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Afnan J, Cai Z, Lina JM, Abdallah C, Delaire E, Avigdor T, Ros V, Hedrich T, von Ellenrieder N, Kobayashi E, Frauscher B, Gotman J, Grova C. EEG/MEG source imaging of deep brain activity within the maximum entropy on the mean framework: Simulations and validation in epilepsy. Hum Brain Mapp 2024; 45:e26720. [PMID: 38994740 PMCID: PMC11240147 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.26720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Revised: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 07/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Electro/Magneto-EncephaloGraphy (EEG/MEG) source imaging (EMSI) of epileptic activity from deep generators is often challenging due to the higher sensitivity of EEG/MEG to superficial regions and to the spatial configuration of subcortical structures. We previously demonstrated the ability of the coherent Maximum Entropy on the Mean (cMEM) method to accurately localize the superficial cortical generators and their spatial extent. Here, we propose a depth-weighted adaptation of cMEM to localize deep generators more accurately. These methods were evaluated using realistic MEG/high-density EEG (HD-EEG) simulations of epileptic activity and actual MEG/HD-EEG recordings from patients with focal epilepsy. We incorporated depth-weighting within the MEM framework to compensate for its preference for superficial generators. We also included a mesh of both hippocampi, as an additional deep structure in the source model. We generated 5400 realistic simulations of interictal epileptic discharges for MEG and HD-EEG involving a wide range of spatial extents and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) levels, before investigating EMSI on clinical HD-EEG in 16 patients and MEG in 14 patients. Clinical interictal epileptic discharges were marked by visual inspection. We applied three EMSI methods: cMEM, depth-weighted cMEM and depth-weighted minimum norm estimate (MNE). The ground truth was defined as the true simulated generator or as a drawn region based on clinical information available for patients. For deep sources, depth-weighted cMEM improved the localization when compared to cMEM and depth-weighted MNE, whereas depth-weighted cMEM did not deteriorate localization accuracy for superficial regions. For patients' data, we observed improvement in localization for deep sources, especially for the patients with mesial temporal epilepsy, for which cMEM failed to reconstruct the initial generator in the hippocampus. Depth weighting was more crucial for MEG (gradiometers) than for HD-EEG. Similar findings were found when considering depth weighting for the wavelet extension of MEM. In conclusion, depth-weighted cMEM improved the localization of deep sources without or with minimal deterioration of the localization of the superficial sources. This was demonstrated using extensive simulations with MEG and HD-EEG and clinical MEG and HD-EEG for epilepsy patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jawata Afnan
- Multimodal Functional Imaging Lab, Biomedical Engineering Department, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Integrated Program in Neuroscience, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Montreal Neurological Institute, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Zhengchen Cai
- Montreal Neurological Institute, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Jean-Marc Lina
- Physnum Team, Centre De Recherches Mathématiques, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Electrical Engineering Department, École De Technologie Supérieure, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Center for Advanced Research in Sleep Medicine, Sacré-Coeur Hospital, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Chifaou Abdallah
- Multimodal Functional Imaging Lab, Biomedical Engineering Department, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Integrated Program in Neuroscience, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Analytical Neurophysiology Lab, Department of Neurology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Edouard Delaire
- Multimodal Functional Imaging Lab, Department of Physics and Concordia School of Health, Concordia University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Tamir Avigdor
- Multimodal Functional Imaging Lab, Biomedical Engineering Department, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Integrated Program in Neuroscience, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Analytical Neurophysiology Lab, Department of Neurology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Victoria Ros
- Montreal Neurological Institute, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Tanguy Hedrich
- Multimodal Functional Imaging Lab, Biomedical Engineering Department, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Nicolas von Ellenrieder
- Montreal Neurological Institute, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Eliane Kobayashi
- Montreal Neurological Institute, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Birgit Frauscher
- Montreal Neurological Institute, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Analytical Neurophysiology Lab, Department of Neurology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Jean Gotman
- Montreal Neurological Institute, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Christophe Grova
- Multimodal Functional Imaging Lab, Biomedical Engineering Department, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Montreal Neurological Institute, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Physnum Team, Centre De Recherches Mathématiques, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Multimodal Functional Imaging Lab, Department of Physics and Concordia School of Health, Concordia University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
