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Luo M, He N, Xu Q, Wen Z, Wang Z, Zhao J, Liu Y. Roles of prostaglandins in immunosuppression. Clin Immunol 2024; 265:110298. [PMID: 38909972 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2024.110298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2024] [Revised: 06/07/2024] [Accepted: 06/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/25/2024]
Abstract
Prostaglandins (PGs) play a crucial and multifaceted role in various physiological processes such as intercellular signaling, inflammation regulation, neurotransmission, vasodilation, vasoconstriction, and reproductive functions. The diversity and biological significance of these effects are contingent upon the specific types or subtypes of PGs, with each PG playing a crucial role in distinct physiological and pathological processes. Particularly within the immune system, PGs are essential in modulating the function of immune cells and the magnitude and orientation of immune responses. Hence, a comprehensive comprehension of the functions PG signaling pathways in immunosuppressive regulation holds substantial clinical relevance for disease prevention and treatment strategies. The manuscript provides a review of recent developments in PG signaling in immunosuppressive regulation. Furthermore, the potential clinical applications of PGs in immunosuppression are also discussed. While research into the immunosuppressive effects of PGs required further exploration, targeted therapies against their immunosuppressive pathways might open new avenues for disease prevention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minjie Luo
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, Hunan, China; Department of Pathophysiology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha 410008, Hunan, China; Sepsis Translational Medicine Key Lab of Hunan Province, Changsha 410008, Hunan, China; National Medicine Functional Experimental Teaching Center, Changsha 410008, Hunan, China
| | - Nina He
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, Hunan, China; Department of Pathophysiology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha 410008, Hunan, China; Sepsis Translational Medicine Key Lab of Hunan Province, Changsha 410008, Hunan, China; National Medicine Functional Experimental Teaching Center, Changsha 410008, Hunan, China
| | - Qing Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, Hunan, China; Department of Pathophysiology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha 410008, Hunan, China; Sepsis Translational Medicine Key Lab of Hunan Province, Changsha 410008, Hunan, China; National Medicine Functional Experimental Teaching Center, Changsha 410008, Hunan, China
| | - Zhongchi Wen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, Hunan, China; Department of Pathophysiology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha 410008, Hunan, China; Sepsis Translational Medicine Key Lab of Hunan Province, Changsha 410008, Hunan, China; National Medicine Functional Experimental Teaching Center, Changsha 410008, Hunan, China
| | - Ziqin Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, Hunan, China; Department of Pathophysiology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha 410008, Hunan, China; Sepsis Translational Medicine Key Lab of Hunan Province, Changsha 410008, Hunan, China; National Medicine Functional Experimental Teaching Center, Changsha 410008, Hunan, China
| | - Jie Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, Hunan, China; Department of Pathophysiology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha 410008, Hunan, China; Sepsis Translational Medicine Key Lab of Hunan Province, Changsha 410008, Hunan, China; National Medicine Functional Experimental Teaching Center, Changsha 410008, Hunan, China.
| | - Ying Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, Hunan, China; Department of Pathophysiology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha 410008, Hunan, China; Sepsis Translational Medicine Key Lab of Hunan Province, Changsha 410008, Hunan, China; National Medicine Functional Experimental Teaching Center, Changsha 410008, Hunan, China.
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2
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Finetti F, Paradisi L, Bernardi C, Pannini M, Trabalzini L. Cooperation between Prostaglandin E2 and Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor in Cancer Progression: A Dual Target for Cancer Therapy. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15082374. [PMID: 37190301 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15082374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Revised: 04/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
It is recognized that prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) is one key lipid mediator involved in chronic inflammation, and it is directly implicated in tumor development by regulating cancer cell growth and migration, apoptosis, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, angiogenesis, and immune escape. In addition, the expression of the enzymes involved in PGE2 synthesis, cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2) and microsomal prostaglandin E synthase 1 (mPGES1), positively correlates with tumor progression and aggressiveness, clearly indicating the crucial role of the entire pathway in cancer. Moreover, several lines of evidence suggest that the COX2/mPGES1/PGE2 inflammatory axis is involved in the modulation of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) signaling to reinforce the oncogenic drive of EGFR activation. Similarly, EGFR activation promotes the induction of COX2/mPGES1 expression and PGE2 production. In this review, we describe the interplay between COX2/mPGES1/PGE2 and EGFR in cancer, and new therapeutic strategies that target this signaling pathway, to outline the importance of the modulation of the inflammatory process in cancer fighting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Finetti
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Lucrezia Paradisi
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Clizia Bernardi
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Margherita Pannini
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Lorenza Trabalzini
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy
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3
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Vegas AR, Podico G, Canisso IF, Bollwein H, Fröhlich T, Bauersachs S, Almiñana C. Dynamic regulation of the transcriptome and proteome of the equine embryo during maternal recognition of pregnancy. FASEB Bioadv 2022; 4:775-797. [PMID: 36479207 PMCID: PMC9721094 DOI: 10.1096/fba.2022-00063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Revised: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/26/2024] Open
Abstract
During initial maternal recognition of pregnancy (MRP), the equine embryo displays a series of unique events characterized by rapid blastocyst expansion, secretion of a diverse array of molecules, and transuterine migration to interact with the uterine surface. Up to date, the intricate transcriptome and proteome changes of the embryo underlying these events have not been critically studied in horses. Thus, the objective of this study was to perform an integrative transcriptomic (including mRNA, miRNAs, and other small non-coding RNAs) and proteomic analysis of embryos collected from days 10 to 13 of gestation. The results revealed dynamic transcriptome profiles with a total of 1311 differentially expressed genes, including 18 microRNAs (miRNAs). Two main profiles for mRNAs and miRNAs were identified, one with higher expression in embryos ≤5 mm and the second with higher expression in embryos ≥7 mm. At the protein level, similar results were obtained, with 259 differentially abundant proteins between small and large embryos. Overall, the findings demonstrated fine-tuned transcriptomic and proteomic regulations in the developing embryo associated with embryo growth. The identification of specific regulation of mRNAs, proteins, and miRNAs on days 12 and 13 of gestation suggested these molecules as pivotal for embryo development and as involved in MRP, and in establishment of pregnancy in general. In addition, the results revealed new insights into prostaglandin synthesis by the equine embryo, miRNAs and genes potentially involved in modulation of the maternal immune response, regulation of endometrial receptivity and of late implantation in the mare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alba Rudolf Vegas
- Functional Genomics GroupInstitute of Veterinary Anatomy, Vetsuisse‐Faculty, University of ZurichLindau(ZH)Switzerland
| | - Giorgia Podico
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of Illinois Urbana ChampaignUrbanaIllinoisUSA
| | - Igor F. Canisso
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of Illinois Urbana ChampaignUrbanaIllinoisUSA
| | - Heinrich Bollwein
- Clinic of Reproductive Medicine, Department for Farm Animals, Vetsuisse‐FacultyUniversity of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Thomas Fröhlich
- Gene Center, Laboratory for Functional Genome AnalysisMunichGermany
| | - Stefan Bauersachs
- Functional Genomics GroupInstitute of Veterinary Anatomy, Vetsuisse‐Faculty, University of ZurichLindau(ZH)Switzerland
| | - Carmen Almiñana
- Functional Genomics GroupInstitute of Veterinary Anatomy, Vetsuisse‐Faculty, University of ZurichLindau(ZH)Switzerland
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4
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Chen C, Guan J, Gu X, Chu Q, Zhu H. Prostaglandin E2 and Receptors: Insight Into Tumorigenesis, Tumor Progression, and Treatment of Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:834859. [PMID: 35356289 PMCID: PMC8959932 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.834859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a common primary liver cancer with ∼750,000 annual incidence rates globally. PGE2, usually known as a pro-inflammatory cytokine, is over-expressed in various human malignancies including HCC. PGE2 binds to EP receptors in HCC cells to influence tumorigenesis or enhance tumor progression through multiple pathways such as EP1-PKC-MAPK, EP2-PKA-GSK3β, and EP4-PKA-CREB. In the progression of hepatocellular carcinoma, PGE2 can promote the proliferation and migration of liver cancer cells by affecting hepatocytes directly and the tumor microenvironment (TME) through ERK/COX-2/PGE2 signal pathway in hepatic stellate cells (HSC). For the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma, there are drugs such as T7 peptide and EP1 antagonist ONO-8711 targeting Cox-2/PGE2 axis to inhibit tumor progression. In conclusion, PGE2 has been shown to be a traditional target with pleiotropic effects in tumorigenesis and progression of HCC that could be used to develop a new potential clinical impact. For the treatment study focusing on the COX-PGE2 axis, the exclusive usage of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents (NSAIDs) or COX-2-inhibitors may be replaced by a combination of selective EP antagonists and traditional anti-tumoral drugs to alleviate severe side effects and achieve better outcomes.
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5
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Spatiotemporal endometrial transcriptome analysis revealed the luminal epithelium as key player during initial maternal recognition of pregnancy in the mare. Sci Rep 2021; 11:22293. [PMID: 34785745 PMCID: PMC8595723 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-01785-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
During the period of maternal recognition of pregnancy (MRP) in the mare, the embryo needs to signal its presence to the endometrium to prevent regression of the corpus luteum and prepare for establishment of pregnancy. This is achieved by mechanical stimuli and release of various signaling molecules by the equine embryo while migrating through the uterus. We hypothesized that embryo's signals induce changes in the endometrial gene expression in a highly cell type-specific manner. A spatiotemporal transcriptomics approach was applied combining laser capture microdissection and low-input-RNA sequencing of luminal and glandular epithelium (LE, GE), and stroma of biopsy samples collected from days 10-13 of pregnancy and the estrous cycle. Two comparisons were performed, samples derived from pregnancies with conceptuses ≥ 8 mm in diameter (comparison 1) and conceptuses ≤ 8 mm (comparison 2) versus samples from cyclic controls. The majority of gene expression changes was identified in LE and much lower numbers of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in GE and stroma. While 1253 DEGs were found for LE in comparison 1, only 248 were found in comparison 2. Data mining mainly focused on DEGs in LE and revealed regulation of genes related to prostaglandin transport, metabolism, and signaling, as well as transcription factor families that could be involved in MRP. In comparison to other mammalian species, differences in regulation of genes involved in epithelial barrier formation and conceptus attachment and implantation reflected the unique features of equine reproduction at the time of MRP at the molecular level.
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Sun CC, Zhou ZQ, Yang D, Chen ZL, Zhou YY, Wen W, Feng C, Zheng L, Peng XY, Tang CF. Recent advances in studies of 15-PGDH as a key enzyme for the degradation of prostaglandins. Int Immunopharmacol 2021; 101:108176. [PMID: 34655851 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2021.108176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2021] [Revised: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase (15-PGDH; encoded by HPGD) is ubiquitously expressed in mammalian tissues and catalyzes the degradation of prostaglandins (PGs; mainly PGE2, PGD2, and PGF2α) in a process mediated by solute carrier organic anion transport protein family member 2A1 (SLCO2A1; also known as PGT, OATP2A1, PHOAR2, or SLC21A2). As a key enzyme, 15-PGDH catalyzes the rapid oxidation of 15-hydroxy-PGs into 15-keto-PGs with lower biological activity. Increasing evidence suggests that 15-PGDH plays a key role in many physiological and pathological processes in mammals and is considered a potential pharmacological target for preventing organ damage, promoting bone marrow graft recovery, and enhancing tissue regeneration. Additionally, results of whole-exome analyses suggest that recessive inheritance of an HPGD mutation is associated with idiopathic hypertrophic osteoarthropathy. Interestingly, as a tumor suppressor, 15-PGDH inhibits proliferation and induces the differentiation of cancer cells (including those associated with colorectal, lung, and breast cancers). Furthermore, a recent study identified 15-PGDH as a marker of aging tissue and a potential novel therapeutic target for resisting the complex pathology of aging-associated diseases. Here, we review and summarise recent information on the molecular functions of 15-PGDH and discuss its pathophysiological implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen-Chen Sun
- Key Laboratory of Physical Fitness and Exercise Rehabilitation of the Hunan Province, College of Physical Education, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan 410012, China
| | - Zuo-Qiong Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Physical Fitness and Exercise Rehabilitation of the Hunan Province, College of Physical Education, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan 410012, China
| | - Dong Yang
- Key Laboratory of Physical Fitness and Exercise Rehabilitation of the Hunan Province, College of Physical Education, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan 410012, China
| | - Zhang-Lin Chen
- Key Laboratory of Physical Fitness and Exercise Rehabilitation of the Hunan Province, College of Physical Education, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan 410012, China
| | - Yun-Yi Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Physical Fitness and Exercise Rehabilitation of the Hunan Province, College of Physical Education, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan 410012, China
| | - Wei Wen
- Key Laboratory of Physical Fitness and Exercise Rehabilitation of the Hunan Province, College of Physical Education, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan 410012, China
| | - Chen Feng
- Key Laboratory of Physical Fitness and Exercise Rehabilitation of the Hunan Province, College of Physical Education, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan 410012, China
| | - Lan Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Physical Fitness and Exercise Rehabilitation of the Hunan Province, College of Physical Education, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan 410012, China
| | - Xi-Yang Peng
- Key Laboratory of Physical Fitness and Exercise Rehabilitation of the Hunan Province, College of Physical Education, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan 410012, China.
| | - Chang-Fa Tang
- Key Laboratory of Physical Fitness and Exercise Rehabilitation of the Hunan Province, College of Physical Education, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan 410012, China.
