1
|
Lu H, Xu Y, Zhao H, Xu X. A novel rabbit model of atherosclerotic vulnerable plaque established by cryofluid-induced endothelial injury. Sci Rep 2024; 14:9447. [PMID: 38658774 PMCID: PMC11043414 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-60287-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2024] [Accepted: 04/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Acute thrombosis secondary to atherosclerotic plaque rupture is the main cause of acute cardiac and cerebral ischemia. An animal model of unstable atherosclerotic plaques is highly important for investigating the mechanism of plaque rupture and thrombosis. However, current animal models involve complex operations, are costly, and have plaque morphologies that are different from those of humans. We aimed to establish a simple animal model of vulnerable plaques similar to those of humans. Rabbits were randomly divided into three groups. Group A was given a normal formula diet for 13 weeks. Group C underwent surgery on the intima of the right carotid artery with - 80 °C cryofluid-induced injury after 1 week of a high-fat diet and further feeding a 12-week high-fat diet. Group B underwent the same procedure as Group C but without the - 80 °C cryofluid. Serum lipid levels were detected via ELISA. The plaque morphology, stability and degree of stenosis were evaluated through hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining, Masson trichrome staining, Elastica van Gieson staining (EVG), and oil red O staining. Macrophages and inflammatory factors in the plaques were assessed via immunohistochemical analysis. The serum low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), triglyceride (TG), and total cholesterol (TC) levels in groups B and C were significantly greater than those in group A. No plaque formation was observed in group A. The plaques in group B were very small. In group C, obvious plaques were observed in the blood vessels, and the plaques exhibited a thin fibrous cap, a large lipid core, and partially visible neovascularization, which is consistent with the characteristics of vulnerable plaques. In the plaques of group C, a large number of macrophages were present, and matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9) and lectin-like oxidized LDL receptor 1 (LOX-1) were abundantly expressed. We successfully established a rabbit model of vulnerable carotid plaque similar to that of humans through the combination of cryofluid-induced endothelial injury and a high-fat diet, which is feasible and cost effective.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huaizhi Lu
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, First People's Hospital of Shangqiu, Kaixuan South Road 292, Shangqiu, 476000, China.
| | - Yiran Xu
- The Second Naval Hospital of Southern Theater Command of PLA, Sanya, 572029, China
| | - Hui Zhao
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, First People's Hospital of Shangqiu, Kaixuan South Road 292, Shangqiu, 476000, China
| | - Xuesheng Xu
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, First People's Hospital of Shangqiu, Kaixuan South Road 292, Shangqiu, 476000, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Wang X, Shen Y, Shang M, Liu X, Munn LL. Endothelial mechanobiology in atherosclerosis. Cardiovasc Res 2023; 119:1656-1675. [PMID: 37163659 PMCID: PMC10325702 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvad076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2022] [Revised: 02/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a serious health challenge, causing more deaths worldwide than cancer. The vascular endothelium, which forms the inner lining of blood vessels, plays a central role in maintaining vascular integrity and homeostasis and is in direct contact with the blood flow. Research over the past century has shown that mechanical perturbations of the vascular wall contribute to the formation and progression of atherosclerosis. While the straight part of the artery is exposed to sustained laminar flow and physiological high shear stress, flow near branch points or in curved vessels can exhibit 'disturbed' flow. Clinical studies as well as carefully controlled in vitro analyses have confirmed that these regions of disturbed flow, which can include low shear stress, recirculation, oscillation, or lateral flow, are preferential sites of atherosclerotic lesion formation. Because of their critical role in blood flow homeostasis, vascular endothelial cells (ECs) have mechanosensory mechanisms that allow them to react rapidly to changes in mechanical forces, and to execute context-specific adaptive responses to modulate EC functions. This review summarizes the current understanding of endothelial mechanobiology, which can guide the identification of new therapeutic targets to slow or reverse the progression of atherosclerosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoli Wang
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
- Department of Cardiology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310020, China
| | - Yang Shen
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Min Shang
- Department of Cardiology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310020, China
| | - Xiaoheng Liu
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Lance L Munn
- Steele Laboratories, Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Pu L, Meng Q, Li S, Wang Y, Sun B, Liu B, Li F. Laminar shear stress alleviates monocyte adhesion and atherosclerosis development via miR-29b-3p/CX3CL1 axis regulation. J Cell Sci 2022; 135:275792. [PMID: 35735031 PMCID: PMC9450891 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.259696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Laminar shear stress (Lss) is an important anti-atherosclerosis (anti-AS) factor, but its mechanism network is not clear. Therefore, this study aimed to identify how Lss acts against AS formation from a new perspective. In this study, we analyzed high-throughput sequencing data from static and Lss-treated human aortic and human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HAECs and HUVECs, respectively) and found that the expression of CX3CL1, which is a target gene closely related to AS development, was lower in the Lss group. Lss alleviated the inflammatory response in TNF-α (also known as TNF)-activated HAECs by regulating the miR-29b-3p/CX3CL1 axis, and this was achieved by blocking nuclear factor (NF)-κB signaling. In complementary in vivo experiments, a high-fat diet (HFD) induced inflammatory infiltration and plaque formation in the aorta, both of which were significantly reduced after injection of agomir-miRNA-29b-3p via the tail vein into HFD-fed ApoE−/− mice. In conclusion, this study reveals that the Lss-sensitive miR-29b-3p/CX3CL1 axis is an important regulatory target that affects vascular endothelial inflammation and AS development. Our study provides new insights into the prevention and treatment of AS. Summary: The laminar shear stress-sensitive miR-29b-3p/CX3CL1 axis significantly inhibits monocyte adhesion to activated human aortic endothelial cells, and alleviates local inflammation and plaque formation in ApoE−/− mice fed a high-fat diet.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luya Pu
