Speed of processing training in middle-aged and older breast cancer survivors (SOAR): results of a randomized controlled pilot

Cognitive intra-individual variability in breast cancer survivors: A systematic review

Subjective and objective cognitive impairments in Breast Cancer Survivors (BCS) often do not correlate. One important contribution to the reported disparities may be the reliance on mean-based cognitive performance. Cognitive intra-individual variability (IIV) may provide important insights into these reported disparities. Cognitive IIV refers to the fluctuation in performance for an individual on either one cognitive task across a trial or dispersed across tasks within a neuropsychological test battery. The purpose of this systematic review was to search for and examine the literature on cognitive IIV in BCS. The PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) approach was used to search for all articles related to cognitive IIV in BCS. MEDLINE (via PubMed), Embase, and Scopus databases were searched using detailed search terms and strategies. Initially, 164 articles were retrieved but only 4 articles met the criteria for this systematic review. BCS differed from healthy controls in similar ways across the four studies, generally demonstrating similar performance but showing increased cognitive IIV for the more difficult tasks. Differences were enhanced later during chemotherapy. The four studies provide support for cognitive IIV as a useful measure to detect the subtle objective cognitive change often reported by BCS but frequently not detected by standard normed-based cognitive testing. Unexpectedly, measures of cognitive IIV were not consistently associated with self-reported measures of cognition.

Social and Neighborhood Context Moderates the Associations Between Processing Speed and Driving Mobility: A 10-year Analysis of the ACTIVE Study

Objectives: Processing speed is essential to functional independence in later life, such as driving a vehicle. Few studies have examined processing speed and driving mobility in the context of racial differences and social determinants of health (SDoH). This study characterized the longitudinal association between processing speed and driving mobility, and how it varied by race and SDoH. Methods: Using data from the control arm of the Advanced Cognitive Training in Vital Elderly study (n = 581, 24.5% Black), multilevel models examined longitudinal associations between processing speed and driving mobility outcomes (driving space, exposure, and difficulty). Race and SDoH moderations were explored. Results: Decline in processing speed measures was associated with increased self-reported driving difficulty, but only for older adults with below-average to average scores for neighborhood and built environments and social community context SDoH domains. Discussion: Findings emphasize the influence of physical and social environmental characteristics on processing speed and driving mobility.

Impact of non-pharmacological interventions on cognitive impairment in women with breast cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Objective

This study aimed to examine the characteristics of research conducted on nonpharmacological interventions for cognitive impairment in patients with breast cancer and identify the primary effects of nonpharmacological interventions through a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Methods

Five electronic databases were searched to identify all randomized controlled trial studies until September 30, 2022, using the key terms "breast cancer," "cognitive disorders," and their possible variations. The Cochrane Risk of Bias tool was used to assess risk of bias. The effect sizes were calculated in Hedges' g. Potential moderators influencing the intervention effects were explored.

Results

Twenty-three studies were included in the systematic review, and 17 studies were included in the meta-analysis. Among the nonpharmacological interventions for patients with breast cancer, cognitive rehabilitation and physical activity were the most common, followed by cognitive behavioral therapy. The meta-analysis indicated that nonpharmacological interventions had a significant effect on attention (g ​= ​0.83; 95% CI: 0.14 to 1.52; I ² ​= ​76%), immediate recall (g ​= ​0.33; 95% CI: 0.18 to 0.49; I ² ​= ​0%), executive function (g ​= ​0.25; 95% CI: 0.13 to 0.37; I ² ​= ​0%), and processing speed (g ​= ​0.44; 95% CI: 0.14 to 0.73; I ² ​= ​51%) among objective cognitive functions, as well as subjective cognitive function (g ​= ​0.68; 95% CI: 0.40 to 0.96; I ² ​= ​78%). Intervention type and mode of delivery were potential moderators for the effects of nonpharmacological interventions on cognitive functions.

Conclusions

Nonpharmacological interventions can improve subjective and objective cognitive functioning among patients with breast cancer undergoing cancer treatment. Therefore, it is necessary to provide nonpharmacological interventions by screening patients at high risk of cancer-related cognitive impairment.

Systematic review registration

CRD42021251709.