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7
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Zhang Y, Wang M, Ji C, Chen Z, Yang H, Wang L, Yu Y, Qiao N, Ma Z, Ye Z, Shao X, Liu W, Wang Y, Gong W, Melnikov V, Hu L, Lee EJ, Ye H, Wang Y, Li Y, He M, Zhao Y, Zhang Z. Treatment of acromegaly by rosiglitazone via upregulating 15-PGDH in both pituitary adenoma and liver. iScience 2021; 24:102983. [PMID: 34485865 PMCID: PMC8403734 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.102983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Rosiglitazone, a synthetic peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) ligand, has been reported to reduce growth hormone (GH) and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) in 10 patients with acromegaly. However, the mechanisms remain unknown. Here, we reveal that PPARγ directly enhances 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase (15-PGDH) expression, whose expression is decreased and negatively correlates with tumor size in acromegaly. Rosiglitazone decreases GH production and promotes apoptosis and autophagy in GH3 and primary somatotroph adenoma cells and suppresses hepatic GH receptor (GHR) expression and IGF-1 secretion in HepG2 cells. Activating the PGE2/cAMP/PKA pathway directly increases GHR expression. Rosiglitazone suppresses tumor growth and decreases GH and IGF-1 levels in mice inoculated subcutaneously with GH3 cells. The above effects are all dependent on 15-PGDH expression. Rosiglitazone as monotherapy effectively decreases GH and IGF-1 levels in all nineteen patients with active acromegaly. Evidence suggests that rosiglitazone may be an alternative pharmacological approach for acromegaly by targeting both pituitary adenomas and liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yichao Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Meng Wang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Chenxing Ji
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Zhengyuan Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Hui Yang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510000, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Department of Breast Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yifei Yu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Nidan Qiao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Zengyi Ma
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Zhao Ye
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Xiaoqing Shao
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Wenjuan Liu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Yi Wang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Wei Gong
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
| | | | - Lydia Hu
- Department of Biochemistry & Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37966, USA
| | - Eun Jig Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - Hongying Ye
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Yongfei Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Yiming Li
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Min He
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China.,Shanghai Pituitary Tumor Center, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Yao Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China.,Shanghai Pituitary Tumor Center, Shanghai 200040, China.,Shanghai Clinical Medical Center of Neurosurgery, Shanghai 200040, China.,Neurosurgical Institute of Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China.,State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Aging and Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Brain Function Restoration and Neural Regeneration, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Zhaoyun Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China.,Shanghai Pituitary Tumor Center, Shanghai 200040, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Aging and Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
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8
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Nakanishi T, Nakamura Y, Umeno J. Recent advances in studies of SLCO2A1 as a key regulator of the delivery of prostaglandins to their sites of action. Pharmacol Ther 2021; 223:107803. [PMID: 33465398 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2021.107803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 2A1 (SLCO2A1, also known as PGT, OATP2A1, PHOAR2, or SLC21A2) is a plasma membrane transporter consisting of 12 transmembrane domains. It is ubiquitously expressed in tissues, and mediates the membrane transport of prostaglandins (PGs, mainly PGE2, PGF2α, PGD2) and thromboxanes (e.g., TxB2). SLCO2A1-mediated transport is electrogenic and is facilitated by an outwardly directed gradient of lactate. PGs imported by SLCO2A1 are rapidly oxidized by cytoplasmic 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase (15-PGDH, encoded by HPGD). Accumulated evidence suggests that SLCO2A1 plays critical roles in many physiological processes in mammals, and it is considered a potential pharmacological target for diabetic foot ulcer treatment, antipyresis, and non-hormonal contraception. Furthermore, whole-exome analyses suggest that recessive inheritance of SLCO2A1 mutations is associated with two refractory diseases, primary hypertrophic osteoarthropathy (PHO) and chronic enteropathy associated with SLCO2A1 (CEAS). Intriguingly, SLCO2A1 is also a key component of the Maxi-Cl channel, which regulates fluxes of inorganic and organic anions, including ATP. Further study of the bimodal function of SLCO2A1 as a transporter and ion channel is expected to throw new light on the complex pathology of human diseases. Here, we review and summarize recent information on the molecular functions of SLCO2A1, and we discuss its pathophysiological significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeo Nakanishi
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Takasaki University of Health and Welfare, Takasaki, Gunma 370-0033, Japan.
| | - Yoshinobu Nakamura
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Takasaki University of Health and Welfare, Takasaki, Gunma 370-0033, Japan
| | - Junji Umeno
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
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9
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Park JM, Han YM, Park YJ, Hahm KB. Dietary intake of walnut prevented <i>Helicobacter pylori</i>-associated gastric cancer through rejuvenation of chronic atrophic gastritis. J Clin Biochem Nutr 2021. [DOI: 10.3164/jcbn.20-103
expr 895872307 + 836645000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Ki Baik Hahm
- CHA Cancer Preventive Research Center, CHA Bio Complex, CHA University
- Medpactor Research Institute, Medpacto
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10
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Finetti F, Travelli C, Ercoli J, Colombo G, Buoso E, Trabalzini L. Prostaglandin E2 and Cancer: Insight into Tumor Progression and Immunity. BIOLOGY 2020; 9:E434. [PMID: 33271839 PMCID: PMC7760298 DOI: 10.3390/biology9120434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The involvement of inflammation in cancer progression has been the subject of research for many years. Inflammatory milieu and immune response are associated with cancer progression and recurrence. In different types of tumors, growth and metastatic phenotype characterized by the epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT) process, stemness, and angiogenesis, are increasingly associated with intrinsic or extrinsic inflammation. Among the inflammatory mediators, prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) supports epithelial tumor aggressiveness by several mechanisms, including growth promotion, escape from apoptosis, transactivation of tyrosine kinase growth factor receptors, and induction of angiogenesis. Moreover, PGE2 is an important player in the tumor microenvironment, where it suppresses antitumor immunity and regulates tumor immune evasion, leading to increased tumoral progression. In this review, we describe the current knowledge on the pro-tumoral activity of PGE2 focusing on its role in cancer progression and in the regulation of the tumor microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Finetti
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy;
| | - Cristina Travelli
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (C.T.); (E.B.)
| | - Jasmine Ercoli
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy;
| | - Giorgia Colombo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Piemonte Orientale, 28100 Novara, Italy;
| | - Erica Buoso
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (C.T.); (E.B.)
| | - Lorenza Trabalzini
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy;
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11
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Johnson AM, Kleczko EK, Nemenoff RA. Eicosanoids in Cancer: New Roles in Immunoregulation. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:595498. [PMID: 33364964 PMCID: PMC7751756 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.595498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Eicosanoids represent a family of active biolipids derived from arachidonic acid primarily through the action of cytosolic phospholipase A2-α. Three major downstream pathways have been defined: the cyclooxygenase (COX) pathway which produces prostaglandins and thromboxanes; the 5-lipoxygenase pathway (5-LO), which produces leukotrienes, lipoxins and hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acids, and the cytochrome P450 pathway which produces epoxygenated fatty acids. In general, these lipid mediators are released and act in an autocrine or paracrine fashion through binding to cell surface receptors. The pattern of eicosanoid production is cell specific, and is determined by cell-specific expression of downstream synthases. Increased eicosanoid production is associated with inflammation and a panel of specific inhibitors have been developed designated non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. In cancer, eicosanoids are produced both by tumor cells as well as cells of the tumor microenvironment. Earlier studies demonstrated that prostaglandin E2, produced through the action of COX-2, promoted cancer cell proliferation and metastasis in multiple cancers. This resulted in the development of COX-2 inhibitors as potential therapeutic agents. However, cardiac toxicities associated with these agents limited their use as therapeutic agents. The advent of immunotherapy, especially the use of immune checkpoint inhibitors has revolutionized cancer treatment in multiple malignancies. However, the majority of patients do not respond to these agents as monotherapy, leading to intense investigation of other pathways mediating immunosuppression in order to develop rational combination therapies. Recent data have indicated that PGE2 has immunosuppressive activity, leading to renewed interest in targeting this pathway. However, little is known regarding the role of other eicosanoids in modulating the tumor microenvironment, and regulating anti-tumor immunity. This article reviews the role of eicosanoids in cancer, with a focus on their role in modulating the tumor microenvironment. While the role of PGE2 will be discussed, data implicating other eicosanoids, especially products produced through the lipoxygenase and cytochrome P450 pathway will be examined. The existence of small molecular inhibitors and activators of eicosanoid pathways such as specific receptor blockers make them attractive candidates for therapeutic trials, especially in combination with novel immunotherapies such as immune checkpoint inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Raphael A. Nemenoff
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
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12
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Volpato M, Cummings M, Shaaban AM, Abderrahman B, Hull MA, Maximov PY, Broom BM, Hoppe R, Fan P, Brauch H, Jordan VC, Speirs V. Downregulation of 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase during acquired tamoxifen resistance and association with poor prognosis in ERα-positive breast cancer. EXPLORATION OF TARGETED ANTI-TUMOR THERAPY 2020; 1:355-371. [PMID: 33210098 PMCID: PMC7116369 DOI: 10.37349/etat.2020.00021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim: Tamoxifen (TAM) resistance remains a clinical issue in breast cancer. The authors previously reported that 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase (HPGD) was significantly downregulated in tamoxifen-resistant (TAMr) breast cancer cell lines. Here, the authors investigated the relationship between HPGD expression, TAM resistance and prediction of outcome in breast cancer. Methods: HPGD overexpression and silencing studies were performed in isogenic TAMr and parental human breast cancer cell lines to establish the impact of HPGD expression on TAM resistance. HPGD expression and clinical outcome relationships were explored using immunohistochemistry and in silico analysis. Results: Restoration of HPGD expression and activity sensitised TAMr MCF-7 cells to TAM and 17β-oestradiol, whilst HPGD silencing in parental MCF-7 cells reduced TAM sensitivity. TAMr cells released more prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) than controls, which was reduced in TAMr cells stably transfected with HPGD. Exogenous PGE2 signalled through the EP4 receptor to reduce breast cancer cell sensitivity to TAM. Decreased HPGD expression was associated with decreased overall survival in ERα-positive breast cancer patients. Conclusions: HPGD downregulation in breast cancer is associated with reduced response to TAM therapy via PGE2-EP4 signalling and decreases patient survival. The data offer a potential target to develop combination therapies that may overcome acquired tamoxifen resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milene Volpato
- Leeds Institute of Medical Research, University of Leeds, St James's University Hospital, LS9 7TF Leeds, UK
| | - Michele Cummings
- Leeds Institute of Medical Research, University of Leeds, St James's University Hospital, LS9 7TF Leeds, UK
| | - Abeer M Shaaban
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, B15 2TT Birmingham, UK
| | - Balkees Abderrahman
- Leeds Institute of Medical Research, University of Leeds, St James's University Hospital, LS9 7TF Leeds, UK.,Department of Breast Medical Oncology, UT MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Mark A Hull
- Leeds Institute of Medical Research, University of Leeds, St James's University Hospital, LS9 7TF Leeds, UK
| | - Philipp Y Maximov
- Department of Breast Medical Oncology, UT MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Bradley M Broom
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, UT MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Reiner Hoppe
- Dr. Margarete Fischer-Bosch Institute of Clinical Pharmacology and University of Tübingen, Auerbachstr. 112, D-70376 Stuttgart, Germany.,Germany iFIT Cluster of Excellence, University of Tübingen, Auerbachstr. 112, D-70376 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Ping Fan
- Department of Breast Medical Oncology, UT MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Hiltrud Brauch
- Dr. Margarete Fischer-Bosch Institute of Clinical Pharmacology and University of Tübingen, Auerbachstr. 112, D-70376 Stuttgart, Germany.,Germany iFIT Cluster of Excellence, University of Tübingen, Auerbachstr. 112, D-70376 Stuttgart, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - V Craig Jordan
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, UT MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Valerie Speirs
- Leeds Institute of Medical Research, University of Leeds, St James's University Hospital, LS9 7TF Leeds, UK.,Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, AB25 2ZD Aberdeen, UK
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13