- Department of Pathogenobiology, The Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Chinese Ministry of Education, College of Basic Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Qingyu Meng
- Department of Pathogenobiology, The Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Chinese Ministry of Education, College of Basic Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Shuai Li
- Department of Pathogenobiology, The Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Chinese Ministry of Education, College of Basic Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yaru Wang
- Department of Pathogenobiology, The Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Chinese Ministry of Education, College of Basic Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Banghao Sun
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Bin Liu
- Cardiovascular Disease Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Fan Li
- Department of Pathogenobiology, The Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Chinese Ministry of Education, College of Basic Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China.,Engineering Research Center for Medical Biomaterials of Jilin Province, Jilin University, Changchun, China.,Key Laboratory for Health Biomedical Materials of Jilin Province, Jilin University, Changchun, China.,State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia, Xinjiang, China.,The Key Laboratory for Bionics Engineering, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Abstract
Significance: Coronary artery disease (CAD) continues to be a leading cause of morbidity and mortality across the world despite significant progress in the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of atherosclerotic disease. Recent Advances: The focus of the cardiovascular community has shifted toward seeking a better understanding of the inflammatory mechanisms driving residual CAD risk that is not modulated by current therapies. Significant progress has been achieved in revealing both proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory mechanisms, and how shift of the balance in favor of the former can drive the development of disease. Critical Issues: Advances in the noninvasive detection of coronary artery inflammation have been forthcoming. These advances include multiple imaging modalities, with novel applications of computed tomography both with and without positron emission tomography, and experimental ultrasound techniques. These advances will enable better selection of patients for anti-inflammatory treatments and assessment of treatment response. The rapid advancement in pharmaceutical design has enabled the production of specific antibodies against inflammatory pathways of atherosclerosis, with modest success to date. The pursuit of demonstrating the efficacy and safety of novel anti-inflammatory and/or proinflammatory resolution therapies for atherosclerotic CAD has become a major focus. Future Directions: This review seeks to provide an update of the latest evidence of all three of these highly related but disparate areas of inquiry: Our current understanding of the key mechanisms by which inflammation contributes to coronary artery atherosclerosis, the evidence for noninvasive assessment of coronary artery inflammation, and finally, the evidence for targeted therapies to treat coronary inflammation for the reduction of CAD risk. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 34, 1217-1243.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Henry W West
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Charalambos Antoniades
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Schinzari F, Tesauro M, Campia U, Cardillo C. Increased fractalkine and vascular dysfunction in obesity and in type 2 diabetes. Effects of oral antidiabetic treatment. Vascul Pharmacol 2020; 128-129:106676. [PMID: 32224233 DOI: 10.1016/j.vph.2020.106676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2019] [Revised: 02/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Activation of fractalkine and other chemokines plays an important role in atherogenesis and, in conjunction with endothelial dysfunction, promotes premature vascular damage in obesity and diabetes. We hypothesized that increased circulating fractalkine coexists with impaired vasomotor function in metabolically healthy or unhealthy obesity, and that treatment with antidiabetic drugs may impact these abnormalities in type 2 diabetes. Compared to lean subjects, in both obese groups the vasodilator responses to acetylcholine and sodium nitroprusside were impaired (both P < .001); ETA-receptor blockade resulted in greater vasodilation (both P < .001); and plasma levels of fractalkine, E-selectin and monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1 were increased (all P < .05). In diabetic patients, oral antidiabetic drugs (glyburide, metformin or pioglitazone) reduced circulating levels fractalkine and E-selectin (both P < .05), without affecting vascular responses (all P > .05). Our findings indicate that insulin resistant states are associated with elevated atherogenic chemokines and impaired vascular reactivity. Antidiabetic treatment results in lower circulating fractalkine, which may provide cardiovascular benefits.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Manfredi Tesauro
- Department of Internal Medicine, Università Tor Vergata, Roma, Italy
| | - Umberto Campia
- Vascular Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Carmine Cardillo