Cognitive Retraining and Functional Treatment (CRAFT) for adults with cancer related cognitive impairment: a preliminary efficacy study

PURPOSE

To examine the preliminary efficacy of Cognitive Retraining and Functional Treatment (CRAFT) combining remote computerized cognitive training (CCT) and occupation-based treatment in adults with cancer-related cognitive impairment (CRCI).

METHODS

Three-armed randomized controlled trial including 74 individuals with CRCI, randomized into 12 weeks of either CRAFT, CCT alone, or treatment-as-usual. Assessments evaluating participation in daily life, perceived cognition, cognitive performance, quality-of-life, and treatment satisfaction were administered at baseline, post-intervention, and 3-month follow-up.

RESULTS

Significant time × group interactions in favor of the CRAFT and CCT groups were found for participation in daily life (F_2,34 = 5.31, p = .01, eta = .238), perceived cognition (F_2,34 = 4.897, p = .014, eta = .224), and cognitive performance on speed of processing test (F = 5.678, p = .009, eta = .289). The CRAFT group demonstrated significantly larger clinically meaningful gains on participation in daily life (chi-square = 6.91, p = .032) and significantly higher treatment satisfaction. All treatment gains were maintained at a 3-month follow-up (n = 32).

CONCLUSIONS

CCT and CRAFT were found to have a positive impact on participation and cognitive outcomes among individuals with CRCI. The CRAFT showed an additional advantage in improving self-chosen occupation-based goals suggesting that a combination of cognitive training with occupation-based intervention has a positive synergistic effect resulting in "real world" health benefits.

IMPLICATIONS FOR CANCER SURVIVORS

A combination of cognitive training with occupation-based intervention has a positive effect resulting in clinically meaningful improvements in participation in daily life, objective cognitive performance, and subjective cognitive impairment.

CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION

ClinicalTrials.gov NCT04210778, December 26, 2019, retrospectively registered.

Effect of cognitive training on patients with breast cancer reporting cognitive changes: a systematic review and meta-analysis

OBJECTIVES

Cognitive training is a non-drug intervention to improve the cognitive function of participants by training them in different cognitive domains. We investigated the effectiveness of cognitive training for patients with breast cancer reporting cognitive changes.

DESIGN

Systematic review and meta-analysis.

DATA SOURCES

PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, WOS, CINAHL, CNKI, VIP, SinoMed, Wanfang, Grey literature and trial registries were searched (from inception to 1 October 1, 2022).

ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA

Inclusion of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) assessing the effects of cognitive training on breast cancer patients reporting cognitive changes The primary outcome was subjective cognitive function. Secondary outcomes were objective cognitive functioning (eg, executive functioning and attention) and psychological outcomes(eg, anxiety, depression, and fatigue).

DATA EXTRACTION AND SYNTHESIS

Two reviewers worked independently to screen the literature, extract data, and assess the methodological quality and risk bias of the included studies. Results are reported as standardizedstandardised mean differences (SMDs) with 95% confidence intervals(CI). Grades of Recommendation, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation(GRADE) were used to assess the quality of evidence.

MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES

The primary outcome was subjective cognitive function. Secondary outcomes were objective cognitive functioning (eg, executive functioning and attention) and psychological outcomes(eg, anxiety, depression and fatigue).

RESULTS

A total of 9 RCTs involving 666 patients with breast cancer were included. The frequency of cognitive training varied and the duration was mostly focused on 5-12 weeks. It can be delivered to patients in an individual or group mode, both online and face to face. Meta-analysis revealed that cognitive training aimed at adaptive training in cognitive field has statistically significant effects on improving subjective cognitive function (SMD=0.30, 95% CI (0.08 to 0.51), moderate certainty). Some objective cognitive functions such as processing speed (SMD=0.28, 95% CI (0.02 to 0.54), low certainty), verbal memory (SMD=0.32, 95% CI (0.05 to 0.58), moderate certainty), working memory (SMD=0.39, 95% CI (0.17 to 0.61), moderate certainty) and episodic memory (SMD=0.40, 95% CI (0.11 to 0.69), moderate certainty) were significantly improved after the intervention. In addition, we did not find statistically significant changes in attention, short-term memory, execution function, depression, anxiety and fatigue in patients with breast cancer after the intervention. Subgroup analyses revealed that based on the delivery of individual sessions, the use of web-based cognitive training software may be more beneficial in improving the outcome of the intervention.