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Park JM, Han YM, Park YJ, Hahm KB. Dietary intake of walnut prevented Helicobacter pylori-associated gastric cancer through rejuvenation of chronic atrophic gastritis. J Clin Biochem Nutr 2020; 68:37-50. [PMID: 33536711 PMCID: PMC7844657 DOI: 10.3164/jcbn.20-103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The fact that Fat-1 transgenic mice producing n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids via overexpressed 3-desaturase significantly mitigated Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori)-associated gastric tumorigenesis through rejuvenation of chronic atrophic gastritis (CAG) led us to study whether dietary intake of walnut plentiful of n-3 PUFAs can be nutritional intervention to prevent H. pylori-associated gastric cancer. In our model that H. pylori-initiated, high salt diet-promoted gastric carcinogenesis, pellet diet containing 100 mg/kg and 200 mg/kg walnut was administered up to 36 weeks. As results, control mice (24 weeks) developed significant chronic CAG, in which dietary walnuts significantly ameliorated chronic atrophic gastritis. Expressions of COX-2/PGE2/NF-κB/c-Jun, elevated in 24 weeks control group, were all significantly decreased with walnut (p<0.01). Tumor suppressive enzyme, 15-PGDH, was significantly preserved with walnut. Control mice (36 weeks) all developed significant tumors accompanied with severe CAG. However, significantly decreased tumorigenesis was noted in group treated with walnuts, in which expressions of COX-2/PGE2/NF-κB/IL-6/STAT3, all elevated in 36 weeks control group, were significantly decreased with walnut. Defensive proteins including HO-1, Nrf2, and SOCS-1 were significantly increased in walnut group. Proliferative index as marked with Ki-67 and PCNA was significantly regulated with walnut relevant to 15-PGDH preservation. Conclusively, walnut can be an anticipating nutritional intervention against H. pylori.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong Min Park
- Daejeon University School of Oriental Medicine, Daehak-ro 62, Dong-gu, Daejeon 34520, Korea
| | - Young Min Han
- Western Seoul Center, Korea Basic Science Institute, University-Industry Cooperate Building, 150 Bugahyeon-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03759, Korea
| | - Yong Jin Park
- GI Medics, Kwanglim Bldg 5F, Daelim-dong, Yeongdeungpo-gu, Seoul 08513, Korea
| | - Ki Baik Hahm
- CHA Cancer Preventive Research Center, CHA Bio Complex, CHA University, 330 Pangyo-dong, Bundang-gu, Seongnam13497, Korea.,Medpactor Research Institute, Medpacto, Myungdal-ro 92, Seocho-gu, Seoul 06668, Korea
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14
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Saberinia A, Alinezhad A, Jafari F, Soltany S, Akhavan Sigari R. Oncogenic miRNAs and target therapies in colorectal cancer. Clin Chim Acta 2020; 508:77-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2020.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Revised: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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15
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Miao S, Lv C, Liu Y, Zhao J, Li T, Wang C, Xu Y, Wang X, Xiao X, Zhang H. Pharmacologic Blockade of 15-PGDH Protects Against Acute Renal Injury Induced by LPS in Mice. Front Physiol 2020; 11:138. [PMID: 32231583 PMCID: PMC7082810 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Prostaglandin pathway plays multiple roles in various physiological and pathological conditions. The present study aimed to investigate the effect of 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase (15-PGDH), a key enzyme in the degradation of prostaglandins, on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced acute kidney injury (AKI) in mice. In this study, male C57BL/6J mice were injected intraperitoneally with LPS (10 mg/kg). SW033291, a potent small-molecule inhibitor of 15-PGDH, was used to investigate the therapeutic potential of 15-PGDH inhibition on LPS-induced AKI. We discovered that the expression of 15-PGDH protein was upregulated in kidneys of LPS-stimulated mice, and it was mainly localized in the cytoplasm of renal tubular epithelial cells in renal cortex and outer medulla. SW033291 administration improved the survival rates of mice and attenuated renal injury of mice that were challenged by LPS. Additionally, inhibition of 15-PGDH also reversed LPS-induced apoptosis of renal cells, increased expression of anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2, and downregulated expression of Fas, caspase-3, and caspase-8. Pretreatment of SW033291 enhanced autophagy in kidney cells after LPS stimulation. Our data also showed that inhibition of 15-PGDH relieved the level of lipid peroxidation and downregulated NADPH oxidase subunits induced by LPS in mice kidneys but had no significant effect on the release of inflammatory factors, such as IL-6, IL-1β, TNF-α, and MCP-1. Our study demonstrated that inhibition of 15-PGDH could alleviate LPS-induced AKI by regulating the apoptosis, autophagy, and oxidative stress rather than inflammation in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuying Miao
- Department of Pathophysiology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Department of Pathology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China.,Sepsis Translational Medicine Key Lab of Hunan Province, Changsha, China
| | - Caihong Lv
- Department of Pathophysiology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Sepsis Translational Medicine Key Lab of Hunan Province, Changsha, China
| | - Ying Liu
- Department of Pathophysiology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Sepsis Translational Medicine Key Lab of Hunan Province, Changsha, China
| | - Jie Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Ting Li
- Department of Physiology, Changzhi Medical College, Changzhi, China
| | - Chunjiang Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yunfei Xu
- Department of Pathophysiology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Sepsis Translational Medicine Key Lab of Hunan Province, Changsha, China
| | - Xiaoli Wang
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Jishou University, Jishou, China
| | - Xianzhong Xiao
- Department of Pathophysiology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Sepsis Translational Medicine Key Lab of Hunan Province, Changsha, China
| | - Huali Zhang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Sepsis Translational Medicine Key Lab of Hunan Province, Changsha, China
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16
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Park JM, Na HK. 15-Deoxy-Δ 12,14-prostaglandin J 2 Upregulates the Expression of 15-Hydroxyprostaglandin Dehydrogenase by Inducing AP-1 Activation and Heme Oxygenase-1 Expression in Human Colon Cancer Cells. J Cancer Prev 2019; 24:183-191. [PMID: 31624724 PMCID: PMC6786809 DOI: 10.15430/jcp.2019.24.3.183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Revised: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Abnormal upregulation of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) is considered to be a key oncogenic event in the development and progression of inflammation-associated human colon cancer. It has been reported that 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase (15-PGDH), an enzyme catabolizing PGE2, is ubiquitously downregulated in human colon cancer. 15-Deoxy-Δ12,14-prostaglandin J2 (15d-PGJ2), a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ ligand, has been shown to have anticarcinogenic activities. In this study, we investigate the effect of 15d-PGJ2 on expression of 15-PGDH in human colon cancer HCT116 cells. Methods HCT116 cells were treated with 15d-PGJ2 analysis. The expression of 15-PGDH in the treated cells was measured by Western blot analysis and RT-PCR. In addition, the cells were subjected to a 15-PGDH activity assay. To determine which transcription factor(s) and signaling pathway(s) are involved in 15d-PGJ2-induced 15-PGDH expression, we performed a cDNA microarray analysis of 15d-PGJ2-treated cells. The DNA binding activity of AP-1 was measured by an electrophoretic mobility shift assay. To determine whether the AP-1 plays an important role in the 15d-PGJ2-induced 15-PGDH expression, the cells were transfected with siRNA of c-Jun, a major subunit of AP-1. To elucidate the upstream signaling pathways involved in AP-1 activation by 15d-PGJ2, we examined its effect on phosphorylation of Akt by Western blot analysis in the presence or absence of kinase inhibitor. Results 15d-PGJ2 (10 μM) significantly upregulated 15-PGDH expression at the mRNA and protein levels in HCT-116 cells. 15-PGDH activity was also elevated by 15d-PGJ2. We observed that genes encoding C/EBP delta, FOS-like antigen 1, c-Jun, and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) were most highly induced in the HCT116 cells following 15d-PGJ2 treatment. 15d-PGJ2 increased the DNA binding activity of AP-1. Moreover, transfection with specific siRNA against c-Jun significantly reduced 15-PGDH expression induced by 15d-PGJ2. 15d-PGJ2 activates Akt and a pharmacological inhibitor of Akt, LY294002, abrogated 15d-PGJ2-induced 15-PGDH expression. We also observed that an inhibitor of HO-1, zinc protoporphyrin IX, also abrogated upregulation of 15-PGDH and down-regulation of cyclooxygenase-2 expression induced by 15d-PGJ2. Conclusions These finding suggest that 15d-PGJ2 upregulates the expression of 15-PGDH through AP-1 activation in colon cancer HCT116 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong-Min Park
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Korean Medicine, Daejeon University, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Hye-Kyung Na
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, College of Knowledge-Based Services Engineering, Sungshin Women's University, Seoul, Korea
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17
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Monteleone NJ, Moore AE, Iacona JR, Lutz CS, Dixon DA. miR-21-mediated regulation of 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase in colon cancer. Sci Rep 2019; 9:5405. [PMID: 30931980 PMCID: PMC6443653 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-41862-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Elevated prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) levels are observed in colorectal cancer (CRC) patients, and this increase is associated with poor prognosis. Increased synthesis of PGE2 in CRC has been shown to occur through COX-2-dependent mechanisms; however, loss of the PGE2-catabolizing enzyme, 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase (15-PGDH, HPGD), in colonic tumors contributes to increased prostaglandin levels and poor patient survival. While loss of 15-PGDH can occur through transcriptional mechanisms, we demonstrate that 15-PGDH can be additionally regulated by a miRNA-mediated mechanism. We show that 15-PGDH and miR-21 are inversely correlated in CRC patients, with increased miR-21 levels associating with low 15-PGDH expression. 15-PGDH can be directly regulated by miR-21 through distinct sites in its 3′ untranslated region (3′UTR), and miR-21 expression in CRC cells attenuates 15-PGDH and promotes increased PGE2 levels. Additionally, epithelial growth factor (EGF) signaling suppresses 15-PGDH expression while simultaneously enhancing miR-21 levels. miR-21 inhibition represses CRC cell proliferation, which is enhanced with EGF receptor (EGFR) inhibition. These findings present a novel regulatory mechanism of 15-PGDH by miR-21, and how dysregulated expression of miR-21 may contribute to loss of 15-PGDH expression and promote CRC progression via increased accumulation of PGE2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas J Monteleone
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry, & Molecular Genetics, Rutgers University - School of Graduate Studies, Newark, NJ, 07103, USA
| | | | - Joseph R Iacona
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry, & Molecular Genetics, Rutgers University - School of Graduate Studies, Newark, NJ, 07103, USA
| | - Carol S Lutz
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry, & Molecular Genetics, Rutgers University - School of Graduate Studies, Newark, NJ, 07103, USA.
| | - Dan A Dixon
- University of Kansas Cancer Center, Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA. .,Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, 66045, USA.
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18
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Lee EJ, Kim SJ, Hahn YI, Yoon HJ, Han B, Kim K, Lee S, Kim KP, Suh YG, Na HK, Surh YJ. 15-Keto prostaglandin E 2 suppresses STAT3 signaling and inhibits breast cancer cell growth and progression. Redox Biol 2019; 23:101175. [PMID: 31129031 PMCID: PMC6859578 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2019.101175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2018] [Revised: 03/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Overproduction of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) has been linked to enhanced tumor cell proliferation, invasiveness and metastasis as well as resistance to apoptosis. 15-Keto prostaglandin E2 (15-keto PGE2), a product formed from 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase-catalyzed oxidation of PGE2, has recently been shown to have anti-inflammatory and anticarcinogenic activities. In this study, we observed that 15-keto PGE2 suppressed the phosphorylation, dimerization and nuclear translocation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) in human mammary epithelial cells transfected with H-ras (MCF10A-ras). 15-Keto PGE2 inhibited the migration and clonogenicity of MCF10A-ras cells. In addition, subcutaneous injection of 15-keto PGE2 attenuated xenograft tumor growth and phosphorylation of STAT3 induced by breast cancer MDA-MB-231 cells. However, a non-electrophilic analogue, 13,14-dihydro-15-keto PGE2 failed to inhibit STAT3 signaling and was unable to suppress the growth and transformation of MCF10A-ras cells. These findings suggest that the α,β-unsaturated carbonyl moiety of 15-keto PGE2 is essential for its suppression of STAT3 signaling. We observed that the thiol reducing agent, dithiothreitol abrogated 15-keto PGE2-induced STAT3 inactivation and disrupted the direct interaction between 15-keto PGE2 and STAT3. Furthermore, a molecular docking analysis suggested that Cys251 and Cys259 residues of STAT3 could be preferential binding sites for this lipid mediator. Mass spectral analysis revealed the covalent modification of recombinant STAT3 by 15-keto PGE2 at Cys259. Taken together, thiol modification of STAT3 by 15-keto PGE2 inactivates STAT3 which may account for its suppression of breast cancer cell proliferation and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun Ji Lee
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Biopharmaceutical Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, South Korea; Tumor Microenvironment Global Core Research Center, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, South Korea
| | - Su-Jung Kim
- Tumor Microenvironment Global Core Research Center, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, South Korea
| | - Young-Il Hahn
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Biopharmaceutical Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, South Korea; Tumor Microenvironment Global Core Research Center, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, South Korea
| | - Hyo-Jin Yoon
- Tumor Microenvironment Global Core Research Center, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, South Korea
| | - Bitnara Han
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Institute of Natural Science, Global Center for Pharmaceutical Ingredient Materials, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, South Korea
| | - Kyeojin Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Seungbeom Lee
- College of Pharmacy, CHA University, Gyeonggi-do 11160, South Korea
| | - Kwang Pyo Kim
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Institute of Natural Science, Global Center for Pharmaceutical Ingredient Materials, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, South Korea; Department of Biomedical Science and Technology, Kyung Hee Medical Science Research Institute, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02453, South Korea
| | - Young Ger Suh
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea; College of Pharmacy, CHA University, Gyeonggi-do 11160, South Korea
| | - Hye-Kyung Na
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Sungshin Women's University, College of Knowledge-Based Services Engineering, Seoul 01133, South Korea.
| | - Young-Joon Surh
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Biopharmaceutical Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, South Korea; Tumor Microenvironment Global Core Research Center, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, South Korea; Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul 03080, South Korea.
