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Zhong J, Gou Y, Zhao P, Dong X, Guo M, Li A, Hao A, Luu HH, He TC, Reid RR, Fan J. Glycogen storage disease type I: Genetic etiology, clinical manifestations, and conventional and gene therapies. PEDIATRIC DISCOVERY 2023; 1:e3. [PMID: 38370424 PMCID: PMC10874634 DOI: 10.1002/pdi3.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
Glycogen storage disease type I (GSDI) is an inherited metabolic disorder characterized by a deficiency of enzymes or proteins involved in glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis, resulting in excessive intracellular glycogen accumulation. While GSDI is classified into four different subtypes based on molecular genetic variants, GSDIa accounts for approximately 80%. GSDIa and GSDIb are autosomal recessive disorders caused by deficiencies in glucose-6-phosphatase (G6Pase-α) and glucose-6-phosphate-transporter (G6PT), respectively. For the past 50 years, the care of patients with GSDI has been improved following elaborate dietary managements. GSDI patients currently receive dietary therapies that enable patients to improve hypoglycemia and alleviate early symptomatic signs of the disease. However, dietary therapies have many limitations with a risk of calcium, vitamin D, and iron deficiency and cannot prevent long-term complications, such as progressive liver and renal failure. With the deepening understanding of the pathogenesis of GSDI and the development of gene therapy technology, there is great progress in the treatment of GSDI. Here, we review the underlying molecular genetics and the current clinical management strategies of GSDI patients with an emphasis on promising experimental gene therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiamin Zhong
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine, and Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Yannian Gou
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine, and Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Piao Zhao
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiangyu Dong
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine, and Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Meichun Guo
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine, and Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Aohua Li
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine, and Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ailing Hao
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine, and Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hue H. Luu
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Tong-Chuan He
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- Laboratory of Craniofacial Biology and Development, Department of Surgery, Section of Plastic Surgery, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Russell R. Reid
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- Laboratory of Craniofacial Biology and Development, Department of Surgery, Section of Plastic Surgery, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Jiaming Fan
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine, and Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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Chou JY, Mansfield BC. Gene therapy and genome editing for type I glycogen storage diseases. FRONTIERS IN MOLECULAR MEDICINE 2023; 3:1167091. [PMID: 39086673 PMCID: PMC11285695 DOI: 10.3389/fmmed.2023.1167091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2024]
Abstract
Type I glycogen storage diseases (GSD-I) consist of two major autosomal recessive disorders, GSD-Ia, caused by a reduction of glucose-6-phosphatase-α (G6Pase-α or G6PC) activity and GSD-Ib, caused by a reduction in the glucose-6-phosphate transporter (G6PT or SLC37A4) activity. The G6Pase-α and G6PT are functionally co-dependent. Together, the G6Pase-α/G6PT complex catalyzes the translocation of G6P from the cytoplasm into the endoplasmic reticulum lumen and its subsequent hydrolysis to glucose that is released into the blood to maintain euglycemia. Consequently, all GSD-I patients share a metabolic phenotype that includes a loss of glucose homeostasis and long-term risks of hepatocellular adenoma/carcinoma and renal disease. A rigorous dietary therapy has enabled GSD-I patients to maintain a normalized metabolic phenotype, but adherence is challenging. Moreover, dietary therapies do not address the underlying pathological processes, and long-term complications still occur in metabolically compensated patients. Animal models of GSD-Ia and GSD-Ib have delineated the disease biology and pathophysiology, and guided development of effective gene therapy strategies for both disorders. Preclinical studies of GSD-I have established that recombinant adeno-associated virus vector-mediated gene therapy for GSD-Ia and GSD-Ib are safe, and efficacious. A phase III clinical trial of rAAV-mediated gene augmentation therapy for GSD-Ia (NCT05139316) is in progress as of 2023. A phase I clinical trial of mRNA augmentation for GSD-Ia was initiated in 2022 (NCT05095727). Alternative genetic technologies for GSD-I therapies, such as gene editing, are also being examined for their potential to improve further long-term outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janice Y. Chou
- Section on Cellular Differentiation, Division of Translational Medicine, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
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Mathis T, Poms M, Köfeler H, Gautschi M, Plecko B, Baumgartner MR, Hochuli M. Untargeted plasma metabolomics identifies broad metabolic perturbations in glycogen storage disease type I. J Inherit Metab Dis 2022; 45:235-247. [PMID: 34671989 PMCID: PMC9299190 DOI: 10.1002/jimd.12451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Revised: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The metabolic defect in glycogen storage disease type I (GSDI) results in fasting hypoglycemia and typical secondary metabolic abnormalities (eg, hypertriglyceridemia, hyperlactatemia, hyperuricemia). The aim of this study was to assess further perturbations of the metabolic network in GSDI patients under ongoing treatment. METHODS In this prospective observational study, plasma samples of 14 adult patients (11 GSDIa, 3 GSDIb. Mean age 26.4 years, range 16-46 years) on standard treatment were compared to a cohort of 31 healthy controls utilizing ultra-high performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC) in combination with high resolution tandem mass spectrometry (HR-MS/MS) and subsequent statistical multivariate analysis. In addition, plasma fatty acid profiling was performed by GC/EI-MS. RESULTS The metabolomic profile showed alterations of metabolites in different areas of the metabolic network in both GSD subtypes, including pathways of fuel metabolism and energy generation, lipids and fatty acids, amino acid and methyl-group metabolism, the urea cycle, and purine/pyrimidine metabolism. These alterations were present despite adequate dietary treatment, did not correlate with plasma triglycerides or lactate, both parameters typically used to assess the quality of metabolic control in clinical practice, and were not related to the presence or absence of complications (ie, nephropathy or liver adenomas). CONCLUSION The metabolic defect of GSDI has profound effects on a variety of metabolic pathways in addition to the known typical abnormalities. These alterations are present despite optimized dietary treatment, which may contribute to the risk of developing long-term complications, an inherent problem of GSDI which appears to be only partly modified by current therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Mathis
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Clinical NutritionUniversity Hospital Zurich, University of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Martin Poms
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and BiochemistryUniversity Children's Hospital Zurich, University of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Harald Köfeler
- Core Facility Mass SpectrometryMedical University of GrazGrazAustria
| | - Matthias Gautschi
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, Department of Pediatrics and Institute of Clinical ChemistryUniversity Hospital Bern, InselspitalBernSwitzerland
| | - Barbara Plecko
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent MedicineMedical University of GrazGrazAustria
| | - Matthias R. Baumgartner
- Division of Metabolism and Children's Research Center (CRC)University Children's Hospital, Zurich, University of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
- radiz—Rare Disease Initiative Zurich, Clinical Research Priority Program for Rare DiseasesUniversity of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Michel Hochuli
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Clinical NutritionUniversity Hospital Zurich, University of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
- radiz—Rare Disease Initiative Zurich, Clinical Research Priority Program for Rare DiseasesUniversity of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology, Nutritional Medicine and MetabolismInselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of BernBernSwitzerland
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Resaz R, Cangelosi D, Segalerba D, Morini M, Uva P, Bosco MC, Banderali G, Estrella A, Wanner C, Weinstein DA, Sechi A, Paci S, Melis D, Di Rocco M, Lee YM, Eva A. Exosomal MicroRNAs as Potential Biomarkers of Hepatic Injury and Kidney Disease in Glycogen Storage Disease Type Ia Patients. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 23:328. [PMID: 35008754 PMCID: PMC8745197 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23010328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Revised: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycogen storage disease type Ia (GSDIa) is an inherited metabolic disorder caused by mutations in the enzyme glucose-6-phosphatase-α (G6Pase-α). Affected individuals develop renal and liver complications, including the development of hepatocellular adenoma/carcinoma and kidney failure. The purpose of this study was to identify potential biomarkers of the evolution of the disease in GSDIa patients. To this end, we analyzed the expression of exosomal microRNAs (Exo-miRs) in the plasma exosomes of 45 patients aged 6 to 63 years. Plasma from age-matched normal individuals were used as controls. We found that the altered expression of several Exo-miRs correlates with the pathologic state of the patients and might help to monitor the progression of the disease and the development of late GSDIa-associated complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Resaz
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Via Gerolamo Gaslini 5, 16147 Genova, Italy; (R.R.); (D.S.); (M.M.); (M.C.B.)