CONCLUSION

Evidence of low to moderate certainty suggests that cognitive training may improve subjective cognition, processing speed, verbal memory, working memory and episodic memory in patients with breast cancer reporting cognitive changes. But it did not improve patients' attention, short-term memory, executive function, depression, anxiety and fatigue.

PROSPERO REGISTRATION NUMBER

CRD42021264316.

Randomized double-masked controlled trial of cognitive training in breast cancer survivors: a preliminary study

PURPOSE

To evaluate the acceptability, satisfaction, and preliminary efficacy of cognitive training for improving cognitive function and health outcomes in breast cancer survivors (BCS).

PATIENTS AND METHODS

BCS enrolled in this 2-group randomized, double-masked controlled trial of cognitive training. Primary outcomes included the acceptability and satisfaction of the interventions. Secondary outcomes included examining the effect size and reliable improvement of perceived cognitive function and health outcomes, including work ability, health perception (status and change), and quality of life. Exploratory outcomes were performance on neuropsychological tests and plasma levels of brain-derived neurotropic factor (BDNF). Data were collected at baseline and immediately post-intervention. Using ANCOVA models, the intervention was compared to attention control while adjusting for covariates and baseline values. The effect sizes for differences in means and the reliable improvement percentage were reported.

RESULTS

Thirty-six BCS completed the study and were on average 57.6 (SD = 8.0) years old, 59.4% Caucasian, and had some college education (74.5%). Both programs were reported to be satisfactory and acceptable. Non-significant small effect sizes were noted for the intervention on cognitive abilities (d = 0.26) and cognitive concerns (d =  - 0.32), with reliable improvement noted in 32% and 28% of BCS, respectively. Small to medium effect sizes were noted in improvement in work ability (d = 0.37) and health perception status (d = 0.30) and change (d = 0.60, p < 0.05).

CONCLUSIONS

Cognitive training was acceptable to BCS and resulted in improvement in perceived cognitive function and perceptions of "real-world" health benefits. A larger randomized controlled trial is warranted to determine its effectiveness for objective cognitive performance.

Effective non-pharmacological interventions for cancer related cognitive impairment in adults (excluding central nervous system or head and neck cancer): systematic review and meta-analysis

INTRODUCTION

Cancer-related cognitive impairment (CRCI) is prevalent in cancer survivors, and impairments affect daily living tasks and overall wellbeing. This review aimed to identify and evaluate published randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of interventions to manage CRCI in adult populations, to analyze their effectiveness and to investigate the quality of the studies.

EVIDENCE ACQUISITION

Seven databases were searched (Medline, Scopus, CINAHL, AMED, PsychINFO, OTseeker, and the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews), including years 2005-2020, for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) investigating interventions to address cognition for adults with cancer. The final search was conducted in February 2021. The quality of studies was assessed using the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) Critical Appraisal Checklist for RCTs. Meta-analysis used comprehensive meta-analysis software. The study protocol was registered with PROSPERO (registration N. CRD42017076868).

EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS

A total of 45 studies involving 4727 participants examined interventions for CRCI and met selection criteria. Categories of interventions included cognitive training-based intervention (N.=15), cognitive behavior therapy (CBT) (N.=4), physical activity (N.=16) and other supportive therapies (N.=10). Meta-analysis indicated beneficial overall effects for all categories of interventions: cognitive training (standardized mean difference [SMD]=0.41, 95% CI: 0.28-0.53, I2=88.87%); CBT (SMD=0.30, 95% CI: 0.14-0.46, I2=44.86%); physical activity (SMD=0.27, 95% CI: 0.20-0.35, I2=37.67%); and supportive therapies (SMD=0.27, 95% CI: 0.16-0.39, I2=64.94%). Studies used self-report cognitive outcome measures and neurocognitive testing, or a mixture.

CONCLUSIONS

Findings suggest that effective intervention for CRCI exist, and cognitive training is consistently supported as an effective intervention; however, a high level of heterogeneity was found. CRCI research is currently dominated by breast cancer survivors, and quality research is also needed to address the broader population of cancer survivors who experience CRCI.

