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Behera DU, Gaur M, Sahoo M, Subudhi E, Subudhi BB. Development of pharmacophore models for AcrB protein and the identification of potential adjuvant candidates for overcoming efflux-mediated colistin resistance. RSC Med Chem 2024; 15:127-138. [PMID: 38283226 PMCID: PMC10809322 DOI: 10.1039/d3md00483j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Growing multi-drug resistance (MDR) among ESKAPE pathogens is a huge challenge. Increased resistance to last-resort antibiotics, like colistin, has further aggravated this. Efflux is identified as a major route of colistin resistance. So, finding an FDA-approved efflux inhibitor for potential application as an adjuvant to colistin was the primary objective of this study. E. coli-AcrB pump inhibitors and substrates were used to develop and validate the pharmacophoric model. Drugs confirming this pharmacophore were subjected to molecular docking to identify hits for the AcrB binding pocket. The efflux inhibition potential of the top hit was validated through the in vitro evaluation of the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) in combination with colistin. The checkerboard assay was done to demonstrate synergism, which was further corroborated by the Time-kill assay. Ten common pharmacophore hypotheses were successfully generated using substrate/inhibitors. Following enrichment analysis, AHHNR.100 was identified as the top-ranked hypothesis, and 207 unique compounds were found to conform to this hypothesis. The multi-step docking of these compounds against the AcrB protein revealed argatroban as the top non-antibiotic hit. This significantly inhibited the efflux activity of colistin-resistant clinical isolates K. pneumoniae (n = 1) and M. morganii (n = 2). Further, their combination with colistin enhanced the susceptibility of these isolates, and the effect was found to be synergistic. Accordingly, the time-kill assay of this combination showed 8-log and 2-log reductions against K. pneumoniae and M. morganii, respectively. In conclusion, this study found argatroban as a bacterial efflux inhibitor that can be potentially used to overcome efflux-mediated resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dibyajyoti Uttameswar Behera
- Centre for Biotechnology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Siksha 'O' Anusandhan (Deemed to be University) Kalinga Nagar, Ghatikia Bhubaneswar-751003 Odisha India +91 9861075829
| | - Mahendra Gaur
- Drug Development and Analysis Laboratory, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Siksha 'O' Anusandhan (Deemed to be University) Kalinga Nagar, Ghatikia Bhubaneswar-751003 Odisha India +91 7978085389
- Department of Biotechnology & Food Technology, Punjabi University Patiala 147002 India
| | - Maheswata Sahoo
- Centre for Biotechnology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Siksha 'O' Anusandhan (Deemed to be University) Kalinga Nagar, Ghatikia Bhubaneswar-751003 Odisha India +91 9861075829
| | - Enketeswara Subudhi
- Centre for Biotechnology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Siksha 'O' Anusandhan (Deemed to be University) Kalinga Nagar, Ghatikia Bhubaneswar-751003 Odisha India +91 9861075829
| | - Bharat Bhusan Subudhi
- Drug Development and Analysis Laboratory, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Siksha 'O' Anusandhan (Deemed to be University) Kalinga Nagar, Ghatikia Bhubaneswar-751003 Odisha India +91 7978085389
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Qi Y, Chen Z, Guo B, Liu Z, Wang L, Liu S, Xue L, Ma M, Yin Y, Li Y, Liu G. Speckle-tracking echocardiography provides sensitive measurements of subtle early alterations associated with cardiac dysfunction in T2DM rats. BMC Cardiovasc Disord 2023; 23:266. [PMID: 37217862 DOI: 10.1186/s12872-023-03239-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diabetic cardiomyopathy results in cardiac structural and functional abnormalities. Previous studies have demonstrated that inhibiting the RhoA/ROCK signalling pathway increases the injury resistance of cardiomyocytes. The early detection of cardiac structural and functional alterations may facilitate an improved understanding of the pathophysiologic progress and guide therapy. This study aimed to identify the optimal diagnostic measures for the subtle early alterations of cardiac dysfunction in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) rats. METHODS Twenty-four rat models were divided into four groups and received treatments for 4 weeks: the CON group (control rats), the DM group (T2DM rats), the DMF group (T2DM rats receiving fasudil) and the CONF group (control rats receiving fasudil) group. Left ventricular (LV) structure was quantified by histological staining and transmission electron microscopy. LV function and myocardial deformation were assessed by high-frequency echocardiography. RESULTS Treatment with fasudil, a ROCK inhibitor, significantly protected against diabetes-induced myocardial hypertrophy, fibrosis and mitochondrial dysfunction. Impaired LV performance was found in T2DM rats, as evidenced by significant reductions in the ejection fraction (EF), fractional shortening (FS) and the mitral valve (MV) E/A ratio (which decreased 26%, 34% and 20%, respectively). Fasudil failed to improve the conventional ultrasonic parameters in T2DM rats, but the myocardial deformation measured by speckle-tracking echocardiography (STE) were significantly improved (global circumferential strain, GCS: P = 0.003; GCS rate, GCSR: P = 0.021). When receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were used in combination with linear regression analysis, STE parameters were found to be characterized by both optimal prediction of cardiac damage [AUC (95% CI): fractional area change, FAC: 0.927 (0.744, 0.993); GCS: 0.819 (0.610, 0.945); GCSR: 0.899 (0.707, 0.984)] and stronger correlations with cardiac fibrosis (FAC: r = -0.825; GCS: r = 0.772; GCSR: r = 0.829) than conventional parameters. CONCLUSION The results suggest that STE parameters are more sensitive and specific than conventional parameters in predicting the subtle cardiac functional changes that occur in the early stage, providing new insight into the management of diabetic cardiomyopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanchao Qi