| | - Davide Cangelosi
- Clinical Bioinformatics Unit, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Via Gerolamo Gaslini 5, 16147 Genova, Italy; (D.C.); (P.U.)
| | - Daniela Segalerba
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Via Gerolamo Gaslini 5, 16147 Genova, Italy; (R.R.); (D.S.); (M.M.); (M.C.B.)
| | - Martina Morini
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Via Gerolamo Gaslini 5, 16147 Genova, Italy; (R.R.); (D.S.); (M.M.); (M.C.B.)
| | - Paolo Uva
- Clinical Bioinformatics Unit, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Via Gerolamo Gaslini 5, 16147 Genova, Italy; (D.C.); (P.U.)
| | - Maria Carla Bosco
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Via Gerolamo Gaslini 5, 16147 Genova, Italy; (R.R.); (D.S.); (M.M.); (M.C.B.)
| | - Giuseppe Banderali
- Clinical Department of Pediatrics, ASST Santi Paolo e Carlo, Presidio San Paolo, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Antonio di Rudinì 8, 20142 Milano, Italy; (G.B.); (S.P.)
| | - Ana Estrella
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, 400 Farmington Ave, Farmington, CT 06030, USA; (A.E.); (C.W.); (D.A.W.)
| | - Corbinian Wanner
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, 400 Farmington Ave, Farmington, CT 06030, USA; (A.E.); (C.W.); (D.A.W.)
| | - David A. Weinstein
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, 400 Farmington Ave, Farmington, CT 06030, USA; (A.E.); (C.W.); (D.A.W.)
| | - Annalisa Sechi
- Regional Coordinating Center for Rare Diseases, Presidio Ospedaliero Universitario di Udine, P.zzale SM Della Misericordia 15, 33100 Udine, Italy;
| | - Sabrina Paci
- Clinical Department of Pediatrics, ASST Santi Paolo e Carlo, Presidio San Paolo, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Antonio di Rudinì 8, 20142 Milano, Italy; (G.B.); (S.P.)
| | - Daniela Melis
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, Scuola Medica Salernitana, Section of Pediatrics, Università Degli Studi di Salerno, Via Salvador Allende 43, Baronissi, 84100 Salerno, Italy;
| | - Maja Di Rocco
- Department of Pediatrics, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Via Gerolamo Gaslini 5, 16147 Genova, Italy;
| | - Young Mok Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, 400 Farmington Ave, Farmington, CT 06030, USA; (A.E.); (C.W.); (D.A.W.)
| | - Alessandra Eva
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Via Gerolamo Gaslini 5, 16147 Genova, Italy; (R.R.); (D.S.); (M.M.); (M.C.B.)
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Rutten MG, Derks TG, Huijkman NC, Bos T, Kloosterhuis NJ, van de Kolk KC, Wolters JC, Koster MH, Bongiovanni L, Thomas RE, de Bruin A, van de Sluis B, Oosterveer MH. Modeling Phenotypic Heterogeneity of Glycogen Storage Disease Type 1a Liver Disease in Mice by Somatic CRISPR/CRISPR-associated protein 9-Mediated Gene Editing. Hepatology 2021; 74:2491-2507. [PMID: 34157136 PMCID: PMC8597008 DOI: 10.1002/hep.32022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Patients with glycogen storage disease type 1a (GSD-1a) primarily present with life-threatening hypoglycemia and display severe liver disease characterized by hepatomegaly. Despite strict dietary management, long-term complications still occur, such as liver tumor development. Variations in residual glucose-6-phosphatase (G6PC1) activity likely contribute to phenotypic heterogeneity in biochemical symptoms and complications between patients. However, lack of insight into the relationship between G6PC1 activity and symptoms/complications and poor understanding of the underlying disease mechanisms pose major challenges to provide optimal health care and quality of life for GSD-1a patients. Currently available GSD-1a animal models are not suitable to systematically investigate the relationship between hepatic G6PC activity and phenotypic heterogeneity or the contribution of gene-gene interactions (GGIs) in the liver. APPROACH AND RESULTS To meet these needs, we generated and characterized a hepatocyte-specific GSD-1a mouse model using somatic CRISPR/CRISPR-associated protein 9 (Cas9)-mediated gene editing. Hepatic G6pc editing reduced hepatic G6PC activity up to 98% and resulted in failure to thrive, fasting hypoglycemia, hypertriglyceridemia, hepatomegaly, hepatic steatosis (HS), and increased liver tumor incidence. This approach was furthermore successful in simultaneously modulating hepatic G6PC and carbohydrate response element-binding protein, a transcription factor that is activated in GSD-1a and protects against HS under these conditions. Importantly, it also allowed for the modeling of a spectrum of GSD-1a phenotypes in terms of hepatic G6PC activity, fasting hypoglycemia, hypertriglyceridemia, hepatomegaly and HS. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, we show that somatic CRISPR/Cas9-mediated gene editing allows for the modeling of a spectrum of hepatocyte-borne GSD-1a disease symptoms in mice and to efficiently study GGIs in the liver. This approach opens perspectives for translational research and will likely contribute to personalized treatments for GSD-1a and other genetic liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martijn G.S. Rutten
- Department of PediatricsUniversity Medical Center GroningenUniversity of GroningenGroningenThe Netherlands
| | - Terry G.J. Derks
- Section of Metabolic DiseasesBeatrix Children’s HospitalUniversity Medical Center GroningenGroningenThe Netherlands
| | - Nicolette C.A. Huijkman
- Department of PediatricsUniversity Medical Center GroningenUniversity of GroningenGroningenThe Netherlands
| | - Trijnie Bos
- Department of Laboratory MedicineUniversity Medical Center GroningenUniversity of GroningenGroningenThe Netherlands
| | - Niels J. Kloosterhuis
- Department of PediatricsUniversity Medical Center GroningenUniversity of GroningenGroningenThe Netherlands
| | - Kees C.W.A. van de Kolk
- Central Animal FacilityGroningen Small Animal Imaging Facility (Gronsai)University Medical Center GroningenUniversity of GroningenGroningenThe Netherlands