- Policlinico A. Gemelli IRCCS, Roma, Italy; Department of Internal Medicine, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Roma, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Olie RH, van der Meijden PEJ, Spronk HMH, Ten Cate H. Antithrombotic Therapy: Prevention and Treatment of Atherosclerosis and Atherothrombosis. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2020; 270:103-130. [PMID: 32776281 DOI: 10.1007/164_2020_357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a multifactorial vascular disease that develops in the course of a lifetime. Numerous risk factors for atherosclerosis have been identified, mostly inflicting pro-inflammatory effects. Vessel injury, such as occurring during erosion or rupture of atherosclerotic lesions triggers blood coagulation, in attempt to maintain hemostasis (protect against bleeding). However, thrombo-inflammatory mechanisms may drive blood coagulation such that thrombosis develops, the key process underlying myocardial infarction and ischemic stroke (not due to embolization from the heart). In the blood coagulation system, platelets and coagulation proteins are both essential elements. Hyperreactivity of blood coagulation aggravates atherosclerosis in preclinical models. Pharmacologic inhibition of blood coagulation, either with platelet inhibitors, or better documented with anticoagulants, or both, limits the risk of thrombosis and may potentially reverse atherosclerosis burden, although the latter evidence is still based on animal experimentation.Patients at risk of atherothrombotic complications should receive a single antiplatelet agent (acetylsalicylic acid, ASA, or clopidogrel); those who survived an atherothrombotic event will be prescribed temporary dual antiplatelet therapy (ASA plus a P2Y12 inhibitor) in case of myocardial infarction (6-12 months), or stroke (<6 weeks), followed by a single antiplatelet agent indefinitely. High risk for thrombosis patients (such as those with peripheral artery disease) benefit from a combination of an anticoagulant and ASA. The price of gained efficacy is always increased risk of (major) bleeding; while tailoring therapy to individual needs may limit the risks to some extent, new generations of agents that target less critical elements of hemostasis and coagulation mechanisms are needed to maintain efficacy while reducing bleeding risks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R H Olie
- Internal Medicine and CARIM School for Cardiovascular Research, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands.,Thrombosis Expertise Center, Heart+ Cardiovascular Center, and Department of Biochemistry, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - P E J van der Meijden
- Thrombosis Expertise Center, Heart+ Cardiovascular Center, and Department of Biochemistry, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - H M H Spronk
- Thrombosis Expertise Center, Heart+ Cardiovascular Center, and Department of Biochemistry, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - H Ten Cate
- Internal Medicine and CARIM School for Cardiovascular Research, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands. .,Thrombosis Expertise Center, Heart+ Cardiovascular Center, and Department of Biochemistry, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Aerobic Exercise Prevents Insulin Resistance Through the Regulation of miR-492/Resistin Axis in Aortic Endothelium. J Cardiovasc Transl Res 2018; 11:450-458. [DOI: 10.1007/s12265-018-9828-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
|
8
|
Unraveling the Interaction of Aspirin, Ticagrelor, and Rosuvastatin on the Progression of Atherosclerosis and Inflammation in Diabetic Mice. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther 2018; 31:489-500. [PMID: 29185103 DOI: 10.1007/s10557-017-6763-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE We explored the effects of rosuvastatin, aspirin, ticagrelor, and clopidogrel, alone or in combinations on the progression of atherosclerosis and inflammasome activation in diabetic mice. Statins and ticagrelor increase the production of 15-epi-lipoxin A4 via cyclooxygenase-2. Aspirin alone increases 15-epi-lipoxin A4, but when combined with statins, cyclooxygenase-2 is completely blocked. METHODS ApoE-/-/db+/db+ double-knockout mice received rosuvastatin (5 mg/kg/day), aspirin (25 mg/kg/day), ticagrelor (300 mg/kg/day), clopidogrel (75 mg/kg/day), or their combination for 14 weeks. Serum 15-epi-lipoxin A4 levels and aortic wall cholesterol content, IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α levels, and plaque area were assessed. RESULTS Aspirin, ticagrelor, and rosuvastatin increased 15-epi-lipoxin A4 levels. The combination of rosuvastatin + ticagrelor provided an additive effect. Aspirin attenuated the effect of both ticagrelor and rosuvastatin. Aspirin, ticagrelor, and rosuvastatin reduced the area of the atherosclerotic plaque. The combination of ticagrelor + rosuvastatin provided additive effects. There was a negative interaction when aspirin was combined with ticagrelor or rosuvastatin. Aspirin, ticagrelor, and rosuvastatin decreased serum IL-1β and IL-6 levels. There was no interaction between aspirin and ticagrelor or aspirin and rosuvastatin, whereas combining rosuvastatin and ticagrelor provided an additive effect. Aspirin, ticagrelor, and rosuvastatin all decreased TNF-α levels. Aspirin attenuated the effect of both ticagrelor and rosuvastatin, and there was no additive effect of combining ticagrelor + rosuvastatin. CONCLUSIONS We found an intricate interaction between aspirin, ticagrelor, and rosuvastatin, as aspirin reduced both ticagrelor and rosuvastatin ability to ameliorate inflammation and atherosclerosis. In contrast, we found additive effects when ticagrelor and rosuvastatin were combined.
Collapse
|
9
|
