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Guo S, Zheng S, Liu M, Wang G. Novel Anti-Cancer Stem Cell Compounds: A Comprehensive Review. Pharmaceutics 2024; 16:1024. [PMID: 39204369 PMCID: PMC11360402 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics16081024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2024] [Revised: 07/24/2024] [Accepted: 07/26/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs) possess a significant ability to renew themselves, which gives them a strong capacity to form tumors and expand to encompass additional body areas. In addition, they possess inherent resistance to chemotherapy and radiation therapies used to treat many forms of cancer. Scientists have focused on investigating the signaling pathways that are highly linked to the ability of CSCs to renew themselves and maintain their stem cell properties. The pathways encompassed are Notch, Wnt/β-catenin, hedgehog, STAT3, NF-κB, PI-3K/Akt/mTOR, sirtuin, ALDH, MDM2, and ROS. Recent studies indicate that directing efforts towards CSC cells is essential in eradicating the overall cancer cell population and reducing the likelihood of tumor metastasis. As our comprehension of the mechanisms that stimulate CSC activity, growth, and resistance to chemotherapy advances, the discovery of therapeutic drugs specifically targeting CSCs, such as small-molecule compounds, holds the potential to revolutionize cancer therapy. This review article examines and analyzes the novel anti-CSC compounds that have demonstrated effective and selective targeting of pathways associated with the renewal and stemness of CSCs. We also discussed their special drug metabolism and absorption mechanisms. CSCs have been the subject of much study in cancer biology. As a possible treatment for malignancies, small-molecule drugs that target CSCs are gaining more and more attention. This article provides a comprehensive review of the current state of key small-molecule compounds, summarizes their recent developments, and anticipates the future discovery of even more potent and targeted compounds, opening up new avenues for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanchun Guo
- RCMI Cancer Research Center and Department of Chemistry, Xavier University of Louisiana, New Orleans, LA 70125, USA;
| | - Shilong Zheng
- RCMI Cancer Research Center and Department of Chemistry, Xavier University of Louisiana, New Orleans, LA 70125, USA;
| | - Mingli Liu
- Department of Biochemistry & Immunology, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30310, USA;
| | - Guangdi Wang
- RCMI Cancer Research Center and Department of Chemistry, Xavier University of Louisiana, New Orleans, LA 70125, USA;
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Wang J, Huang D, Nguyen TAT, Phan LM, Wei W, Rezaeian AH. CD74-AKT Axis Is a Potential Therapeutic Target in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer. BIOLOGY 2024; 13:481. [PMID: 39056676 PMCID: PMC11274071 DOI: 10.3390/biology13070481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2024] [Revised: 06/19/2024] [Accepted: 06/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) cells are often resistant to FAS (CD95)-mediated apoptosis, but the underlying molecular mechanism(s) is not fully understood yet. Notably, the expression of the type II transmembrane protein, CD74, is correlated with chemotherapy-resistant and more invasive forms of cancers via unknown mechanisms. Here, we analyzed gene expression pattern of cancer patients and/or patient-derived xenograft (PDX) models and found that mRNA and protein levels of CD74 are highly expressed in TNBC and correlated with cancer stem cells (CSCs) and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) properties. Mechanistically, we found that AKT activation is likely critical for maintaining CD74 expression and protein stability to favor its oncogenic functions. Physiologically, epidermal growth factor (EGF) along with CD74 could activate AKT signaling, likely through binding of phosphorylated AKT (S473) to CD74, whereas inhibition of AKT could impair stability of CD74. We also revealed that CD74 binds to FAS and interferes with the intrinsic signaling of FAS-mediated apoptosis. As such, selective targeting of the CD74/FAS complex using the AKT inhibitor along with the CD74-derived peptide could synergistically restore and activate FAS-mediated apoptosis. Therefore, our approach of mobilizing apoptosis pathways likely provides a rationale for TNBC treatment by targeting the CD74/FAS and CD74-AKT axes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingchao Wang
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Daoyuan Huang
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Thu Anh Thai Nguyen
- Genome and Systems Biology Degree Program, College of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Liem Minh Phan
- David Grant USAF Medical Center, Clinical Investigation Facility, 60th Medical Group, Travis Air Force Base, Fairfield, CA 94535, USA
| | - Wenyi Wei
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Abdol-Hossein Rezaeian
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
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Wang T, Heng YJ, Baker GM, Bret-Mounet VC, Quintana LM, Frueh L, Hankinson SE, Holmes MD, Chen WY, Willett WC, Rosner B, Tamimi RM, Eliassen AH. Loss of PTEN Expression, PIK3CA Mutations, and Breast Cancer Survival in the Nurses' Health Studies. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2022; 31:1926-1934. [PMID: 35914729 PMCID: PMC9532372 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-22-0672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2022] [Revised: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The relationships between PTEN loss and/or PIK3CA mutation and breast cancer prognosis remain controversial. We aim to examine the associations in large epidemiologic cohorts. METHODS We followed women with invasive breast cancer from the Nurses' Health Studies with available data on tumor PTEN expression (n = 4,111) and PIK3CA mutation (n = 2,930). PTEN expression was evaluated by IHC and digitally scored (0%-100%). Pyrosequencing of six hotspot mutations of PIK3CA was performed. RESULTS We found loss of PTEN expression (≤10%) occurred in 17% of cases, and PIK3CA mutations were detected in 11% of cases. After adjusting for clinical and lifestyle factors, PTEN loss was not associated with worse breast cancer-specific mortality among all samples [HR, 0.85; 95% confidence intervals (CI), 0.71-1.03] or among estrogen receptor (ER)-positive tumors (HR, 0.99; 95% CI, 0.79-1.24). However, among ER-negative tumors, PTEN loss was associated with lower breast cancer-specific mortality (HR, 0.68; 95% CI, 0.48-0.95). PIK3CA mutation was not strongly associated with breast cancer-specific mortality (HR, 0.89; 95% CI, 0.67-1.17). Compared with tumors without PTEN loss and without PIK3CA mutation, those with alterations (n = 540) were not at higher risk (HR, 1.07; 95% CI, 0.86-1.34). However, women with both PTEN loss and PIK3CA mutation (n = 38) were at an increased risk of breast cancer-specific mortality (HR, 1.65; 95% CI, 0.83-3.26). CONCLUSIONS In this large epidemiologic study, the PTEN-mortality association was more pronounced for ER-negative tumors, and the joint PTEN loss and PIK3CA mutation may be associated with worse prognosis. IMPACT Further studies with a larger sample of ER-negative tumors are needed to replicate our findings and elucidate underlying mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tengteng Wang
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham & Women’s Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | - Yujing J. Heng
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA
| | - Gabrielle M. Baker
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA
| | | | - Liza M. Quintana
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA
| | - Lisa Frueh
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham & Women’s Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Susan E. Hankinson
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, University of Massachusetts School of Public Health and Health Sciences, Amherst, MA
| | - Michelle D. Holmes
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham & Women’s Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | - Wendy Y. Chen
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham & Women’s Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA
| | - Walter C. Willett
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | - Bernard Rosner
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham & Women’s Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | - Rulla M. Tamimi
- Department of Population Health Sciences, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY
| | - A. Heather Eliassen
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham & Women’s Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
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Biguanides drugs: Past success stories and promising future for drug discovery. Eur J Med Chem 2021; 224:113726. [PMID: 34364161 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.113726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Biguanides have attracted much attention a century ago and showed resurgent interest in recent years after a long period of dormancy. They constitute an important class of therapeutic agents suitable for the treatment of a wide spectrum of diseases. Therapeutic indications of biguanides include antidiabetic, antimalarial, antiviral, antiplaque, and bactericidal applications. This review presents an extensive overview of the biological activity of biguanides and different mechanisms of action of currently marketed biguanide-containing drugs, as well as their pharmacological properties when applicable. We highlight the recent developments in research on biguanide compounds, with a primary focus on studies on metformin in the field of oncology. We aim to provide a critical overview of all main bioactive biguanide compounds and discuss future perspectives for the design of new drugs based on the biguanide fragment.
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Sirico M, Bernocchi O, Sobhani N, Giudici F, Corona SP, Vernieri C, Nichetti F, Cappelletti MR, Milani M, Strina C, Cervoni V, Barbieri G, Ziglioli N, Dester M, Bianchi GV, De Braud F, Generali D. Early Changes of the Standardized Uptake Values (SUV max) Predict the Efficacy of Everolimus-Exemestane in Patients with Hormone Receptor-Positive Metastatic Breast Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:E3314. [PMID: 33182575 PMCID: PMC7697290 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12113314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Revised: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The mTORC1 inhibitor everolimus has been approved in combination with the aromatase inhibitor exemestane for the treatment of hormone receptor-positive (HR+) human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-negative (HER2-) metastatic breast cancer (HR+ mBC) progressing on prior therapy with a non-steroidal aromatase inhibitor. To date, no predictive biomarkers of tumor sensitivity/resistance for everolimus-based treatments have been identified. We hypothesized that precocious changes in the Standardized Uptake Volume (∆SUV%), as assessed by 18F-Fluorodeoxyglucosepositron-emission tomography (18F-FDG PET/CT), may be a marker of everolimus efficacy. Methods: This was a retrospective study including 31 HR+ HER2- patients treated with everolimus and exemestane in two Italian centers between 2013 and 2018. The objective of the study was to investigate ∆SUV% as a predictive marker of everolimus antitumor efficacy. 18F-FDG PET/CT scans were performed at baseline and after three months of treatment. Patients were defined as long responders (LRs) if disease progression occurred at least 10 months after treatment initiation and long survivors (LSs) if death occurred later than 36 months after starting therapy. ROC analysis was used to determine the optimal cut-off values of ∆SUV% to distinguish LRs from non-LRs and LSs from non-LSs. Progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) were estimated by Kaplan-Meier method. Results: The SUVmax values decreased significantly from baseline to 3 months after therapy (p = 0.003). Dynamic changes of SUVmax (Delta SUV) had a higher accuracy in discriminating long-responders from non-long-responders (AUC = 0.67, Delta SUV cut-off = 28.8%) respects to its ability to identify long survivors from no-long survivors (AUC = 0.60, Delta SUV cut-off = 53.8%). Patients were divided into groups according to the Delta SUV cut-offs and survival outcomes were evaluated: patients with a decrease of ∆SUV% ≥ 28.8% had significantly better PFS (10 months-PFS: 63.2%, 95% CI: 37.9-80.4% and 16.7%, 95% CI: 2.7-41.3% respectively, p = 0.005). As regard as OS, patients with ∆SUV% ≥ 53.8% had longer OS when compared to patients with ∆SUV% < 53.8% (36 month-OS: 82.5% vs. 45.9% vs. p = 0.048). Conclusion: We found two precocious ∆SUV% thresholds capable of identifying HR+ HER2-mBC patients, which would achieve long-term benefit or long-term survival during everolimus-exemestane therapy. These results warrant further validation in prospective studies and should be integrated with molecular biomarkers related to tumor metabolism and mTORC1 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianna Sirico
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK; (S.P.C.); (M.R.C.); (M.M.); (C.S.); (V.C.); (G.B.); (N.Z.); (M.D.); (D.G.)
- Azienda Socio-Sanitaria Territoriale Cremona, 26100 Cremona, Italy
| | - Ottavia Bernocchi
- Department of Medical, Surgery and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, 34147 Trieste, Italy; (O.B.); (F.G.)
| | - Navid Sobhani
- Section of Epidemiology and Population Science, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Fabiola Giudici
- Department of Medical, Surgery and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, 34147 Trieste, Italy; (O.B.); (F.G.)
| | - Silvia P. Corona
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK; (S.P.C.); (M.R.C.); (M.M.); (C.S.); (V.C.); (G.B.); (N.Z.); (M.D.); (D.G.)
- Azienda Socio-Sanitaria Territoriale Cremona, 26100 Cremona, Italy
- Department of Medical, Surgery and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, 34147 Trieste, Italy; (O.B.); (F.G.)
| | - Claudio Vernieri
- Department of Medical Oncology, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, 20133 Milan, Italy; (C.V.); (F.N.); (G.V.B.); (F.D.B.)
- Fondazione Istituto FIRC di Oncologia Molecolare (IFOM), 20129 Milan, Italy
| | - Federico Nichetti
- Department of Medical Oncology, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, 20133 Milan, Italy; (C.V.); (F.N.); (G.V.B.); (F.D.B.)
| | - Maria Rosa Cappelletti
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK; (S.P.C.); (M.R.C.); (M.M.); (C.S.); (V.C.); (G.B.); (N.Z.); (M.D.); (D.G.)
- Azienda Socio-Sanitaria Territoriale Cremona, 26100 Cremona, Italy
| | - Manuela Milani
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK; (S.P.C.); (M.R.C.); (M.M.); (C.S.); (V.C.); (G.B.); (N.Z.); (M.D.); (D.G.)
- Azienda Socio-Sanitaria Territoriale Cremona, 26100 Cremona, Italy
| | - Carla Strina
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK; (S.P.C.); (M.R.C.); (M.M.); (C.S.); (V.C.); (G.B.); (N.Z.); (M.D.); (D.G.)
- Azienda Socio-Sanitaria Territoriale Cremona, 26100 Cremona, Italy
| | - Valeria Cervoni
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK; (S.P.C.); (M.R.C.); (M.M.); (C.S.); (V.C.); (G.B.); (N.Z.); (M.D.); (D.G.)
- Azienda Socio-Sanitaria Territoriale Cremona, 26100 Cremona, Italy
| | - Giuseppina Barbieri
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK; (S.P.C.); (M.R.C.); (M.M.); (C.S.); (V.C.); (G.B.); (N.Z.); (M.D.); (D.G.)