| | - Justina C. Wolters
- Department of PediatricsUniversity Medical Center GroningenUniversity of GroningenGroningenThe Netherlands
| | - Mirjam H. Koster
- Department of PediatricsUniversity Medical Center GroningenUniversity of GroningenGroningenThe Netherlands
| | - Laura Bongiovanni
- Dutch Molecular Pathology CenterFaculty of Veterinary MedicineUtrecht UniversityCL UtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Rachel E. Thomas
- Dutch Molecular Pathology CenterFaculty of Veterinary MedicineUtrecht UniversityCL UtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Alain de Bruin
- Department of PediatricsUniversity Medical Center GroningenUniversity of GroningenGroningenThe Netherlands,Dutch Molecular Pathology CenterFaculty of Veterinary MedicineUtrecht UniversityCL UtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Bart van de Sluis
- Department of PediatricsUniversity Medical Center GroningenUniversity of GroningenGroningenThe Netherlands
| | - Maaike H. Oosterveer
- Department of PediatricsUniversity Medical Center GroningenUniversity of GroningenGroningenThe Netherlands
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Monteillet L, Labrune P, Hochuli M, Do Cao J, Tortereau A, Miliano AC, Ardon-Zitoun C, Duchampt A, Silva M, Verzieux V, Mithieux G, Rajas F. Cellular and metabolic effects of renin-angiotensin system blockade on glycogen storage disease type I nephropathy. Hum Mol Genet 2021; 31:914-928. [PMID: 34617103 PMCID: PMC8947214 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddab297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Revised: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Glycogen Storage Disease Type I (GSDI) is an inherited disease caused by glucose-6 phosphatase (G6Pase) deficiency, leading to a loss of endogenous glucose production and severe hypoglycemia. Moreover, most GSDI patients develop a chronic kidney disease (CKD) due to lipid accumulation in the kidney. Similar to diabetic CKD, activation of renin-angiotensin system (RAS) promotes renal fibrosis in GSDI. Here, we investigated the physiological and molecular effects of RAS blockers in GSDI patients and mice. A retrospective analysis of renal function was performed in 21 GSDI patients treated with RAS blockers. Cellular and metabolic impacts of RAS blockade were analyzed in K.G6pc−/− mice characterized by G6pc1 deletion in kidneys. GSDI patients started RAS blocker treatment at a median age of 21 years and long-term treatment reduced the progression of CKD in about 50% of patients. However, CKD progressed to kidney failure in 20% of treated patients, requiring renal transplantation. In K.G6pc−/− mice, CKD was associated with an impairment of autophagy and ER stress. RAS blockade resulted in a rescue of autophagy and decreased ER stress, concomitantly with decreased fibrosis and improved renal function, but without impact on glycogen and lipid contents. In conclusion, these data confirm the partial beneficial effect of RAS blockers in the prevention of CKD in GSDI. Mechanistically, we show that these effects are linked to a reduction of cell stress, without affecting metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laure Monteillet
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, INSERM UMR-S1213, Lyon, France
| | - Philippe Labrune
- APHP, Université Paris-Saclay, Hôpital Antoine Béclère, Clamart, France
| | - Michel Hochuli
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology, Nutritional Medicine and Metabolism, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Jeremy Do Cao
- APHP, Université Paris-Saclay, Hôpital Antoine Béclère, Clamart, France
| | | | | | - Carine Ardon-Zitoun
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, INSERM UMR-S1213, Lyon, France
| | - Adeline Duchampt
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, INSERM UMR-S1213, Lyon, France
| | - Marine Silva
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, INSERM UMR-S1213, Lyon, France
| | - Vincent Verzieux
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, INSERM UMR-S1213, Lyon, France
| | - Gilles Mithieux
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, INSERM UMR-S1213, Lyon, France
| | - Fabienne Rajas
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, INSERM UMR-S1213, Lyon, France
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Bone Mineral Density in Patients with Hepatic Glycogen Storage Diseases. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13092987. [PMID: 34578865 PMCID: PMC8469033 DOI: 10.3390/nu13092987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Revised: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The association between bone mineral density (BMD) and hepatic glycogen storage diseases (GSDs) is still unclear. To evaluate the BMD of patients with GSD I, IIIa and IXα, a cross-sectional study was performed, including 23 patients (GSD Ia = 13, Ib = 5, IIIa = 2 and IXα = 3; median age = 11.9 years; IQ = 10.9–20.1) who underwent a dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). Osteocalcin (OC, n = 18), procollagen type 1 N-terminal propeptide (P1NP, n = 19), collagen type 1 C-terminal telopeptide (CTX, n = 18) and 25-OH Vitamin D (n = 23) were also measured. The participants completed a 3-day food diary (n = 20). Low BMD was defined as a Z-score ≤ −2.0. All participants were receiving uncooked cornstarch (median dosage = 6.3 g/kg/day) at inclusion, and 11 (47.8%) presented good metabolic control. Three (13%) patients (GSD Ia = 1, with poor metabolic control; IIIa = 2, both with high CPK levels) had a BMD ≤ −2.0. CTX, OC and P1NP correlated negatively with body weight and age. 25-OH Vitamin D concentration was decreased in seven (30.4%) patients. Our data suggest that patients with hepatic GSDs may have low BMD, especially in the presence of muscular involvement and poor metabolic control. Systematic nutritional monitoring of these patients is essential.
