transmission of loading to underlying subchondral bone. Aberrant loading leads to the formation of pathophysiological structures including trabecular excrescences and high density mineralised protrusions (HDMPs). These structures initially identified in AKU have subsequently been found in more common osteoarthritis and appear to play a role in joint destruction in both diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- James A Gallagher
- Musculoskeletal Biology, University of Liverpool, Apex Building, Liverpool L7 8TX, UK.
| | - Jane P Dillon
- Musculoskeletal Biology, University of Liverpool, Apex Building, Liverpool L7 8TX, UK.
| | | | - Oliver Timmis
- AKU Society, 66 Devonshire Road, Cambridge CB1 2BL, UK.
| | - Lakshminarayan R Ranganath
- Musculoskeletal Biology, University of Liverpool, Apex Building, Liverpool L7 8TX, UK; Clinical Biochemistry and Metabolism, Royal Liverpool University Hospital, Prescot Street,Liverpool L7 8XP, UK.
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17
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Kraus VB. Rare osteoarthritis. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-09138-1.00185-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
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18
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Rai RK, Singh C, Sinha N. Predominant role of water in native collagen assembly inside the bone matrix. J Phys Chem B 2014; 119:201-11. [PMID: 25530228 DOI: 10.1021/jp511288g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Bone is one of the most intriguing biomaterials found in nature consisting of bundles of collagen helixes, hydroxyapatite, and water, forming an exceptionally tough, yet lightweight material. We present here an experimental tool to map water-dependent subtle changes in triple helical assembly of collagen protein in its absolute native environment. Collagen being the most abundant animal protein has been subject of several structural studies in last few decades, mostly on an extracted, overexpressed, and synthesized form of collagen protein. Our method is based on a (1)H detected solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (ssNMR) experiment performed on native collagen protein inside intact bone matrix. Recent development in (1)H homonuclear decoupling sequences has made it possible to observe specific atomic resolution in a large complex system. The method consists of observing a natural-abundance two-dimensional (2D) (1)H/(13)C heteronuclear correlation (HETCOR) and(1)H double quantum-single quantum (DQ-SQ) correlation ssNMR experiment. The 2D NMR experiment maps three-dimensional assembly of native collagen protein and shows that extracted form of collagen protein is significantly different from protein in the native state. The method also captures native collagen subtle changes (of the order of ∼1.0 Å) due to dehydration and H/D exchange, giving an experimental tool to map small changes. The method has the potential to be of wide applicability to other collagen containing biomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ratan Kumar Rai
- Centre of Biomedical Research , SGPGIMS Campus, Raibarelly Road, Lucknow 226014, India
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Bonhomme C, Gervais C, Laurencin D. Recent NMR developments applied to organic-inorganic materials. PROGRESS IN NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE SPECTROSCOPY 2014; 77:1-48. [PMID: 24411829 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnmrs.2013.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2013] [Accepted: 10/17/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
In this contribution, the latest developments in solid state NMR are presented in the field of organic-inorganic (O/I) materials (or hybrid materials). Such materials involve mineral and organic (including polymeric and biological) components, and can exhibit complex O/I interfaces. Hybrids are currently a major topic of research in nanoscience, and solid state NMR is obviously a pertinent spectroscopic tool of investigation. Its versatility allows the detailed description of the structure and texture of such complex materials. The article is divided in two main parts: in the first one, recent NMR methodological/instrumental developments are presented in connection with hybrid materials. In the second part, an exhaustive overview of the major classes of O/I materials and their NMR characterization is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Bonhomme
- Laboratoire de Chimie de la Matière Condensée de Paris, UMR CNRS 7574, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris 06, Collège de France, 11 Place Marcelin Berthelot, 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France.