- Azienda Socio-Sanitaria Territoriale Cremona, 26100 Cremona, Italy
| | - Nicoletta Ziglioli
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK; (S.P.C.); (M.R.C.); (M.M.); (C.S.); (V.C.); (G.B.); (N.Z.); (M.D.); (D.G.)
- Azienda Socio-Sanitaria Territoriale Cremona, 26100 Cremona, Italy
| | - Martina Dester
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK; (S.P.C.); (M.R.C.); (M.M.); (C.S.); (V.C.); (G.B.); (N.Z.); (M.D.); (D.G.)
- Azienda Socio-Sanitaria Territoriale Cremona, 26100 Cremona, Italy
| | - Giulia Valeria Bianchi
- Department of Medical Oncology, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, 20133 Milan, Italy; (C.V.); (F.N.); (G.V.B.); (F.D.B.)
| | - Filippo De Braud
- Department of Medical Oncology, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, 20133 Milan, Italy; (C.V.); (F.N.); (G.V.B.); (F.D.B.)
- Department of Oncology and Hemato-Oncology, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Daniele Generali
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK; (S.P.C.); (M.R.C.); (M.M.); (C.S.); (V.C.); (G.B.); (N.Z.); (M.D.); (D.G.)
- Azienda Socio-Sanitaria Territoriale Cremona, 26100 Cremona, Italy
- Department of Medical, Surgery and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, 34147 Trieste, Italy; (O.B.); (F.G.)
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Predicting Radiation Resistance in Breast Cancer with Expression Status of Phosphorylated S6K1. Sci Rep 2020; 10:641. [PMID: 31959810 PMCID: PMC6971275 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-57496-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 12/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Emerging evidence suggests that the mammalian target of rapamcyin (mTOR) pathway is associated with radio-resistance in cancer treatment. We hypothesised that phosphorylated ribosomal S6 kinase 1 (p-S6K1), a major downstream regulator of the mTOR pathway, may play a role in predicting radio-resistance. Therefore, we evaluated the association of p-S6K1 expression with radio-resistance in breast cancer cell lines and patients. During median follow-up of 33 (range, 0.1-111) months for 1770 primary breast cancer patients who underwent surgery, patients expressing p-S6K1 showed worse 10-year loco-regional recurrence-free survival (LRFS) compared to that of p-S6K1-negative patients after radiotherapy (93.4% vs. 97.7%, p = 0.015). Multivariate analysis revealed p-S6K1 expression as a predictor of radio-resistance (hazard ratio 7.9, 95% confidence interval 1.1-58.5, p = 0.04). In vitro, CD44high/CD24low MCF7 cells with a radioresistant phenotype expressed higher levels of p-S6K1 than control MCF7 cells. Furthermore, the combination of radiation with treatment of everolimus, an mTOR-S6K1 pathway inhibitor, sensitised CD44high/CD24low MCF7 cells to a greater extent than MCF7 cells. This study provides in vivo and in vitro evidence for p-S6K1 expression status as an important marker for predicting the resistance to radiotherapy and as a possible target for radio-sensitization in breast cancer patients.
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Lazaridis G, Kotoula V, Vrettou E, Kostopoulos I, Manousou K, Papadopoulou K, Giannoulatou E, Bobos M, Sotiropoulou M, Pentheroudakis G, Efstratiou I, Papoudou-Bai A, Psyrri A, Christodoulou C, Gogas H, Koutras A, Timotheadou E, Pectasides D, Zagouri F, Fountzilas G. Opposite Prognostic Impact of Single PTEN-loss and PIK3CA Mutations in Early High-risk Breast Cancer. Cancer Genomics Proteomics 2019; 16:195-206. [PMID: 31018950 DOI: 10.21873/cgp.20125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2019] [Revised: 03/28/2019] [Accepted: 03/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIM PTEN-loss and PIK3CA mutations have been addressed as markers of PI3K activation in breast cancer. We evaluated these markers in early high-risk breast cancer (EBC) focusing on PTEN immunohistochemistry (IHC) issues, particularly in HER2-positive disease. MATERIALS AND METHODS We examined PTEN-loss and PIK3CA mutations in 1265 EBC patients treated with adjuvant chemotherapy within two clinical trials. Two different methods for the evaluation of PTEN IHC were used, one upfront binary (loss; no-loss) and the other initially multi-scale allowing for the classification of "grey zone" tumors with low and very low PTEN protein expression. RESULTS PTEN-loss (33.4% and 22.1%, depending on the IHC method) and PIK3CA mutations (29.6%) were associated with ER/PgR/HER2-negative and ER/PgR-positive disease, respectively. Concordance of the two IHC methods was moderate (Cohen's kappa 0.624). PTEN-loss discrepancy and intra-tumor heterogeneity concerned "grey zone" tumors that were prevalent among HER2-positive cancers. PTEN-loss independently conferred higher risk for relapse and death. Compared to single PIK3CA mutations,single PTEN-loss was independently associated with increased risk for relapse and death. Depending on the evaluation method, in HER2-positive cancer, PTEN-loss was without- or of marginal unfavorable prognostic significance. CONCLUSION In EBC, PTEN-loss is an independent predictor of poor outcome. When occurring singly, PTEN-loss and PIK3CA mutations have opposite prognostic impact. In HER2-positive disease, assessment of PTEN-loss by IHC appears unreliable and the marker is without clear prognostic significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgios Lazaridis
- Department of Medical Oncology, Faculty of Medicine Papageorgiou Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, School of Health Sciences, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Vassiliki Kotoula
- Department of Pathology, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece.,Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Hellenic Foundation for Cancer Research, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Eleni Vrettou
- Department of Pathology, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Ioannis Kostopoulos
- Department of Pathology, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Kyriaki Manousou
- Section of Biostatistics, Hellenic Cooperative Oncology Group, Data Office, Athens, Greece
| | - Kyriaki Papadopoulou
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Hellenic Foundation for Cancer Research, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Eleni Giannoulatou
- Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia.,The University of New South Wales, Kensington, NSW, Australia
| | - Mattheos Bobos
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Hellenic Foundation for Cancer Research, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | | | | | - Ioannis Efstratiou
- Department of Pathology, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | | | - Amanda Psyrri
- Division of Oncology, Second Department of Internal Medicine, Attikon University Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | | | - Helen Gogas
- First Department of Medicine, Laiko General Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens School of Medicine, Athens, Greece
| | - Angelos Koutras
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, University Hospital, University of Patras Medical School, Patras, Greece
| | - Eleni Timotheadou
- Department of Medical Oncology, Faculty of Medicine Papageorgiou Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, School of Health Sciences, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Dimitrios Pectasides
- Oncology Section, Second Department of Internal Medicine, Hippokration Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Flora Zagouri
- Department of Clinical Therapeutics, Alexandra Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens School of Medicine, Athens, Greece
| | - George Fountzilas
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Hellenic Foundation for Cancer Research, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece.,Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
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Wu K, Zhang H, Fu Y, Zhu Y, Kong L, Chen L, Zhao F, Yu L, Chen X. TLR4/MyD88 signaling determines the metastatic potential of breast cancer cells. Mol Med Rep 2018; 18:3411-3420. [PMID: 30066873 PMCID: PMC6102647 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2018.9326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2017] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The influence of Toll-like receptor (TLR)4/myeloid differentiation factor (MyD)88 signaling on the invasion and metastasis of cancer cells has been previously reported. The purpose of the present study was to determine the role of TLR4/MyD88 in breast cancer cell migration and invasion, and to discover novel therapeutic targets for breast cancer treatment. TLR4, MyD88 and high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) mRNA expression levels were assessed in highly invasive human MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells, breast cancer cells with a low rate of invasion (MCF-7) and normal human MDA-Kb2 mammary gland cells by reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction. The protein expression levels of these markers were detected by western blotting and immunofluorescence. Randomly selected breast cancer and paracarcinoma tissues were used to measure TLR4 and MyD88 protein expression levels by immunohistochemistry. The mRNA and protein expression levels of TLR4 and MyD88 were significantly higher in MDA-MB-231 cells compared with either MCF-7 cells or MDA-Kb2 cells. The mRNA and protein expression levels of HMGB1 were comparable in the two breast cancer cell lines, with no statistical difference (P>0.05). TLR4 and MyD88 protein expression levels were also significantly higher in breast cancer tissues compared with paracarcinoma tissues (P<0.05). TLR4 and MyD88 protein expression levels were positively correlated with axillary lymph node metastasis and histological grade (P<0.05). TLR4/MyD88 expression levels were positively correlated with the metastasis of breast cancer cells. TLR4/MyD88 may be useful as a novel biomarker to evaluate the prognosis and treatment of patients with breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunlin Wu
- Department of Thyroid and Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350005, P.R. China
| | - Huihao Zhang
- Department of Thyroid and Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350005, P.R. China
| | - Yajuan Fu
- Southern Biomedical Research Center, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350007, P.R. China
| | - Youzhi Zhu
- Department of Thyroid and Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350005, P.R. China
| | - Lingjun Kong
- Department of Thyroid and Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350005, P.R. China
| | - Ling Chen
- Department of Thyroid and Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350005, P.R. China
| | - Feng Zhao
- First Clinical Medical College, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350004, P.R. China
| | - Liangfei Yu
- First Clinical Medical College, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350004, P.R. China
| | - Xiangjin Chen
- Department of Thyroid and Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350005, P.R. China
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9
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Li S, Shen Y, Wang M, Yang J, Lv M, Li P, Chen Z, Yang J. Loss of PTEN expression in breast cancer: association with clinicopathological characteristics and prognosis. Oncotarget 2018; 8:32043-32054. [PMID: 28410191 PMCID: PMC5458267 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.16761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2017] [Accepted: 03/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Various studies have evaluated the significance of PTEN (phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted from chromosome 10) expression in breast cancer, but their results remain controversial. We conducted a meta-analysis to evaluate the associations of PTEN expression with clinicopathological characteristics and prognosis in breast cancer. PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and China National Knowledge Infrastructure were searched to identify relevant publications. The associations between PTEN expression and clinicopathological parameters, disease-free survival (DFS), and overall survival (OS) were then assessed via meta-analyses of odds ratio (ORs) and hazard ratio (HRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Based on 27 studies involving 10,231 patients, the pooled results revealed that PTEN loss was significantly more common in breast cancer than in normal tissues (OR = 12.15, 95% CI = 6.48–22.79, P < 0.00001) and that PTEN loss had clear associations with larger tumor size (> 2 cm, OR = 0.62, 95% CI = 0.48–0.82, P= 0.0006), lymph node metastasis(OR = 0.61, 95% CI = 0.45–0.82, P = 0.0001), later TNM stage(stage III–IV, OR = 0.55, 95% CI = 0.35–0.86, P= 0.009), poor differentiation(OR = 0.37, 95% CI = 0.24–0.59, P < 0.0001), and the highly aggressive triple-negative phenotype (OR = 1.62, 95% CI = 1.23–2.12, P = 0.0005). Moreover, patients with PTEN loss exhibited significantly worse DFS and OS(HR = 1.63, 95% CI = 1.04–2.22, P < 0.00001; HR = 1.41, 95% CI = 1.08–1.73, P < 0.0001; respectively). In conclusion, PTEN loss might predict more aggressive behavior and worse outcomes in patients with breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuting Li
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, P.R. China
| | - Yanwei Shen
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, P.R. China
| | - Mengying Wang
- Institute of Endemic Diseases, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi, P.R. China.,Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi, P.R. China
| | - Jiao Yang
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, P.R. China
| | - Meng Lv
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, P.R. China
| | - Pan Li
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, P.R. China
| | - Zheling Chen
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, P.R. China
| | - Jin Yang
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, P.R. China
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10
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Kim JM, Lee HW. Evaluation of the Immunohistochemical Staining Pattern of the mTOR Signaling Proteins in Colorectal Cancers and Adenoma Lesions. KOREAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL LABORATORY SCIENCE 2017. [DOI: 10.15324/kjcls.2017.49.4.470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jin Mok Kim
- Department of Pathology, Sungkunkwan University Samsung Changwon Hospital, Changwon, Korea
| | - Hyoun Wook Lee
- Department of Pathology, Sungkunkwan University Samsung Changwon Hospital, Changwon, Korea
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11
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Castrellon AB. Novel Strategies to Improve the Endocrine Therapy of Breast Cancer. Oncol Rev 2017; 11:323. [PMID: 28584571 PMCID: PMC5444409 DOI: 10.4081/oncol.2017.323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2016] [Accepted: 05/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Endocrine therapy (ET) constitutes the usual first-line of therapy for patients in the treatment of metastatic hormone receptor-positive breast cancer. Unfortunately, not all patients respond to first-line endocrine treatment due to intrinsic resistance, while others may initially respond but eventually progress with secondary acquired resistance leading to disease progression. Mechanisms of resistance to anti-estrogen therapy include, loss of expression for estrogen or progesterone receptor, upregulation of epidermal receptor growth factor 2, increased receptor tyrosine kinase signaling, leading to activation of various intracellular pathways that are involved in signal transduction such as PI3K/AKT/mammalian target of rapamycin, and others. Growing understanding of the signal cascade of estrogen receptors and the signaling pathways that interact with estrogen receptors has revealed the complex role of these receptors in cell growth and proliferation, and on the mechanism in development of resistance. These insights have led to the development of targeted therapies that may prove to be effective options for the treatment of breast cancer and may overcome hormone therapy resistance. In this review we summarize some of the mechanisms of endocrine resistance, selected clinical trials of ET and targeted therapies, which might interfere with estrogen receptor pathways and might reduce or reverse resistance to traditional, sequential, single-agent ET.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurelio Bartolome Castrellon
- Medical Oncology, Breast Cancer Center, Memorial Cancer Institute, Memorial Healthcare System, Hollywood, FL, USA
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12
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Zhang C, Liu J, Jin N, Zhang G, Xi Y, Liu H. SiRNA Targeting mTOR Effectively Prevents the Proliferation and Migration of Human Lens Epithelial Cells. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0167349. [PMID: 27911920 PMCID: PMC5135089 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0167349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2016] [Accepted: 11/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Posterior capsule opacification (PCO) is the most common complication that causes visual decrease after extracapsular cataract surgery. The primary cause of PCO formation is the proliferation of the residual lens epithelial cells (LECs). The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) plays an important role in the growth and migration of LECs. In the current study, we used small interfering RNA (siRNA) to specifically attenuate mTOR in human lens epithelial B3 cells (HLE B3). We aimed to examine the effect of mTOR-siRNA on the proliferation, migration and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) of HLE B3 cells and explore the underlying mechanisms. The mTOR-siRNA was transfected into HLE B3 cells using lipofectamine 2000. The mRNA and protein levels of mTOR were examined to confirm the efficiency of mTOR-siRNA. The levels of mRNA and protein as well as the activity of mTOR down-stream effectors p70 ribosomal protein S6 kinase (p70S6K) and protein kinase B (PKB, AKT) were examined using real-time PCR or Western blot, respectively. The cell proliferation was determined using cell counting kit (CCK) 8 and cell growth curve assay. The cell migration was examined using Transwell system and Scratch assay. MTOR-siRNA effectively eliminated mTOR mRNA and protein. The proliferation and migration were significantly suppressed by mTOR-siRNA transfection. mTOR-siRNA reduced the mRNA of p70S6K and AKT in a time-dependent manner. Furthermore, the phosphorylation of p70S6K and AKT was decreased by mTOR-siRNA. MTOR-siRNA also eliminated the formation of mTORC1 and mTORC2 protein complex and blocked the transforming growth factor (TGF)-β-induced EMT. Our results suggested that mTOR-siRNA could effectively inhibit the proliferation, migration and EMT of HLE B3 cells through the inhibition of p70S6K and AKT. These results indicated that mTOR-siRNA might be an effective agent inhibiting HLE cells growth and EMT following cataract surgery and provide an alternative therapy for preventing PCO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunmei Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, P.R. China
| | - Jingjing Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, P.R. China
| | - Na Jin
- Department of Ophthalmology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, P.R. China
| | - Guiming Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, No.2 Hospital of Xiamen, Fujian, P.R. China
| | - Yahui Xi
- Department of Ophthalmology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, P.R. China
| | - Hongling Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, P.R. China
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13
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Does any drug to treat cancer target mTOR and iron hemostasis in neurodegenerative disorders? Biometals 2016; 30:1-16. [PMID: 27853903 DOI: 10.1007/s10534-016-9981-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2016] [Accepted: 11/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The prevalence of neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease and Huntington's disease are increased by age. Alleviation of their symptoms and protection of normal neurons against degeneration are the main aspects of the research to establish novel therapeutic strategies. Iron as the one of most important cation not only play important role in the structure of electron transport chain proteins but also has pivotal duties in cellular activities. But disruption in iron hemostasis can make it toxin to neurons which causes lipid peroxidation, DNA damage and etc. In patients with Alzheimer and Parkinson misbalancing in iron homeostasis accelerate neurodegeneration and cause neuroinflmmation. mTOR as the common signaling pathway between cancer and neurodegenerative disorders controls iron uptake and it is in active form in both diseases. Anti-cancer drugs which target mTOR causes iron deficiency and dual effects of mTOR inhibitors can candidate them as a therapeutic strategy to alleviate neurodegeneration/inflammation because of iron overloading.