A Novel Mixed Methods Approach Combining Geospatial Mapping and Qualitative Inquiry to Identify Multilevel Policy Targets: The Focused Rapid Assessment Process (fRAP) Applied to Cancer Survivorship

Multi-level perspectives across communities, medical systems and policy environments are needed, but few methods are available for health services researchers with limited resources. We developed a mixed method health policy approach, the focused Rapid Assessment Process (fRAP), that is designed to uncover multi-level modifiable barriers and facilitators contributing to public health issues. We illustrate with a study applying fRAP to the issue of cancer survivorship care. Through this multi-level investigation we identified two major modifiable areas impacting high-quality cancer survivorship care: 1) the importance of cancer survivorship guidelines/data, 2) the need for improved oncology-primary care relationships. This article contributes to the mixed methods literature by coupling geospatial mapping to qualitative rapid assessment to efficiently identify policy change targets.

Challenges of Survivorship for Older Adults Diagnosed with Cancer

Purpose of Review

The purpose of this brief review is to highlight significant recent developments in survivorship research and care of older adults following cancer treatment. The aim is to provide insight into care and support needs of older adults during cancer survivorship as well as directions for future research.

Recent Findings

The numbers of older adult cancer survivors are increasing globally. Increased attention to the interaction between age-related and cancer-related concerns before, during, and after cancer treatment is needed to optimize outcomes and quality of life among older adult survivors. Issues of concern to older survivors, and ones associated with quality of life, include physical and cognitive functioning and emotional well-being. Maintaining activities of daily living, given limitations imposed by cancer treatment and other comorbidities, is of primary importance to older survivors. Evidence concerning the influence of income and rurality, experiences in care coordination and accessing services, and effectiveness of interventions remains scant for older adults during survivorship.

Summary

There is a clear need for further research relating to tailored intervention and health care provider knowledge and education. Emerging issues, such as the use of medical assistance in dying, must be considered in this population.

Neurotoxicity following CD19/CD28ζ CAR T-cells in children and young adults with B-cell malignancies

BACKGROUND

Neurotoxicity is an established toxicity of CD19 CAR T-cell therapy; however, there is little information on neurotoxicity in children, adolescents, and young adults (CAYA) receiving CD19/CD28ζ CAR T-cells for B-cell malignancies.

METHODS

We analyzed neurotoxicity of CD19/CD28ζ CAR T-cells in CAYA treated on a phase I study (NCT01593696). Assessments included daily inpatient monitoring, caregiver-based neuro-symptom checklist (NSC), exploratory neurocognitive assessments, clinically-indicated imaging, CSF analysis, and systematic cytokine profiling, outcomes of which were associated with cytokine release syndrome (CRS) and treatment response postinfusion. Patients with active CNS leukemia were included.

RESULTS

Amongst 52 patients treated, 13 patients had active CNS leukemia at infusion. Neurotoxicity was seen in 11/52 (21.2%) patients, with an incidence of 29.7% (11/37) in patients with CRS. Neurotoxicity was associated with the presence and severity of CRS. Those with neurotoxicity had higher levels of peak serum IL-6, IFNγ, and IL-15. Additionally, CNS leukemia was effectively eradicated in most patients with CRS. Pilot neurocognitive testing demonstrated stable-to-improved neurocognitive test scores in most patients, albeit limited by small patient numbers. The NSC enabled caregiver input into the patient experience.

CONCLUSIONS

This is the first systematic analysis of neurotoxicity utilizing a CD19/CD28ζ CAR construct in CAYA, including in those with active CNS involvement. The experience demonstrates that the neurotoxicity profile was acceptable and reversible, with evidence of anti-leukemia response and CNS trafficking of CAR T-cells. Additionally, neurocognitive testing, while exploratory, provides an opportunity for future studies to employ systematic evaluations into neurotoxicity assessments and validation is needed in future studies.