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19
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Cummings M, Massey KA, Mappa G, Wilkinson N, Hutson R, Munot S, Saidi S, Nugent D, Broadhead T, Wright AI, Barber S, Nicolaou A, Orsi NM. Integrated eicosanoid lipidomics and gene expression reveal decreased prostaglandin catabolism and increased 5-lipoxygenase expression in aggressive subtypes of endometrial cancer. J Pathol 2018; 247:21-34. [PMID: 30168128 DOI: 10.1002/path.5160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Revised: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 08/26/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Eicosanoids comprise a diverse group of bioactive lipids which orchestrate inflammation, immunity, and tissue homeostasis, and whose dysregulation has been implicated in carcinogenesis. Among the various eicosanoid metabolic pathways, studies of their role in endometrial cancer (EC) have very much been confined to the COX-2 pathway. This study aimed to determine changes in epithelial eicosanoid metabolic gene expression in endometrial carcinogenesis; to integrate these with eicosanoid profiles in matched clinical specimens; and, finally, to investigate the prognostic value of candidate eicosanoid metabolic enzymes. Eicosanoids and related mediators were profiled using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry in fresh frozen normal, hyperplastic, and cancerous (types I and II) endometrial specimens (n = 192). Sample-matched epithelia were isolated by laser capture microdissection and whole genome expression analysis was performed using microarrays. Integration of eicosanoid and gene expression data showed that the accepted paradigm of increased COX-2-mediated prostaglandin production does not apply in EC carcinogenesis. Instead, there was evidence for decreased PGE2 /PGF2α inactivation via 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase (HPGD) in type II ECs. Increased expression of 5-lipoxygenase (ALOX5) mRNA was also identified in type II ECs, together with proportional increases in its product, 5-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (5-HETE). Decreased HPGD and elevated ALOX5 mRNA expression were associated with adverse outcome, which was confirmed by immunohistochemical tissue microarray analysis of an independent series of EC specimens (n = 419). While neither COX-1 nor COX-2 protein expression had prognostic value, low HPGD combined with high ALOX5 expression was associated with the worst overall and progression-free survival. These findings highlight HPGD and ALOX5 as potential therapeutic targets in aggressive EC subtypes. Copyright © 2018 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Cummings
- Department of Pathology and Tumour Biology, Leeds Institute of Cancer & Pathology, St James's University Hospital, Leeds, UK
| | - Karen A Massey
- School of Pharmacy and Centre for Skin Sciences, Bradford School of Pharmacy, School of Life Sciences, University of Bradford, Bradford, UK
| | - Georgia Mappa
- Department of Pathology and Tumour Biology, Leeds Institute of Cancer & Pathology, St James's University Hospital, Leeds, UK
| | - Nafisa Wilkinson
- Department of Cellular Pathology, University College London Hospital NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Richard Hutson
- Department of Gynaecological Oncology, St James's Institute of Oncology, St James's University Hospital, Leeds, UK
| | - Sarika Munot
- Department of Gynaecological Oncology, St James's Institute of Oncology, St James's University Hospital, Leeds, UK
| | - Sam Saidi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Central Clinical School, University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia
| | - David Nugent
- Department of Gynaecological Oncology, St James's Institute of Oncology, St James's University Hospital, Leeds, UK
| | - Timothy Broadhead
- Department of Gynaecological Oncology, St James's Institute of Oncology, St James's University Hospital, Leeds, UK
| | - Alexander I Wright
- Department of Pathology and Tumour Biology, Leeds Institute of Cancer & Pathology, St James's University Hospital, Leeds, UK
| | - Stuart Barber
- Department of Statistics, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Anna Nicolaou
- Laboratory for Lipidomics and Lipid Biology, Division of Pharmacy and Optometry, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK
| | - Nicolas M Orsi
- Department of Pathology and Tumour Biology, Leeds Institute of Cancer & Pathology, St James's University Hospital, Leeds, UK
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20
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The prostanoid pathway contains potential prognostic markers for glioblastoma. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat 2018; 137:52-62. [PMID: 29966699 DOI: 10.1016/j.prostaglandins.2018.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Revised: 06/27/2018] [Accepted: 06/28/2018] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Prostanoids derived from the activity of cyclooxygenases and their respective synthases contribute to both active inflammation and immune response in the tumor microenvironment. Their synthesis, deactivation and role in glioma biology have not yet been fully explored and require further study. Using quantitative real time PCR, gas chromatography/ electron impact mass spectrometry and liquid chromatography/ electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry, we have further characterized the prostanoid pathway in grade IV glioblastoma (GBM). We observed significant correlations between high mRNA expression levels and poor patient survival for microsomal PGE synthase 1 (mPGES1) and prostaglandin reductase 1 (PTGR1). Conversely, high mRNA expression levels for 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase (15-HPGD) were correlated with better patient survival. GBMs had a higher quantity of the prostanoid precursor, arachidonic acid, versus grade II/III tumors and in GBMs a significant positive correlation was found between arachidonic acid and PGE2 content. GBMs also had higher concentrations of TXB2, PGD2, PGE2 and PGF2α versus grade II/III tumors. A significant decrease in survival was detected for high versus low PGE2, PGE2 + PGE2 deactivation products (PGEMs) and PGF2α in GBM patients. Our data show the potential importance of prostanoid metabolism in the progression towards GBM and provide evidence that higher PGE2 and PGF2α concentrations in the tumor are correlated with poorer patient survival. Our findings highlight the potential importance of the enzymes 15-HPGD and PTGR1 as prognostic biomarkers which could be used to predict survival outcome of patients with GBM.
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22
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Han YM, Jeong M, Park JM, Kim MY, Go EJ, Cha JY, Kim KJ, Hahm KB. The ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids prevented colitis-associated carcinogenesis through blocking dissociation of β-catenin complex, inhibiting COX-2 through repressing NF-κB, and inducing 15-prostaglandin dehydrogenase. Oncotarget 2018; 7:63583-63595. [PMID: 27566583 PMCID: PMC5325387 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.11544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2016] [Accepted: 08/15/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Numerous studies have demonstrated that diets containing an increased ratio of ω-6 : ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) are a risk factor for colon cancer and might affect tumorigenesis. Therefore, dietary ω-3 PUFA administration may be a preventive strategy against colon cancer. Until now, the exact molecular mechanisms and required dietary doses of ω-3 PUFAs for cancer prevention were unknown. In this study, we explored the anti-tumorigenic mechanisms of ω-3 PUFAs against a colitis-associated cancer (CAC) model. Through in vitro cell models involving docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) administration, down-regulation of survivin and Bcl-2, and up-regulation of Bax, accompanied by blockage of β-catenin complex dissociation, the main mechanisms responsible for DHA-induced apoptosis in HCT116 cells were determined. Results included significant reduction in azoxymethane-initiated, dextran sodium sulfate-promoted CACs, as well as significant preservation of 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase (15-PGDH) and significant inhibition of Cyclooxyganase-2 (COX-2) and Prostaglandin E2(P < 0.01). Additional mechanisms and significant induction of apoptosis in both tumor and non-tumor tissues were also noted in fat-1 transgenic (TG) mice. The lipid profiles of colon tissues measured in all specimens revealed that intake greater than 3 g ω-3 PUFA/60 kg of body weight showed tissue levels similar to those seen in fat-1 TG mice, preventing cancer. Our study concluded that COX-2 inhibition, 15-PGDH preservation, apoptosis induction, and blockage of β-catenin complex dissociation contributed to the anti-tumorigenesis effect of ω-3 PUFAs, and an intake higher than 3g ω-3 PUFAs/60 kg of body weight can assist in CAC prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Min Han
- CHA Cancer Prevention Research Center, CHA Cancer Institute, CHA University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Migyeung Jeong
- CHA Cancer Prevention Research Center, CHA Cancer Institute, CHA University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jong-Min Park
- CHA Cancer Prevention Research Center, CHA Cancer Institute, CHA University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Mi-Young Kim
- CHA Cancer Prevention Research Center, CHA Cancer Institute, CHA University, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Gastroenterology, CHA Bundang Medical Center, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Eun-Jin Go
- CHA Cancer Prevention Research Center, CHA Cancer Institute, CHA University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ji Young Cha
- Gachon University Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, Incheon, Korea
| | - Kyung Jo Kim
- Department of Gastroenterology, University of Ulsan, Seoul Asan Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ki Baik Hahm
- CHA Cancer Prevention Research Center, CHA Cancer Institute, CHA University, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Gastroenterology, CHA Bundang Medical Center, Seongnam, Korea
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Kochel TJ, Reader JC, Ma X, Kundu N, Fulton AM. Multiple drug resistance-associated protein (MRP4) exports prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and contributes to metastasis in basal/triple negative breast cancer. Oncotarget 2018; 8:6540-6554. [PMID: 28029661 PMCID: PMC5351651 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.14145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2016] [Accepted: 11/22/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and its primary enzymatic product, prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), are associated with a poor prognosis in breast cancer. In order to elucidate the factors contributing to intratumoral PGE2 levels, we evaluated the expression of COX-2/PGE2 pathway members MRP4, the prostaglandin transporter PGT, 15-PGDH (PGE2 metabolism), the prostaglandin E receptor EP4, COX-1, and COX-2 in normal, luminal, and basal breast cancer cell lines. The pattern of protein expression varied by cell line reflecting breast cancer heterogeneity. Overall, basal cell lines expressed higher COX-2, higher MRP4, lower PGT, and lower 15-PGDH than luminal cell lines resulting in higher PGE2 in the extracellular environment. Genetic or pharmacologic suppression of MRP4 expression or activity in basal cell lines led to less extracellular PGE2. The key finding is that xenografts derived from a basal breast cancer cell line with stably suppressed MRP4 expression showed a marked decrease in spontaneous metastasis compared to cells with unaltered MRP4 expression. Growth properties of primary tumors were not altered by MRP4 manipulation. In addition to the well-established role of high COX-2 in promoting metastasis, these data identify an additional mechanism to achieve high PGE2 in the tumor microenvironment; high MRP4, low PGT, and low 15-PGDH. MRP4 should be examined further as a potential therapeutic target in basal breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler J Kochel
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, Department of Pathology, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jocelyn C Reader
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Xinrong Ma
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, Department of Pathology, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Namita Kundu
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, Department of Pathology, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Amy M Fulton
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, Department of Pathology, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Baltimore Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Han YM, Kim KJ, Jeong M, Park JM, Go EJ, Kang JX, Hong SP, Hahm KB. Suppressed Helicobacter pylori-associated gastric tumorigenesis in Fat-1 transgenic mice producing endogenous ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids. Oncotarget 2018; 7:66606-66622. [PMID: 27528223 PMCID: PMC5341824 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.11261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2016] [Accepted: 07/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Dietary approaches to preventing Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori)-associated gastric carcinogenesis are widely accepted because surrounding break-up mechanisms are mandatory for cancer prevention, however, eradication alone has been proven to be insufficient. Among these dietary interventions, omega-3-polyunsaturated-fatty acids (ω-3 PUFAs) are often the first candidate selected. However, there was no trial of fatty acids in preventing H. pylori-associated carcinogenesis and inconclusive results have been reported, likely based on inconsistent dietary administration. In this study, we developed an H. pylori initiated-, high salt diet promoted-gastric tumorigenesis model and conducted a comparison between wild-type (WT) and Fat-1-transgenic (TG)-mice. Gross and pathological lesions in mouse stomachs were evaluated at 16, 24, 32, and 45 weeks after H. pylori infection, and the underlying molecular changes to explain the cancer preventive effects were investigated. Significant changes in: i) ameliorated gastric inflammations at 16 weeks of H. pylori infection, ii) decreased angiogenic growth factors at 24 weeks, iii) attenuated atrophic gastritis and tumorigenesis at 32 weeks, and iv) decreased gastric cancer at 45 weeks were all noted in Fat-1-TG-mice compared to WT-mice. While an increase in the expression of Cyclooxygenase (COX)-2, and reduced expression of the tumor suppressive 15-PGDH were observed in WT-mice throughout the experimental periods, the expression of Hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase (15-PGDH) was preserved in Fat-1-TG-mice. Using a comparative protein array, attenuated expressions of proteins implicated in proliferation and inflammation were observed in Fat-1-TG-mice compared to WT-mice. Conclusively, long-term administration of ω-3 PUFAs can suppress H. pylori-induced gastric tumorigenesis through a dampening of inflammation and reduced proliferation in accordance with afforded rejuvenation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Min Han
- CHA Cancer Prevention Research Center, CHA Cancer Institute, CHA University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyung-Jo Kim
- Department of Gastroenterology, University of Ulsan, Seoul Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Migyeung Jeong
- CHA Cancer Prevention Research Center, CHA Cancer Institute, CHA University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jong-Min Park
- CHA Cancer Prevention Research Center, CHA Cancer Institute, CHA University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Eun-Jin Go
- CHA Cancer Prevention Research Center, CHA Cancer Institute, CHA University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jing X Kang
- Laboratory for Lipid Medicine and Technology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
| | - Sung Pyo Hong
- Department of Gastroenterology, CHA Bundang Medical Center, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Ki Baik Hahm
- CHA Cancer Prevention Research Center, CHA Cancer Institute, CHA University, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Gastroenterology, CHA Bundang Medical Center, Seongnam, Korea
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25
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Li L, Wang X, Li W, Yang L, Liu R, Zeng R, Wu Y, Shou T. miR-21 modulates prostaglandin signaling and promotes gastric tumorigenesis by targeting 15-PGDH. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2017; 495:928-934. [PMID: 29101039 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2017.09.137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2017] [Accepted: 09/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
miR-21 is an abundantly expressed miRNA in mammalian cells, and evolutionarily conserved across a wide range of vertebrate species. The previous study found that miR-21 is significantly upregulated in gastric cancer. However, the detail mechanisms remain to be largely unknown. In current study, quantitative real-time PCR was applied to examine the expression of miR-21 in gastric cancer tissue and cell lines. The roles of miR-21 in cell proliferation and cell cycle were analyzed by cck8 cell viability assays, flow cytometry cell cycle assays and clone formation assays. As to detail mechanisms, we investigate the relationship between miR-21 and 15-PGDH in gastric cell lines, AGS and BGC-823 treated with In-miR-21, and found that miR-21 is negatively correlated with 15-PGDH. The reduced 15-PGDH may result in PGE2 accumulation which sustains carcinogenesis and tumor progression. We further found that miR-21 exert its oncogenic role through PGE2/PI3K/Akt/Wnt/β-catenin axis in gastric cell proliferation. In conclusion, our findings enlarged our knowledge in the roles of miR-21 in the progression of gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihua Li
- The First Hospital of Yunnan Province/Kunming University of Science and Technology Affiliated Hospital, No. 157 Jinbi Road, Kunming 650032, China
| | - Xiaojie Wang
- The First Hospital of Yunnan Province/Kunming University of Science and Technology Affiliated Hospital, No. 157 Jinbi Road, Kunming 650032, China
| | - Wei Li
- The First Hospital of Yunnan Province/Kunming University of Science and Technology Affiliated Hospital, No. 157 Jinbi Road, Kunming 650032, China
| | - Libo Yang
- The First Hospital of Yunnan Province/Kunming University of Science and Technology Affiliated Hospital, No. 157 Jinbi Road, Kunming 650032, China
| | - Rui Liu
- The First Hospital of Yunnan Province/Kunming University of Science and Technology Affiliated Hospital, No. 157 Jinbi Road, Kunming 650032, China
| | - Rong Zeng
- The First Hospital of Yunnan Province/Kunming University of Science and Technology Affiliated Hospital, No. 157 Jinbi Road, Kunming 650032, China
| | - Yunhua Wu
- The First Hospital of Yunnan Province/Kunming University of Science and Technology Affiliated Hospital, No. 157 Jinbi Road, Kunming 650032, China
| | - Tao Shou
- The First Hospital of Yunnan Province/Kunming University of Science and Technology Affiliated Hospital, No. 157 Jinbi Road, Kunming 650032, China.