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14
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Alalem M, Ray A, Ray BK. Metformin induces degradation of mTOR protein in breast cancer cells. Cancer Med 2016; 5:3194-3204. [PMID: 27748082 PMCID: PMC5119975 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2015] [Revised: 06/22/2016] [Accepted: 07/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Activation of mTOR is implicated in the development and progression of breast cancer. mTOR inhibition exhibited promising antitumor effects in breast cancer; however, its effect is compromised by several feedback mechanisms. One of such mechanisms is the upregulation of mTOR pathway in breast cancer cells. Despite the established role of mTOR activation in breast cancer, the status of total mTOR protein and its impact on the tumor behavior and response to treatment are poorly understood. Besides, the mechanisms underlying mTOR protein degradation in normal and cancer breast cells are still largely unknown. We and others found that total mTOR protein level is elevated in breast cancer cells compared to their nonmalignant counterparts. We have detected defective proteolysis of mTOR protein in breast cancer cells, which could, at least in part, explain the high level of mTOR protein in these cells. We show that metformin treatment in MCF‐7 breast cancer cells induced degradation of mTOR and sequestration of this protein in a perinuclear region. The decrease in mTOR protein level in these cells correlated positively with a concomitant inhibition of proliferation and migration potentials of these cells. These findings provided a novel mechanism for the metformin action in breast cancer treatment. Understanding the proteolytic mechanism responsible for mTOR level in breast cancer may pave the way for improving the efficacy of breast cancer treatment regimens and mitigating drug resistance as well as providing a basis for potential novel therapeutic modalities for breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Alalem
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, 65211
| | - Alpana Ray
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, 65211
| | - Bimal K Ray
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, 65211
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15
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Hernández-Sierra A, Rovira J, Petit A, Moya-Rull D, Mazuecos MA, Sánchez-Fructuoso AI, Errasti P, Idoate MÁ, Cruzado JM, Vidal A, Diekmann F, Oppenheimer F, Campistol JM, Revuelta I. Role of HHV-8 and mTOR pathway in post-transplant Kaposi sarcoma staging. Transpl Int 2016; 29:1008-16. [DOI: 10.1111/tri.12800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2016] [Revised: 02/09/2016] [Accepted: 05/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Astrid Hernández-Sierra
- Department of Nephrology and Renal Transplantation; Hospital Clínic de Barcelona; Barcelona Spain
- Laboratori Experimental de Nefrologia i Trasplantament (LENIT); Fundació Clínic - IDIBAPS; Barcelona Spain
| | - Jordi Rovira
- Laboratori Experimental de Nefrologia i Trasplantament (LENIT); Fundació Clínic - IDIBAPS; Barcelona Spain
| | - Anna Petit
- Department of Pathology; Hospital Clínic de Barcelona; Barcelona Spain
| | - Daniel Moya-Rull
- Laboratori Experimental de Nefrologia i Trasplantament (LENIT); Fundació Clínic - IDIBAPS; Barcelona Spain
| | | | | | - Pedro Errasti
- Department of Nephrology; Clínica Universitaria de Navarra; Pamplona Spain
| | | | | | - August Vidal
- Department of Pathology; Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge; Barcelona Spain
| | - Fritz Diekmann
- Department of Nephrology and Renal Transplantation; Hospital Clínic de Barcelona; Barcelona Spain
- Laboratori Experimental de Nefrologia i Trasplantament (LENIT); Fundació Clínic - IDIBAPS; Barcelona Spain
| | - Federico Oppenheimer
- Department of Nephrology and Renal Transplantation; Hospital Clínic de Barcelona; Barcelona Spain
- Laboratori Experimental de Nefrologia i Trasplantament (LENIT); Fundació Clínic - IDIBAPS; Barcelona Spain
| | - Josep M. Campistol
- Department of Nephrology and Renal Transplantation; Hospital Clínic de Barcelona; Barcelona Spain
- Laboratori Experimental de Nefrologia i Trasplantament (LENIT); Fundació Clínic - IDIBAPS; Barcelona Spain
| | - Ignacio Revuelta
- Department of Nephrology and Renal Transplantation; Hospital Clínic de Barcelona; Barcelona Spain
- Laboratori Experimental de Nefrologia i Trasplantament (LENIT); Fundació Clínic - IDIBAPS; Barcelona Spain
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16
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Josephs DH, Sarker D. Pharmacodynamic Biomarker Development for PI3K Pathway Therapeutics. TRANSLATIONAL ONCOGENOMICS 2016; 7:33-49. [PMID: 26917948 PMCID: PMC4762492 DOI: 10.4137/tog.s30529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2015] [Revised: 11/08/2015] [Accepted: 11/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) signaling pathway is integral to many essential cell processes, including cell growth, differentiation, proliferation, motility, and metabolism. Somatic mutations and genetic amplifications that result in activation of the pathway are frequently detected in cancer. This has led to the development of rationally designed therapeutics targeting key members of the pathway. Critical to the successful development of these drugs are pharmacodynamic biomarkers that aim to define the degree of target and pathway inhibition. In this review, we discuss the pharmacodynamic biomarkers that have been utilized in early-phase clinical trials of PI3K pathway inhibitors. We focus on the challenges related to development and interpretation of these assays, their optimal integration with pharmacokinetic and predictive biomarkers, and future strategies to ensure successful development of PI3K pathway inhibitors within a personalized medicine paradigm for cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debra H Josephs
- Department of Research Oncology, Division of Cancer Studies, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London, UK
| | - Debashis Sarker
- Department of Research Oncology, Division of Cancer Studies, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London, UK
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17
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Ren HY, Wang J, Yang F, Zhang XL, Wang AL, Sun LL, Diao KX, Wang EH, Mi XY. Cytoplasmic TRAF4 contributes to the activation of p70s6k signaling pathway in breast cancer. Oncotarget 2016; 6:4080-96. [PMID: 25738361 PMCID: PMC4414174 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.2977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2014] [Accepted: 12/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor receptor associated factor 4 (TRAF4) is an important adaptor protein that plays a significant role in several signaling pathways. By studying the relationship between TRAF4 and 70 kDa ribosomal protein S6 kinase (p70s6k) in vivo, we demonstrated that cytoplasmic TRAF4 was correlated with the activation of p70s6k in breast cancer. Moreover, we found that cytoplasmic TRAF4 expression in breast cancer patients was significantly associated with a poor prognosis. To determine the exact mechanism, we analyzed the interaction between TRAF4 and p70s6k and identified the Zinc fingers domain of TRAF4 was responsible for their interaction in MCF7 cells. Furthermore, we found that activation of p70s6k/S6 signaling pathway by TRAF4 requires the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) activity; TRAF4 acted as a sensitizer. Tumor necrosis factor receptor associated factor 2 (TRAF2), as a binding partner of TRAF4, could also promoted activation of p70s6k signaling via upregulating cytoplasm expression of TRAF4 and played a critical role in TNFa-induced activation of p70s6k/S6 pathway. Finally, we demonstrated p70s6k/S6 signaling pathway played an important role in the promoting function of TRAF4 on cell proliferation. In summary, our work suggests a new direction for understanding the oncogenic function of TRAF4 in breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua-Yan Ren
- Department of Pathology, First Affiliated Hospital and College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, P.R. China
| | - Jian Wang
- Department of Pathology, First Affiliated Hospital and College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, P.R. China
| | - Fan Yang
- Department of Pathology, First Affiliated Hospital and College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Li Zhang
- Department of Pathology, First Affiliated Hospital and College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, P.R. China
| | - Ai-Lian Wang
- Department of Pathology, First Affiliated Hospital and College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, P.R. China
| | - Li-Li Sun
- Department of Pathology, First Affiliated Hospital and College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, P.R. China
| | - Ke-Xin Diao
- Department of Pathology, First Affiliated Hospital and College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, P.R. China
| | - En-Hua Wang
- Department of Pathology, First Affiliated Hospital and College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Yi Mi
- Department of Pathology, First Affiliated Hospital and College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, P.R. China
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18
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Yang ZY, Yu YY, Yuan JQ, Shen WX, Zheng DY, Chen JZ, Mao C, Tang JL. The prognostic value of phosphatase and tensin homolog negativity in breast cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis of 32 studies with 4393 patients. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2016; 101:40-9. [PMID: 26951995 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2016.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2014] [Revised: 08/28/2015] [Accepted: 01/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The prognostic value of phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) negativity in breast cancer has been evaluated by many studies but remains controversial. We conducted a meta-analysis to assess the association of PTEN negativity with overall survival and disease-free survival. Thirty-two studies with 4393 patients were identified. PTEN negativity was significantly associated with unfavorable overall survival in breast cancer (hazard ratio=1.89, 95% confidence interval 1.58-2.26), with low heterogeneity among the studies (I(2)=25%, P=0.160) and no evidence for publication bias. Meta-analysis of multivariate hazard ratios and sensitivity analyses did not materially change the results. The data on disease-free survival was heterogeneous (I(2)=61.9%, P<0.001), with a summary hazard ratio of 1.57 (95% confidence interval 1.31-1.89). The exact source of heterogeneity remains unclear. We thus concluded that PTEN negativity was significantly associated with unfavorable prognosis in terms of overall survival in breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zu-Yao Yang
- Division of Epidemiology, JC School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Yuan-Yuan Yu
- Division of Epidemiology, JC School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Jin-Qiu Yuan
- Division of Epidemiology, JC School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Wei-Xi Shen
- Cancer Institute, Shenzhen People's Hospital (2nd Clinical Medical College of Jinan University), Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Da-Yong Zheng
- Department of Oncology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Jin-Zhang Chen
- Department of Oncology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Chen Mao
- Division of Epidemiology, JC School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong; Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Health Risk Analysis, Shenzhen Research Institute of The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China.
| | - Jin-Ling Tang
- Division of Epidemiology, JC School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong; Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Health Risk Analysis, Shenzhen Research Institute of The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China; The Hong Kong Branch of The Chinese Cochrane Centre, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong.