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Calvetti D, Pascarella A, Pitolli F, Somersalo E, Vantaggi B. The IAS-MEEG Package: A Flexible Inverse Source Reconstruction Platform for Reconstruction and Visualization of Brain Activity from M/EEG Data. Brain Topogr 2023; 36:10-22. [PMID: 36460892 PMCID: PMC9834133 DOI: 10.1007/s10548-022-00926-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
We present a standalone Matlab software platform complete with visualization for the reconstruction of the neural activity in the brain from MEG or EEG data. The underlying inversion combines hierarchical Bayesian models and Krylov subspace iterative least squares solvers. The Bayesian framework of the underlying inversion algorithm allows to account for anatomical information and possible a priori belief about the focality of the reconstruction. The computational efficiency makes the software suitable for the reconstruction of lengthy time series on standard computing equipment. The algorithm requires minimal user provided input parameters, although the user can express the desired focality and accuracy of the solution. The code has been designed so as to favor the parallelization performed automatically by Matlab, according to the resources of the host computer. We demonstrate the flexibility of the platform by reconstructing activity patterns with supports of different sizes from MEG and EEG data. Moreover, we show that the software reconstructs well activity patches located either in the subcortical brain structures or on the cortex. The inverse solver and visualization modules can be used either individually or in combination. We also provide a version of the inverse solver that can be used within Brainstorm toolbox. All the software is available online by Github, including the Brainstorm plugin, with accompanying documentation and test data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Calvetti
- Department of Mathematics, Applied Mathematics and Statistics, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44106 USA
| | - Annalisa Pascarella
- Istituto per le Applicazioni del Calcolo “M. Picone”, National Research Council, Via dei Taurini 19, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Pitolli
- Department of Basic and Applied Sciences for Engineering, University of Rome “La Sapienza”, Via Scarpa 16, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Erkki Somersalo
- Department of Mathematics, Applied Mathematics and Statistics, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44106 USA
| | - Barbara Vantaggi
- Dipartimento Metodi e Modelli per l’Economia, il Territorio e la Finanza MEMOTEF, University of Rome “La Sapienza”, Via Castro Laurenziano 9, 00161 Rome, Italy
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Calvetti D, Johnson B, Pascarella A, Pitolli F, Somersalo E, Vantaggi B. Mining the Mind: Linear Discriminant Analysis of MEG Source Reconstruction Time Series Supports Dynamic Changes in Deep Brain Regions During Meditation Sessions. Brain Topogr 2021; 34:840-862. [PMID: 34652578 PMCID: PMC8556220 DOI: 10.1007/s10548-021-00874-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Meditation practices have been claimed to have a positive effect on the regulation of mood and emotions for quite some time by practitioners, and in recent times there has been a sustained effort to provide a more precise description of the influence of meditation on the human brain. Longitudinal studies have reported morphological changes in cortical thickness and volume in selected brain regions due to meditation practice, which is interpreted as an evidence its effectiveness beyond the subjective self reporting. Using magnetoencephalography (MEG) or electroencephalography to quantify the changes in brain activity during meditation practice represents a challenge, as no clear hypothesis about the spatial or temporal pattern of such changes is available to date. In this article we consider MEG data collected during meditation sessions of experienced Buddhist monks practicing focused attention (Samatha) and open monitoring (Vipassana) meditation, contrasted by resting state with eyes closed. The MEG data are first mapped to time series of brain activity averaged over brain regions corresponding to a standard Destrieux brain atlas. Next, by bootstrapping and spectral analysis, the data are mapped to matrices representing random samples of power spectral densities in [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text], and [Formula: see text] frequency bands. We use linear discriminant analysis to demonstrate that the samples corresponding to different meditative or resting states contain enough fingerprints of the brain state to allow a separation between different states, and we identify the brain regions that appear to contribute to the separation. Our findings suggest that the cingulate cortex, insular cortex and some of the internal structures, most notably the accumbens, the caudate and the putamen nuclei, the thalamus and the amygdalae stand out as separating regions, which seems to correlate well with earlier findings based on longitudinal studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Calvetti
- Department of Mathematics, Applied Mathematics and Statistics, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Brian Johnson
- Department of Mathematics, Applied Mathematics and Statistics, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Annalisa Pascarella
- Istituto per le Applicazioni del Calcolo "Mauro Picone" - CNR, Via dei Taurini 19, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Pitolli
- Department of Basic and Applied Sciences for Engineering, University of Rome "La Sapienza", Via Scarpa 16, 00161, Rome, Italy.