Neuropsychological Interventions for Cancer-Related Cognitive Impairment: A Network Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials

The aim of this network meta-analysis was to evaluate the comparative effects of neuropsychological interventions for cancer-related cognitive impairment (CRCI), and to rank the best intervention options for adult cancer patients with CRCI. Twenty-seven eligible randomized controlled trials (RCTs) were searched, and a total of six interventions identified: cognitive behavioral therapies (CBT), cognitive rehabilitation (CR), cognitive training (CT), meditation/mindfulness-based interventions, psychoeducation, and supportive care. In terms of effectiveness, the relative effect size of CBT, CR, and CT in managing subjective cognition had statistically significant differences - 0.94 (0.43-1.44), 0.54 (0.03-1.05), and 0.47 (0.13-0.81), respectively. The most effective interventions to manage the objective cognition of attention were meditation or mindfulness-based interventions: intervention effect size was 0.58 (0.24-0.91). The relative effect size of CT had a statistically significant difference in managing verbal memory, and the intervention effect size was 1.16 (0.12-2.20). The relative effect size of psychoeducation in managing executive function compared with control had a statistically significant difference, which was 0.56 (0.26-0.86). For managing information processing speed, the most effective intervention was CT and the effect size was -0.58 (-1.09--0.06). This network meta-analysis found that CT is the most effective intervention for managing the objective cognition of verbal memory and processing speed; meditation/mindfulness-based interventions may be the best option for enhancing attention; psychoeducation is the most effective intervention for managing executive function; CT may be the best option for managing verbal fluency as the intervention ranking probability. For the management of subjective cognition, CBT may be the most effective intervention.

Long-Term Cognitive Dysfunction in Cancer Survivors

Cancer-related cognitive impairment (CRCI) is a frequent side effect experienced by an increasing number of cancer survivors with a significant impact on their quality of life. Different definitions and means of evaluation have been used in available literature; hence the exact incidence of CRCI remains unknown. CRCI can be described as cognitive symptoms reported by cancer patients in self-reported questionnaires or as cognitive changes evaluated by formal neuropsychological tests. Nevertheless, association between cognitive symptoms and objectively assessed cognitive changes is relatively weak or absent. Studies have focused especially on breast cancer patients, but CRCI has been reported in multiple types of cancer, including colorectal, lung, ovarian, prostate, testicular cancer and hematological malignancies. While CRCI has been associated with various treatment modalities, including radiotherapy, chemotherapy, hormone therapy and novel systemic therapies, it has been also detected prior to cancer treatment. Therefore, the effects of cancer itself with or without the psychological distress may be involved in the pathogenesis of CRCI as a result of altered coping mechanisms after cancer diagnosis. The development of CRCI is probably multifactorial and the exact mechanisms are currently not completely understood. Possible risk factors include administered treatment, genetic predisposition, age and psychological factors such as anxiety, depression or fatigue. Multiple mechanisms are suggested to be responsible for CRCI, including direct neurotoxic injury of systemic treatment and radiation while other indirect contributing mechanisms are hypothesized. Chronic neuroinflammation mediated by active innate immune system, DNA-damage or endothelial dysfunction is hypothesized to be a central mechanism of CRCI pathogenesis. There is increasing evidence of potential plasma (e.g., damage associated molecular patterns, inflammatory components, circulating microRNAs, exosomes, short-chain fatty acids, and others), cerebrospinal fluid and radiological biomarkers of cognitive dysfunction in cancer patients. Discovery of biomarkers of cognitive impairment is crucial for early identification of cancer patients at increased risk for the development of CRCI or development of treatment strategies to lower the burden of CRCI on long-term quality of life. This review summarizes current literature on CRCI with a focus on long-term effects of different cancer treatments, possible risk factors, mechanisms and promising biomarkers.

Cancer-Related Symptoms and Cognitive Intervention Adherence Among Breast Cancer Survivors: A Mixed-Methods Study

BACKGROUND

Breast cancer survivors (BCSs) experience long-term symptoms of cancer and treatment, which may exacerbate cognitive function and ability to adhere to interventions aimed at improving cognition.

OBJECTIVE

The intent of this study was to explore the relationship between selected cancer-related symptoms and adherence to the Speed of Processing in Middle Aged and Older BreAst Cancer SuRvivors (SOAR) cognitive training (CT) intervention among BCSs residing in Alabama.