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19
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van Adrichem RCS, Kamp K, van Deurzen CHM, Biermann K, Feelders RA, Franssen GJH, Kwekkeboom DJ, Hofland LJ, de Herder WW. Is There an Additional Value of Using Somatostatin Receptor Subtype 2a Immunohistochemistry Compared to Somatostatin Receptor Scintigraphy Uptake in Predicting Gastroenteropancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumor Response? Neuroendocrinology 2016; 103:560-6. [PMID: 26536001 DOI: 10.1159/000441604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2015] [Accepted: 10/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS It is unknown whether tumoral somatostatin receptor subtype 2a (sst2a) immunohistochemistry (IHC) has additional value compared to somatostatin receptor scintigraphy (SRS) uptake using OctreoScan® in predicting response to peptide receptor radiotherapy using 177Lu-octreotate (PRRT) in patients with gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (GEP-NETs). The aims of this study were: (1) to establish the percentage of sst2a immunopositivity in GEP-NET samples of PRRT-treated patients, (2) to determine the relationship between best GEP-NET response using RECIST 1.0 criteria 1 year after PRRT and tumoral sst2a IHC, and (3) to compare characteristics of patients with sst2a IHC-negative and -positive tumors. METHODS All 73 consecutive patients were selected for PRRT based on a positive SRS. Radiological response was scored according to RECIST 1.0 criteria. sst2a status was detected on tumor samples by IHC. RESULTS In total, 93% of GEP-NET samples showed sst2a IHC positivity. No statistically significant relationship was observed between in vitro sst2a expression and in vivo best GEP-NET response 1 year after PRRT (p = 0.47). Sex, primary tumor site, disease stage, ENETS TNM classification, Ki-67 index, highest serum chromogranin-A level, and highest neuron-specific enolase level were not significantly different between patients with negative and positive sst2a tumoral IHC with the exception of age at diagnosis (p = 0.007). CONCLUSIONS sst2a IHC of tumor samples has no additional value compared to SRS uptake using OctreoScan® in predicting tumor response after PRRT.
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20
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van Adrichem RCS, de Herder WW, Kamp K, Brugts MP, de Krijger RR, Sprij-Mooij DM, Lamberts SWJ, van Koetsveld PM, Janssen JAMJL, Hofland LJ. Effects of Somatostatin Analogs and Dopamine Agonists on Insulin-Like Growth Factor 2-Induced Insulin Receptor Isoform A Activation by Gastroenteropancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumor Cells. Neuroendocrinology 2016; 103:815-25. [PMID: 26836610 DOI: 10.1159/000444280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2014] [Accepted: 01/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (GEP-NETs) express insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-related factors [IGF1, IGF2; insulin receptor (IR)-A, IR-B; IGF-binding protein (IGFBP) 1-3] as well as somatostatin (SSTRs) and dopamine D2 receptors (D2Rs). OBJECTIVES To (1) compare mRNA expression of IGF-related factors in human pancreatic NET (panNET) cell lines with that in human GEP-NETs to evaluate the usefulness of these cells as a model for studying the IGF system in GEP-NETs, (2) determine whether panNET cells produce growth factors that activate IR-A, and (3) investigate whether somatostatin analogs (SSAs) and/or dopamine agonists (DAs) influence the production of these growth factors. METHODS In panNET cells (BON-1 and QGP-1) and GEP-NETs, mRNA expression of IGF-related factors was measured by quantitative real-time PCR. Effects of the SSAs octreotide and pasireotide (PAS), the DA cabergoline (CAB), and the dopastatin BIM-23A760 (all 100 nM) were evaluated at the IGF2 mRNA and protein level (by ELISA) and regarding IR-A bioactivity (by kinase receptor activation assay) in panNET cells. RESULTS panNET cells and GEP-NETs had comparable expression profiles of IGF-related factors. Especially in BON-1 cells, IGF2 and IR-A were most highly expressed. PAS + CAB inhibited IGF2 (-29.5 ± 4.9%, p < 0.01) and IGFBP3 (-20.0 ± 4.0%, p < 0.01) mRNA expression in BON-1 cells. In BON-1 cells, IGF2 protein secretion was significantly inhibited with BIM-23A760 (-23.7 ± 3.8%). BON-1- but not QGP-1- conditioned medium stimulated IR-A bioactivity. In BON-1 cells, IR-A bioactivity was inhibited by BIM-23A760 and PAS + CAB (-37.8 ± 2.1% and -30.9 ± 4.1%, respectively, p < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS (1) The BON-1 cell line is a representative model for studying the IGF system in GEP-NETs, (2) BON-1 cells produce growth factors (IGF2) activating IR-A, and (3) combined SSTR and D2R targeting with PAS + CAB and BIM-23A760 suppresses IGF2-induced IR-A activation.
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MESH Headings
- Antigens, CD/genetics
- Antigens, CD/metabolism
- Cell Line, Tumor/chemistry
- Culture Media, Conditioned/pharmacology
- Dopamine/analogs & derivatives
- Dopamine/pharmacology
- Dopamine Agonists/pharmacology
- Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic/drug effects
- HEK293 Cells
- Humans
- Insulin-Like Growth Factor II/metabolism
- Intestinal Neoplasms/pathology
- Neuroendocrine Tumors/pathology
- Pancreatic Neoplasms/pathology
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Receptor, Insulin/genetics
- Receptor, Insulin/metabolism
- Receptors, Dopamine D2/genetics
- Receptors, Dopamine D2/metabolism
- Receptors, Somatostatin/genetics
- Receptors, Somatostatin/metabolism
- Somatostatin/analogs & derivatives
- Somatostatin/pharmacology
- Stomach Neoplasms/pathology
- Transfection
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Affiliation(s)
- Roxanne C S van Adrichem
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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21
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Lebok P, Kopperschmidt V, Kluth M, Hube-Magg C, Özden C, B T, Hussein K, Mittenzwei A, Lebeau A, Witzel I, Wölber L, Mahner S, Jänicke F, Geist S, Paluchowski P, Wilke C, Heilenkötter U, Simon R, Sauter G, Terracciano L, Krech R, von d Assen A, Müller V, Burandt E. Partial PTEN deletion is linked to poor prognosis in breast cancer. BMC Cancer 2015; 15:963. [PMID: 26672755 PMCID: PMC4682275 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-015-1770-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2015] [Accepted: 10/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Deletions of chromosome 10q23, including the PTEN (phosphatase and tensin homolog) locus, are known to occur in breast cancer, but systematic analyses of its clinical relevance are lacking. METHODS We thus analyzed a tissue microarray (TMA) with 2,197 breast cancers by fluorescence in-situ hybridization (FISH) using a PTEN-specific probe. RESULTS PTEN deletions were detected in 19% of no special type, 9% of lobular, 4% of tubular cancers and 46% in carcinomas with medullary features. 98.7% of deletions were heterozygous and only 1.3% were homozygous. PTEN deletion was significantly linked to advanced tumor stage (p=0.0054), high-grade (p<0.0001), high tumor cell proliferation (Ki67 Labeling Index; p<0.0001), and shortened overall survival (p=0.0090). PTEN deletions were inversely associated with features of luminal type breast cancers (ER/PR positivity; p<0.0001 each, and CCND1 amplification; p=0.0020). PTEN deletions were also strongly linked to amplification of genes involved in the PTEN/AKT pathway such as MYC (p=0.0430) and HER2 (p=0.0065). Remarkably the combined analysis of MYC, HER2, CCND1 and PTEN aberrations suggested that aberrations of multiple PTEN/AKT pathway genes have a strong additive effect on breast cancer prognosis. While cancers with one of these aberrations behaved only marginally different from cancers with none, disease outcome was markedly worse in cancers with two or more aberrations as compared to those with only one aberration (p=0.0002). In addition, the particularly poor prognosis of patients with HER2 amplification and PTEN deletions challenges the concept of PTEN deletions interfering with trastuzumab therapy. CONCLUSION PTEN deletion occurs in a relevant fraction of breast cancers, and is linked to aggressive tumor behavior. Reduced PTEN function cooperates with MYC and HER2 activation in conferring aggressive phenotype to cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Lebok
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.
| | - V Kopperschmidt
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.
| | - M Kluth
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.
| | - C Hube-Magg
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.
| | - C Özden
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Taskin B
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.
| | - K Hussein
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.
| | - A Mittenzwei
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.
| | - A Lebeau
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.
| | - I Witzel
- Department of Gynecology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.
| | - L Wölber
- Department of Gynecology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.
| | - S Mahner
- Department of Gynecology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.
| | - F Jänicke
- Department of Gynecology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.
| | - S Geist
- Department of Gynecology, Regio Clinic Pinneberg, Pinneberg, Germany.
| | - P Paluchowski
- Department of Gynecology, Regio Clinic Pinneberg, Pinneberg, Germany.
| | - C Wilke
- Department of Gynecology, Regio Clinic Elmshorn, Elmshorn, Germany.
| | - U Heilenkötter
- Department of Gynecology, Clinical Centre Itzehoe, Itzehoe, Germany.
| | - Ronald Simon
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Guido Sauter
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.
| | - L Terracciano
- Department of Pathology, Basel University Clinics, Basel, Switzerland.
| | - R Krech
- Institute of Pathology, Clinical Centre Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany.
| | | | - V Müller
- Department of Gynecology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.
| | - E Burandt
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.
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22
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Wang MY, Li QX, He J, Qiu LX, Wang YN, Li J, Sun MH, Wang XF, Yang YJ, Wang JC, Jin L, Wei QY. Genetic variations in the mTOR gene contribute toward gastric adenocarcinoma susceptibility in an Eastern Chinese population. Pharmacogenet Genomics 2015; 25:521-30. [PMID: 26287940 DOI: 10.1097/fpc.0000000000000163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Genetic variants in the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) gene have become an interesting topic for the study of genetic susceptibility to cancer, but their associations with the risk of gastric cancer have not been fully investigated. MATERIALS AND METHODS In a hospital-based case-control study of 1002 gastric cancer patients and 1003 cancer-free controls, we genotyped four potentially functional single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) (rs1034528G>C, rs17036508T>C, rs3806317A>G, and rs2295080T>G) of mTOR and assessed their associations with the risk of gastric cancer using univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses. We also used the multifactorial dimension reduction analysis to explore possible interactions and the false-positive report probabilities to assess significant findings. RESULTS We found that rs1034528 CG/CC and rs3806317 GA/GG variant genotypes were associated with an increased risk of gastric cancer under a dominant model (adjusted odds ratio=1.27 and 1.22, respectively). In the combined analysis of all four SNPs under investigation, patients with 3-4 risk genotypes of mTOR had a significantly increased risk of gastric cancer (adjusted odds ratio=1.46, 95% confidence interval=1.19-1.79) compared with those with 0-2 risk genotypes. Stratified analysis indicated that this risk was more pronounced in subgroups of men, never-smokers, never-drinkers, and clinical stages III+IV. The multifactorial dimension reduction analysis suggested some evidence of interactions between the combined genotypes and other risk factors for gastric cancer. CONCLUSION These findings suggest that potentially functional SNPs of mTOR may individually or collectively contribute to the risk of gastric cancer. Larger studies with diverse ethnic populations are warranted to validate our findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Yun Wang
- aCancer Institute, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine bDepartment of Medical Oncology cDepartment of Abdominal Surgery dDepartment of Pathology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center eDepartment of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College fMinistry of Education Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai gState Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Department of Experimental Research, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangdong hFudan-Taizhou Institute of Health Sciences, Taizhou, Jiangsu, China iDuke Cancer Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
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23
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Bostner J, Karlsson E, Eding CB, Perez-Tenorio G, Franzén H, Konstantinell A, Fornander T, Nordenskjöld B, Stål O. S6 kinase signaling: tamoxifen response and prognostic indication in two breast cancer cohorts. Endocr Relat Cancer 2015; 22:331-43. [PMID: 25972244 DOI: 10.1530/erc-14-0513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Detection of signals in the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) and the estrogen receptor (ER) pathways may be a future clinical tool for the prediction of adjuvant treatment response in primary breast cancer. Using immunohistological staining, we investigated the value of the mTOR targets p70-S6 kinase (S6K) 1 and 2 as biomarkers for tamoxifen benefit in two independent clinical trials comparing adjuvant tamoxifen with no tamoxifen or 5 years versus 2 years of tamoxifen treatment. In addition, the prognostic value of the S6Ks was evaluated. We found that S6K1 correlated with proliferation, HER2 status, and cytoplasmic AKT activity, whereas high protein expression levels of S6K2 and phosphorylated (p) S6K were more common in ER-positive, and low-proliferative tumors with pAKT-s473 localized to the nucelus. Nuclear accumulation of S6K1 was indicative of a reduced tamoxifen effect (hazard ratio (HR): 1.07, 95% CI: 0.53-2.81, P=0.84), compared with a significant benefit from tamoxifen treatment in patients without tumor S6K1 nuclear accumulation (HR: 0.42, 95% CI: 0.29-0.62, P<0.00001). Also S6K1 and S6K2 activation, indicated by pS6K-t389 expression, was associated with low benefit from tamoxifen (HR: 0.97, 95% CI: 0.50-1.87, P=0.92). In addition, high protein expression of S6K1, independent of localization, predicted worse prognosis in a multivariate analysis, P=0.00041 (cytoplasm), P=0.016 (nucleus). In conclusion, the mTOR-activated kinases S6K1 and S6K2 interfere with proliferation and response to tamoxifen. Monitoring their activity and intracellular localization may provide biomarkers for breast cancer treatment, allowing the identification of a group of patients less likely to benefit from tamoxifen and thus in need of an alternative or additional targeted treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josefine Bostner
- Department of Clinical and Experimental MedicineDepartment of OncologyDepartment of Clinical and Experimental MedicineDivision of Dermatology, Linköping University, SE-58185 Linköping, SwedenDepartment of OncologyKarolinska University Hospital, Karolinska Institute, SE-17176 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Elin Karlsson
- Department of Clinical and Experimental MedicineDepartment of OncologyDepartment of Clinical and Experimental MedicineDivision of Dermatology, Linköping University, SE-58185 Linköping, SwedenDepartment of OncologyKarolinska University Hospital, Karolinska Institute, SE-17176 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Cecilia Bivik Eding
- Department of Clinical and Experimental MedicineDepartment of OncologyDepartment of Clinical and Experimental MedicineDivision of Dermatology, Linköping University, SE-58185 Linköping, SwedenDepartment of OncologyKarolinska University Hospital, Karolinska Institute, SE-17176 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Gizeh Perez-Tenorio
- Department of Clinical and Experimental MedicineDepartment of OncologyDepartment of Clinical and Experimental MedicineDivision of Dermatology, Linköping University, SE-58185 Linköping, SwedenDepartment of OncologyKarolinska University Hospital, Karolinska Institute, SE-17176 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Hanna Franzén
- Department of Clinical and Experimental MedicineDepartment of OncologyDepartment of Clinical and Experimental MedicineDivision of Dermatology, Linköping University, SE-58185 Linköping, SwedenDepartment of OncologyKarolinska University Hospital, Karolinska Institute, SE-17176 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Aelita Konstantinell