Zhou JJ, Wang YM, Lee VWS, Zhang GY, Medbury H, Williams H, Wang Y, Tan TK, Harris DCH, Alexander SI, Durkan AM. DEC205-DC targeted DNA vaccine against CX3CR1 protects against atherogenesis in mice. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0195657. [PMID: 29641559 PMCID: PMC5895033 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0195657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies disrupting the chemokine pathway CX3CL1 (fractalkine)/ CX3CR1 have shown decreased atherosclerosis in animal models but the techniques used to interrupt the pathway have not been easily translatable into human trials. DNA vaccination potentially overcomes the translational difficulties. We evaluated the effect of a DNA vaccine, targeted to CX3CR1, on atherosclerosis in a murine model and examined possible mechanisms of action. DNA vaccination against CX3CR1, enhanced by dendritic cell targeting using DEC-205 single chain variable region fragment (scFv), was performed in 8 week old ApoE-/- mice, fed a normal chow diet. High levels of anti-CX3CR1 antibodies were induced in vaccinated mice. There were no apparent adverse reactions to the vaccine. Arterial vessels of 34 week old mice were examined histologically for atherosclerotic plaque size, macrophage infiltration, smooth muscle cell infiltration and lipid deposition. Vaccinated mice had significantly reduced atherosclerotic plaque in the brachiocephalic artery. There was less macrophage infiltration but no significant change to the macrophage phenotype in the plaques. There was less lipid deposition in the lesions, but there was no effect on smooth muscle cell migration. Targeted DNA vaccination to CX3CR1 was well tolerated, induced a strong immune response and resulted in attenuated atherosclerotic lesions with reduced macrophage infiltration. DNA vaccination against chemokine pathways potentially offers a potential therapeutic option for the treatment of atherosclerosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jimmy Jianheng Zhou
- Centre for Kidney Research, Children’s Hospital at Westmead, Westmead, NSW, Australia
- University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Yuan Min Wang
- Centre for Kidney Research, Children’s Hospital at Westmead, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | - Vincent W. S. Lee
- University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Centre for Transplantation and Renal Research, University of Sydney at Westmead Institute of Medical Research, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | - Geoff Yu Zhang
- Centre for Kidney Research, Children’s Hospital at Westmead, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | - Heather Medbury
- Vascular Biology Research Centre, Surgery, University of Sydney, Westmead Hospital, University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | - Helen Williams
- Vascular Biology Research Centre, Surgery, University of Sydney, Westmead Hospital, University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | - Ya Wang
- Centre for Transplantation and Renal Research, University of Sydney at Westmead Institute of Medical Research, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | - Thian Kui Tan
- Centre for Transplantation and Renal Research, University of Sydney at Westmead Institute of Medical Research, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | - David C. H. Harris
- University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Centre for Transplantation and Renal Research, University of Sydney at Westmead Institute of Medical Research, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | - Stephen I. Alexander
- Centre for Kidney Research, Children’s Hospital at Westmead, Westmead, NSW, Australia
- University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Anne M. Durkan
- Centre for Kidney Research, Children’s Hospital at Westmead, Westmead, NSW, Australia
- University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Anti-Inflammatory Treatment. Coron Artery Dis 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-811908-2.00013-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
11
|
Schrör K, Hohlfeld T. Antiinflammatory effects of aspirin in ACS: relevant to its cardio coronary actions? Thromb Haemost 2017; 114:469-77. [DOI: 10.1160/th15-03-0191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2015] [Accepted: 04/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
SummaryVascular injury in acute coronary syndromes (ACS) involves a complex cross-talk between inflammatory mediators, platelets and thrombosis, where the interaction between platelets and coagulation factors (e. g. thrombin) is a central link between thrombosis and inflammation. In ACS, aspirin at antiplatelet doses exhibits anti-inflammatory effects as seen from the decrease in inflammation markers such as CRP, M-CSF, MCP-1 and others. These actions probably occur subsequent to inhibition of platelet COX-1-dependent thromboxane formation and its action as a multipotent autocrine and paracrine agent. This likely involves inhibition of thrombin formation as well as inhibition of secondary pro-inflammatory mediators, such as sphingosine-1-phosphate. Experimental and limited clinical data additionally suggest antiinflammatory effects of aspirin independent of its antiplatelet action. For example, aspirin at antiplatelet doses might acetylate COX-2 in vascular cells, directing the activity of the enzyme into a 15-lipoxygenase which by transcellular metabolism results in the formation of 15-epi-lipoxin (‘aspirin-triggered lipoxin’), an antiinflammatory mediator. Furthermore, aspirin stimulates eNOS via lysine-acetylation, eventually resulting in induction of heme oxygenase (HO-1), which improves the antioxidative potential of vascular cells. All of these effects have been seen at antiplatelet doses of 100–300 mg/day, equivalent to peak plasma levels of 10–30 μM. Many more potentially antiinflammatory mechanisms of aspirin have been described, mostly salicy-late-related, at low to medium millimolar concentrations and, therefore, are of minor clinical interest. Altogether, there is a wealth of data supporting antiiflammatory effects of aspirin in ACS, but studies generating direct evidence for antiinflammatory effects in ACS remain to be done.
Collapse
|
12
|