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26
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Zhao J, Wen S, Wang X, Zhang Z. Helicobacter pylori modulates cyclooxygenase-2 and 15-hydroxy prostaglandin dehydrogenase in gastric cancer. Oncol Lett 2017; 14:5519-5525. [PMID: 29113180 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2017.6843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2016] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Persistent infection with Helicobacter pylori may contribute to the carcinogenesis of gastric cancer through modulating local prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) levels. Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and 15-hydroxy prostaglandin dehydrogenase (15-PGDH) are two key enzymes that regulate PGE2 synthesis and inactivation, respectively. The present study was designed to investigate the expression of COX-2 and 15-PGDH in gastric cancer specimens (n=66) in comparison to that of control specimens (n=70) and, furthermore, to semi-quantitatively assess the level of COX-2 and 15-PGDH mRNA and protein in tissues with or without H. pylori infection by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemistry, respectively. It was revealed that COX-2 was expressed in almost all gastric cancer specimens infected with H. pylori (32 out of 33 specimens), but it was also expressed in 2/3 gastric cancers without H. pylori infection (22 out of 33 specimens). By contrast, COX-2 was expressed in <1/6 control subjects regardless of H. pylori infection. Furthermore, 15-PGDH was expressed in control samples but significantly downregulated in gastric cancer specimens. H. pylori infection resulted in slight inhibition of 15-PGDH in control subjects, but significant inhibition of 15-PGDH mRNA expression and protein synthesis in the gastric cancer specimens. These findings indicated that COX-2 and 15-PGDH, the two enzymes that regulate PGE2 levels, were significantly altered in gastric cancer, and that H. pylori may contribute to gastric carcinogenesis through modulating COX-2 and 15-PGDH mRNA expression and protein synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianqiu Zhao
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300211, P.R. China
| | - Shujun Wen
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300211, P.R. China
| | - Xingfen Wang
- Department of Pathology, The Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300211, P.R. China
| | - Zhiguang Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300211, P.R. China
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27
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Park JY, Kwon YW, Lee SC, Park SD, Lee JH. Herbal formula SC-E1 suppresses lipopolysaccharide-stimulated inflammatory responses through activation of Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway in RAW 264.7 macrophages. Altern Ther Health Med 2017; 17:374. [PMID: 28754101 PMCID: PMC5534083 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-017-1874-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2017] [Accepted: 07/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND SC-E1 is a novel herbal formula consisting of five oriental medicinal herbs used frequently in traditional herbal medicine for the treatment of inflammatory diseases in Korea. This study examined the effects of SC-E1 on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated macrophages and the molecular mechanism involved. METHODS The cytotoxic effect of the SC-E1 extract was evaluated in RAW 264.7 cells by MTT assay. The effects of SC-E1 on the free radical scavenging and generation of intracellular reactive oxygen species were measured using DPPH and DCFH-DA, respectively. The effects of SC-E1 on the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, inflammatory mediators, and related products were determined by ELISA and western blotting. The molecular mechanism and the nuclear translocation of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) and NF-E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) were examined by western blot analysis and immunocytochemistry. RESULTS SC-E1 exhibited strong anti-oxidant activity and inhibited LPS-induced NO secretion as well as iNOS expression and the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, without affecting the cell viability. SC-E1 also suppressed the LPS-induced NF-κB activation and the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway. Moreover, SC-E1 induced heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) expression via the nuclear translocation of Nrf2. The inhibitory effects of SC-E1 on the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines were abrogated by treatment with SnPP, an HO-1 inhibitor. CONCLUSION These results suggest that SC-E1 exerts its anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory effects through the inhibition of NF-κB and MAPK as well as Nrf2-mediated HO-1 induction in macrophages. These findings provide evidences for SC-E1 to be considered as a new prescription for treating inflammatory diseases.
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28
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He Q, Chen Z, Dong Q, Zhang L, Chen D, Patel A, Koya A, Luan X, Cabay RJ, Dai Y, Wang A, Zhou X. MicroRNA-21 regulates prostaglandin E2 signaling pathway by targeting 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase in tongue squamous cell carcinoma. BMC Cancer 2016; 16:685. [PMID: 27561985 PMCID: PMC5000501 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-016-2716-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2016] [Accepted: 08/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Oral tongue squamous cell carcinoma (OTSCC) is one of the most aggressive forms of head and neck/oral cancer (HNOC), and is a complex disease with extensive genetic and epigenetic defects, including microRNA deregulation. Identifying the deregulation of microRNA-mRNA regulatory modules (MRMs) is crucial for understanding the role of microRNA in OTSCC. Methods A comprehensive bioinformatics analysis was performed to identify MRMs in HNOC by examining the correlation among differentially expressed microRNA and mRNA profiling datasets and integrating with 12 different sequence-based microRNA target prediction algorithms. Confirmation experiments were performed to further assess the correlation among MRMs using OTSCC patient samples and HNOC cell lines. Functional analyses were performed to validate one of the identified MRMs: miR-21-15-Hydroxyprostaglandin Dehydrogenase (HPGD) regulatory module. Results Our bioinformatics analysis revealed 53 MRMs that are deregulated in HNOC. Four high confidence MRMs were further defined by confirmation experiments using OTSCC patient samples and HNOC cell lines, including miR-21-HPGD regulatory module. HPGD is a known anti-tumorigenic effecter, and it regulates the tumorigenic actions of Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) by converts PGE2 to its biologically inactive metabolite. Ectopic transfection of miR-21 reduced the expression of HPGD in OTSCC cell lines, and the direct targeting of the miR-21 to the HPGD mRNA was confirmed using a luciferase reporter gene assay. The PGE2-mediated upregulation of miR-21 was also confirmed which suggested the existence of a positive feed-forward loop that involves miR-21, HPGD and PGE2 in OTSCC cells that contribute to tumorigenesis. Conclusions We identified a number of high-confidence MRMs in OTSCC, including miR-21-HPGD regulatory module, which may play an important role in the miR-21-HPGD-PGE2 feed-forward loop that contributes to tumorigenesis. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12885-016-2716-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianting He
- Center for Molecular Biology of Oral Diseases, Department of Periodontics, College of Dentistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zujian Chen
- Center for Molecular Biology of Oral Diseases, Department of Periodontics, College of Dentistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Qian Dong
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Leitao Zhang
- Center for Molecular Biology of Oral Diseases, Department of Periodontics, College of Dentistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Nan Fang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dan Chen
- Center for Molecular Biology of Oral Diseases, Department of Periodontics, College of Dentistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Aditi Patel
- Center for Molecular Biology of Oral Diseases, Department of Periodontics, College of Dentistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Ajay Koya
- Center for Molecular Biology of Oral Diseases, Department of Periodontics, College of Dentistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Xianghong Luan
- Department of Oral Biology, College of Dentistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Robert J Cabay
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Yang Dai
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Engineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.,UIC Cancer Center, Graduate College, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Anxun Wang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Xiaofeng Zhou
- Center for Molecular Biology of Oral Diseases, Department of Periodontics, College of Dentistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA. .,UIC Cancer Center, Graduate College, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA. .,Guanghua School and Research Institute of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.
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Kochel TJ, Goloubeva OG, Fulton AM. Upregulation of Cyclooxygenase-2/Prostaglandin E2 (COX-2/PGE2) Pathway Member Multiple Drug Resistance-Associated Protein 4 (MRP4) and Downregulation of Prostaglandin Transporter (PGT) and 15-Prostaglandin Dehydrogenase (15-PGDH) in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer. BREAST CANCER-BASIC AND CLINICAL RESEARCH 2016; 10:61-70. [PMID: 27257388 PMCID: PMC4881873 DOI: 10.4137/bcbcr.s38529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2016] [Revised: 03/29/2016] [Accepted: 03/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Elevated levels of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) are indicators of a poor prognosis in breast cancer. Using several independent publicly available breast cancer gene expression databases, we investigated other members of the PGE2 pathway. PGE2 is produced by COX-2 and actively exported by multiple drug resistance-associated protein 4 (MRP4) into the extracellular microenvironment, where PGE2 can bind four cognate EP receptors (EP1–EP4) and initiate diverse biological signaling pathways. Alternatively, PGE2 is imported via the prostaglandin transporter (PGT) and metabolized by 15-prostaglandin dehydrogenase (15-PGDH/HPGD). We made the novel observation that MRP4, PGT, and 15-PGDH are differentially expressed among distinct breast cancer molecular subtypes; this finding was confirmed in independent datasets. In triple-negative breast cancer, the observed gene expression pattern (high COX-2, high MRP4, low PGT, and low 15-PGDH) would favor high levels of tumor-promoting PGE2 in the tumor microenvironment that may contribute to the overall poor prognosis of triple-negative breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler J Kochel
- Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Olga G Goloubeva
- Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD, USA.; Department of Epidemiology & Public Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Amy M Fulton
- Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD, USA.; Department of Pathology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.; Baltimore Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Baltimore, MD, USA
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30
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Ebert B, Kisiela M, Maser E. Transcriptional regulation of human and murine short-chain dehydrogenase/reductases (SDRs) – an in silico approach. Drug Metab Rev 2016; 48:183-217. [DOI: 10.3109/03602532.2016.1167902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Bettina Ebert
- Institute of Toxicology and Pharmacology for Natural Scientists, University Medical School Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Michael Kisiela
- Institute of Toxicology and Pharmacology for Natural Scientists, University Medical School Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Edmund Maser
- Institute of Toxicology and Pharmacology for Natural Scientists, University Medical School Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
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31
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Höbaus J, Tennakoon S, Heffeter P, Groeschel C, Aggarwal A, Hummel DM, Thiem U, Marculescu R, Berger W, Kállay E. Impact of CYP24A1 overexpression on growth of colorectal tumour xenografts in mice fed with vitamin D and soy. Int J Cancer 2016; 138:440-50. [PMID: 26238339 PMCID: PMC4832261 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.29717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2015] [Accepted: 07/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Our previous studies showed that the 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (1,25-D3) catabolizing enzyme, 1,25-dihydoxyvitamin D 24 hydroxylase (CYP24A1) was overexpressed in colorectal tumours and its level correlated with increased proliferation. We hypothesised that cells overexpressing CYP24A1 have growth advantage and a diet rich in vitamin D and soy would restore sensitivity to the anti-tumourigenic effects of vitamin D. Soy contains genistein, a natural CYP24A1 inhibitor. To determine causality between CYP24A1 and tumour growth, we established xenografts in male SCID mice with HT29 cells stably overexpressing either GFP-tagged CYP24A1 or GFP. Mice were fed with either high (2500 IU D3/kg) or low vitamin D (100 IU D3/kg) diet in the presence or absence of soy (20% diet). In vitro, cells overexpressing CYP24A1 grew faster than controls. 1,25-D3, the active vitamin D metabolite, reduced cell number only in the presence of the CYP24A1 inhibitor VID400. Regardless of the amount of vitamin D in the diet, xenografts overexpressing CYP24A1 grew faster, were heavier and more aggressive. Soy reduced tumour volume only in the control xenografts, while the tumours overexpressing CYP24A1 were larger in the presence of dietary soy. In conclusion, we demonstrate that CYP24A1 overexpression results in increased aggressiveness and proliferative potential of colorectal tumours. Irrespective of the dietary vitamin D3, dietary soy is able to increase tumour volume when tumours overexpress CYP24A1, suggesting that combination of vitamin D3 and soy could have an anti-tumourigenic effect only if CYP24A1 levels are normal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Höbaus
- Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy ResearchMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Samawansha Tennakoon
- Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy ResearchMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Petra Heffeter
- Department of Medicine IInstitute of Cancer Research and Comprehensive Cancer Center of the Medical University, Medical University ViennaViennaAustria
- Research Platform ‘Translational Cancer Therapy Research’ViennaAustria
| | - Charlotte Groeschel
- Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy ResearchMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Abhishek Aggarwal
- Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy ResearchMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
- Present address: Department of Pediatrics/Endocrinology, Stanford University School of MedicineStanfordCA
| | - Doris M. Hummel
- Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy ResearchMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Ursula Thiem
- Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy ResearchMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
- Division of Nephrology and Dialysis, Department of Medicine IIIMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Rodrig Marculescu
- Department of Laboratory MedicineMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Walter Berger
- Department of Medicine IInstitute of Cancer Research and Comprehensive Cancer Center of the Medical University, Medical University ViennaViennaAustria
- Research Platform ‘Translational Cancer Therapy Research’ViennaAustria
| | - Enikö Kállay
- Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy ResearchMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