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Hoogerland JA, Peeks F, Hijmans BS, Wolters JC, Kooijman S, Bos T, Bleeker A, van Dijk TH, Wolters H, Gerding A, van Eunen K, Havinga R, Pronk ACM, Rensen PCN, Mithieux G, Rajas F, Kuipers F, Reijngoud D, Derks TGJ, Oosterveer MH. Impaired Very-Low-Density Lipoprotein catabolism links hypoglycemia to hypertriglyceridemia in Glycogen Storage Disease type Ia. J Inherit Metab Dis 2021; 44:879-892. [PMID: 33739445 PMCID: PMC8360207 DOI: 10.1002/jimd.12380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Prevention of hypertriglyceridemia is one of the biomedical targets in Glycogen Storage Disease type Ia (GSD Ia) patients, yet it is unclear how hypoglycemia links to plasma triglyceride (TG) levels. We analyzed whole-body TG metabolism in normoglycemic (fed) and hypoglycemic (fasted) hepatocyte-specific glucose-6-phosphatase deficient (L-G6pc-/- ) mice. De novo fatty acid synthesis contributed substantially to hepatic TG accumulation in normoglycemic L-G6pc-/- mice. In hypoglycemic conditions, enhanced adipose tissue lipolysis was the main driver of liver steatosis, supported by elevated free fatty acid concentrations in GSD Ia mice and GSD Ia patients. Plasma very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) levels were increased in GSD Ia patients and in normoglycemic L-G6pc-/- mice, and further elevated in hypoglycemic L-G6pc-/- mice. VLDL-TG secretion rates were doubled in normo- and hypoglycemic L-G6pc-/- mice, while VLDL-TG catabolism was selectively inhibited in hypoglycemic L-G6pc-/- mice. In conclusion, fasting-induced hypoglycemia in L-G6pc-/- mice promotes adipose tissue lipolysis and arrests VLDL catabolism. This mechanism likely contributes to aggravated liver steatosis and dyslipidemia in GSD Ia patients with poor glycemic control and may explain clinical heterogeneity in hypertriglyceridemia between GSD Ia patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanne A. Hoogerland
- Department of PediatricsUniversity of Groningen, University Medical Center GroningenGroningenThe Netherlands
| | - Fabian Peeks
- Department of PediatricsUniversity of Groningen, University Medical Center GroningenGroningenThe Netherlands
- Department of Metabolic Diseases, Beatrix Children's HospitalUniversity of Groningen, University Medical Center GroningenGroningenThe Netherlands
| | - Brenda S. Hijmans
- Department of PediatricsUniversity of Groningen, University Medical Center GroningenGroningenThe Netherlands
| | - Justina C. Wolters
- Department of PediatricsUniversity of Groningen, University Medical Center GroningenGroningenThe Netherlands
| | - Sander Kooijman
- Department of Medicine, Division of EndocrinologyLeiden University Medical CenterLeidenThe Netherlands
- Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular MedicineLeiden University Medical CenterLeidenThe Netherlands
| | - Trijnie Bos
- Department of PediatricsUniversity of Groningen, University Medical Center GroningenGroningenThe Netherlands
| | - Aycha Bleeker
- Department of PediatricsUniversity of Groningen, University Medical Center GroningenGroningenThe Netherlands
| | - Theo H. van Dijk
- Department of Laboratory MedicineUniversity of Groningen, University Medical Center GroningenGroningenThe Netherlands
| | - Henk Wolters
- Department of PediatricsUniversity of Groningen, University Medical Center GroningenGroningenThe Netherlands
| | - Albert Gerding
- Department of PediatricsUniversity of Groningen, University Medical Center GroningenGroningenThe Netherlands
- Department of Laboratory MedicineUniversity of Groningen, University Medical Center GroningenGroningenThe Netherlands
| | - Karen van Eunen
- Department of PediatricsUniversity of Groningen, University Medical Center GroningenGroningenThe Netherlands
| | - Rick Havinga
- Department of PediatricsUniversity of Groningen, University Medical Center GroningenGroningenThe Netherlands
| | - Amanda C. M. Pronk
- Department of Medicine, Division of EndocrinologyLeiden University Medical CenterLeidenThe Netherlands
- Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular MedicineLeiden University Medical CenterLeidenThe Netherlands
| | - Patrick C. N. Rensen
- Department of Medicine, Division of EndocrinologyLeiden University Medical CenterLeidenThe Netherlands
- Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular MedicineLeiden University Medical CenterLeidenThe Netherlands
| | - Gilles Mithieux
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1213LyonFrance
- Université de LyonLyonFrance
- Université Lyon 1VilleurbanneFrance
| | - Fabienne Rajas
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1213LyonFrance
- Université de LyonLyonFrance
- Université Lyon 1VilleurbanneFrance
| | - Folkert Kuipers
- Department of PediatricsUniversity of Groningen, University Medical Center GroningenGroningenThe Netherlands
- Department of Laboratory MedicineUniversity of Groningen, University Medical Center GroningenGroningenThe Netherlands
| | - Dirk‐Jan Reijngoud
- Department of PediatricsUniversity of Groningen, University Medical Center GroningenGroningenThe Netherlands
| | - Terry G. J. Derks
- Department of PediatricsUniversity of Groningen, University Medical Center GroningenGroningenThe Netherlands
- Department of Metabolic Diseases, Beatrix Children's HospitalUniversity of Groningen, University Medical Center GroningenGroningenThe Netherlands
| | - Maaike H. Oosterveer
- Department of PediatricsUniversity of Groningen, University Medical Center GroningenGroningenThe Netherlands
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9
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Cho JH, Weinstein DA, Lee YM. Emerging roles of autophagy in hepatic tumorigenesis and therapeutic strategies in glycogen storage disease type Ia: A review. J Inherit Metab Dis 2021; 44:118-128. [PMID: 32474930 DOI: 10.1002/jimd.12267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Revised: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Glycogen storage disease type Ia (GSD-Ia) is an inherited metabolic disease caused by a deficiency in glucose-6-phosphatase-α (G6Pase-α or G6PC) which plays a critical role in blood glucose homeostasis by catalyzing the hydrolysis of glucose-6-phosphate (G6P) to glucose and phosphate in the terminal step of glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis. Patients with GSD-Ia manifest life-threatening fasting hypoglycemia along with the excessive accumulation of hepatic glycogen and triglycerides which results in hepatomegaly and a risk of long-term complications such as hepatocellular adenoma and carcinoma (HCA/HCC). The etiology of HCA/HCC development in GSD-Ia, however, is unknown. Recent studies have shown that the livers in model animals of GSD-Ia display impairment of autophagy, a cellular recycling process which is critical for energy metabolism and cellular homeostasis. However, molecular mechanisms of autophagy impairment and its involvement in pathogenesis in GSD-Ia are still under investigation. Here, we summarize the latest advances for signaling pathways implicated in hepatic autophagy impairment and the roles of autophagy in hepatic tumorigenesis in GSD-Ia. In addition, recent evidence has illustrated that autophagy plays an important role in hepatic metabolism and liver-directed gene therapy mediated by recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV). Therefore, we highlight the possible role of hepatic autophagy in metabolic control and rAAV-mediated gene therapy for GSD-Ia. In this review, we also provide potential therapeutic strategies for GSD-Ia on the basis of molecular mechanisms underlying hepatic autophagy impairment in GSD-Ia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Ho Cho
- Glycogen Storage Disease Program, Department of Pediatrics, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