Rowinska Z, Koeppel TA, Sanati M, Schelzig H, Jankowski J, Weber C, Zernecke A, Liehn EA. Role of the CX3C chemokine receptor CX3CR1 in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis after aortic transplantation. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0170644. [PMID: 28234900 PMCID: PMC5325192 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0170644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2016] [Accepted: 12/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The CX3C chemokine receptor CX3CR1 is expressed on monocytes as well as tissue resident cells, such as smooth muscle cells (SMCs). Its role in atherosclerotic tissue remodeling of the aorta after transplantation has not been investigated. METHODS We here have orthotopically transplanted infrarenal Cx3cr1-/-Apoe-/- and Cx3cr1+/+Apoe-/- aortic segments into Apoe-/-mice, as well as Apoe-/- aortic segments into Cx3cr1-/-Apoe-/- mice. The intimal plaque size and cellular plaque composition of the transplanted aortic segment were analyzed after four weeks of atherogenic diet. RESULTS Transplantation of Cx3cr-/-Apoe-/- aortic segments into Apoe-/- mice resulted in reduced atherosclerotic plaque formation compared to plaque size in Apoe-/- or Cx3cr1-/-Apoe-/- mice after transplantation of Apoe-/- aortas. This reduction in lesion formation was associated with reduced numbers of lesional SMCs but not macrophages within the transplanted Cx3cr-/- Apoe-/- aortic segment. No differences in frequencies of proliferating and apoptotic cells could be observed. CONCLUSION These results indicate that CX3CR1 on resident vessel wall cells plays a key role in atherosclerotic plaque formation in transplanted aortic grafts. Targeting of vascular CX3CL1/CX3CR1 may therefore be explored as a therapeutic option in vascular transplantation procedures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zuzanna Rowinska
- Department of Vascular Surgery and Interdisciplinary Vein Center, St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr- University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
- Institute of Molecular Cardiovascular Research, University Hospital, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Thomas A. Koeppel
- Division of Vascular Surgery, Hospital Asklepios St. Georg Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Maryam Sanati
- Institute of Molecular Cardiovascular Research, University Hospital, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Hubert Schelzig
- Department of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Düsseldorf University Hospital, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Joachim Jankowski
- Institute of Molecular Cardiovascular Research, University Hospital, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
- School for Cardiovascular Diseases (CARIM), University of Maastricht, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Christian Weber
- Institut for Prevention and Epidemiology of Cardiovascular Disease, Ludwig-Maximilian-University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Alma Zernecke
- Institute of Experimental Biomedicine, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Elisa A. Liehn
- Institute of Molecular Cardiovascular Research, University Hospital, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
- Human Genetic Laboratory, University for Medicine and Pharmacy, Craiova, Romania
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Addition of aspirin to a fish oil-rich diet decreases inflammation and atherosclerosis in ApoE-null mice. J Nutr Biochem 2016; 35:58-65. [PMID: 27394692 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2016.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2015] [Revised: 04/25/2016] [Accepted: 05/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Aspirin (ASA) is known to alter the production of potent inflammatory lipid mediators, but whether it interacts with omega-3 fatty acids (FAs) from fish oil to affect atherosclerosis has not been determined. The goal was to investigate the impact of a fish oil-enriched diet alone and in combination with ASA on the production of lipid mediators and atherosclerosis. ApoE(-/-) female mice were fed for 13weeks one of the four following diets: omega-3 FA deficient (OD), omega-3 FA rich (OR) (1.8g omega-3 FAs/kg·diet per day), omega-3 FA rich plus ASA (ORA) (0.1g ASA/kg·diet per day) or an omega-3 FA deficient plus ASA (ODA) with supplement levels equivalent to human doses. Plasma lipids, atherosclerosis, markers of inflammation, hepatic gene expression and aortic lipid mediators were determined. Hepatic omega-3 FAs were markedly higher in OR (9.9-fold) and ORA (7-fold) groups. Mice in both OR and ORA groups had 40% less plasma cholesterol in very low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein fractions, but aortic plaque area formation was only significantly lower in the ORA group (5.5%) compared to the OD group (2.5%). Plasma PCSK9 protein levels were approximately 70% lower in the OR and ORA groups. Proinflammatory aortic lipid mediators were 50%-70% lower in the ODA group than in the OD group and more than 50% lower in the ORA group. In summary, less aortic plaque lesions and aortic proinflammatory lipid mediators were observed in mice on the fish oil diet plus ASA vs. just the fish oil diet.
Collapse
|
14
|
Aspirin Action in Endothelial Cells: Different Patterns of Response Between Chemokine CX3CL1/CX3CR1 and TNF-α/TNFR1 Signaling Pathways. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther 2016; 29:219-29. [PMID: 25959742 PMCID: PMC4522030 DOI: 10.1007/s10557-015-6589-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Purpose TNF-α induces fractalkine (CX3CL1) and its receptor CX3CR1 in endothelial cells through NF-қB activation. NF-қB inhibitors may reduce the expression of CX3CL1, and modulation of the CX3CL1/CX3CR1 signaling was proposed as a new target for aspirin. We examined the effects of aspirin on CX3CL1 and TNF-α production, as well as CX3CR1 and TNFR1 expression. Methods HUVECs isolated after term pregnancies (N = 28) were cultured in vitro. Lipopolysaccharide (1 μg/ml) was used as CX3CL1 inducer. HUVECs were exposed to six different concentrations of aspirin (between 1.0 and 6.0 mM) during 7 days. The levels of CX3CL1 and TNF-α in the culture media were measured using ELISA. After termination of the cultures, mean expressions of CX3CR1 and TNFR1 were examined in the immunostained paraffin sections using quantitative immunohistochemistry. Results Aspirin significantly (p < 0.05) decreased CX3CL1 production, and the mean decrease in CX3CL1 production was inversely proportional to increased (p < 0.05) expression of CX3CR1. The combined mean CX3CL1 concentrations, including all time points, equaled 782.18 ± 74.4 pg/ml in aspirin treated HUVECs compared to a total concentration of 2467.53 ± 127.5 pg/ml combined from the respective time points in the controls. An inhibition of TNF-α production in HUVECs after pretreatment with aspirin was observed. Unlike in the case of CX3CR1 expression, there were no signs of TNFR1 upregulation. Conclusions Autoregulation between CX3CL1 and CX3CR1 may explain overexpression of CX3CR1 as the compensatory effect in aspirin-treated HUVECs. Inhibition of CX3CR1 could prevent thrombotic complications in the early period after discontinuation of aspirin.