- Department of Clinical and Experimental MedicineDepartment of OncologyDepartment of Clinical and Experimental MedicineDivision of Dermatology, Linköping University, SE-58185 Linköping, SwedenDepartment of OncologyKarolinska University Hospital, Karolinska Institute, SE-17176 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tommy Fornander
- Department of Clinical and Experimental MedicineDepartment of OncologyDepartment of Clinical and Experimental MedicineDivision of Dermatology, Linköping University, SE-58185 Linköping, SwedenDepartment of OncologyKarolinska University Hospital, Karolinska Institute, SE-17176 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Bo Nordenskjöld
- Department of Clinical and Experimental MedicineDepartment of OncologyDepartment of Clinical and Experimental MedicineDivision of Dermatology, Linköping University, SE-58185 Linköping, SwedenDepartment of OncologyKarolinska University Hospital, Karolinska Institute, SE-17176 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Olle Stål
- Department of Clinical and Experimental MedicineDepartment of OncologyDepartment of Clinical and Experimental MedicineDivision of Dermatology, Linköping University, SE-58185 Linköping, SwedenDepartment of OncologyKarolinska University Hospital, Karolinska Institute, SE-17176 Stockholm, Sweden
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24
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Janaki Ramaiah M, Lavanya A, Honarpisheh M, Zarea M, Bhadra U, Bhadra MP. MiR-15/16 complex targets p70S6 kinase 1 and controls cell proliferation in MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells. Gene 2014; 552:255-64. [PMID: 25261849 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2014.09.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2014] [Revised: 09/18/2014] [Accepted: 09/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND MicroRNAs are small non-coding RNAs that regulate post-transcriptional mRNA expression by binding to 3' untranslated region (3'-UTR) of the complementary mRNA sequence resulting in translational repression and gene silencing. They act as negative regulators of gene expression and play a pivotal role in regulating apoptosis and cell proliferation. Studies have shown that miRNAs interact with p53 by regulating the activity and function of p53 through direct repression or its regulators. Mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) is an evolutionary conserved check point protein kinase that plays a major effect in the control of cell division via protein synthesis regulation. mTOR regulates protein synthesis through phosphorylation and inactivation of 4E-BP1 and through phosphorylation and activation of S6 kinase 1 (S6K1). These two downstream effectors of mTOR control cell growth and metabolism. In mammals, mTOR protein kinase is the central node in the nutrient and growth factor signaling and p53 plays a critical role in sensing genotoxic stress. Activation of p53 inhibits mTOR activity, which in turn regulates its downstream targets providing a cross talk among both the signaling machinery. MicroRNA-15 and 16 belong to a common precursor family and are highly conserved. Deletion or downregulation of these two microRNAs has been shown to accelerate cell division by modulating the expression of the genes involved in controlling cell cycle progression. These microRNAs may function as tumor suppressors and act on the downstream targets of p53 signaling pathway. To have a better insight of the role of miR-15/16 in regulating the cross talk of p53 and mTOR, we performed an in depth study in MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells by performing a gain-of-function analysis with lentiviral plasmids expressing microRNA-15 and 16. METHODS The effect of individual microRNAs on RPS6KB1 was examined by using 3'-UTR clones via luciferase based assays. The cell cycle effects were observed by flow-cytometric analysis. Reverse transcription PCR was used to explore the expression of mTOR and RPS6KB1 in cells transfected with miR-15/16. RESULTS Overexpression of miR-15/16 led to inhibition of cell proliferation causing G1 cell cycle arrest as well as caspase-3 dependent apoptosis. Forced expression of miR-15/16 might lead to decrease in mRNA level of RPS6KB1, mTOR. The effect was a complete reversal after treatment with anti-miRs against miR-15/16 proving the specificity of the expression. In addition, the dual luciferase reporter assays indicated a clear decrease in luciferase gene expression in cells transfected with lentiviral based miR-15 and 16 plasmids indicating that miR-15/16 directly targets RPS6KB1 through its 3'-UTR binding. Further, these microRNAs also inhibit epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) by targeting key proteins such as Twist1 and EZH2 clearly demonstrating its crucial role in controlling cell proliferation. CONCLUSION This study suggests that exogenous microRNA-15/16 can target RPS6KB1, control cell proliferation and cause apoptosis in caspase-dependent manner even in the absence of functional p53.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Janaki Ramaiah
- Centre for Chemical Biology, Indian Institute of Chemical Technology (IICT), Tarnaka, Hyderabad, India; School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA University, Tirumalaisamudram, Thanjavur, India.
| | - A Lavanya
- Centre for Chemical Biology, Indian Institute of Chemical Technology (IICT), Tarnaka, Hyderabad, India.
| | - Mohsen Honarpisheh
- Centre for Chemical Biology, Indian Institute of Chemical Technology (IICT), Tarnaka, Hyderabad, India.
| | - Mojtaba Zarea
- Centre for Chemical Biology, Indian Institute of Chemical Technology (IICT), Tarnaka, Hyderabad, India.
| | - Utpal Bhadra
- Centre For Cellular and Molecular Biology (CCMB), Uppal Road, Hyderabad, India.
| | - Manika Pal Bhadra
- Centre for Chemical Biology, Indian Institute of Chemical Technology (IICT), Tarnaka, Hyderabad, India.
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25
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De Martino MC, Feelders RA, de Herder WW, van Koetsveld PM, Dogan F, Janssen JAMJL, Waaijers AM, Pivonello C, Lamberts SWJ, Colao A, de Krijger RR, Pivonello R, Hofland LJ. Characterization of the mTOR pathway in human normal adrenal and adrenocortical tumors. Endocr Relat Cancer 2014; 21:601-13. [PMID: 24891456 DOI: 10.1530/erc-13-0112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The mTOR pathway has recently been suggested as a new potential target for therapy in adrenocortical carcinomas (ACCs). The aim of the current study is to describe the expression of the mTOR pathway in normal adrenals (NAs) and pathological adrenals and to explore whether there are correlation between the expression of these proteins and the in vitro response to sirolimus. For this purpose, the MTOR, S6K1 (RPS6KB1), and 4EBP1 (EIF4EBP1) mRNA expression were evaluated in ten NAs, ten adrenal hyperplasias (AHs), 17 adrenocortical adenomas (ACAs), and 17 ACCs by qPCR, whereas total(t)/phospho(p)-MTOR, t/p-S6K, and t/p-4EBP1 protein expression were assessed in three NAs, three AHs, six ACAs, and 20 ACCs by immunohistochemistry. The effects of sirolimus on cell survival and/or cortisol secretion in 12 human primary cultures of adrenocortical tumors (ATs) were also evaluated. In NAs and AHs, layer-specific expression of evaluated proteins was observed. S6K1 mRNA levels were lower in ACCs compared with NAs, AHs, and ACAs (P<0.01). A subset of ATs presented a moderate to high staining of the evaluated proteins. Median t-S6K1 protein expression in ACCs was lower than that in ACAs (P<0.01). Moderate to high staining of p-S6K1 and/or p-4EBP1 was observed in most ATs. A subset of ACCs not having moderate to high staining had a higher Weiss score than others (P<0.029). In primary AT cultures, sirolimus significantly reduced cell survival or cortisol secretion only in sporadic cases. In conclusion, these data suggest the presence of an activated mTOR pathway in a subset of ATs and a possible response to sirolimus only in certain ACC cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Cristina De Martino
- Department of Internal MedicineDivision of Endocrinology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The NetherlandsDipartimento di Medicina Clinica e ChirurgiaSezione di Endocrinologia, Università Federico II, Naples, ItalyDepartment of PathologyErasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam and Reinier de Graaf Gasthuis, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Richard A Feelders
- Department of Internal MedicineDivision of Endocrinology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The NetherlandsDipartimento di Medicina Clinica e ChirurgiaSezione di Endocrinologia, Università Federico II, Naples, ItalyDepartment of PathologyErasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam and Reinier de Graaf Gasthuis, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Wouter W de Herder
- Department of Internal MedicineDivision of Endocrinology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The NetherlandsDipartimento di Medicina Clinica e ChirurgiaSezione di Endocrinologia, Università Federico II, Naples, ItalyDepartment of PathologyErasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam and Reinier de Graaf Gasthuis, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Peter M van Koetsveld
- Department of Internal MedicineDivision of Endocrinology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The NetherlandsDipartimento di Medicina Clinica e ChirurgiaSezione di Endocrinologia, Università Federico II, Naples, ItalyDepartment of PathologyErasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam and Reinier de Graaf Gasthuis, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Fadime Dogan
- Department of Internal MedicineDivision of Endocrinology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The NetherlandsDipartimento di Medicina Clinica e ChirurgiaSezione di Endocrinologia, Università Federico II, Naples, ItalyDepartment of PathologyErasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam and Reinier de Graaf Gasthuis, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Joseph A M J L Janssen
- Department of Internal MedicineDivision of Endocrinology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The NetherlandsDipartimento di Medicina Clinica e ChirurgiaSezione di Endocrinologia, Università Federico II, Naples, ItalyDepartment of PathologyErasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam and Reinier de Graaf Gasthuis, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - A Marlijn Waaijers
- Department of Internal MedicineDivision of Endocrinology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The NetherlandsDipartimento di Medicina Clinica e ChirurgiaSezione di Endocrinologia, Università Federico II, Naples, ItalyDepartment of PathologyErasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam and Reinier de Graaf Gasthuis, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Claudia Pivonello
- Department of Internal MedicineDivision of Endocrinology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The NetherlandsDipartimento di Medicina Clinica e ChirurgiaSezione di Endocrinologia, Università Federico II, Naples, ItalyDepartment of PathologyErasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam and Reinier de Graaf Gasthuis, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Steven W J Lamberts
- Department of Internal MedicineDivision of Endocrinology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The NetherlandsDipartimento di Medicina Clinica e ChirurgiaSezione di Endocrinologia, Università Federico II, Naples, ItalyDepartment of PathologyErasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam and Reinier de Graaf Gasthuis, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Annamaria Colao
- Department of Internal MedicineDivision of Endocrinology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The NetherlandsDipartimento di Medicina Clinica e ChirurgiaSezione di Endocrinologia, Università Federico II, Naples, ItalyDepartment of PathologyErasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam and Reinier de Graaf Gasthuis, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Ronald R de Krijger
- Department of Internal MedicineDivision of Endocrinology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The NetherlandsDipartimento di Medicina Clinica e ChirurgiaSezione di Endocrinologia, Università Federico II, Naples, ItalyDepartment of PathologyErasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam and Reinier de Graaf Gasthuis, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Rosario Pivonello
- Department of Internal MedicineDivision of Endocrinology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The NetherlandsDipartimento di Medicina Clinica e ChirurgiaSezione di Endocrinologia, Università Federico II, Naples, ItalyDepartment of PathologyErasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam and Reinier de Graaf Gasthuis, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Leo J Hofland
- Department of Internal MedicineDivision of Endocrinology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The NetherlandsDipartimento di Medicina Clinica e ChirurgiaSezione di Endocrinologia, Università Federico II, Naples, ItalyDepartment of PathologyErasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam and Reinier de Graaf Gasthuis, Delft, The Netherlands
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26
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Paplomata E, O'Regan R. The PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway in breast cancer: targets, trials and biomarkers. Ther Adv Med Oncol 2014; 6:154-66. [PMID: 25057302 DOI: 10.1177/1758834014530023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 340] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The phosphoinositide 3 kinase (PI3K)/Akt/mammalian (or mechanistic) target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway is a complicated intracellular pathway, which leads to cell growth and tumor proliferation and plays a significant role in endocrine resistance in breast cancer. Multiple compounds targeting this pathway are being evaluated in clinical trials. These agents are generally well tolerated and can be used in combination with targeted therapies, endocrine therapy or cytotoxic agents. The identification of subtypes of tumors more likely to respond to these therapeutics cannot be overemphasized, since breast cancer is a very heterogeneous malignancy. Activation of pathways such as KRAS and MEK can act as escape mechanisms that lead to resistance, thus a combination of agents targeting multiple steps of the intracellular machinery is promising. There is evidence that tumors with PIK3CA mutations are more sensitive to inhibitors of the PI3K pathway but this has yet to be validated. Large clinical trials with correlative studies are necessary to identify reliable biomarkers of efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ruth O'Regan
- Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, 1365C Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
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27
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PIK3CA mutations frequently coexist with EGFR/KRAS mutations in non-small cell lung cancer and suggest poor prognosis in EGFR/KRAS wildtype subgroup. PLoS One 2014; 9:e88291. [PMID: 24533074 PMCID: PMC3922761 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0088291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2013] [Accepted: 01/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE PIK3CA gene encoding a catalytic subunit of the phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K) is mutated and/or amplified in various neoplasia, including lung cancer. Here we investigated PIK3CA gene alterations, the expression of core components of PI3K pathway, and evaluated their clinical importance in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). MATERIALS AND METHODS Oncogenic mutations/rearrangements in PIK3CA, EGFR, KRAS, HER2, BRAF, AKT1 and ALK genes were detected in tumors from 1117 patients with NSCLC. PIK3CA gene copy number was examined by fluorescent in situ hybridization and the expression of PI3K p110 subunit alpha (PI3K p110α), p-Akt, mTOR, PTEN was determined by immunohistochemistry in PIK3CA mutant cases and 108 patients without PIK3CA mutation. RESULTS PIK3CA mutation was found in 3.9% of squamous cell carcinoma and 2.7% of adenocarcinoma. Among 34 PIK3CA mutant cases, 17 tumors harbored concurrent EGFR mutations and 4 had KRAS mutations. PIK3CA mutation was significantly associated with high expression of PI3K p110α (p<0.0001), p-Akt (p = 0.024) and mTOR (p = 0.001), but not correlated with PIK3CA amplification (p = 0.463). Patients with single PIK3CA mutation had shorter overall survival than those with PIK3CA-EGFR/KRAS co-mutation or wildtype PIK3CA (p = 0.004). A significantly worse survival was also found in patients with PIK3CA mutations than those without PIK3CA mutations in the EGFR/KRAS wildtype subgroup (p = 0.043). CONCLUSIONS PIK3CA mutations frequently coexist with EGFR/KRAS mutations. The poor prognosis of patients with single PIK3CA mutation in NSCLC and the prognostic value of PIK3CA mutation in EGFR/KRAS wildtype subgroup suggest the distinct mutation status of PIK3CA gene should be determined for individual therapeutic strategies in NSCLC.