| | - David A Weinstein
- Glycogen Storage Disease Program, Department of Pediatrics, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
- Glycogen Storage Disease Program, Connecticut Children's Medical Center, Hartford, Connecticut, USA
| | - Young Mok Lee
- Glycogen Storage Disease Program, Department of Pediatrics, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
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10
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Bindi V, Eiroa HD, Crespo C, Martinez M, Bay L. Clinical, Biochemical and Molecular Characterization of a Cohort of Glycogen Storage Disease Type I Patients in a High Complexity Hospital in Argentina. JOURNAL OF INBORN ERRORS OF METABOLISM AND SCREENING 2021. [DOI: 10.1590/2326-4594-jiems-2020-0028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Luisa Bay
- Hospital de Pediatría Juan P. Garrahan, Argentina
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11
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Ross KM, Ferrecchia IA, Dahlberg KR, Dambska M, Ryan PT, Weinstein DA. Dietary Management of the Glycogen Storage Diseases: Evolution of Treatment and Ongoing Controversies. Adv Nutr 2020; 11:439-446. [PMID: 31665208 PMCID: PMC7442342 DOI: 10.1093/advances/nmz092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Revised: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 08/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The hepatic glycogen storage diseases (GSDs) are a group of disorders where abnormal storage or release of glycogen leads to potentially life-threatening hypoglycemia and metabolic disturbances. Dietary interventions have markedly improved the outcome for these disorders, from a previously fatal condition to one where people can do well with proper care. This article chronicles the evolution of dietary management and treatment of the hepatic GSDs (types 0, I, III, VI, IX, and XI). We examine historic and current approaches for preventing hypoglycemia associated with GSDs. There is a lack of consensus on the optimal dietary management of GSDs despite decades of research, and the ongoing controversies are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katalin M Ross
- Glycogen Storage Disease Program, Connecticut Children's, Hartford, CT, USA,Address correspondence to KMR (e-mail: )
| | - Iris A Ferrecchia
- Glycogen Storage Disease Program, Connecticut Children's, Hartford, CT, USA
| | - Kathryn R Dahlberg
- Glycogen Storage Disease Program, Connecticut Children's, Hartford, CT, USA
| | - Monika Dambska
- Glycogen Storage Disease Program, Connecticut Children's, Hartford, CT, USA
| | - Patrick T Ryan
- Glycogen Storage Disease Program, Connecticut Children's, Hartford, CT, USA
| | - David A Weinstein
- Glycogen Storage Disease Program, Connecticut Children's, Hartford, CT, USA,Department of Pediatrics, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, CT, USA
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12
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Yavarow ZA, Kang HR, Waskowicz LR, Bay BH, Young SP, Yen PM, Koeberl DD. Fenofibrate rapidly decreases hepatic lipid and glycogen storage in neonatal mice with glycogen storage disease type Ia. Hum Mol Genet 2020; 29:286-294. [PMID: 31816064 PMCID: PMC7003036 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddz290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Revised: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycogen storage disease type Ia (GSD Ia) is caused by autosomal mutations in glucose-6-phosphatase α catalytic subunit (G6PC) and can present with severe hypoglycemia, lactic acidosis and hypertriglyceridemia. In both children and adults with GSD Ia, there is over-accumulation of hepatic glycogen and triglycerides that can lead to steatohepatitis and a risk for hepatocellular adenoma or carcinoma. Here, we examined the effects of the commonly used peroxisomal proliferated activated receptor α agonist, fenofibrate, on liver and kidney autophagy and lipid metabolism in 5-day-old G6pc -/- mice serving as a model of neonatal GSD Ia. Five-day administration of fenofibrate decreased the elevated hepatic and renal triglyceride and hepatic glycogen levels found in control G6pc -/- mice. Fenofibrate also induced autophagy and promoted β-oxidation of fatty acids and stimulated gene expression of acyl-CoA dehydrogenases in the liver. These findings show that fenofibrate can rapidly decrease hepatic glycogen and triglyceride levels and renal triglyceride levels in neonatal G6pc -/- mice. Moreover, since fenofibrate is an FDA-approved drug that has an excellent safety profile, our findings suggest that fenofibrate could be a potential pharmacological therapy for GSD Ia in neonatal and pediatric patients as well as for adults. These findings may also apply to non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, which shares similar pathological and metabolic changes with GSD Ia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zollie A Yavarow
- Department of Pharmacology, Duke University, Durham NC 27710, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Medical Genetics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham NC 27710, USA
| | - Hye-Ri Kang
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Medical Genetics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham NC 27710, USA
| | - Lauren R Waskowicz
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Medical Genetics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham NC 27710, USA
| | - Boon-Huat Bay
- Department of Anatomy, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117594, Singapore
| | - Sarah P Young
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Medical Genetics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham NC 27710, USA
| | - Paul M Yen
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders Program, Duke—National University of Singapore Graduate Medical School Singapore, Singapore 169547, Singapore
| | - Dwight D Koeberl
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Medical Genetics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham NC 27710, USA
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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13
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Aoun B, Sanjad S, Degheili JA, Barhoumi A, Bassyouni A, Karam PE. Kidney and Metabolic Phenotypes in Glycogen Storage Disease Type-I Patients. Front Pediatr 2020; 8:591. [PMID: 33042926 PMCID: PMC7518374 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2020.00591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients and Methods: A retrospective chart review of 32 GSD- I patients, followed at the American University of Beirut Medical Center, between 2007 and 2018 was conducted. Diagnosis was confirmed by enzymatic and/or genetic studies. Clinical presentation, growth, and kidney outcome were assessed. All patients were evaluated for body mass index, blood parameters of metabolic control including uric acid, alanine, lactic acid, and triglycerides in blood. Kidney evaluation included creatinine clearance, microalbuminuria, citraturia, and calciuria as well as urine microalbumin/creatinine ratio. Results: Almost one third of GSD-I patients developed microalbuminuria. This was detected below 7 months of age in 36% of patients who required early treatment with ACEI with significant reduction in albuminuria. Kidney stones were present in 6% and were associated with hypercalciuria and hypocitraturia. Poor metabolic control reflected by hyperuricemia, lactic acidosis, and hyperalaninemia were noted only in patients who developed microalbuminuria. Conclusion: Glomerular injury may appear in early infancy in poorly controlled patients. Adequate metabolic control and ACEI therapy may improve kidney outcome in GSD I patients. Plasma alanine appears to be a promising and reliable marker reflecting metabolic control in GSD-I patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bilal Aoun