METHODS

A sequential quantitative to qualitative (Quan→Qual) mixed-methods design was used. First, the relationship between selected cancer-related symptoms and adherence to SOAR among BCSs (n = 30) was examined using self-reported questionnaire data. Follow-up semistructured interviews with 15 purposefully selected participants (adherent and nonadherent) were conducted to explore how symptoms contributed to/explained differences in adherence to SOAR. Data were analyzed using RStudio and NVivo software.

RESULTS

Spearman's ρ correlation suggested relationships between adherence and perceived cognitive impairment, depressive symptoms, and sleep quality. Inductive thematic analysis yielded 4 themes: (1) experiences of cancer-related symptoms, (2) influences of CT, (3) adherence to CT, and (4) environment for CT. Integration of quantitative and qualitative results revealed that experiences of and responses to CT and cancer-related symptoms differently shape adherence to CT among BCSs.

CONCLUSIONS

To aid in cognitive intervention adherence among BCSs, future studies may consider applying a comprehensive approach aimed at addressing concurrent cancer-related symptoms.

IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE

Clinicians can routinely assess cognition and provide education and resources for management of cancer-related symptoms.

Computerized cognitive training in post-treatment hematological cancer survivors: a feasibility study

BACKGROUND

Computerized cognitive training (CCT) programs have shown some effectiveness in alleviating cognitive symptoms in long-term cancer survivors. For patients presenting with cognitive symptoms in the early post-treatment phase, the benefit of CCT is unclear. To assess the possibility of testing the effectiveness of CCT in the early post-treatment period, our aim was to investigate the feasibility of an 8-week home-based, online CCT intervention among patients who have recently completed treatment for hematological malignancy.

METHODS

This study was a single-arm, non-blinded, feasibility study. All participants were provided with the CCT intervention for an 8-week period. Feasibility was evaluated based on participant adherence and patient perceptions of the intervention, assessed through responses to an acceptability questionnaire and semi-structured interviews at the end of the intervention period.

RESULTS

The feasibility study included 19 patients who had completed treatment for hematological malignancy at a Canadian tertiary cancer center. Adherence to the CCT intervention was limited, with only one participant meeting the criteria for intervention adherence. At the end of the intervention period, participants characterized the program as easy to follow (92%) and felt well-prepared for how to complete the exercises (100%). In semi-structured interviews, participants highlighted post-treatment barriers to intervention adherence that included symptom burden and competing time demands. Participants also suggested improvements to the intervention that could help maintain adherence despite these barriers, such as fostering a sense of accountability, providing personalized feedback and coaching, and enabling opportunities for peer support.

CONCLUSIONS

Participation in CCT can be challenging in the post-treatment period for hematological cancers. Further research on the effectiveness of CCT in this setting may require the implementation of strategies that support participants' engagement with the intervention in the context of symptoms and competing demands, such as establishing a minimum dose requirement and integrating approaches to help promote and sustain motivation.

Cancer-related cognitive impairment in patients with non-central nervous system malignancies: an overview for oncology providers from the MASCC Neurological Complications Study Group

Cancer-related cognitive impairment (CRCI) is commonly experienced by individuals with non-central nervous system cancers throughout the disease and treatment trajectory. CRCI can have a substantial impact on the functional ability and quality of life of patients and their families. To mitigate the impact, oncology providers must know how to identify, assess, and educate patients and caregivers. The objective of this review is to provide oncology clinicians with an overview of CRCI in the context of adults with non-central nervous system cancers, with a particular focus on current approaches in its identification, assessment, and management.

The feasibility of a combined model of online interventions for adults with cancer-related cognitive impairment

Introduction

The purpose of this study was to test the feasibility of a telehealth intervention combining computerised cognitive training and occupation-based treatment among adult cancer survivors experiencing cancer-related cognitive impairment.

Method

This was a single-arm study including six cancer survivors with cancer-related cognitive impairment. Participants completed the computerised retraining and functional treatment intervention consisting of 10 hours of computerised cognitive training (BrainHQ) and approximately 10 1:1 remote sessions with an occupational therapist using an occupation-based approach. Feasibility was measured in terms of recruitment, adherence, acceptability and potential effectiveness. Assessments were administered at baseline, post-intervention and at 3-month follow-up and included measures of occupational performance, objective cognitive functions, quality of life and mood questionnaires.