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28
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Zhou W, Wang G, Guo S. Regulation of angiogenesis via Notch signaling in breast cancer and cancer stem cells. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2013; 1836:304-20. [PMID: 24183943 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2013.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2013] [Revised: 10/14/2013] [Accepted: 10/18/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Breast cancer angiogenesis is elicited and regulated by a number of factors including the Notch signaling. Notch receptors and ligands are expressed in breast cancer cells as well as in the stromal compartment and have been implicated in carcinogenesis. Signals exchanged between neighboring cells through the Notch pathway can amplify and consolidate molecular differences, which eventually dictate cell fates. Notch signaling and its crosstalk with many signaling pathways play an important role in breast cancer cell growth, migration, invasion, metastasis and angiogenesis, as well as cancer stem cell (CSC) self-renewal. Therefore, significant attention has been paid in recent years toward the development of clinically useful antagonists of Notch signaling. Better understanding of the structure, function and regulation of Notch intracellular signaling pathways, as well as its complex crosstalk with other oncogenic signals in breast cancer cells will be essential to ensure rational design and application of new combinatory therapeutic strategies. Novel opportunities have emerged from the discovery of Notch crosstalk with inflammatory and angiogenic cytokines and their links to CSCs. Combinatory treatments with drugs designed to prevent Notch oncogenic signal crosstalk may be advantageous over λ secretase inhibitors (GSIs) alone. In this review, we focus on the more recent advancements in our knowledge of aberrant Notch signaling contributing to breast cancer angiogenesis, as well as its crosstalk with other factors contributing to angiogenesis and CSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiqiang Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Microecology of Liaoning Province, Shenyang Medical College, No. 146 North Huanghe St, Huanggu Dis, Shenyang City, Liaoning Pro 110034, PR China.
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Gao J, Yin M, Zhu Y, Gu L, Zhang Y, Li Q, Jia C, Ma Z. Prognostic significance and therapeutic potential of the activation of anaplastic lymphoma kinase/protein kinase B/mammalian target of rapamycin signaling pathway in anaplastic large cell lymphoma. BMC Cancer 2013; 13:471. [PMID: 24112608 PMCID: PMC3852000 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-13-471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2013] [Accepted: 10/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Activation of the protein kinase B/mammalian target of rapamycin (AKT/mTOR) pathway has been demonstrated to be involved in nucleophosmin-anaplastic lymphoma kinase (NPM-ALK)-mediated tumorigenesis in anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALCL) and correlated with unfavorable outcome in certain types of other cancers. However, the prognostic value of AKT/mTOR activation in ALCL remains to be fully elucidated. In the present study, we aim to address this question from a clinical perspective by comparing the expressions of the AKT/mTOR signaling molecules in ALCL patients and exploring the therapeutic significance of targeting the AKT/mTOR pathway in ALCL. METHODS A cohort of 103 patients with ALCL was enrolled in the study. Expression of ALK fusion proteins and the AKT/mTOR signaling phosphoproteins was studied by immunohistochemical (IHC) staining. The pathogenic role of ALK fusion proteins and the therapeutic significance of targeting the ATK/mTOR signaling pathway were further investigated in vitro study with an ALK + ALCL cell line and the NPM-ALK transformed BaF3 cells. RESULTS ALK expression was detected in 60% of ALCLs, of which 79% exhibited the presence of NPM-ALK, whereas the remaining 21% expressed variant-ALK fusions. Phosphorylation of AKT, mTOR, 4E-binding protein-1 (4E-BP1), and 70 kDa ribosomal protein S6 kinase polypeptide 1 (p70S6K1) was detected in 76%, 80%, 91%, and 93% of ALCL patients, respectively. Both phospho-AKT (p-AKT) and p-mTOR were correlated to ALK expression, and p-mTOR was closely correlated to p-AKT. Both p-4E-BP1 and p-p70S6K1 were correlated to p-mTOR, but were not correlated to the expression of ALK and p-AKT. Clinically, ALK + ALCL occurred more commonly in younger patients, and ALK + ALCL patients had a much better prognosis than ALK-ALCL cases. However, expression of p-AKT, p-mTOR, p-4E-BP1, or p-p70S6K1 did not have an impact on the clinical outcome. Overexpression of NPM-ALK in a nonmalignant murine pro-B lymphoid cell line, BaF3, induced the cells to become cytokine-independent and resistant to glucocorticoids (GCs). Targeting AKT/mTOR inhibited growth and triggered the apoptotic cell death of ALK + ALCL cells and NPM-ALK transformed BaF3 cells, and also reversed GC resistance induced by overexpression of NPM-ALK. CONCLUSIONS Overexpression of ALK due to chromosomal translocations is seen in the majority of ALCL patients and endows them with a much better prognosis. The AKT/mTOR signaling pathway is highly activated in ALK + ALCL patients and targeting the AKT/mTOR signaling pathway might confer a great therapeutic potential in ALCL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju Gao
- Department of Pediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Section 3, 20 S, Renmin Road, Chengdu 610041, China.
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Qian ZR, Ter-Minassian M, Chan JA, Imamura Y, Hooshmand SM, Kuchiba A, Morikawa T, Brais LK, Daskalova A, Heafield R, Lin X, Christiani DC, Fuchs CS, Ogino S, Kulke MH. Prognostic significance of MTOR pathway component expression in neuroendocrine tumors. J Clin Oncol 2013; 31:3418-25. [PMID: 23980085 DOI: 10.1200/jco.2012.46.6946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Clinical studies have implicated the mechanistic target of rapamycin (serine/threonine kinase; MTOR) pathway in the regulation of neuroendocrine tumor (NET) growth. We explored whether expression of MTOR pathway components has prognostic significance in NET patients. PATIENTS AND METHODS We evaluated immunohistochemical expression of MTOR and phospho (p) -MTOR; its downstream targets RPS6KB1, RPS6, and EIF4EBP1; and its upstream regulators, in a cohort of 195 archival neuroendocrine tumors. We correlated expression levels with clinical outcomes, after adjusting for other prognostic variables. RESULTS We observed anticipated correlations between expression of upstream components of the MTOR pathway and their downstream targets. Expression of PIK3CA, MTOR, or p-EIF4EBP1 was associated with high MKI67 (Ki-67) labeling index. We failed to identify clinical correlations associated with expression of the upstream regulators TSC1, TSC2, AKT, p-AKT, PDPK1, PTEN, PIK3R1, or PIK3CA. In contrast, high expression of MTOR or its activated downstream targets p-RPS6KB1, p-RPS6, or p-EIF4EBP1 was associated with adverse clinical outcomes. CONCLUSION Our observations suggest that expression of MTOR or its downstream targets may be adverse prognostic factors in neuroendocrine tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Rong Qian
- Zhi Rong Qian, Monica Ter-Minassian, Jennifer A. Chan, Yu Imamura, Susanne M. Hooshmand, Aya Kuchiba, Teppei Morikawa, Lauren K. Brais, Anastassia Daskalova, Rachel Heafield, Charles S. Fuchs, Shuji Ogino, Matthew H. Kulke, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School; Monica Ter-Minassian, Xihong Lin, David C. Christiani, Shuji Ogino, Harvard School of Public Health; David C. Christiani, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School; Charles S. Fuchs, Shuji Ogino, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA
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31
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Hong SE, Kim EK, Jin HO, Kim HA, Lee JK, Koh JS, Seol H, Kim JI, Park IC, Noh WC. S6K1 inhibition enhances tamoxifen-induced cell death in MCF-7 cells through translational inhibition of Mcl-1 and survivin. Cell Biol Toxicol 2013; 29:273-82. [PMID: 23942996 DOI: 10.1007/s10565-013-9253-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2013] [Accepted: 07/30/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
S6 kinase 1 (S6K1) was suggested to be a marker for endocrine therapy resistance in breast cancer. We examined whether tamoxifen's effect can be modulated by S6K1 inhibition. S6K1 inhibition by PF4708671, a selective inhibitor of S6K1, acts synergistically with tamoxifen in S6K1-high MCF-7 cells. Similarly, the knockdown of S6K1 with small interfering RNA (siRNA) significantly sensitized MCF-7 cells to tamoxifen. Inhibition of S6K1 by PF4708671 led to a marked decrease in the expression levels of the anti-apoptotic proteins Mcl-1 and survivin, which was not related to mRNA levels. In addition, suppression of Mcl-1 or survivin, using specific siRNA, further enhanced cell sensitivity to tamoxifen. These results showed that inhibition of S6K1 acts synergistically with tamoxifen, via translational modulation of Mcl-1 and survivin. Based on these findings, we propose that targeting S6K1 may be an effective strategy to overcome tamoxifen resistance in breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Eun Hong
- Division of Radiation Cancer Research, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, 215-4 Gongneung-dong, Nowon-gu, Seoul, 139-706, Republic of Korea.
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32
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Yuan H, Lu J, Xiao J, Upadhyay G, Umans R, Kallakury B, Yin Y, Fant ME, Kopelovich L, Glazer RI. PPARδ induces estrogen receptor-positive mammary neoplasia through an inflammatory and metabolic phenotype linked to mTOR activation. Cancer Res 2013; 73:4349-61. [PMID: 23811944 PMCID: PMC3723355 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-13-0322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-δ (PPARδ) regulates a multitude of physiological processes associated with glucose and lipid metabolism, inflammation, and proliferation. One or more of these processes are potential risk factors for the ability of PPARδ agonists to promote tumorigenesis in the mammary gland. In this study, we describe a new transgenic mouse model in which activation of PPARδ in the mammary epithelium by endogenous or synthetic ligands resulted in progressive histopathologic changes that culminated in the appearance of estrogen receptor- and progesterone receptor-positive and ErbB2-negative infiltrating ductal carcinomas. Multiparous mice presented with mammary carcinomas after a latency of 12 months, and administration of the PPARδ ligand GW501516 reduced tumor latency to 5 months. Histopathologic changes occurred concurrently with an increase in an inflammatory, invasive, metabolic, and proliferative gene signature, including expression of the trophoblast gene, Plac1, beginning 1 week after GW501516 treatment, and remained elevated throughout tumorigenesis. The appearance of malignant changes correlated with a pronounced increase in phosphatidylcholine and lysophosphatidic acid metabolites, which coincided with activation of Akt and mTOR signaling that were attenuated by treatment with the mTOR inhibitor everolimus. Our findings are the first to show a direct role of PPARδ in the pathogenesis of mammary tumorigenesis, and suggest a rationale for therapeutic approaches to prevent and treat this disease.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Carcinogenesis/genetics
- Carcinogenesis/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Ductal/genetics
- Carcinoma, Ductal/metabolism
- Epithelium/metabolism
- Female
- Gene Expression
- Genes, erbB-2
- Inflammation/genetics
- Inflammation/metabolism
- Inflammatory Breast Neoplasms/genetics
- Inflammatory Breast Neoplasms/metabolism
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/genetics
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/metabolism
- Metabolomics/methods
- Mice
- Mice, Transgenic
- PPAR delta/genetics
- PPAR delta/metabolism
- Phenotype
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt/genetics
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt/metabolism
- Receptors, Estrogen/genetics
- Receptors, Estrogen/metabolism
- Receptors, Progesterone/genetics
- Receptors, Progesterone/metabolism
- TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases/genetics
- TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases/metabolism
- Thiazoles/pharmacology
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyan Yuan
- Department of Oncology and Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20007
| | - Jin Lu
- Department of Oncology and Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20007
| | - Junfeng Xiao
- Department of Oncology and Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20007
| | - Geeta Upadhyay
- Department of Oncology and Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20007
| | | | - Bhaskar Kallakury
- Department of Pathology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20007
| | - Yuhzi Yin
- Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD 20814
| | - Michael E. Fant
- Department of Pediatrics, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33606
| | - Levy Kopelovich
- Chemoprevention Agent Development and Research Group, Division of Cancer Prevention, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20814
| | - Robert I. Glazer
- Department of Oncology and Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20007
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Activation of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) in triple negative feline mammary carcinomas. BMC Vet Res 2013; 9:80. [PMID: 23587222 PMCID: PMC3637810 DOI: 10.1186/1746-6148-9-80] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2013] [Accepted: 04/10/2013] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) in humans is defined by the absence of oestrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR) and HER2 overexpression. Mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) is overexpressed in TNBC and it represents a potential target for the treatment of this aggressive tumour. Feline mammary carcinoma (FMC) is considered to be a model for hormone-independent human breast cancer. This study investigated mTOR and p-mTOR expression in FMC in relation to triple negative (TN) phenotype. Results The expression of mTOR, p-mTOR, ERα, PR and HER2 was evaluated in 58 FMCs by immunohistochemistry and in six FMC cell lines by Western blot analysis. 53.5% of FMC analyzed were ER, PR, HER2 negative (TN-FMC) while 56.9% and 55.2% of cases expressed mTOR and p-mTOR respectively. In this study we found that m-TOR and p-mTOR were more frequently detected in TN-FMC and in HER2 negative samples. Conclusions In this study, we demonstrate that there is also a FMC subset defined as TN FMC, which is characterised by a statistically significant association with m-TOR and p-mTOR expression as demonstrated in human breast cancer.