- Division of Pediatric Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Sami Sanjad
- Division of Pediatric Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Jad A Degheili
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Abir Barhoumi
- Department of Nutrition, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Amina Bassyouni
- Inherited Metabolic Diseases Program, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Pascale E Karam
- Inherited Metabolic Diseases Program, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
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14
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Jauze L, Monteillet L, Mithieux G, Rajas F, Ronzitti G. Challenges of Gene Therapy for the Treatment of Glycogen Storage Diseases Type I and Type III. Hum Gene Ther 2019; 30:1263-1273. [PMID: 31319709 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2019.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycogen storage diseases (GSDs) type I (GSDI) and type III (GSDIII), the most frequent hepatic GSDs, are due to defects in glycogen metabolism, mainly in the liver. In addition to hypoglycemia and liver pathology, renal, myeloid, or muscle complications affect GSDI and GSDIII patients. Currently, patient management is based on dietary treatment preventing severe hypoglycemia and increasing the lifespan of patients. However, most of the patients develop long-term pathologies. In the past years, gene therapy for GSDI has generated proof of concept for hepatic GSDs. This resulted in a recent clinical trial of adeno-associated virus (AAV)-based gene replacement for GSDIa. However, the current limitations of AAV-mediated gene transfer still represent a challenge for successful gene therapy in GSDI and GSDIII. Indeed, transgene loss over time was observed in GSDI liver, possibly due to the degeneration of hepatocytes underlying the physiopathology of both GSDI and GSDIII and leading to hepatic tumor development. Moreover, multitissue targeting requires high vector doses to target nonpermissive tissues such as muscle and kidney. Interestingly, recent pharmacological interventions or dietary regimen aiming at the amelioration of the hepatocyte abnormalities before the administration of gene therapy demonstrated improved efficacy in GSDs. In this review, we describe the advances in gene therapy and the limitations to be overcome to achieve efficient and safe gene transfer in GSDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louisa Jauze
- INTEGRARE, Genethon, Inserm, Université d'Evry, Université Paris-Saclay, Evry, France.,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1213, Lyon, France.,Université de Lyon, Lyon, France.,Université Lyon I, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Laure Monteillet
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1213, Lyon, France.,Université de Lyon, Lyon, France.,Université Lyon I, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Gilles Mithieux
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1213, Lyon, France.,Université de Lyon, Lyon, France.,Université Lyon I, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Fabienne Rajas
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1213, Lyon, France.,Université de Lyon, Lyon, France.,Université Lyon I, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Giuseppe Ronzitti
- INTEGRARE, Genethon, Inserm, Université d'Evry, Université Paris-Saclay, Evry, France
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15
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Kaiser N, Gautschi M, Bosanska L, Meienberg F, Baumgartner MR, Spinas GA, Hochuli M. Glycemic control and complications in glycogen storage disease type I: Results from the Swiss registry. Mol Genet Metab 2019; 126:355-361. [PMID: 30846352 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2019.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Revised: 02/26/2019] [Accepted: 02/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Regular carbohydrate intake to avoid hypoglycemia is the mainstay of dietary treatment in glycogen storage disease type I (GSDI). The aim of this study was to evaluate the quality of dietary treatment and glycemic control in a cohort of GSDI patients, in relation to the presence of typical long-term complications. METHODS Data of 25 patients (22 GSD subtype Ia and 3 GSDIb, median age 20y) from the Swiss hepatic glycogen storage disease registry was analyzed cross-sectionally. Frequency and type of hypoglycemia symptoms were assessed prospectively using a structured questionnaire. Diagnostic continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) was performed as part of usual clinical care to assess glycemic control in 14 patients, usually once per year with a mean duration of 6.2 ± 1.1 consecutive days per patient per measurement. RESULTS Although maintenance of euglycemia is the primary goal of dietary treatment, few patients (n = 3, 13%) performed capillary blood glucose measurements regularly. Symptoms possibly associated with hypoglycemia were present in 13 patients (57%), but CGM revealed periods of low glucose (<4 mmol/l) in all patients, irrespective of the presence of symptoms. GSDIa patients with liver adenomas (n = 9, 41%) showed a higher frequency and area under the curve (AUC) of low blood glucose than patients without adenomas (frequency 2.7 ± 0.8 vs. 1.5 ± 0.7 per day, AUC 0.11 ± 0.08 vs. 0.03 ± 0.02 mmol/l/d; p < 0.05). Similarly, the presence of microalbuminuria was also associated with the frequency of low blood glucose. Z-Scores of bone density correlated negatively with lactate levels. CONCLUSION The quality of glucose control is related to the presence of typical long-term complications in GSDI. Many patients experience episodes of asymptomatic low blood glucose. Regular assessment of glucose control is an essential element to evaluate the quality of treatment, and increasing the frequency of glucose self-monitoring remains an important goal of patient education and motivation. CGM devices may support patients to optimize dietary therapy in everyday life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Kaiser
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Clinical Nutrition, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Matthias Gautschi
- Department of Pediatrics and Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital Bern, Inselspital, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Lenka Bosanska
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology, Nutritional medicine and Metabolism, University Hospital Bern, Inselspital, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Fabian Meienberg
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University Hospital, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Matthias R Baumgartner
- Division of Metabolism and Children's Research Center (CRC), University Children's Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland; radiz - Rare Disease Initiative Zurich, Clinical Research Priority Program for Rare Diseases, University of Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Giatgen A Spinas
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Clinical Nutrition, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; radiz - Rare Disease Initiative Zurich, Clinical Research Priority Program for Rare Diseases, University of Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Michel Hochuli
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Clinical Nutrition, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; radiz - Rare Disease Initiative Zurich, Clinical Research Priority Program for Rare Diseases, University of Zurich, Switzerland.