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Han YM, Park JM, Cha JY, Jeong M, Go EJ, Hahm KB. Endogenous conversion of ω-6 to ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in fat-1 mice attenuated intestinal polyposis by either inhibiting COX-2/β-catenin signaling or activating 15-PGDH/IL-18. Int J Cancer 2015; 138:2247-56. [PMID: 26650508 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.29956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2015] [Accepted: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (ω-3PUFAs) have inhibitory effects in various preclinical cancer models, but their effects in intestinal polyposis have never been examined. As attempts have been made to use nutritional intervention to counteract colon cancer development, in this study we evaluated the effects of ω-3 PUFAs on intestinal polyposis in the Apc(Min/+) mouse model. The experimental groups included wild-type C56BL/6 mice, Apc(Min/+) mice, fat-1 transgenic mice expressing an n-3 desaturase to enable ω-3 PUFA synthesis, and Apc(Min/+) × fat-1 double-transgenic mice; all mice were 20 weeks of age. Small intestines were collected for gross and pathologic evaluation, including assessment of polyp number and size, followed by immunohistochemical staining and Western blotting. After administration of various concentrations of ω-3 PUFAs, PUFA levels were measured in small intestine tissue by GC/MS/MS analysis to compare with PUFA synthesis of between C57BL6 and fat-1mice. As a result, ω-3 PUFAs significantly attenuated Apc mutation-induced intestinal polyposis accompanied with significant inhibition of Wnt/β-catenin signaling, COX-2 and PGE2, but induced significant levels of 15-PGDH. In addition, significant induction of the inflammasome-related substrates as IL-1β and IL-18 and activation of caspase-1 was observed in Apc(Min/+) × fat-1 mice. Administration of at least 3 g/60 kg ω-3 PUFAs was equivalent to ω-3 PUFAs produced in fat-1 mice and resulted in significant increase in the expression of IL-1β, caspase-3 and IL-18, as seen in Apc(Min/+) × fat-1 mice. We conclude that ω-3PUFAs can prevent intestinal polyp formation by inhibition of Wnt/β-catenin signaling, but increased levels of 15-PGDH and IL-18.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Min Han
- CHA Cancer Prevention Research Center, CHA Cancer Institute, CHA University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jong-Min Park
- CHA Cancer Prevention Research Center, CHA Cancer Institute, CHA University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ji-Young Cha
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, Gachon University, Incheon, Korea
| | - Migyeong Jeong
- CHA Cancer Prevention Research Center, CHA Cancer Institute, CHA University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Eun-Jin Go
- CHA Cancer Prevention Research Center, CHA Cancer Institute, CHA University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ki Baik Hahm
- CHA Cancer Prevention Research Center, CHA Cancer Institute, CHA University, Seoul, Korea.,Digestive Disease Center, CHA University Bundang Medical Center, Seongnam, Korea
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Kim HJ, Lee S, Lee HY, Won H, Chang SH, Nah SS. 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase is upregulated by hydroxychloroquine in rheumatoid arthritis fibroblast-like synoviocytes. Mol Med Rep 2015; 12:4141-4148. [PMID: 26082314 PMCID: PMC4526038 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2015.3931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2014] [Accepted: 05/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
15-Hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase (HPGD) is the key enzyme responsible for the metabolic inactivation of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) catabolism. PGE2 is one of the predominant catabolic factors involved in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). However, the expression and regulation of HPGD in RA fibroblast-like synoviocyte (FLS) remain to be elucidated. Disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARDs) are the most important anti-arthritic drugs, which reduce the effect of joint injury. The aim of the present study was to assess the expression of HPGD in RA tissues and cells, and normal synovial tissues and cells. The effect of the most popular DMARDs, hydroxychloroquine, on the expression of HPGD in RA-FLS was also investigated. Western blotting and immuno-histochemical analysis demonstrated that the expression levels of HPGD in human synovium were lower in RA synovium compared with the normal and OA synovium. In RA-FLS, the expression of HPGD was increased following treatment with several DMARDs, including sulfasalazine, methotrexate, and hydroxychloroquine. Hydroxychloroquine (10 µM) treatment induced the phosphorylation of ERK, SAPK/JNK and p38. Hydroxychloroquine induced a decrease in the release of PGE2, which was restored by mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase pathway inhibitors. Hydroxychloroquine may therefore, affect the pathogenesis of RA through the MAP kinase pathway by regulating the expression of HPGD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hak-Jae Kim
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan, Choongcheongnam-do 330-930, Republic of Korea
| | - Sora Lee
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan, Choongcheongnam-do 330-930, Republic of Korea
| | - Haw-Yong Lee
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan, Choongcheongnam-do 330-930, Republic of Korea
| | - Hansol Won
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan, Choongcheongnam-do 330-930, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Hae Chang
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan, Choongcheongnam-do 330-930, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong-Su Nah
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan, Choongcheongnam-do 330-930, Republic of Korea
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Urquhart P, Wang J, Woodward DF, Nicolaou A. Identification of prostamides, fatty acyl ethanolamines, and their biosynthetic precursors in rabbit cornea. J Lipid Res 2015; 56:1419-33. [PMID: 26031663 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m055772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Arachidonoyl ethanolamine (anandamide) and pros-taglandin ethanolamines (prostamides) are biologically active derivatives of arachidonic acid. Although available through different precursor phospholipids, there is considerable overlap between the biosynthetic pathways of arachidonic acid-derived eicosanoids and anandamide-derived prostamides. Prostamides exhibit physiological actions and are involved in ocular hypotension, smooth muscle contraction, and inflammatory pain. Although topical application of bimatoprost, a structural analog of prostaglandin F2α ethanolamide (PGF2α-EA), is currently a first-line treatment for ocular hypertension, the endogenous production of prostamides and their biochemical precursors in corneal tissue has not yet been reported. In this study, we report the presence of anandamide, palmitoyl-, stearoyl-, α-linolenoyl docosahexaenoyl-, linoleoyl-, and oleoyl-ethanolamines in rabbit cornea, and following treatment with anandamide, the formation of PGF2α-EA, PGE2-EA, PGD2-EA by corneal extracts (all analyzed by LC/ESI-MS/MS). A number of N-acyl phosphatidylethanolamines, precursors of anandamide and other fatty acyl ethanolamines, were also identified in corneal lipid extracts using ESI-MS/MS. These findings suggest that the prostamide and fatty acid ethanolamine pathways are operational in the cornea and may provide valuable insight into corneal physiology and their potential influence on adjacent tissues and the aqueous humor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Urquhart
- Manchester Pharmacy School, The University of Manchester, Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, Manchester, UK
| | - Jenny Wang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Allergan Inc., Irvine, CA
| | | | - Anna Nicolaou
- Manchester Pharmacy School, The University of Manchester, Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, Manchester, UK
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Duffy DM. Novel contraceptive targets to inhibit ovulation: the prostaglandin E2 pathway. Hum Reprod Update 2015; 21:652-70. [PMID: 26025453 DOI: 10.1093/humupd/dmv026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2014] [Accepted: 05/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) is an essential intrafollicular regulator of ovulation. In contrast with the one-gene, one-protein concept for synthesis of peptide signaling molecules, production and metabolism of bioactive PGE2 requires controlled expression of many proteins, correct subcellular localization of enzymes, coordinated PGE2 synthesis and metabolism, and prostaglandin transport in and out of cells to facilitate PGE2 action and degradation. Elevated intrafollicular PGE2 is required for successful ovulation, so disruption of PGE2 synthesis, metabolism or transport may yield effective contraceptive strategies. METHODS This review summarizes case reports and studies on ovulation inhibition in women and macaques treated with cyclooxygenase inhibitors published from 1987 to 2014. These findings are discussed in the context of studies describing levels of mRNA, protein, and activity of prostaglandin synthesis and metabolic enzymes as well as prostaglandin transporters in ovarian cells. RESULTS The ovulatory surge of LH regulates the expression of each component of the PGE2 synthesis-metabolism-transport pathway within the ovulatory follicle. Data from primary ovarian cells and cancer cell lines suggest that enzymes and transporters can cooperate to optimize bioactive PGE2 levels. Elevated intrafollicular PGE2 mediates key ovulatory events including cumulus expansion, follicle rupture and oocyte release. Inhibitors of the prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2 (PTGS2) enzyme (also known as cyclooxygenase-2 or COX2) reduce ovulation rates in women. Studies in macaques show that PTGS2 inhibitors can reduce the rates of cumulus expansion, oocyte release, follicle rupture, oocyte nuclear maturation and fertilization. A PTGS2 inhibitor reduced pregnancy rates in breeding macaques when administered to simulate emergency contraception. However, PTGS2 inhibition did not prevent pregnancy in monkeys when administered to simulate monthly contraceptive use. CONCLUSION PTGS2 inhibitors alone may be suitable for use as emergency contraceptives. However, drugs of this class are unlikely to be effective as monthly contraceptives. Inhibitors of additional PGE2 synthesis enzymes or modulation of PGE2 metabolism or transport also hold potential for reducing follicular PGE2 and preventing ovulation. Approaches which target multiple components of the PGE2 synthesis-metabolism-transport pathway may be required to effectively block ovulation and lead to the development of novel contraceptive options for women. Therapies which target PGE2 may also impact disorders of the uterus and could also have benefits for women's health in addition to contraception.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diane M Duffy
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Eastern Virginia Medical School, 700 Olney Road, Lewis Hall, Norfolk, VA 23507, USA
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Dai L, King DW, Perera DS, Lubowski DZ, Burcher E, Liu L. Inverse expression of prostaglandin E2-related enzymes highlights differences between diverticulitis and inflammatory bowel disease. Dig Dis Sci 2015; 60:1236-46. [PMID: 25666316 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-014-3478-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2014] [Accepted: 11/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) is the dominant prostaglandin in the colon and is associated with colonic inflammation. PGE2 levels are regulated not only by cyclooxygenases (COX-1 and COX-2) but also by 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase (15-PGDH), the major PGE2-degrading enzyme. Information about the involvement of 15-PGDH in colonic inflammation is sparse. AIM We thus aimed to determine the gene expression and immunoreactivity (IR) of COX-1, COX-2, and 15-PGDH in colonic mucosa from patients with diverse inflammatory disorders: ulcerative colitis (UC), Crohn's disease (CD), and acute diverticular disease (DD). METHODS RNA from human colonic mucosa was extracted and assessed for gene expression by real-time PCR. Intact colon sections were processed for immunohistochemistry with immunostaining of the mucosal areas quantified using ImageJ. RESULTS In colonic mucosa of both UC and CD, COX-2 mRNA and COX-2-IR were significantly increased, whereas 15-PGDH mRNA and 15-PGDH-IR were significantly reduced. In macroscopically undamaged acute DD mucosa, the opposite findings were seen: for both gene expression and immunoreactivity, there was a significant downregulation of COX-2 and upregulation of 15-PGDH. COX-1 mRNA and COX-1-IR remained unchanged in all diseases. CONCLUSIONS Our study for the first time demonstrated differential expression of the PGE2-related enzymes COX-2 and 15-PGDH in colonic mucosa from UC, CD, and acute DD. The reduction of 15-PGDH in IBD provides an additional mechanism for PGE2 increase in IBD. With respect to DD, alterations of PGE2-related enzymes suggest that a low PGE2 level may precede the onset of inflammation, thus providing new insight into the pathogenesis of DD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liying Dai
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences, UNSW Australia, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
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Yao L, Han C, Song K, Zhang J, Lim K, Wu T. Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Upregulate 15-PGDH Expression in Cholangiocarcinoma Cells by Inhibiting miR-26a/b Expression. Cancer Res 2015; 75:1388-98. [PMID: 25691459 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-14-2561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2014] [Accepted: 01/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) is a proinflammatory lipid mediator that promotes cancer growth. The 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase (15-PGDH) catalyzes oxidation of the 15(S)-hydroxyl group of PGE2, leading to its inactivation. Therefore, 15-PGDH induction may offer a strategy to treat cancers that are driven by PGE2, such as human cholangiocarcinoma. Here, we report that omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (ω-3 PUFA) upregulate 15-PGDH expression by inhibiting miR-26a and miR-26b, thereby contributing to ω-3 PUFA-induced inhibition of human cholangiocarcinoma cell growth. Treatment of human cholangiocarcinoma cells (CCLP1 and TFK-1) with ω-3 PUFA (DHA) or transfection of these cells with the Fat-1 gene (encoding Caenorhabditis elegans desaturase, which converts ω-6 PUFA to ω-3 PUFA) significantly increased 15-PGDH enzymes levels, but with little effect on the activity of the 15-PGDH gene promoter. Mechanistic investigations revealed that this increase in 15-PGDH levels in cells was mediated by a reduction in the expression of miR-26a and miR-26b, which target 15-PGDH mRNA and inhibit 15-PGDH translation. These findings were extended by the demonstration that overexpressing miR-26a or miR-26b decreased 15-PGDH protein levels, reversed ω-3 PUFA-induced accumulation of 15-PGDH protein, and prevented ω-3 PUFA-induced inhibition of cholangiocarcinoma cell growth. We further observed that ω-3 PUFA suppressed miR-26a and miR-26b by inhibiting c-myc, a transcription factor that regulates miR-26a/b. Accordingly, c-myc overexpression enhanced expression of miR-26a/b and ablated the ability of ω-3 PUFA to inhibit cell growth. Taken together, our results reveal a novel mechanism for ω-3 PUFA-induced expression of 15-PGDH in human cholangiocarcinoma and provide a preclinical rationale for the evaluation of ω-3 PUFA in treatment of this malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Yao
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Chang Han
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Kyoungsub Song
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Jinqiang Zhang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Kyu Lim
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Cancer Research Institute and Infection Signaling, Network Research Center, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Tong Wu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana.