Results

From the nine participants enrolled in the study, six completed 8–13 weeks of computerised retraining and functional treatment intervention and reported high satisfaction levels. Positive and significant improvements were found in occupational performance, useful field of view and social quality of life (all P < 0.05). The positive gains were maintained at the 3-month follow-up.

Conclusion

A combined model of computerised cognitive training and occupation-based treatment delivered remotely to adults with cancer-related cognitive impairment was found feasible and may improve occupational performance, cognitive functions and quality of life.

Cognitive Rehabilitation for Cognitive Dysfunction after Cancer and Cancer Treatment: Implications for Nursing Practice

OBJECTIVE

To provide an overview of cognitive rehabilitation approaches for cognitive dysfunction after cancer and cancer treatment.

DATA SOURCES

Review and synthesis of empirical articles.

CONCLUSION

Cognitive rehabilitation approaches, including cognitive behavioral therapy and cognitive training, for cognitive dysfunction appear feasible to deliver, satisfactory to participants, and have shown promising results in cancer survivors. Future research is needed to address optimal dose, delivery method, access, cost, and the vulnerable aging cancer survivor population.

IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING PRACTICE

Oncology nurses must understand the available evidence and be able to provide information and options to cancer survivors to address cognitive changes after cancer.

Nonpharmacological interventions for cancer-related cognitive impairment in adult cancer patients: A network meta-analysis

BACKGROUND

Conventional meta-analyses can only provide direct comparison evidence, and the best options of nonpharmacological interventions for cancer-related cognitive impairment remain largely unknown.

OBJECTIVES

To evaluate the comparative effects of all known nonpharmacological interventions for cancer-related cognitive impairment, and to rank the best intervention options for adult non- central nervous system cancer patients with cancer-related cognitive impairment.

DESIGN

Systematic review with a new analytic approach of network meta-analysis.

DATA SOURCES

Six electronic databases were searched for randomized controlled trials from January 2010 to July 2019.

REVIEW METHODS

Literature screening, data extraction and quality appraisal was undertaken systematically by two independent reviewers. Quantitative network meta-analysis performed to analyze key study outcomes. The primary outcome was the effectiveness of interventions on subjective cognitive function, and the secondary outcome was the safety of nonpharmacological interventions for cancer-related cognitive impairment.

RESULTS

There were 29 eligible randomized controlled trials searched, and a total of 10 interventions identified. All 29 randomized controlled trials that were included had no reported significant adverse events, therefore, these 10 nonpharmacological interventions are safe for cancer-related cognitive impairment management. In terms of effectiveness, the pooled overall effects were in favor of these 10 nonpharmacological interventions. The most effective interventions included meditation, cognitive training, cognitive rehabilitation, and exercise interventions, with a mean difference of effective size plus 95% confidence interval 10.26 (1.53, 19.00), 5.02 (1.41, 8.63), 4.88 (0.65, 9.11), and 3.82 (0.52, 7.13), respectively. Other treatment effects did not show statistically significant differences.

CONCLUSIONS

This network meta-analysis found that meditation interventions, cognitive training, cognitive rehabilitation, and exercise were the most effective interventions for adult non-central nervous system cancer patients to manage cancer-related cognitive impairment. Results of this network meta-analysis contribute evidence-based data to inform medical decision-making.

The impact of chemotherapy on cognitive function: a multicentre prospective cohort study in testicular cancer

PURPOSE

The causal link between chemotherapy and cognitive impairment is unclear. We studied testicular cancer patients' objective and subjective cognitive function longitudinally, comparing a surgery group with a surgery + chemotherapy group, addressing prior methodological issues using a computerized test to limit assessment issues, and controlling for confounding variables.

METHODS

Prospectively, of 145 patients from 16 centres with sufficient data, n = 61 receiving surgery + chemotherapy (etoposide and cisplatin ± bleomycin, BEP/EP; or single agent carboplatin) were compared to n = 41 receiving surgery alone. CogHealth assessed six objective cognitive tasks. The Cognitive Failures Questionnaire assessed self-perceived cognitive dysfunction. The Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy-Fatigue and the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale assessed psychological influences. Linear mixed models compared changes from baseline (< 6 months post-surgery/pre-chemotherapy) to follow-up (12-18 months post-baseline), controlling covariates.