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Martin LA, André F, Campone M, Bachelot T, Jerusalem G. mTOR inhibitors in advanced breast cancer: ready for prime time? Cancer Treat Rev 2013; 39:742-52. [PMID: 23557794 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctrv.2013.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2012] [Revised: 02/15/2013] [Accepted: 02/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Current therapeutic approaches for advanced breast cancer frequently target receptors mediating cell survival and proliferation, such as the estrogen receptor and/or progesterone receptor and human epidermal growth factor receptor-2. Although these approaches are effective for many patients, treatment resistance is common. Therefore, new treatment approaches are needed for patients with advanced breast cancer. Mammalian target of rapamycin is a highly conserved serine-threonine kinase that acts as a major signaling hub that integrates and synergizes with cellular proliferation, survival, and/or motility signals mediated by estrogen receptor, human epidermal growth factor receptor-2, and other receptor tyrosine kinases. Dysregulation of mammalian target of rapamycin signaling occurs in various tumor types, including breast cancer, and has been associated with cancer pathogenesis, disease progression, and treatment resistance. Recent clinical trials show that combined inhibition of mammalian target of rapamycin and estrogen receptor represents an effective strategy for treating hormone receptor-positive advanced breast cancer progressing on nonsteroidal aromatase inhibitor therapy, and data from ongoing trials combining mammalian target of rapamycin inhibition with human epidermal growth factor receptor-2-targeted therapy are awaited. This review focuses on the molecular rationale underlying strategies to enhance sensitivity to treatment in hormone receptor-positive and human epidermal growth factor receptor-2-positive advanced breast cancer, the clinical efficacy of such approaches, and future perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lesley-Ann Martin
- Breakthrough Breast Cancer Centre, Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom.
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35
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Jones N, Bonnet F, Sfar S, Lafitte M, Lafon D, Sierankowski G, Brouste V, Banneau G, Tunon de Lara C, Debled M, MacGrogan G, Longy M, Sevenet N. Comprehensive analysis of PTEN status in breast carcinomas. Int J Cancer 2013; 133:323-34. [PMID: 23319441 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.28021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2012] [Accepted: 12/17/2012] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
PTEN plays a well-established role in the negative regulation of the PI3K pathway, which is frequently activated in several cancer types, including breast cancer. A nuclear function in the maintenance of chromosomal stability has been proposed for PTEN but is yet to be clearly defined. In order to improve understanding of the role of PTEN in mammary tumorigenesis in terms of a possible gene dosage effect, its PI3K pathway function and its association with p53, we undertook comprehensive analysis of PTEN status in 135 sporadic invasive ductal carcinomas. Four PTEN status groups were defined; complete loss (19/135, 14%), reduced copy number (19/135, 14%), normal (86/135, 64%) and complex (11/135, 8%). Whereas the PTEN complete loss status was significantly associated with estrogen receptor (ER) negativity (p=0.006) and in particular the basal-like phenotype (p<0.0001), a reduced PTEN copy number was not associated with hormone receptor status or a particular breast cancer subtype. Overall, PI3K pathway alteration was suggested to be involved in 59% (79/134) of tumors as assessed by human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 overexpression, PIK3CA mutation or a complete loss of PTEN. A complex PTEN status was identified in a tumor subgroup which displayed a specific, complex DNA profile at the PTEN locus with a strikingly similar highly rearranged pan-genomic profile. All of these tumors had relapsed and were associated with a poorer prognosis in the context of node negative disease (p=1.4 × 10(-13) ) thus may represent a tumor subgroup with a common molecular alteration which could be targeted to improve clinical outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Jones
- INSERM U916 VINCO, University of Bordeaux, Institut Bergonié, Bordeaux, France
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Li J, Ping Z, Ning H. MiR-218 impairs tumor growth and increases chemo-sensitivity to cisplatin in cervical cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2012; 13:16053-64. [PMID: 23443110 PMCID: PMC3546678 DOI: 10.3390/ijms131216053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2012] [Revised: 10/15/2012] [Accepted: 10/25/2012] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs are noncoding RNA molecules of 18–25 nucleotides that regulate gene expression at the post-transcriptional levels. Recent data revealed that miR-218 played key roles in tumor metastasis. Here, we described the regulation and function of miR-218 in cervical cancer. Overexpression of miR-218 reduced the proliferation of the human cervical cancer cell line HeLa and induced cell apoptosis through the AKT-mTOR signaling pathway. In addition, it forced expression of miR-218 suppressed tumor growth in the orthotopic mouse model of HeLa cells. Furthermore, miR-218 increased chemosensitivity to cisplatin (CDDP) in vitro. Our results indicated that targeting miR-218 may provide a strategy for blocking the development of cervical cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiarui Li
- Department of Gynecology, Xin Hua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 1665 Kongjiang Road, Shanghai 200092, China; E-Mails: (J.L.); (Z.P.)
| | - Zhang Ping
- Department of Gynecology, Xin Hua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 1665 Kongjiang Road, Shanghai 200092, China; E-Mails: (J.L.); (Z.P.)
| | - Hui Ning
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, 168 Changhai Road, Shanghai 200433, China
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel./Fax: +86-21-8187-1114
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Abstract
The 40S ribosomal S6 kinase 1 (S6K1) is a conserved serine/threonine protein kinase that belongs to the AGC family of protein kinases, which also includes Akt and many others. S6K1 is the principal kinase effector downstream of the mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1). S6K1 is sensitive to a wide range of signaling inputs, including growth factors, amino acids, energy levels and hypoxia. S6K1 relays these signals to regulate a growing list of substrates and interacting proteins in control of oncogenic processes, such as cell growth and proliferation, cell survival and apoptosis and cell migration and invasion. Several lines of evidence suggest an important role for S6K1 in estrogen receptor (ER)-positive breast cancer. S6K1 directly phosphorylates and activates ERα. Furthermore, S6K1 expression is estrogenically regulated. Therefore, hyperactivation of mTORC1/S6K1 signaling may be closely related to ER-positive status in breast cancer and may be utilized as a marker for prognosis and a therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina K Holz
- Department of Biology, Stern College for Women of Yeshiva University, New York, NY, USA.
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Phosphorylated mammalian target of rapamycin expression is associated with the response to chemoradiotherapy in patients with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2012; 144:1352-9, 1359.e1. [PMID: 22841170 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcvs.2012.06.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2012] [Revised: 05/18/2012] [Accepted: 06/18/2012] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The mammalian target of rapamycin signaling pathway has been implicated in therapeutic resistance in several types of cancer. However, the significance of mammalian target of rapamycin activation in chemoradiotherapy sensitivity and its effect on the prognosis of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma treated with chemoradiotherapy remain unknown. However, this pathway is of particular interest because an effective inhibitor is available. METHODS By using immunohistochemistry, phosphorylated mammalian target of rapamycin expression was examined in 77 patients with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma treated with preoperative chemoradiotherapy followed by surgery between 1999 and 2009, and correlated with treatment outcome. With the use of CE81T/VGH and TE2 cell lines, cells were treated with chemotherapy, temsirolimus (mammalian target of rapamycin inhibitor), or a combination of chemotherapy and temsirolimus, and investigated by 3-(4.5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay. RESULTS Pathologic complete response rates were 42% and 16% in patients with negative and positive phosphorylated mammalian target of rapamycin expression, respectively (P = .01). The 3-year overall survivals were 57% and 30% in patients with negative and positive phosphorylated mammalian target of rapamycin expression, respectively (P = .005). Positive phosphorylated mammalian target of rapamycin expression was independently associated with inferior overall and disease-free survival. In patients who did not achieve pathologic complete response, postchemoradiotherapy esophagectomy specimens showed significantly higher phosphorylated mammalian target of rapamycin expression than pretreatment biopsy specimens. In cell lines, concomitant administration of temsirolimus enhanced the effect of chemotherapy. CONCLUSIONS Phosphorylated mammalian target of rapamycin expression is independently associated with the response to chemoradiotherapy and prognosis of patients with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma treated with preoperative chemoradiotherapy. Mammalian target of rapamycin inhibition can sensitize esophageal cancer cells to chemotherapy. Our results suggest the potential for mammalian target of rapamycin as a therapeutic target for patients with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma who receive multimodality treatment.
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Pópulo H, Lopes JM, Soares P. The mTOR signalling pathway in human cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2012; 13:1886-1918. [PMID: 22408430 PMCID: PMC3291999 DOI: 10.3390/ijms13021886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 575] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2011] [Revised: 01/28/2012] [Accepted: 01/30/2012] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The conserved serine/threonine kinase mTOR (the mammalian target of rapamycin), a downstream effector of the PI3K/AKT pathway, forms two distinct multiprotein complexes: mTORC1 and mTORC2. mTORC1 is sensitive to rapamycin, activates S6K1 and 4EBP1, which are involved in mRNA translation. It is activated by diverse stimuli, such as growth factors, nutrients, energy and stress signals, and essential signalling pathways, such as PI3K, MAPK and AMPK, in order to control cell growth, proliferation and survival. mTORC2 is considered resistant to rapamycin and is generally insensitive to nutrients and energy signals. It activates PKC-α and AKT and regulates the actin cytoskeleton. Deregulation of multiple elements of the mTOR pathway (PI3K amplification/mutation, PTEN loss of function, AKT overexpression, and S6K1, 4EBP1 and eIF4E overexpression) has been reported in many types of cancers, particularly in melanoma, where alterations in major components of the mTOR pathway were reported to have significant effects on tumour progression. Therefore, mTOR is an appealing therapeutic target and mTOR inhibitors, including the rapamycin analogues deforolimus, everolimus and temsirolimus, are submitted to clinical trials for treating multiple cancers, alone or in combination with inhibitors of other pathways. Importantly, temsirolimus and everolimus were recently approved by the FDA for the treatment of renal cell carcinoma, PNET and giant cell astrocytoma. Small molecules that inhibit mTOR kinase activity and dual PI3K-mTOR inhibitors are also being developed. In this review, we aim to survey relevant research, the molecular mechanisms of signalling, including upstream activation and downstream effectors, and the role of mTOR in cancer, mainly in melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Pópulo
- Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of University of Porto (IPATIMUP), University of Porto, 4200-465, Porto, Portugal; E-Mails: (H.P.); (J.M.L.)
- Medical Faculty, University of Porto, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - José Manuel Lopes
- Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of University of Porto (IPATIMUP), University of Porto, 4200-465, Porto, Portugal; E-Mails: (H.P.); (J.M.L.)
- Medical Faculty, University of Porto, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
- Department of Pathology, Hospital São João, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - Paula Soares
- Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of University of Porto (IPATIMUP), University of Porto, 4200-465, Porto, Portugal; E-Mails: (H.P.); (J.M.L.)