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16
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Kishnani PS, Goldstein J, Austin SL, Arn P, Bachrach B, Bali DS, Chung WK, El-Gharbawy A, Brown LM, Kahler S, Pendyal S, Ross KM, Tsilianidis L, Weinstein DA, Watson MS. Diagnosis and management of glycogen storage diseases type VI and IX: a clinical practice resource of the American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics (ACMG). Genet Med 2019; 21:772-789. [PMID: 30659246 DOI: 10.1038/s41436-018-0364-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Glycogen storage disease (GSD) types VI and IX are rare diseases of variable clinical severity affecting primarily the liver. GSD VI is caused by deficient activity of hepatic glycogen phosphorylase, an enzyme encoded by the PYGL gene. GSD IX is caused by deficient activity of phosphorylase kinase (PhK), the enzyme subunits of which are encoded by various genes: ɑ (PHKA1, PHKA2), β (PHKB), ɣ (PHKG1, PHKG2), and δ (CALM1, CALM2, CALM3). Glycogen storage disease types VI and IX have a wide spectrum of clinical manifestations and often cannot be distinguished from each other, or from other liver GSDs, on clinical presentation alone. Individuals with GSDs VI and IX can present with hepatomegaly with elevated serum transaminases, ketotic hypoglycemia, hyperlipidemia, and poor growth. This guideline for the management of GSDs VI and IX was developed as an educational resource for health-care providers to facilitate prompt and accurate diagnosis and appropriate management of patients. METHODS A national group of experts in various aspects of GSDs VI and IX met to review the limited evidence base from the scientific literature and provided their expert opinions. Consensus was developed in each area of diagnosis, treatment, and management. Evidence bases for these rare disorders are largely based on expert opinion, particularly when targeted therapeutics that have to clear the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) remain unavailable. RESULTS This management guideline specifically addresses evaluation and diagnosis across multiple organ systems involved in GSDs VI and IX. Conditions to consider in a differential diagnosis stemming from presenting features and diagnostic algorithms are discussed. Aspects of diagnostic evaluation and nutritional and medical management, including care coordination, genetic counseling, and prenatal diagnosis are addressed. CONCLUSION A guideline that will facilitate the accurate diagnosis and optimal management of patients with GSDs VI and IX was developed. This guideline will help health-care providers recognize patients with GSDs VI and IX, expedite diagnosis, and minimize adverse sequelae from delayed diagnosis and inappropriate management. It will also help identify gaps in scientific knowledge that exist today and suggest future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Pamela Arn
- Nemours Children's Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Bert Bachrach
- University of Missouri Health System, Columbia, MO, USA
| | | | - Wendy K Chung
- Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Laurie M Brown
- University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | | | | | - Katalin M Ross
- Connecticut Children's Medical Center, Hartford, CT, USA
| | | | - David A Weinstein
- University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Connecticut Children's Hospital, Hartford, CT, USA
| | - Michael S Watson
- American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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17
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Brooks ED, Landau DJ, Everitt JI, Brown TT, Grady KM, Waskowicz L, Bass CR, D'Angelo J, Asfaw YG, Williams K, Kishnani PS, Koeberl DD. Long-term complications of glycogen storage disease type Ia in the canine model treated with gene replacement therapy. J Inherit Metab Dis 2018; 41:965-976. [PMID: 30043186 PMCID: PMC6328337 DOI: 10.1007/s10545-018-0223-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2017] [Revised: 06/09/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glycogen storage disease type Ia (GSD Ia) in dogs closely resembles human GSD Ia. Untreated patients with GSD Ia develop complications associated with glucose-6-phosphatase (G6Pase) deficiency. Survival of human patients on intensive nutritional management has improved; however, long-term complications persist including renal failure, nephrolithiasis, hepatocellular adenomas (HCA), and a high risk for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Affected dogs fail to thrive with dietary therapy alone. Treatment with gene replacement therapy using adeno-associated viral vectors (AAV) expressing G6Pase has greatly prolonged life and prevented hypoglycemia in affected dogs. However, long-term complications have not been described to date. METHODS Five GSD Ia-affected dogs treated with AAV-G6Pase were evaluated. Dogs were euthanized due to reaching humane endpoints related to liver and/or kidney involvement, at 4 to 8 years of life. Necropsies were performed and tissues were analyzed. RESULTS Four dogs had liver tumors consistent with HCA and HCC. Three dogs developed renal failure, but all dogs exhibited progressive kidney disease histologically. Urolithiasis was detected in two dogs; uroliths were composed of calcium oxalate and calcium phosphate. One affected and one carrier dog had polycystic ovarian disease. Bone mineral density was not significantly affected. CONCLUSIONS Here, we show that the canine GSD Ia model demonstrates similar long-term complications as GSD Ia patients in spite of gene replacement therapy. Further development of gene therapy is needed to develop a more effective treatment to prevent long-term complications of GSD Ia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth D Brooks
- Division of Medical Genetics, Duke University Medical Center (DUMC), Box 103856, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
- Division of Laboratory Animal Resources, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Dustin J Landau
- Division of Medical Genetics, Duke University Medical Center (DUMC), Box 103856, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Jeffrey I Everitt
- Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Talmage T Brown
- College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Kylie M Grady
- Division of Medical Genetics, Duke University Medical Center (DUMC), Box 103856, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Lauren Waskowicz
- Division of Medical Genetics, Duke University Medical Center (DUMC), Box 103856, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Cameron R Bass
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - John D'Angelo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Yohannes G Asfaw
- Division of Laboratory Animal Resources, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Kyha Williams
- Division of Laboratory Animal Resources, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Priya S Kishnani
- Division of Medical Genetics, Duke University Medical Center (DUMC), Box 103856, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Dwight D Koeberl
- Division of Medical Genetics, Duke University Medical Center (DUMC), Box 103856, Durham, NC, 27710, USA.
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18
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Hoogeveen IJ, Peeks F, de Boer F, Lubout CMA, de Koning TJ, Te Boekhorst S, Zandvoort RJ, Burghard R, van Spronsen FJ, Derks TGJ. A preliminary study of telemedicine for patients with hepatic glycogen storage disease and their healthcare providers: from bedside to home site monitoring. J Inherit Metab Dis 2018; 41:929-936. [PMID: 29600495 PMCID: PMC6326981 DOI: 10.1007/s10545-018-0167-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Revised: 02/22/2018] [Accepted: 03/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The purpose of this project was to develop a telemedicine platform that supports home site monitoring and integrates biochemical, physiological, and dietary parameters for individual patients with hepatic glycogen storage disease (GSD). METHODS AND RESULTS The GSD communication platform (GCP) was designed with input from software developers, GSD patients, researchers, and healthcare providers. In phase 1, prototyping and software design of the GCP has occurred. The GCP was composed of a GSD App for patients and a GSD clinical dashboard for healthcare providers. In phase 2, the GCP was tested by retrospective patient data entry. The following software functionalities were included (a) dietary registration and prescription module, (b) emergency protocol module, and (c) data import functions for continuous glucose monitor devices and activity wearables. In phase 3, the GSD App was implemented in a pilot study of eight patients with GSD Ia (n = 3), GSD IIIa (n = 1), and GSD IX (n = 4). Usability was measured by the system usability scale (SUS). The mean SUS score was 64/100 [range: 38-93]. CONCLUSIONS This report describes the design, development, and validation process of a telemedicine platform for patients with hepatic GSD. The GCP can facilitate home site monitoring and data exchange between patients with hepatic GSD and healthcare providers under varying circumstances. In the future, the GCP may support cross-border healthcare, second opinion processes and clinical trials, and could possibly also be adapted for other diseases for which a medical diet is the cornerstone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene J Hoogeveen
- Section of Metabolic Diseases, Beatrix Children's Hospital University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, PO Box 30 001, 9700 RB, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Fabian Peeks
- Section of Metabolic Diseases, Beatrix Children's Hospital University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, PO Box 30 001, 9700 RB, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Foekje de Boer
- Section of Metabolic Diseases, Beatrix Children's Hospital University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, PO Box 30 001, 9700 RB, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Charlotte M A Lubout
- Section of Metabolic Diseases, Beatrix Children's Hospital University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, PO Box 30 001, 9700 RB, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Tom J de Koning
- Section of Metabolic Diseases, Beatrix Children's Hospital University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, PO Box 30 001, 9700 RB, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | - Francjan J van Spronsen
- Section of Metabolic Diseases, Beatrix Children's Hospital University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, PO Box 30 001, 9700 RB, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Terry G J Derks
- Section of Metabolic Diseases, Beatrix Children's Hospital University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, PO Box 30 001, 9700 RB, Groningen, The Netherlands.