Collapse
|
15
|
Liu W, Jiang L, Bian C, Liang Y, Xing R, Yishakea M, Dong J. Role of CX3CL1 in Diseases. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz) 2016; 64:371-83. [PMID: 27098399 DOI: 10.1007/s00005-016-0395-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2015] [Accepted: 02/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Chemokines are a family of small 8-10 kDa inducible cytokines. Initially characterized as chemotactic factors, they are now considered to affect not just cellular recruitment. CX3CL1 is a unique chemokine that can exist in a soluble form, as a chemotactic cytokine, or in a membrane-attached form that acts as a binding molecule. Recently, the effects of CX3CL1 on diseases, such as inflammation and cancer, have been supported and confirmed by numerous publications. However, due to its dual effects, CX3CL1 exerts numerous effects on pathophysiological conditions that have both negative and positive consequences on pathogenesis and outcome. This review article summarizes the important scientific and clinical data that now point to a critical role for CX3CL1 in diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- WangMi Liu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 180 Fenglin Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Libo Jiang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 180 Fenglin Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Chong Bian
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 180 Fenglin Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Yun Liang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 180 Fenglin Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Rong Xing
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 180 Fenglin Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Mumingjiang Yishakea
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 180 Fenglin Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Jian Dong
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 180 Fenglin Road, Shanghai, 200032, China.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Tousoulis D, Oikonomou E, Economou EK, Crea F, Kaski JC. Inflammatory cytokines in atherosclerosis: current therapeutic approaches. Eur Heart J 2016; 37:1723-32. [PMID: 26843277 DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehv759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 303] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2015] [Accepted: 12/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The notion of atherosclerosis as a chronic inflammatory disease has intensified research on the role of cytokines and the way these molecules act and interact to initiate and sustain inflammation in the microenvironment of an atherosclerotic plaque. Cytokines are expressed by all types of cells involved in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis, act on a variety of targets exerting multiple effects, and are largely responsible for the crosstalk among endothelial, smooth muscle cells, leucocytes, and other vascular residing cells. It is now understood that widely used drugs such as statins, aspirin, methotrexate, and colchicine act in an immunomodulatory way that may beneficially affect atherogenesis and/or cardiovascular disease progression. Moreover, advancement in pharmaceutical design has enabled the production of highly specific antibodies against key molecules involved in the perpetuation of the inflammatory cascade, raising hope for advances in the treatment of atherosclerosis. This review describes the actions and effects of these agents, their potential clinical significance, and future prospects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dimitris Tousoulis
- First Department of Cardiology, 'Hippokration' Hospital, University of Athens Medical School, Vasilissis Sofias 114, TK 115 28 Athens, Greece
| | - Evangelos Oikonomou
- First Department of Cardiology, 'Hippokration' Hospital, University of Athens Medical School, Vasilissis Sofias 114, TK 115 28 Athens, Greece
| | - Evangelos K Economou
- First Department of Cardiology, 'Hippokration' Hospital, University of Athens Medical School, Vasilissis Sofias 114, TK 115 28 Athens, Greece
| | - Filippo Crea
- Cardiovascular Sciences Department, Institute of Cardiology, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy
| | - Juan Carlos Kaski
- Cardiovascular and Cell Sciences Research Institute, St George's University of London, London, UK
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Xia X, Li Y, Su Q, Huang Z, Shen Y, Li W, Yu C. Inhibitory effects of Mycoepoxydiene on macrophage foam cell formation and atherosclerosis in ApoE-deficient mice. Cell Biosci 2015; 5:23. [PMID: 26045945 PMCID: PMC4455339 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-015-0017-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2015] [Accepted: 05/20/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Mycoepoxydiene (MED) is a polyketide that can be isolated from a marine fungus and is associated with various activities, including antitumor and anti-inflammatory functions. However, its effects on atherosclerosis remain unknown. Macrophage-derived foam cells play crucial roles in the initiation and progression of atherosclerotic plaques. In this study, we investigated the effects of MED on oxidized low-density lipoprotein (ox-LDL)-induced macrophage foam cell formation and activation, and on high fat diet (HFD)-induced atherosclerosis in ApoE-deficient (ApoE−/−) mice. Results Our findings show that MED could significantly inhibit ox-LDL-induced macrophage foam cell formation and suppress the expression of lectin-like oxidized low-density lipoprotein receptor-1 (LOX-1), which is a receptor for ox-LDL. Additionally, MED could significantly inhibit the secretion of proinflammatory cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α), interleukin (IL)-6, and IL-1β. Mechanistically, MED inhibited NF-κB activation by blocking IκB-α degradation and reducing NF-κB DNA binding activity. Moreover, MED dramatically reduced the occurrence of HFD-induced atherosclerotic lesions in ApoE−/− mice. Conclusions Our study shows that MED can inhibit macrophage foam cell formation and activation by inhibiting NF-κB activation, thereby protecting ApoE−/− mice from HFD-induced atherosclerosis. Our findings suggest that MED might be a potential lead compound for the development of antiatherosclerotic therapeutics. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13578-015-0017-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaochun Xia
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005 China
| | - Yang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiang-An South Road, Xiamen, Fujian 360112 China
| | - Qiang Su
- Medical College, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Zhengrong Huang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005 China
| | - Yuemao Shen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012 China
| | - Weihua Li
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005 China
| | - Chundong Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiang-An South Road, Xiamen, Fujian 360112 China
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Placental fractalkine is up-regulated in severe early-onset preeclampsia. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2015; 185:1334-43. [PMID: 25769431 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2015.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2014] [Revised: 12/12/2014] [Accepted: 01/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The pathogenesis of preeclampsia (PE) includes the release of placental factors into the maternal circulation, inducing an inflammatory environment in the mother. One of the factors may be the proinflammatory chemokine fractalkine, which is expressed in the syncytiotrophoblast of human placenta, from where it is released into the maternal circulation by constitutive shedding. We examined whether placental fractalkine is up-regulated in severe early-onset PE and whether the proinflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and IL-6 are able to increase the expression of fractalkine. Gene expression analysis, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and immunohistochemistry consistently showed increased fractalkine expression in placentas from severe early-onset PE, compared to gestational age-matched controls. Expression of a disintegrin and metalloproteinases (ADAMs) 10 and 17, which convert transmembrane fractalkine into the soluble form, was significantly increased in these cases. Incubation of first-trimester placental explants with TNF-α provoked a significant increase in fractalkine expression and release of the soluble form, whereas IL-6 had no effect. TNF-α-mediated up-regulation of placental fractalkine was reversed in the presence of the aspirin-derivative salicylate, which impaired activation of NF-κB p65 in TNF-α-treated explants. On the basis of data from placental explants, we suggest that increased maternal TNF-α may up-regulate the expression and release of placental fractalkine, which, in turn, may contribute to an exaggerated systemic inflammatory response in PE.