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Garland MA, Stillman JH, Tomanek L. The proteomic response of cheliped myofibril tissue in the eurythermal porcelain crab Petrolisthes cinctipes to heat shock following acclimation to daily temperature fluctuations. J Exp Biol 2015; 218:388-403. [DOI: 10.1242/jeb.112250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The porcelain crab Petrolisthes cinctipes lives under rocks and in mussel beds in the mid-intertidal zone where it experiences immersion during high tide and saturating humid conditions in air during low tide, which can increase habitat temperature by up to 20°C. To identify the biochemical changes affected by increasing temperature fluctuations and subsequent heat shock, we acclimated P. cinctipes for 30 days to one of three temperature regimes: (1) constant 10°C, (2) daily temperature fluctuations between 10 and 20°C (5 h up-ramp to 20°C, 1 h down-ramp to 10°C) and (3) 10–30°C (up-ramp to 30°C). After acclimation, animals were exposed to either 10°C or a 30°C heat shock to analyze the proteomic changes in claw muscle tissue. Following acclimation to 10–30°C (measured at 10°C), enolase and ATP synthase increased in abundance. Following heat shock, isoforms of arginine kinase and glycolytic enzymes such as aldolase, triose phosphate isomerase and glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase increased across all acclimation regimes. Full-length isoforms of hemocyanin increased abundance following acclimation to 10–30°C, but hemocyanin fragments increased after heat shock following constant 10°C and fluctuating 10–20°C, possibly playing a role as antimicrobial peptides. Following constant 10°C and fluctuating 10–20°C, paramyosin and myosin heavy chain type-B increased in abundance, respectively, whereas myosin light and heavy chain decreased with heat shock. Actin-binding proteins, which stabilize actin filaments (filamin and tropomyosin), increased during heat shock following 10–30°C; however, actin severing and depolymerization proteins (gelsolin and cofilin) increased during heat shock following 10–20°C, possibly promoting muscle fiber restructuring. RAF kinase inhibitor protein and prostaglandin reductase increased during heat shock following constant 10°C and fluctuating 10–20°C, possibly inhibiting an immune response during heat shock. The results suggest that ATP supply, muscle fiber restructuring and immune responses are all affected by temperature fluctuations and subsequent acute heat shock in muscle tissue. Furthermore, although heat shock after acclimation to constant 10°C and fluctuating 10–30°C showed the greatest effects on the proteome, moderately fluctuating temperatures (10–20°C) broadened the temperature range over which claw muscle was able to respond to an acute heat shock with limited changes in the muscle proteome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A. Garland
- California Polytechnic State University, Department of Biological Sciences, Center for Coastal Marine Studies, Environmental Proteomics Laboratory, 1 Grand Avenue, San Luis Obispo, CA 93407-0401, USA
| | - Jonathon H. Stillman
- Romberg Tiburon Center for Environmental Studies, San Francisco State University, 3152 Paradise Drive, Tiburon, CA 94920-1205, USA
| | - Lars Tomanek
- California Polytechnic State University, Department of Biological Sciences, Center for Coastal Marine Studies, Environmental Proteomics Laboratory, 1 Grand Avenue, San Luis Obispo, CA 93407-0401, USA
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Figueiredo-Pereira ME, Rockwell P, Schmidt-Glenewinkel T, Serrano P. Neuroinflammation and J2 prostaglandins: linking impairment of the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway and mitochondria to neurodegeneration. Front Mol Neurosci 2015; 7:104. [PMID: 25628533 PMCID: PMC4292445 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2014.00104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2014] [Accepted: 12/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The immune response of the CNS is a defense mechanism activated upon injury to initiate repair mechanisms while chronic over-activation of the CNS immune system (termed neuroinflammation) may exacerbate injury. The latter is implicated in a variety of neurological and neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer and Parkinson diseases, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, multiple sclerosis, traumatic brain injury, HIV dementia, and prion diseases. Cyclooxygenases (COX-1 and COX-2), which are key enzymes in the conversion of arachidonic acid into bioactive prostanoids, play a central role in the inflammatory cascade. J2 prostaglandins are endogenous toxic products of cyclooxygenases, and because their levels are significantly increased upon brain injury, they are actively involved in neuronal dysfunction induced by pro-inflammatory stimuli. In this review, we highlight the mechanisms by which J2 prostaglandins (1) exert their actions, (2) potentially contribute to the transition from acute to chronic inflammation and to the spreading of neuropathology, (3) disturb the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway and mitochondrial function, and (4) contribute to neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer and Parkinson diseases, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, as well as stroke, traumatic brain injury (TBI), and demyelination in Krabbe disease. We conclude by discussing the therapeutic potential of targeting the J2 prostaglandin pathway to prevent/delay neurodegeneration associated with neuroinflammation. In this context, we suggest a shift from the traditional view that cyclooxygenases are the most appropriate targets to treat neuroinflammation, to the notion that J2 prostaglandin pathways and other neurotoxic prostaglandins downstream from cyclooxygenases, would offer significant benefits as more effective therapeutic targets to treat chronic neurodegenerative diseases, while minimizing adverse side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria E Figueiredo-Pereira
- Department of Biological Sciences, Hunter College, The Graduate School and University Center, City University of New York New York, NY, USA
| | - Patricia Rockwell
- Department of Biological Sciences, Hunter College, The Graduate School and University Center, City University of New York New York, NY, USA
| | - Thomas Schmidt-Glenewinkel
- Department of Biological Sciences, Hunter College, The Graduate School and University Center, City University of New York New York, NY, USA
| | - Peter Serrano
- Department of Psychology, Hunter College, The Graduate School and University Center, City University of New York New York, NY, USA
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Kochel TJ, Fulton AM. Multiple drug resistance-associated protein 4 (MRP4), prostaglandin transporter (PGT), and 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase (15-PGDH) as determinants of PGE2 levels in cancer. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat 2015; 116-117:99-103. [PMID: 25433169 PMCID: PMC4385402 DOI: 10.1016/j.prostaglandins.2014.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2014] [Revised: 11/07/2014] [Accepted: 11/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) enzyme and major lipid product, prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) are elevated in many solid tumors including those of the breast and are associated with a poor prognosis. Targeting this enzyme is somewhat effective in preventing tumor progression, but is associated with cardiotoxic secondary effects when used chronically. PGE2 functions by signaling through four EP receptors (EP1-4), resulting in several different cellular responses, many of which are pro-tumorigenic, and there is growing interest in the therapeutic potential of targeting EP4 and EP2. Other members in this signaling pathway are gaining more attention. PGE2 is transported out of and into cells by two unique transport proteins. Multiple Drug Resistance-Associated Protein 4 (MRP4) and Prostaglandin Transporter (PGT) modulate PGE2 signaling by increasing or decreasing the levels of PGE2 available to cells. 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase (15-PGDH) metabolizes PGE2 and silences the pathway in this manner. The purpose of this review is to summarize the extensive data supporting the importance of the COX-2 pathway in tumor biology with a focus on more recently described pathway members and their role in modulating PGE2 signaling. This review describes evidence supporting roles for MRP4, PGT and 15-PGDH in several tumor types with an emphasis on the roles of these proteins in breast cancer. Defining the importance of these latter pathway members will be key to developing new therapeutic approaches that exploit the tumor-promoting COX-2 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Amy M Fulton
- Department of Pathology, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Baltimore, MD, USA; Baltimore Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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Kaushal N, Kudva AK, Patterson AD, Chiaro C, Kennett MJ, Desai D, Amin S, Carlson BA, Cantorna MT, Prabhu KS. Crucial role of macrophage selenoproteins in experimental colitis. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2014; 193:3683-92. [PMID: 25187657 PMCID: PMC4170023 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1400347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation is a hallmark of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) that involves macrophages. Given the inverse link between selenium (Se) status and IBD-induced inflammation, our objective was to demonstrate that selenoproteins in macrophages were essential to suppress proinflammatory mediators, in part, by the modulation of arachidonic acid metabolism. Acute colitis was induced using 4% dextran sodium sulfate in wild-type mice maintained on Se-deficient (<0.01 ppm Se), Se-adequate (0.08 ppm; sodium selenite), and two supraphysiological levels in the form of Se-supplemented (0.4 ppm; sodium selenite) and high Se (1.0 ppm; sodium selenite) diets. Selenocysteinyl transfer RNA knockout mice (Trsp(fl/fl)LysM(Cre)) were used to examine the role of selenoproteins in macrophages on disease progression and severity using histopathological evaluation, expression of proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory genes, and modulation of PG metabolites in urine and plasma. Whereas Se-deficient and Se-adequate mice showed increased colitis and exhibited poor survival, Se supplementation at 0.4 and 1.0 ppm increased survival of mice and decreased colitis-associated inflammation with an upregulation of expression of proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory genes. Metabolomic profiling of urine suggested increased oxidation of PGE2 at supraphysiological levels of Se that also correlated well with Se-dependent upregulation of 15-hydroxy-PG dehydrogenase (15-PGDH) in macrophages. Pharmacological inhibition of 15-PGDH, lack of selenoprotein expression in macrophages, and depletion of infiltrating macrophages indicated that macrophage-specific selenoproteins and upregulation of 15-PGDH expression were key for Se-dependent anti-inflammatory and proresolving effects. Selenoproteins in macrophages protect mice from dextran sodium sulfate-colitis by enhancing 15-PGDH-dependent oxidation of PGE2 to alleviate inflammation, suggesting a therapeutic role for Se in IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naveen Kaushal
- Center for Molecular Immunology and Infectious Disease and Center for Molecular Toxicology and Carcinogenesis, Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802
| | - Avinash K Kudva
- Center for Molecular Immunology and Infectious Disease and Center for Molecular Toxicology and Carcinogenesis, Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802
| | - Andrew D Patterson
- Center for Molecular Immunology and Infectious Disease and Center for Molecular Toxicology and Carcinogenesis, Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802
| | - Christopher Chiaro
- Center for Molecular Immunology and Infectious Disease and Center for Molecular Toxicology and Carcinogenesis, Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802
| | - Mary J Kennett
- Center for Molecular Immunology and Infectious Disease and Center for Molecular Toxicology and Carcinogenesis, Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802
| | - Dhimant Desai
- Department of Pharmacology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033; and
| | - Shantu Amin
- Department of Pharmacology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033; and
| | - Bradley A Carlson
- Molecular Biology of Selenium Section, Mouse Cancer Genetics Program, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Margherita T Cantorna
- Center for Molecular Immunology and Infectious Disease and Center for Molecular Toxicology and Carcinogenesis, Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802
| | - K Sandeep Prabhu
- Center for Molecular Immunology and Infectious Disease and Center for Molecular Toxicology and Carcinogenesis, Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802;
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Li Y, Li S, Sun D, Song L, Liu X. Expression of 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase and cyclooxygenase-2 in non-small cell lung cancer: Correlations with angiogenesis and prognosis. Oncol Lett 2014; 8:1589-1594. [PMID: 25202373 PMCID: PMC4156203 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2014.2371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2013] [Accepted: 07/01/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to investigate the function of 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase (15-PGDH) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) in angiogenesis and their association with the prognosis of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Using immunohistochemical staining, the expression of 15-PGDH and COX-2, and the microvessel density (MVD) levels were evaluated in 35 NSCLC specimens. Paracancerous normal lung tissue was collected as control samples from six patients. The correlation of 15-PGDH with COX-2, clinicopathological characteristics, MVD and overall survival (OS) was studied. NSCLC tissues showed a significantly lower expression level of 15-PGDH (P=0.009) and a significantly higher expression level of COX-2 (P=0.004) compared with normal lung tissue. The expression level of 15-PGDH was negatively correlated with MVD (P<0.001) and COX-2 expression (P=0.032). A low expression level of 15-PGDH, a high expression level of COX-2 and high levels of MVD were significantly correlated with a shorter OS time (15-PGDH, P<0.0001; COX-2, P=0.038; MVD, P<0.0001). This study provided clinical evidence that a low expression level of 15-PGDH is associated with a poor prognosis in NSCLC. Furthermore, it was shown that 15-PGDH and COX-2 reciprocally regulate cancer angiogenesis, which may affect the prognosis of patients with NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Li
- Center of Gerontology and Geriatrics, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Suli Li
- National Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Dan Sun
- Department of Geriatrics, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing 100034, P.R. China
| | - Linlin Song
- Department of Geriatrics, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing 100034, P.R. China
| | - Xinmin Liu
- Department of Geriatrics, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing 100034, P.R. China
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Lu L, Byrnes K, Han C, Wang Y, Wu T. miR-21 targets 15-PGDH and promotes cholangiocarcinoma growth. Mol Cancer Res 2014; 12:890-900. [PMID: 24699315 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-13-0419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED miRNAs are a group of small, noncoding RNAs that modulate the translation of genes by binding to specific target sites in the target mRNA. This study investigated the biologic function and molecular mechanism of miR-21 in human cholangiocarcinoma. In situ hybridization analysis of human cholangiocarcinoma specimens showed increased miR-21 in cholangiocarcinoma tissue compared with the noncancerous biliary epithelium. Lentiviral transduction of miR-21 enhanced human cholangiocarcinoma cell growth and clonogenic efficiency in vitro, whereas inhibition of miR-21 decreased these parameters. Overexpression of miR-21 also promoted cholangiocarcinoma growth using an in vivo xenograft model system. The NAD(+)-linked 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase (15-PGDH/HPGD), a key enzyme that converts the protumorigenic prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) to its biologically inactive metabolite, was identified as a direct target of miR-21 in cholangiocarcinoma cells. In parallel, cyclooxygenase-2 (COX2) overexpression and PGE2 treatment increased miR-21 levels and enhanced miR-21 promoter activity in human cholangiocarcinoma cells. IMPLICATIONS Cholangiocarcinogenesis and tumor progression are regulated by a novel interplay between COX-2/PGE2 and miR-21 signaling, which converges at 15-PGDH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Lu
- Authors' Affiliation: Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Kathleen Byrnes
- Authors' Affiliation: Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Chang Han
- Authors' Affiliation: Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Ying Wang
- Authors' Affiliation: Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Tong Wu