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19
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Gjorgjieva M, Monteillet L, Calderaro J, Mithieux G, Rajas F. Polycystic kidney features of the renal pathology in glycogen storage disease type I: possible evolution to renal neoplasia. J Inherit Metab Dis 2018; 41:955-963. [PMID: 29869165 DOI: 10.1007/s10545-018-0207-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Revised: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Glycogen storage disease type I (GSDI) is a rare genetic pathology characterized by glucose-6 phosphatase (G6Pase) deficiency, translating in hypoglycemia during short fasts. Besides metabolic perturbations, GSDI patients develop long-term complications, especially chronic kidney disease (CKD). In GSDI patients, CKD is characterized by an accumulation of glycogen and lipids in kidneys, leading to a gradual decline in renal function. At a molecular level, the activation of the renin-angiotensin system is responsible for the development of renal fibrosis, eventually leading to renal failure. The same CKD phenotype was observed in a mouse model with a kidney-specific G6Pase deficiency (K.G6pc-/- mice). Furthermore, GSDI patients and mice develop frequently renal cysts at late stages of the nephropathy, classifying GSDI as a potential polycystic kidney disease (PKD). PKDs are genetic disorders characterized by multiple renal cyst formation, frequently caused by the loss of expression of polycystic kidney genes, such as PKD1/2 and PKHD1. Interestingly, these genes are deregulated in K.G6pc-/- kidneys, suggesting their possible role in GSDI cystogenesis. Finally, renal cysts are known to predispose to renal malignancy development. In addition, HNF1B loss is a malignancy prediction factor. Interestingly, Hnf1b expression was decreased in K.G6pc-/- kidneys. While a single case of renal cancer has been reported in a GSDI patient, a clear cell renal carcinoma was recently observed in one K.G6pc-/- mouse (out of 36 studied mice) at a later stage of the disease. This finding highlights the need to further analyze renal cyst development in GSDI patients in order to evaluate the possible associated risk of carcinogenesis, even if the risk might be limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Gjorgjieva
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche by Inserm, U1213, 69008, Lyon, France
- Université de Lyon, 69008, Lyon, France
- Université Lyon1, 69622, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Laure Monteillet
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche by Inserm, U1213, 69008, Lyon, France
- Université de Lyon, 69008, Lyon, France
- Université Lyon1, 69622, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Julien Calderaro
- Inserm UMR-1162, Université Paris Descartes, Labex Immuno-Oncology, Université Paris Diderot, Université Paris 13, Paris, France
- APHP, Assistance-Publique Hôpitaux-de-Paris, Département de Pathologie, Hôpital Henri Mondor, 94010, Créteil, France
| | - Gilles Mithieux
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche by Inserm, U1213, 69008, Lyon, France
- Université de Lyon, 69008, Lyon, France
- Université Lyon1, 69622, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Fabienne Rajas
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche by Inserm, U1213, 69008, Lyon, France.
- Université de Lyon, 69008, Lyon, France.
- Université Lyon1, 69622, Villeurbanne, France.
- Inserm U1213, Université Lyon 1 Laennec, 7 rue Guillaume Paradin, 69372, Lyon Cedex 08, France.
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Lee YM, Conlon TJ, Specht A, Coleman KE, Brown LM, Estrella AM, Dambska M, Dahlberg KR, Weinstein DA. Long-term safety and efficacy of AAV gene therapy in the canine model of glycogen storage disease type Ia. J Inherit Metab Dis 2018; 41:977-984. [PMID: 29802554 DOI: 10.1007/s10545-018-0199-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2018] [Revised: 04/30/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Viral mediated gene therapy has progressed after overcoming early failures, and gene therapy has now been approved for several conditions in Europe and the USA. Glycogen storage disease (GSD) type Ia, caused by a deficiency of glucose-6-phosphatase-α, has been viewed as an outstanding candidate for gene therapy. This follow-up report describes the long-term outcome for the naturally occurring GSD-Ia dogs treated with rAAV-GPE-hG6PC-mediated gene therapy. METHODS A total of seven dogs were treated with rAAV-GPE-hG6PC-mediated gene therapy. The first four dogs were treated at birth, and three dogs were treated between 2 and 6 months of age to assess the efficacy and safety in animals with mature livers. Blood and urine samples, radiographic studies, histological evaluation, and biodistribution were assessed. RESULTS Gene therapy improved survival in the GSD-Ia dogs. With treatment, the biochemical studies normalized for the duration of the study (up to 7 years). None of the rAAV-GPE-hG6PC-treated dogs had focal hepatic lesions or renal abnormalities. Dogs treated at birth required a second dose of rAAV after 2-4 months; gene therapy after hepatic maturation resulted in improved efficacy after a single dose. CONCLUSION rAAV-GPE-hG6PC treatment in GSD-Ia dogs was found to be safe and efficacious. GSD-Ia is an attractive target for human gene therapy since it is a monogenic disorder with limited tissue involvement. Blood glucose and lactate monitoring can be used to assess effectiveness and as a biomarker of success. GSD-Ia can also serve as a model for other hepatic monogenic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Mok Lee
- Glycogen Storage Disease Program, Department of Pediatrics, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, CT, 06030, USA
- Glycogen Storage Disease Program, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Thomas J Conlon
- Powell Gene Therapy Center, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
- CR Scientific and Compliance Consulting, LLC, Gainesville, FL, 32608, USA
| | - Andrew Specht
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Florida College of Veterinary Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Kirsten E Coleman
- Powell Gene Therapy Center, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Laurie M Brown
- Glycogen Storage Disease Program, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Ana M Estrella
- Glycogen Storage Disease Program, Department of Pediatrics, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, CT, 06030, USA
- Glycogen Storage Disease Program, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Monika Dambska
- Glycogen Storage Disease Program, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Glycogen Storage Disease Program, Connecticut Children's Medical Center, Hartford, CT, USA
| | - Kathryn R Dahlberg
- Glycogen Storage Disease Program, Connecticut Children's Medical Center, Hartford, CT, USA
| | - David A Weinstein
- Glycogen Storage Disease Program, Department of Pediatrics, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, CT, 06030, USA.
- Glycogen Storage Disease Program, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA.
- Glycogen Storage Disease Program, Connecticut Children's Medical Center, Hartford, CT, USA.
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