Collapse
|
19
|
A salicylate-based small molecule HS-Cm exhibits immunomodulatory effects and inhibits dipeptidyl peptidase-IV activity in human T cells. Eur J Pharmacol 2014; 726:124-32. [PMID: 24491838 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2014.01.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2013] [Revised: 01/22/2014] [Accepted: 01/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Activated T cells are key players in chronic inflammatory diseases, including atherosclerosis. Salicylates, like aspirin, display not only anti-inflammatory, anti-thrombotic, anti-atherosclerotic activities, but also immunomodulatory effects in T cells at high dosages. Here, we aimed to identify potent immunomodulators for T cells through cell-based screening from a mini-library of 300 salicylate-based small molecules, and elucidate the mechanisms. Human peripheral blood T cells were isolated from buffy coat. Phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate plus ionomycin (P/I) was used to stimulate T cells. Cytokine production was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. T cell activation markers were determined by flow cytometry. The activation of transcription factors and kinases was analyzed by western blotting, electrophoretic mobility shift assay, or kinase assay. Through library screening, we identified a small molecule named HS-Cm [C13H9ClFNO2; N-(4-chloro-2-fluorophenyl)-2-hydroxybenzamide] that exhibited potent immunomodulatory effects on T cells with low cytotoxicity. In P/I-stimulated T cells, HS-Cm inhibited the production of interleukin-2, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, and interferon-gamma and suppressed the expression of surface activation markers CD25, CD69, and CD71, but not CD45RO. HS-Cm down-regulated DNA-binding activities of activator protein-1 and nuclear factor-kappa B, but not nuclear factor of activated T-cells, through inhibiting c-Jun N-terminal kinase/p38 and inhibitor of kappaB alpha (IκBα) kinase (IKK)/IκBα pathways, respectively. On the basis of structure-activity relationship, HS-Cm exerted considerable inhibition of dipeptidyl-peptidase IV/CD26 activity in T cells. Our results suggested that the small molecule HS-Cm exhibiting immunomodulatory effects on T cells may be useful for therapeutics in chronic inflammatory diseases, like atherosclerosis, diabetes and autoimmune arthritis.
Collapse
|
20
|
Apostolakis S, Spandidos D. Chemokines and atherosclerosis: focus on the CX3CL1/CX3CR1 pathway. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2013; 34:1251-6. [PMID: 23974513 PMCID: PMC4002164 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2013.92] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2013] [Accepted: 06/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is currently considered an inflammatory disease. Much attention has been focused on the potential role of inflammatory mediators as prognostic/diagnostic markers or therapeutic targets of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. CX3CL1 (or fractalkine) is a structurally and functionally unique chemokine with a well documented role in atherosclerosis. In its membrane bound form it promotes the firm adhesion of rolling leucocytes onto the vessel wall, while in its soluble form it serves as a potent chemoattractant for CX3CR1-expressing cells. Additionally, CX3CL1 exerts cytotoxic effects on the endothelium as well as anti-apoptotic and proliferative effects on vascular cells, affecting the context and stability of the atherosclerotic plaque. Studies on animal models have shown that the blockade of the CX3CL1/CX3CR1 pathway ameliorates the severity of atherosclerosis, while genetic epidemiology has confirmed that a genetically-defined less active CX3CL1/CX3CR1 pathway is associated with a reduced risk of atherosclerotic disease in humans. Although several studies support an important pathogenic role of CX3CL1/CX3CR1 in atherogenesis and plaque destabilization, this does not necessarily suggest that this pathway is a suitable therapeutic target or that CX3CL1 can serve as a prognostic/diagnostic biomarker. Further studies on the CX3CL1/CX3CR1 chemokine pathway are clearly warranted to justify the clinical relevance of its role in atherosclerosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stavros Apostolakis
- Department of Clinical Virology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Demetrios Spandidos
- Department of Clinical Virology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Yla-Herttuala S, Bentzon JF, Daemen M, Falk E, Garcia-Garcia HM, Herrmann J, Hoefer I, Jauhiainen S, Jukema JW, Krams R, Kwak BR, Marx N, Naruszewicz M, Newby A, Pasterkamp G, Serruys PWJC, Waltenberger J, Weber C, Tokgozoglu L. Stabilization of atherosclerotic plaques: an update. Eur Heart J 2013; 34:3251-8. [DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/eht301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
|
22
|
Resveratrol improves myocardial ischemia and ischemic heart failure in mice by antagonizing the detrimental effects of fractalkine*. Crit Care Med 2012; 40:3026-33. [DOI: 10.1097/ccm.0b013e31825fd7da] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
|
23
|
Njerve IU, Pettersen AÅ, Opstad TB, Arnesen H, Seljeflot I. Fractalkine and its receptor (CX3CR1) in patients with stable coronary artery disease and diabetes mellitus. Metab Syndr Relat Disord 2012; 10:400-6. [PMID: 22897138 DOI: 10.1089/met.2012.0052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fractalkine and its receptor CX3CR1 are associated with atherosclerosis. In vitro studies have shown increased expression of fractalkine in endothelial and vascular smooth muscle cells when stimulated with a high concentration of glucose. Increased serum levels of fractalkine have been shown in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and also in unstable coronary artery disease (CAD) patients. We investigated whether CAD patients with T2DM or metabolic syndrome have increased circulating and gene expression levels of fractalkine compared to CAD patients without these conditions. METHODS Serum levels of fractalkine were analyzed by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method in 1001 patients with angiographically verified CAD, of which 200 had T2DM and 244 had metabolic syndrome. All patients were taking aspirin as an antithrombotic treatment. Gene expression of fractalkine and CX3CR1 in circulating leukocytes was explored in a subset of patients (n=168). RESULTS We found no significant difference in circulating levels of fractalkine in patients with T2DM [653 (556, 775) pg/mL] compared to patients without T2DM [646 (553, 761) pg/mL], p=0.50. There was also no difference between patients with and without metabolic syndrome (p=0.60). Fractalkine was not expressed in circulating leukocytes, and CX3CR1 was not expressed differently between any of the groups (p=0.13 and p=0.32, respectively). Smokers had lower fractalkine levels (p<0.001), and patients on angiotensin II receptor blockers had higher levels (p=0.047) compared to nonaffected patients. CONCLUSIONS In the present CAD population, no differences in circulating levels of fractalkine or expression levels of CX3CR1 were observed between patients with and without T2DM, or with and without metabolic syndrome, which may be related to their underlying disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ida Unhammer Njerve