RESULTS

There were no significant interaction effects for five objective cognitive function tasks suggesting that changes over time were not due to group membership. However, psychomotor function (controlling for age) and physical well-being were significantly worse for the chemotherapy versus the surgery group at baseline, with groups converging by follow-up. Groups showed no differences in subjective cognitive dysfunction. The chemotherapy group showed higher anxiety, poorer functional well-being and worse fatigue compared to the surgery-only group at baseline, but not by follow-up. For both groups, emotional well-being, functional well-being and anxiety significantly improved over time.

CONCLUSION

No substantive differences in objective or subjective cognitive dysfunction in either group persisted 12-18 months post-baseline. Patients undergoing chemotherapy for testicular cancer differ from findings in breast cancer populations.

TRIAL REGISTRATION

ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: ACTRN12609000545268.

"Just Living With Them": Symptom Management Experiences of Rural Residents With Advanced Cancer

PURPOSE

To understand how rural residents with advanced cancer experience and manage their symptoms.

PARTICIPANTS & SETTING

16 adult patients with a diagnosis of advanced cancer, who were receiving antineoplastic treatment and living in rural areas of southeastern Iowa, participated in the study.

METHODOLOGIC APPROACH

Data were collected through semistructured, audio-recorded interviews using open-ended questions. Data were analyzed using content and dimensional analyses.

FINDINGS

Four themes were developed from the completed interviews, including (a) barriers and challenges associated with rural cancer care, (b) physical symptoms experienced from the time of diagnosis through the cancer trajectory, (c) symptom management strategies used to control physical symptoms, and (d) perceptions of having cancer and the use of technology in managing symptoms.

IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING

Rural residents with advanced cancer experience a wide range of physical symptoms that may affect their quality of life. Although residents may develop self-management strategies to cope with symptoms, additional guidance on and interventions for how best to manage physical symptoms are needed.

Effects of a speed of processing training intervention on self-reported health outcomes in breast cancer survivors

Purpose

Cognitive deficits are a concern for breast cancer survivors, as these effects are prevalent and impact daily functioning and quality of life (QoL). The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of a speed of processing (SOP) training intervention on secondary, self-reported health outcomes in this population.

Methods

Sixty middle-aged and older adult women breast cancer survivors completed baseline assessments and were randomized to either a no-contact control group or an SOP training group, who completed 10 hrs of computerized SOP training online at home. Both conditions completed self-report surveys of sleep, QoL, cognitive difficulties, and depressive symptoms at six weeks and six months post study entry.

Results

There were no significant effects of the SOP training on self-reported health outcomes.

Conclusion

Future studies examining the effect of cognitive training on self-reported health outcomes are warranted that include individuals with baseline impairment in such indices in order to better determine efficacy, and longer follow-up time points may aid in examining the protective effects of this intervention in those without baseline impairment.

Targeting HIV-Related Neurocognitive Impairments with Cognitive Training Strategies: Insights from the Cognitive Aging Literature

Approximately 50% of older adults with HIV meet the Frascati diagnostic criteria of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) which can interfere with everyday function such as medication adherence, employment, and driving ability, thus reducing quality of life. As the number of older adults with HIV continues to grow, many will become vulnerable to cognitive frailty, especially as they experience multimorbidities, polypharmacy, and geriatric syndromes. Healthcare professionals need strategies to prevent, remediate, and compensate for cognitive losses observed in memory, language, executive functioning, and speed of processing. Sadly, there are no standard protocols or accepted treatment/intervention guidelines to address HAND at this time. Fortunately, evidence from the cognitive aging literature indicates that cognitive training can protect and improve cognition in normal older adults and may even reduce the incidence of dementia/MCI. This article provides the scientific context in which computerized cognitive training approaches have been successfully used in older adults and provides examples of how these approaches have been translated to adults with HIV. Evidence from ongoing clinical trials are also presented that suggest that reversing a diagnosis of HAND may be possible. Recommendations for clinical practice and research are provided.