| | - Christel Gervais
- Laboratoire de Chimie de la Matière Condensée de Paris, UMR CNRS 7574, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris 06, Collège de France, 11 Place Marcelin Berthelot, 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Danielle Laurencin
- Institut Charles Gerhardt de Montpellier, UMR5253, CNRS UM2 UM1 ENSCM, CC1701, Place Eugène Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier Cedex 05, France
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Nikel O, Laurencin D, McCallum SA, Gundberg CM, Vashishth D. NMR investigation of the role of osteocalcin and osteopontin at the organic-inorganic interface in bone. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2013; 29:13873-82. [PMID: 24128197 PMCID: PMC3901427 DOI: 10.1021/la403203w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Mechanical resilience of bone tissue decreases with age. The ability to comprehensively probe and understand bone properties could help alleviate this problem. One important aspect of bone quality that has recently been made evident is the presence of dilatational bands formed by osteocalcin (OC) and osteopontin (OPN), which contribute to fracture toughness. However, experimental evidence of the structural role of these two proteins at the organic-mineral interface in bone is still needed. Solid state nuclear magnetic resonance (SSNMR) is emerging as a useful technique in probing molecular level aspects of bone. Here, we present the first SSNMR study of bone tissue from genetically modified mice lacking OC and/or OPN. Probing the mineral phase, the organic matrix and their interface revealed that, despite the absence of OC and OPN, the organic matrix and mineral were well preserved, and the overall exposure of collagen to hydroxyapatite (HA) nanoparticles was hardly affected. However, the proximity to the HA surface was slightly increased for a number of bone components including less abundant amino acids like lysine, suggesting that this is how the tissue compensates for the lack of OC and OPN. Taken together, the NMR data supports the recently proposed model, in which the contribution of OC-OPN to fracture toughness is related to their presence at the extrafibrillar organic-mineral interfaces, where they reinforce the network of mineralized fibrils and form dilatational bands. In an effort toward further understanding the structural role of individual amino acids of low abundance in bone, we then explored the possibility of specific (13)C enrichment of mouse bone, and report the first SSNMR spectra of 97% (13)C lysine-enriched tissue. Results show that such isotopic enrichment allows valuable molecular-level structural information to be extracted, and sheds light on post-translational modifications undergone by specific amino acids in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ondřej Nikel
- Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York, USA
- Institut Charles Gerhardt de Montpellier, UMR 5253, CNRS-UM2-ENSCM-UM1, Université Montpellier 2, Montpellier, France
| | - Danielle Laurencin
- Institut Charles Gerhardt de Montpellier, UMR 5253, CNRS-UM2-ENSCM-UM1, Université Montpellier 2, Montpellier, France
| | - Scott A. McCallum
- Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York, USA
| | - Caren M. Gundberg
- Yale School Of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Deepak Vashishth
- Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York, USA
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Aminova R, Galiullina L, Silkin N, Ulmetov A, Klochkov V, Aganov A. Investigation of complex formation between hydroxyapatite and fragments of collagen by NMR spectroscopy and quantum-chemical modeling. J Mol Struct 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2013.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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22
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Preston AJ, Keenan CM, Sutherland H, Wilson PJ, Wlodarski B, Taylor AM, Williams DP, Ranganath LR, Gallagher JA, Jarvis JC. Ochronotic osteoarthropathy in a mouse model of alkaptonuria, and its inhibition by nitisinone. Ann Rheum Dis 2013; 73:284-9. [PMID: 23511227 DOI: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2012-202878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alkaptonuria (AKU) is a rare metabolic disease caused by deficiency of homogentisate 1,2 dioxygenase, an enzyme involved in tyrosine catabolism, resulting in increased circulating homogentisic acid (HGA). Over time HGA is progressively deposited as a polymer (termed ochronotic pigment) in collagenous tissues, especially the cartilages of weight bearing joints, leading to severe joint disease. OBJECTIVES To characterise blood biochemistry and arthropathy in the AKU mouse model (Hgd-/-). To examine the therapeutic effect of long-term treatment with nitisinone, a potent inhibitor of the enzyme that produces HGA. METHODS Lifetime levels of plasma HGA from AKU mice were measured by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Histological sections of the knee joint were examined for pigmentation. The effect of nitisinone treatment in both tissues was examined. RESULTS Mean (±SE) plasma HGA levels were 3- to 4-fold higher (0.148±0.019 mM) than those recorded in human AKU. Chondrocyte pigmentation within the articular cartilage was first observed at 15 weeks, and found to increase steadily with mouse age. Nitisinone treatment reduced plasma HGA in AKU mice throughout their lifetime, and completely prevented pigment deposition. CONCLUSIONS The AKU mouse was established as a model of both the plasma biochemistry of AKU and its associated arthropathy. Early-stage treatment of AKU patients with nitisinone could prevent the development of associated joint arthropathies. The cellular pathology of ochronosis in AKU mice is identical to that observed in early human ochronosis and thus is a model in which the early stages of joint pathology can be studied and novel interventions evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Preston
- Department of Musculoskeletal Biology, Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease, Bone and Joint Research Group, University of Liverpool, , Liverpool, UK
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