- Center for Clinical Heart Research, Department of Cardiology, Oslo University Hospital, Ullevaal, Oslo, Norway.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Hussain M, Javeed A, Ashraf M, Riaz A, Mushtaq MH. Aspirin may do wonders by the induction of immunological self-tolerance against autoimmune atherosclerosis. Med Hypotheses 2011; 78:171-3. [PMID: 22070887 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2011.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2011] [Accepted: 10/14/2011] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Induction of immune tolerance is one of the recent novel immunomodulatory strategies to directly intervene the autoimmune-driven atherosclerosis. Aspirin is a prototypic non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, which is now being regarded as a life-saver in variety of atherosclerotic cardiovascular complications. Considerable amount of data emerged during last few years clearly suggests that aspirin can cause immunomodulation by several mechanisms, particularly, its ability to induce tolerogenic dendritic cells (DCs) and to upregulate T regulatory (Treg) cells is especially appealing with respect to induction of immunological self-tolerance. Based on this fact, we hypothesize that aspirin, in addition to its anti-inflammatory effect, may also specifically inhibit autoimmune response in atherosclerosis by actively increasing CD4+CD25+FOXP3+Treg cells as well as by inducing tolerogenic DCs which induce hyporesponsiveness in responder naïve T cells. If proved to be correct, this hypothesis will provide an opportunity to medical community with an already available aspirin-based immunotherapeutic approach for inducing immune tolerance against atherosclerosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Muzammal Hussain
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Lievens D, von Hundelshausen P. Platelets in atherosclerosis. Thromb Haemost 2011; 106:827-38. [PMID: 22012554 DOI: 10.1160/th11-08-0592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2011] [Accepted: 10/03/2011] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Beyond obvious functions in haemostasis and thrombosis, platelets are considered to be essential in proinflammatory surroundings such as atherosclerosis, allergy, rheumatoid arthritis and even cancer. In atherosclerosis, platelets facilitate the recruitment of inflammatory cells towards the lesion sites and release a plethora of inflammatory mediators, thereby enriching and boosting the inflammatory milieu. Platelets do so by interacting with endothelial cells, circulating leukocytes (monocytes, neutrophils, dendritic cells, T-cells) and progenitor cells. This cross-talk enforces leukocyte activation, adhesion and transmigration. Furthermore, platelets are known to function in innate host defense through the release of antimicrobial peptides and the expression of pattern recognition receptors. In severe sepsis, platelets are able to trigger the formation of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs), which bind and clear pathogens. The present antiplatelet therapies that target key pathways of platelet activation and aggregation therefore hold the potential to modulate platelet-derived immune functions by reducing cellular interactions of platelets with other immune components and by reducing the secretion of inflammatory proteins into the milieu. The objective of this review is to update and discuss the current perceptions of the platelet immune constituents and their prospect as therapeutic targets in an atherosclerotic setting.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D Lievens
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich, Munich, Germany.
| | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Affiliation(s)
- William T Cefalu
- Joint Program on Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Lebel M, Picard F, Ferland G, Gaudreau P. Drugs, nutrients, and phytoactive principles improving the health span of rodent models of human age-related diseases. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2011; 67:140-51. [PMID: 21393422 DOI: 10.1093/gerona/glr038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Rodents are often the species of choice to examine the effect of drugs on survival and on the progression of specific diseased tissues. This statement is also true for research laboratories working in the field of nutrition and aging. In addition to diets that can reduce the life expectancy of rodents, such as diabetogenic or high-fat diets, genetically modified rodents exhibiting different accelerated age-associated diseases also provide important biologic tools to decipher the impact of drugs, nutrients, or phytoactive compounds on their health and life span. This review covers some of the chemicals believed to decelerate the appearance of age-related diseases in different rodent models. Such chemicals include antioxidants, anti-inflammatory molecules, modulators of metabolic sensors, calorie restriction mimetics, and vegetal polyphenolic compounds that affect mitochondrial functions, cellular proliferation or differentiation as well as cell functionality.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michel Lebel
- Department of Molecular Biology, Medical Biochemistry, and Pathology, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de l'Université Laval, Hôpital Hôtel-Dieu de Québec, 9 McMahon Street, Québec City, Québec, Canada G1R 2J6.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Noels H, Weber C. Fractalkine as an Important Target of Aspirin in the Prevention of Atherogenesis. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther 2009; 24:1-3. [DOI: 10.1007/s10557-009-6213-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
|