| | - Erkki Somersalo
- Department of Mathematics, Applied Mathematics and Statistics, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Barbara Vantaggi
- Department MEMOTEF, University of Rome "La Sapienza", Via del Castro Laurenziano 9, 00161, Rome, Italy
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Hashemi A, Cai C, Kutyniok G, Müller KR, Nagarajan SS, Haufe S. Unification of sparse Bayesian learning algorithms for electromagnetic brain imaging with the majorization minimization framework. Neuroimage 2021; 239:118309. [PMID: 34182100 PMCID: PMC8433122 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2021.118309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Methods for electro- or magnetoencephalography (EEG/MEG) based brain source imaging (BSI) using sparse Bayesian learning (SBL) have been demonstrated to achieve excellent performance in situations with low numbers of distinct active sources, such as event-related designs. This paper extends the theory and practice of SBL in three important ways. First, we reformulate three existing SBL algorithms under the majorization-minimization (MM) framework. This unification perspective not only provides a useful theoretical framework for comparing different algorithms in terms of their convergence behavior, but also provides a principled recipe for constructing novel algorithms with specific properties by designing appropriate bounds of the Bayesian marginal likelihood function. Second, building on the MM principle, we propose a novel method called LowSNR-BSI that achieves favorable source reconstruction performance in low signal-to-noise-ratio (SNR) settings. Third, precise knowledge of the noise level is a crucial requirement for accurate source reconstruction. Here we present a novel principled technique to accurately learn the noise variance from the data either jointly within the source reconstruction procedure or using one of two proposed cross-validation strategies. Empirically, we could show that the monotonous convergence behavior predicted from MM theory is confirmed in numerical experiments. Using simulations, we further demonstrate the advantage of LowSNR-BSI over conventional SBL in low-SNR regimes, and the advantage of learned noise levels over estimates derived from baseline data. To demonstrate the usefulness of our novel approach, we show neurophysiologically plausible source reconstructions on averaged auditory evoked potential data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Hashemi
- Uncertainty, Inverse Modeling and Machine Learning Group, Technische Universität Berlin, Germany; Machine Learning Group, Technische Universität Berlin, Germany; Berlin Center for Advanced Neuroimaging (BCAN), Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany; Institut für Mathematik, Technische Universität Berlin, Germany.
| | - Chang Cai
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA; National Engineering Research Center for E-Learning, Central China Normal University, China
| | - Gitta Kutyniok
- Mathematisches Institut, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Germany; Department of Physics and Technology, University of Tromsø, Norway
| | - Klaus-Robert Müller
- Machine Learning Group, Technische Universität Berlin, Germany; BIFOLD - Berlin Institute for the Foundations of Learning and Data, Berlin, Germany; Department of Brain and Cognitive Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea; Max Planck Institute for Informatics, Saarbrücken, Germany.
| | - Srikantan S Nagarajan
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
| | - Stefan Haufe
- Uncertainty, Inverse Modeling and Machine Learning Group, Technische Universität Berlin, Germany; Berlin Center for Advanced Neuroimaging (BCAN), Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany; Mathematical Modelling and Data Analysis Department, Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt Braunschweig und Berlin, Germany; Bernstein Center for Computational Neuroscience, Berlin, Germany.