- Medical Faculty, University of Porto, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
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40
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Guo S, Liu M, Wang G, Torroella-Kouri M, Gonzalez-Perez RR. Oncogenic role and therapeutic target of leptin signaling in breast cancer and cancer stem cells. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2012; 1825:207-22. [PMID: 22289780 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2012.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2011] [Revised: 01/12/2012] [Accepted: 01/15/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Significant correlations between obesity and incidence of various cancers have been reported. Obesity, considered a mild inflammatory process, is characterized by a high level of secretion of several cytokines from adipose tissue. These molecules have disparate effects, which could be relevant to cancer development. Among the inflammatory molecules, leptin, mainly produced by adipose tissue and overexpressed with its receptor (Ob-R) in cancer cells is the most studied adipokine. Mutations of leptin or Ob-R genes associated with obesity or cancer are rarely found. However, leptin is an anti-apoptotic molecule in many cell types, and its central roles in obesity-related cancers are based on its pro-angiogenic, pro-inflammatory and mitogenic actions. Notably, these leptin actions are commonly reinforced through entangled crosstalk with multiple oncogenes, cytokines and growth factors. Leptin-induced signals comprise several pathways commonly triggered by many cytokines (i.e., canonical: JAK2/STAT; MAPK/ERK1/2 and PI-3K/AKT1 and, non-canonical signaling pathways: PKC, JNK and p38 MAP kinase). Each of these leptin-induced signals is essential to its biological effects on food intake, energy balance, adiposity, immune and endocrine systems, as well as oncogenesis. This review is mainly focused on the current knowledge of the oncogenic role of leptin in breast cancer. Additionally, leptin pro-angiogenic molecular mechanisms and its potential role in breast cancer stem cells will be reviewed. Strict biunivocal binding-affinity and activation of leptin/Ob-R complex makes it a unique molecular target for prevention and treatment of breast cancer, particularly in obesity contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanchun Guo
- Microbiology, Biochemistry & Immunology, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30310, USA
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Oncogenic role and therapeutic target of leptin signaling in breast cancer and cancer stem cells. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2012. [PMID: 22289780 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2012.01.002.oncogenic] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Significant correlations between obesity and incidence of various cancers have been reported. Obesity, considered a mild inflammatory process, is characterized by a high level of secretion of several cytokines from adipose tissue. These molecules have disparate effects, which could be relevant to cancer development. Among the inflammatory molecules, leptin, mainly produced by adipose tissue and overexpressed with its receptor (Ob-R) in cancer cells is the most studied adipokine. Mutations of leptin or Ob-R genes associated with obesity or cancer are rarely found. However, leptin is an anti-apoptotic molecule in many cell types, and its central roles in obesity-related cancers are based on its pro-angiogenic, pro-inflammatory and mitogenic actions. Notably, these leptin actions are commonly reinforced through entangled crosstalk with multiple oncogenes, cytokines and growth factors. Leptin-induced signals comprise several pathways commonly triggered by many cytokines (i.e., canonical: JAK2/STAT; MAPK/ERK1/2 and PI-3K/AKT1 and, non-canonical signaling pathways: PKC, JNK and p38 MAP kinase). Each of these leptin-induced signals is essential to its biological effects on food intake, energy balance, adiposity, immune and endocrine systems, as well as oncogenesis. This review is mainly focused on the current knowledge of the oncogenic role of leptin in breast cancer. Additionally, leptin pro-angiogenic molecular mechanisms and its potential role in breast cancer stem cells will be reviewed. Strict biunivocal binding-affinity and activation of leptin/Ob-R complex makes it a unique molecular target for prevention and treatment of breast cancer, particularly in obesity contexts.
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Kim HS, Kim GY, Lim SJ, Kim YW. Expression of the Mammalian Target of Rapamycin Pathway Markers in Lung Adenocarcinoma and Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Pathobiology 2012; 79:84-93. [DOI: 10.1159/000334340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2011] [Accepted: 10/13/2011] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
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Dragowska WH, Weppler SA, Qadir MA, Wong LY, Franssen Y, Baker JHE, Kapanen AI, Kierkels GJJ, Masin D, Minchinton AI, Gelmon KA, Bally MB. The combination of gefitinib and RAD001 inhibits growth of HER2 overexpressing breast cancer cells and tumors irrespective of trastuzumab sensitivity. BMC Cancer 2011; 11:420. [PMID: 21961653 PMCID: PMC3207940 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-11-420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2011] [Accepted: 10/01/2011] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background HER2-positive breast cancers exhibit high rates of innate and acquired resistance to trastuzumab (TZ), a HER2-directed antibody used as a first line treatment for this disease. TZ resistance may in part be mediated by frequent co-expression of EGFR and by sustained activation of the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway. Here, we assessed feasibility of combining the EGFR inhibitor gefitinib and the mTOR inhibitor everolimus (RAD001) for treating HER2 overexpressing breast cancers with different sensitivity to TZ. Methods The gefitinib and RAD001 combination was broadly evaluated in TZ sensitive (SKBR3 and MCF7-HER2) and TZ resistant (JIMT-1) breast cancer models. The effects on cell growth were measured in cell based assays using the fixed molar ratio design and the median effect principle. In vivo studies were performed in Rag2M mice bearing established tumors. Analysis of cell cycle, changes in targeted signaling pathways and tumor characteristics were conducted to assess gefitinib and RAD001 interactions. Results The gefitinib and RAD001 combination inhibited cell growth in vitro in a synergistic fashion as defined by the Chou and Talalay median effect principle and increased tumor xenograft growth delay. The improvement in therapeutic efficacy by the combination was associated in vitro with cell line dependent increases in cytotoxicity and cytostasis while treatment in vivo promoted cytostasis. The most striking and consistent therapeutic effect of the combination was increased inhibition of the mTOR pathway (in vitro and in vivo) and EGFR signaling in vivo relative to the single drugs. Conclusions The gefitinib and RAD001 combination provides effective control over growth of HER2 overexpressing cells and tumors irrespective of the TZ sensitivity status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wieslawa H Dragowska
- Experimental Therapeutics, British Columbia Cancer Agency, 675 West 10th Ave, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1L3, Canada.
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Castaneda CA, Cortes-Funes H, Gomez HL, Ciruelos EM. The phosphatidyl inositol 3-kinase/AKT signaling pathway in breast cancer. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2011; 29:751-9. [PMID: 20922461 DOI: 10.1007/s10555-010-9261-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The phosphatidyl inositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt pathway mediates the effects of a variety of extracellular signals in a number of cellular processes including cell growth, proliferation, and survival. The alteration of integrants of this pathway through mutation of its coding genes increases the activation status of the signaling and can thus lead to cellular transformation. The frequent dysregulation of the PI3K/Akt pathway in breast cancer (BC) and the mediation of this pathway in different processes characteristically implicated in tumorigenesis have attracted the interest of this pathway in BC; however, a more comprehensive understanding of the signaling intricacies is necessary to develop clinical applications of the modulation of this pathway in this pathology. We review a series of experiments examining the contribution of alteration of integrants of this signaling network to human BC and we make an update of the information about the effect of the modulation of this pathway in this cancer.
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Becker MA, Ibrahim YH, Cui X, Lee AV, Yee D. The IGF pathway regulates ERα through a S6K1-dependent mechanism in breast cancer cells. Mol Endocrinol 2011; 25:516-28. [PMID: 21292829 DOI: 10.1210/me.2010-0373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The IGF pathway stimulates malignant behavior of breast cancer cells. Herein we identify the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR)/S6 kinase 1 (S6K1) axis as a critical component of IGF and estrogen receptor (ER)α cross talk. The insulin receptor substrate (IRS) adaptor molecules function downstream of IGF-I receptor and dictate a specific biological response, in which IRS-1 drives proliferation and IRS-2 is linked to motility. Although rapamycin-induced mTOR inhibition has been shown to block IGF-induced IRS degradation, we reveal differential effects on motility (up-regulation) and proliferation (down-regulation). Because a positive correlation between IRS-1 and ERα expression is thought to play a central role in the IGF growth response, we investigated the potential role of ERα as a downstream mTOR target. Small molecule inhibition and targeted knockdown of S6K1 blocked the IGF-induced ERα(S167) phosphorylation and did not influence ligand-dependent ERα(S118) phosphorylation. Inhibition of S6K1 kinase activity consequently ablated IGF-stimulated S6K1/ERα association, estrogen response element promoter binding and ERα target gene transcription. Moreover, site-specific ERα(S167) mutation reduced ERα target gene transcription and blocked IGF-induced colony formation. These findings support a novel link between the IGF pathway and ERα, in which the translation factor S6K1 affects transcription of ERα-regulated genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc A Becker
- Department of Pharmacology, Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
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Guo S, Liu M, Gonzalez-Perez RR. Role of Notch and its oncogenic signaling crosstalk in breast cancer. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2010; 1815:197-213. [PMID: 21193018 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2010.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2010] [Revised: 12/15/2010] [Accepted: 12/17/2010] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The Notch signaling plays a key role in cell differentiation, survival, and proliferation through diverse mechanisms. Notch signaling is also involved in vasculogenesis and angiogenesis. Moreover, Notch expression is regulated by hypoxia and inflammatory cytokines (IL-1, IL-6 and leptin). Entangled crosstalk between Notch and other developmental signaling (Hedgehog and Wnt), and signaling triggered by growth factors, estrogens and oncogenic kinases, could impact on Notch targeted genes. Thus, alterations of the Notch signaling can lead to a variety of disorders, including human malignancies. Notch signaling is activated by ligand binding, followed by ADAM/tumor necrosis factor-α-converting enzyme (TACE) metalloprotease and γ-secretase cleavages that produce the Notch intracellular domain (NICD). Translocation of NICD into the nucleus induces the transcriptional activation of Notch target genes. The relationships between Notch deregulated signaling, cancer stem cells and the carcinogenesis process reinforced by Notch crosstalk with many oncogenic signaling pathways suggest that Notch signaling may be a critical drug target for breast and other cancers. Since current status of knowledge in this field changes quickly, our insight should be continuously revised. In this review, we will focus on recent advancements in identification of aberrant Notch signaling in breast cancer and the possible underlying mechanisms, including potential role of Notch in breast cancer stem cells, tumor angiogenesis, as well as its crosstalk with other oncogenic signaling pathways in breast cancer. We will also discuss the prognostic value of Notch proteins and therapeutic potential of targeting Notch signaling for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanchun Guo
- Microbiology, Biochemistry and Immunology, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30310, USA
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Phosphorylated S6K1 is a possible marker for endocrine therapy resistance in hormone receptor-positive breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2010; 126:93-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s10549-010-1315-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2010] [Accepted: 12/16/2010] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Pópulo H, Soares P, Faustino A, Rocha AS, Silva P, Azevedo F, Lopes JM. mTOR pathway activation in cutaneous melanoma is associated with poorer prognosis characteristics. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2010; 24:254-7. [PMID: 21029395 DOI: 10.1111/j.1755-148x.2010.00796.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Pérez-Tenorio G, Karlsson E, Waltersson MA, Olsson B, Holmlund B, Nordenskjöld B, Fornander T, Skoog L, Stål O. Clinical potential of the mTOR targets S6K1 and S6K2 in breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2010; 128:713-23. [PMID: 20953835 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-010-1058-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2010] [Accepted: 07/08/2010] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) and its substrates S6K1 and S6K2 regulate cell growth, proliferation, and metabolism through translational control. RPS6KB1 (S6K1) and RPS6KB2 (S6K2) are situated in the commonly amplified 17q21-23 and 11q13 regions. S6K1 amplification and protein overexpression have earlier been associated with a worse outcome in breast cancer, but information regarding S6K2 is scarce. The aim of this study was to evaluate the prognostic and treatment predictive relevance of S6K1/S6K2 gene amplification, as well as S6K2 protein expression in breast cancer. S6K1/S6K2 gene copy number was determined by real-time PCR in 207 stage II breast tumors and S6K2 protein expression was investigated by immunohistochemistry in 792 node-negative breast cancers. S6K1 amplification/gain was detected in 10.7%/21.4% and S6K2 amplification/gain in 4.3%/21.3% of the tumors. S6K2 protein was detected in the nucleus (38%) and cytoplasm (76%) of the tumor cells. S6K1 amplification was significantly associated with HER2 gene amplification and protein expression. S6K2 amplification correlated significantly with high S6K2 mRNA levels, ER+ status and CCND1 amplification. S6K1 and S6K2 gene amplification was associated with a worse prognosis independent of HER2 and CCND1. S6K2 gain and nuclear S6K2 expression was related to an improved benefit from tamoxifen among patients with ER+, respectively ER+/PgR+ tumors. In the ER+/PgR- subgroup, nuclear S6K2 rather indicated decreased tamoxifen responsiveness. S6K1 amplification predicted reduced benefit from radiotherapy. This is the first study showing that S6K2 amplification and overexpression, like S6K1 amplification, have prognostic and treatment predictive significance in breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gizeh Pérez-Tenorio
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
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Xu DZ, Geng QR, Tian Y, Cai MY, Fang XJ, Zhan YQ, Zhou ZW, Li W, Chen YB, Sun XW, Guan YX, Li YF, Lin TY. Activated mammalian target of rapamycin is a potential therapeutic target in gastric cancer. BMC Cancer 2010; 10:536. [PMID: 20929525 PMCID: PMC2958947 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-10-536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2009] [Accepted: 10/07/2010] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) plays a key role in cellular growth and homeostasis. The purpose of our present study is to investigate the expression of activated mTOR (p-mTOR) in gastric cancer patients, their prognostic significance and the inhibition effect of RAD001 on tumor growth and to determine whether targeted inhibition of mTOR could be a potential therapeutic strategy for gastric cancer. Methods The expression of p-mTOR was detected in specimens of 181 gastric cancers who underwent radical resection (R0) by immunohistochemistry. The correlation of p-mTOR expression to clinicopathologic features and survival of gastric cancer was studied. We also determined the inhibition effect of RAD001 on tumor growth using BGC823 and AGS human gastric cancer cell lines. Results Immunostaining for p-mTOR was positive in 93 of 181 (51.4%) gastric cancers, closely correlated with lymph node status and pTNM stage. Patients with p-mTOR positive showed significantly shorter disease-free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS) rates than those with p-mTOR-negative tumors in univariable analyses, and there was a trend toward a correlation between p-mTOR expression and survival in multivariable analyses. RAD001 markedly inhibited dose-dependently proliferation of human gastric carcinoma cells by down-regulating expression of p70s6k, p-p70s6k, C-myc, CyclinD1 and Bcl-2, up-regulating expression of P53. Conclusions In gastric cancer, p-mTOR is a potential therapeutic target and RAD001 was a promising treatment agent with inducing cell cycle arrest and apoptosis by down-regulating expression of C-myc, CyclinD1 and Bcl-2, up-regulating expression of P53.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da-zhi Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangzhou 510060, China
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