- Authors' Affiliation: Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana
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44
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Liu Y, Jia Z, Sun Y, Zhou L, Downton M, Chen R, Zhang A, Yang T. Postnatal regulation of 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase in the rat kidney. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2014; 307:F388-95. [PMID: 24647712 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00512.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2) has an established role in postnatal kidney development. 15-Hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase (15-PGDH) is recently identified as an endogenous inhibitor of COX-2, limiting the production of COX-2-derived prostanoids in several pathological conditions. The present study was undertaken to examine the regulation of renal 15-PGDH expression during postnatal kidney development in rats compared with COX-2. qRT-PCR and immunoblotting demonstrated that 15-PGDH mRNA and protein in the kidney were present in neonates, peaked in the second postnatal week, and then declined sharply to very low level in adulthood. Immunostaining demonstrated that at the second postnatal week, renal 15-PGDH protein was predominantly found in the proximal tubules stained positive for Na/H exchanger 3 and brush borders (periodic acid-Schiff), whereas COX-2 protein was restricted to macular densa and adjacent thick ascending limbs. Interestingly, in the fourth postnatal week, 15-PGDH protein was redistributed to thick ascending limbs stained positive for the Na-K-2Cl cotransporter. After 6 wk of age, 15-PGDH protein was found in the granules in subsets of the proximal tubules. Overall, these results support a possibility that 15-PGDH may regulate postnatal kidney development through interaction with COX-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Liu
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Salt Lke City, Utah
| | - Zhanjun Jia
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Salt Lke City, Utah
| | - Ying Sun
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Salt Lke City, Utah
| | - Li Zhou
- Institute of Hypertension, Sun Yat-sen University School of Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Maicy Downton
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Salt Lke City, Utah
| | - Ren Chen
- Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital and Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China; and
| | - Aihua Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, Nanjing Children's Hospital, Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Tianxin Yang
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Salt Lke City, Utah; Institute of Hypertension, Sun Yat-sen University School of Medicine, Guangzhou, China;
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45
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Castro-Sánchez L, Agra N, Llorente Izquierdo C, Motiño O, Casado M, Boscá L, Martín-Sanz P. Regulation of 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase expression in hepatocellular carcinoma. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2013; 45:2501-11. [PMID: 23954207 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2013.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2013] [Revised: 07/12/2013] [Accepted: 08/07/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), a rate limiting step in arachidonic acid cascade, plays a key role in the biosynthesis of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) upon inflammatory stimuli, growth factors, hormones and other cellular stresses. Overproduction of PGE2 stimulates proliferation of various cancer cells, confers resistance to apoptosis and favors metastasis and angiogenesis. The steady-state level of PGE2 is maintained by interplay between the biosynthetic pathway including COX and PGE2 synthases and the catabolic pathways involving nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD(+))-dependent 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase (15-PGDH). 15-PGDH is a crucial enzyme responsible for the biological inactivation of PGE2. Adult hepatocytes fail to induce COX-2 expression regardless of the pro-inflammatory factors used. COX-2 is induced in hepatocytes after partial hepatectomy (PH), in animal models of cirrhosis, in human hepatoma cell lines, in human HCC and after HBV and HCV infection. However, no data are available regarding 15-PGDH expression in HCC. Our results show that 15-PGDH is downregulated in human hepatoma cells with a high COX-2 expression, in chemical and genetic murine models of HCC and in human HCC biopsies. Moreover, 15-PGDH expression is suppressed by EGF (epidermal growth factor) and HGF (hepatocyte growth factor) mainly involving PI3K (phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase), ERK (extracellular signal-regulated kinase) and p38MAPK (mitogen-activated protein kinase) activation. Conversely, ectopic expression of 15-PGDH induces apoptosis in hepatoma cells and decreases the growth of hepatoma cells in nude mice whereas the silencing of 15-PGDH increases the tumor formation. These data suggest a potential therapeutic application of 15-PGDH in HCC.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Animals
- Apoptosis/drug effects
- Apoptosis/genetics
- Biopsy
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/enzymology
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/genetics
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/pathology
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Proliferation/drug effects
- Cell Survival/drug effects
- Cell Survival/genetics
- Cyclooxygenase 2/metabolism
- Disease Models, Animal
- Down-Regulation/drug effects
- Down-Regulation/genetics
- Epidermal Growth Factor/pharmacology
- ErbB Receptors/metabolism
- Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic/drug effects
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic/drug effects
- Hepatocyte Growth Factor/pharmacology
- Humans
- Hydroxyprostaglandin Dehydrogenases/metabolism
- Intramolecular Oxidoreductases/metabolism
- Liver Neoplasms/enzymology
- Liver Neoplasms/genetics
- Liver Neoplasms/pathology
- MAP Kinase Signaling System/drug effects
- MAP Kinase Signaling System/genetics
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases/metabolism
- Prostaglandin-E Synthases
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Castro-Sánchez
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols, CSIC-UAM, Arturo Duperier, 4, 28029 Madrid, Spain
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Snyder NW, Revello SD, Liu X, Zhang S, Blair IA. Cellular uptake and antiproliferative effects of 11-oxo-eicosatetraenoic acid. J Lipid Res 2013; 54:3070-7. [PMID: 23945567 PMCID: PMC3793611 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m040741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclooxygenases (COX) metabolize arachidonic acid (AA) to hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acids (HETE), which can then be oxidized by dehydrogenases, such as 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase (15-PGDH), to oxo-eicosatetraenoic acids (ETE). We have previously established that 11-oxo-eicosatetraenoic acid (oxo-ETE) and 15-oxo-ETE are COX-2/15-PGDH-derived metabolites. Stable isotope dilution (SID) chiral liquid chromatography coupled with electron capture atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (ECAPCI) single reaction monitoring (SRM) MS has been used to quantify uptake of 11-oxo-ETE and 15-oxo-ETE in both LoVo cells and human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC). Intracellular 11-oxo- and 15-oxo-ETE concentrations reached maximum levels within 1 h and declined rapidly, with significant quantitative differences in uptake between the LoVo cells and the HUVECs. Maximal intracellular concentrations of 11-oxo-ETE were 0.02 ng/4 × 105 cells in the LoVo cells and 0.58 ng/4 × 105 cells in the HUVECs. Conversely, maximal levels of 15-oxo-ETE were 0.21 ng/4 × 105 in the LoVo cells and 0.01 ng/4 × 105 in the HUVECs. The methyl esters of both 11-oxo- and 15-oxo-ETE increased the intracellular concentrations of the corresponding free oxo-ETEs by 3- to 8-fold. 11-oxo-ETE, 15-oxo-ETE, and their methyl esters inhibited proliferation in both HUVECs and LoVo cells at concentrations of 2–10 μM, with 11-oxo-ETE methyl ester being the most potent inhibitor. Cotreatment with probenecid, an inhibitor of multiple drug resistance transporters (MRP)1 and 4, increased the antiproliferative effect of 11-oxo-ETE methyl ester in LoVo cells and increased the intracellular concentration of 11-oxo-ETE from 0.05 ng/4 × 105 cells to 0.18 ng/4 × 105 cells. Therefore, this study has established that the COX-2/15-PGDH-derived eicosanoids 11-oxo- and 15-oxo-ETE enter target cells, that they inhibit cellular proliferation, and that their inhibitory effects are modulated by MRP exporters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathaniel W Snyder
- Centers for Cancer Pharmacology and Excellence in Environmental Toxicology, Department of Pharmacology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
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47
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Lu D, Han C, Wu T. 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase-derived 15-keto-prostaglandin E2 inhibits cholangiocarcinoma cell growth through interaction with peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ, SMAD2/3, and TAP63 proteins. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:19484-502. [PMID: 23687300 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.453886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) is a potent lipid mediator that plays a key role in inflammation and carcinogenesis. NAD(+)-dependent 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase (15-PGDH) catalyzes the oxidation of the 15(S)-hydroxyl group of PGE2, which leads to PGE2 biotransformation. In this study, we showed that the 15-PGDH-derived 15-keto-PGE2 is an endogenous peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPAR-γ) ligand that causes PPAR-γ dissociation from Smad2/3, allowing Smad2/3 association with the TGF-β receptor I and Smad anchor for receptor activation and subsequent Smad2/3 phosphorylation and transcription activation in human cholangiocarcinoma cells. The 15-PGDH/15-keto-PGE2-induced Smad2/3 phosphorylation resulted in the formation of the pSmad2/3-TAP63-p53 ternary complex and their binding to the TAP63 promoter, inducing TAP63 autotranscription. The role of TAP63 in 15-PGDH/15-keto-PGE2-induced inhibition of tumor growth was further supported by the observation that knockdown of TAP63 prevented 15-PGDH-induced inhibition of tumor cell proliferation, colony formation, and migration. These findings disclose a novel 15-PGDH-mediated 15-keto-PGE2 signaling cascade that interacts with PPAR-γ, Smad2/3, and TAP63.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongdong Lu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, USA
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48
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Kuklev DV, Hankin JA, Uhlson CL, Hong YH, Murphy RC, Smith WL. Major urinary metabolites of 6-keto-prostaglandin F2α in mice. J Lipid Res 2013; 54:1906-14. [PMID: 23644380 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m037192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Western diets are enriched in omega-6 vs. omega-3 fatty acids, and a shift in this balance toward omega-3 fatty acids may have health benefits. There is limited information about the catabolism of 3-series prostaglandins (PG) formed from eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), a fish oil omega-3 fatty acid that becomes elevated in tissues following fish oil consumption. Quantification of appropriate urinary 3-series PG metabolites could be used for noninvasive measurement of omega-3 fatty acid tone. Here we describe the preparation of tritium- and deuterium-labeled 6-keto-PGF2α and their use in identifying urinary metabolites in mice using LC-MS/MS. The major 6-keto-PGF2α urinary metabolites included dinor-6-keto-PGF2α (~10%) and dinor-13,14-dihydro-6,15-diketo-PGF1α (~10%). These metabolites can arise only from the enzymatic conversion of EPA to the 3-series PGH endoperoxide by cyclooxygenases, then PGI3 by prostacyclin synthase and, finally, nonenzymatic hydrolysis to 6-keto-PGF2α. The 6-keto-PGF derivatives are not formed by free radical mechanisms that generate isoprostanes, and thus, these metabolites provide an unbiased marker for utilization of EPA by cyclooxygenases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry V Kuklev
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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49
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Lu D, Han C, Wu T. 15-PGDH inhibits hepatocellular carcinoma growth through 15-keto-PGE2/PPARγ-mediated activation of p21WAF1/Cip1. Oncogene 2013; 33:1101-12. [PMID: 23542179 PMCID: PMC3912217 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2013.69] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2012] [Revised: 01/08/2013] [Accepted: 01/27/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase (15-PGDH) is a key enzyme in prostaglandin metabolism. This study provides important evidence for inhibition of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) growth by 15-PGDH through the 15-keto-PGE2/PPARγ/p21WAF1/Cip1 signaling pathway. Forced overexpression of 15-PGDH inhibited HCC cell growth in vitro, whereas knockdown of 15-PGDH enhanced tumor growth parameters. In a tumor xenograft model in SCID mice, inoculation of human HCC cells (Huh7) with overexpression of 15-PGDH led to significant inhibition of tumor growth, while knockdown of 15-PGDH enhanced tumor growth. In a separate tumor xenograft model in which mouse HCC cells (Hepa1-6) were inoculated into syngeneic C57BL/6 mice, intratumoral injection of adenovirus vector expressing 15-PGDH (pAd-15-PGDH) significantly inhibited xenograft tumor growth. The anti-tumor effect of 15-PGDH is mediated through its enzymatic product, 15-keto-PGE2, which serves as an endogenous PPARγ ligand. Activation of PPARγ by 15-PGDH-derived 15-keto-PGE2 enhanced the association of PPARγ with the p21WAF1/Cip1 promoter and increased p21 expression and association with CDK2, CDK4 and PCNA. Depletion of p21 by shRNA reversed 15-PGDH-induced inhibition of HCC cell growth; overexpression of p21 prevented 15-PGDH knockdown-induced tumor cell growth. These results demonstrate a key 15-PGDH/15-keto-PGE2-mediated activation of PPARγ and p21WAF1/Cip1 signaling cascade that regulates hepatocarcinogenesis and tumor progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Lu
- 1] Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA [2] Tongji University School of Life Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - C Han
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - T Wu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
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50
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Young AL, Chalmers CR, Hawcroft G, Perry SL, Treanor D, Toogood GJ, Jones PF, Hull MA. Regional differences in prostaglandin E₂ metabolism in human colorectal cancer liver metastases. BMC Cancer 2013; 13:92. [PMID: 23442768 PMCID: PMC3598740 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-13-92] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2012] [Accepted: 02/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Prostaglandin (PG) E2 plays a critical role in colorectal cancer (CRC) progression, including epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Activity of the rate-limiting enzyme for PGE2 catabolism (15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase [15-PGDH]) is dependent on availability of NAD+. We tested the hypothesis that there is intra-tumoral variability in PGE2 content, as well as in levels and activity of 15-PGDH, in human CRC liver metastases (CRCLM). To understand possible underlying mechanisms, we investigated the relationship between hypoxia, 15-PGDH and PGE2 in human CRC cells in vitro. Methods Tissue from the periphery and centre of 20 human CRCLM was analysed for PGE2 levels, 15-PGDH and cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 expression, 15-PGDH activity, and NAD+/NADH levels. EMT of LIM1863 human CRC cells was induced by transforming growth factor (TGF) β. Results PGE2 levels were significantly higher in the centre of CRCLM compared with peripheral tissue (P = 0.04). There were increased levels of 15-PGDH protein in the centre of CRCLM associated with reduced 15-PGDH activity and low NAD+/NADH levels. There was no significant heterogeneity in COX-2 protein expression. NAD+ availability controlled 15-PGDH activity in human CRC cells in vitro. Hypoxia induced 15-PGDH expression in human CRC cells and promoted EMT, in a similar manner to PGE2. Combined 15-PGDH expression and loss of membranous E-cadherin (EMT biomarker) were present in the centre of human CRCLM in vivo. Conclusions There is significant intra-tumoral heterogeneity in PGE2 content, 15-PGDH activity and NAD+ availability in human CRCLM. Tumour micro-environment (including hypoxia)-driven differences in PGE2 metabolism should be targeted for novel treatment of advanced CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alastair L Young
- Section of Molecular Gastroenterology, Leeds Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Leeds, St James's University Hospital, Leeds LS9 7TF, UK
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