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Rezaei A, Antonakakis M, Piastra M, Wolters CH, Pursiainen S. Parametrizing the Conditionally Gaussian Prior Model for Source Localization with Reference to the P20/N20 Component of Median Nerve SEP/SEF. Brain Sci 2020; 10:E934. [PMID: 33287441 PMCID: PMC7761863 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci10120934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Revised: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In this article, we focused on developing the conditionally Gaussian hierarchical Bayesian model (CG-HBM), which forms a superclass of several inversion methods for source localization of brain activity using somatosensory evoked potential (SEP) and field (SEF) measurements. The goal of this proof-of-concept study was to improve the applicability of the CG-HBM as a superclass by proposing a robust approach for the parametrization of focal source scenarios. We aimed at a parametrization that is invariant with respect to altering the noise level and the source space size. The posterior difference between the gamma and inverse gamma hyperprior was minimized by optimizing the shape parameter, while a suitable range for the scale parameter can be obtained via the prior-over-measurement signal-to-noise ratio, which we introduce as a new concept in this study. In the source localization experiments, the primary generator of the P20/N20 component was detected in the Brodmann area 3b using the CG-HBM approach and a parameter range derived from the existing knowledge of the Tikhonov-regularized minimum norm estimate, i.e., the classical Gaussian prior model. Moreover, it seems that the detection of deep thalamic activity simultaneously with the P20/N20 component with the gamma hyperprior can be enhanced while using a close-to-optimal shape parameter value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atena Rezaei
- Computing Sciences, Faculty of Information Technology and Communication Sciences, Tampere University, Hervanta Campus, P.O. Box 1001, 33014 Tampere, Finland;
| | - Marios Antonakakis
- Institute of Biomagnetism and Biosignalanalysis, University of Münster, Malmedyweg 15, D-48149 Münster, Germany; (M.A.); (M.P.); (C.H.W.)
| | - MariaCarla Piastra
- Institute of Biomagnetism and Biosignalanalysis, University of Münster, Malmedyweg 15, D-48149 Münster, Germany; (M.A.); (M.P.); (C.H.W.)
- Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Kapittelweg 29, 6525 EN Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Carsten H. Wolters
- Institute of Biomagnetism and Biosignalanalysis, University of Münster, Malmedyweg 15, D-48149 Münster, Germany; (M.A.); (M.P.); (C.H.W.)
- Otto Creutzfeldt Center for Cognitive and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Sampsa Pursiainen
- Computing Sciences, Faculty of Information Technology and Communication Sciences, Tampere University, Hervanta Campus, P.O. Box 1001, 33014 Tampere, Finland;
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Rezaei A, Koulouri A, Pursiainen S. Randomized Multiresolution Scanning in Focal and Fast E/MEG Sensing of Brain Activity with a Variable Depth. Brain Topogr 2020; 33:161-175. [PMID: 32076899 PMCID: PMC7066097 DOI: 10.1007/s10548-020-00755-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We focus on electro-/magnetoencephalography imaging of the neural activity and, in particular, finding a robust estimate for the primary current distribution via the hierarchical Bayesian model (HBM). Our aim is to develop a reasonably fast maximum a posteriori (MAP) estimation technique which would be applicable for both superficial and deep areas without specific a priori knowledge of the number or location of the activity. To enable source distinguishability for any depth, we introduce a randomized multiresolution scanning (RAMUS) approach in which the MAP estimate of the brain activity is varied during the reconstruction process. RAMUS aims to provide a robust and accurate imaging outcome for the whole brain, while maintaining the computational cost on an appropriate level. The inverse gamma (IG) distribution is applied as the primary hyperprior in order to achieve an optimal performance for the deep part of the brain. In this proof-of-the-concept study, we consider the detection of simultaneous thalamic and somatosensory activity via numerically simulated data modeling the 14-20 ms post-stimulus somatosensory evoked potential and field response to electrical wrist stimulation. Both a spherical and realistic model are utilized to analyze the source reconstruction discrepancies. In the numerically examined case, RAMUS was observed to enhance the visibility of deep components and also marginalizing the random effects of the discretization and optimization without a remarkable computation cost. A robust and accurate MAP estimate for the primary current density was obtained in both superficial and deep parts of the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Rezaei
- Faculty of Information Technology and Communication Sciences, Tampere University, P.O. Box 692, 33101, Tampere, Finland.
| | - A Koulouri
- Faculty of Information Technology and Communication Sciences, Tampere University, P.O. Box 692, 33101, Tampere, Finland
| | - S Pursiainen
- Faculty of Information Technology and Communication Sciences, Tampere University, P.O. Box 692, 33101, Tampere, Finland
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