- Department of Cardiology, The First Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050031, Hebei, People's Republic of China
- Heart Center, The First Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050031, Hebei, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiyan Chen
- Heart Center, The First Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050031, Hebei, People's Republic of China
| | - Bingyan Guo
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050000, Hebei, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhe Liu
- Heart Center, The First Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050031, Hebei, People's Republic of China
| | - Lijie Wang
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050000, Hebei, People's Republic of China
| | - Suyun Liu
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050000, Hebei, People's Republic of China
| | - Lixiang Xue
- Center of Basic Medical Research, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, 100191, People's Republic of China
| | - Meifang Ma
- Department of Cardiology, Handan Central Hospital, Handan, 056008, Hebei, People's Republic of China
| | - Yajuan Yin
- Department of Cardiology, The First Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050031, Hebei, People's Republic of China
- Hebei International Joint Research Center for Structural Heart Disease, Shijiazhuang, 050031, Hebei, People's Republic of China
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Cardiac Injury Repair Mechanism Study, Shijiazhuang, 050031, Hebei, People's Republic of China
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Heart and Metabolism, Shijiazhuang, 050031, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongjun Li
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050000, Hebei, People's Republic of China.
| | - Gang Liu
- Department of Cardiology, The First Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050031, Hebei, People's Republic of China.
- Heart Center, The First Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050031, Hebei, People's Republic of China.
- Hebei International Joint Research Center for Structural Heart Disease, Shijiazhuang, 050031, Hebei, People's Republic of China.
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Cardiac Injury Repair Mechanism Study, Shijiazhuang, 050031, Hebei, People's Republic of China.
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Heart and Metabolism, Shijiazhuang, 050031, People's Republic of China.
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Rami M, Rahdar S, Ahmadi Hekmatikar A, Awang Daud DM. Highlighting the novel effects of high-intensity interval training on some histopathological and molecular indices in the heart of type 2 diabetic rats. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1175585. [PMID: 37274326 PMCID: PMC10235768 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1175585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Type 2 diabetes is one of the most common metabolic diseases in recent years and has become an important risk factor for cardiovascular disorders. The first goal is to reduce type 2 diabetes, and in the case of cardiovascular disease, the second goal is to reduce and manage that disorder. Materials and methods The rats were divided into 4 groups: Healthy Control (n=8), Diabetes Control (n=8), Diabetes Training (n=8), and Healthy Training (n=8). The protocol consisted of 8 weeks of High-intensity interval (5 sessions per week), where the training started with 80% of the peak speed in the first week, and 10% was added to this speed every week. To measure the level of B-catenin, c-MYC, GSK3B, and Bcl-2 proteins using the western blot method, cardiac pathological changes were measured using hematoxylin and eosin staining, Masson's trichrome and PAS staining and apoptosis using the TUNEL method. Findings Histological results showed that diabetes causes significant pathological hypertrophy, fibrosis, and severe apoptosis in heart tissue. HIIT training significantly reduced pathological hypertrophy and fibrosis in heart tissue, and the rate of cardiomyocyte apoptosis was greatly reduced. This research showed that diabetes disorder increases the levels of B-catenin and c-Myc proteins and causes a decrease in the expression of GSK3B and Bcl-2 proteins. After eight weeks of HIIT training, the levels of B-catenin and c-Myc proteins decreased significantly, and the levels of GSK3B and Bcl-2 proteins increased. Conclusion This study showed that HIIT could be a suitable strategy to reduce cardiomyopathy in type 2 diabetic rats. However, it is suggested that in future studies, researchers should perform different intensities and exercises to promote exercise goals in type 2 diabetic cardiomyopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Rami
- Department of Sport Physiology, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Samane Rahdar
- Department of Basic Sciences, Histology section, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Amirhoseein Ahmadi Hekmatikar
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Humanities, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - D. Maryama Awang Daud
- Health Through Exercise and Active Living (HEAL) Research Unit, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
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Abstract
During sepsis, an initial prothrombotic shift takes place, in which coagulatory acute-phase proteins are increased, while anticoagulatory factors and platelet count decrease. Further on, the fibrinolytic system becomes impaired, which contributes to disease severity. At a later stage in sepsis, coagulation factors may become depleted, and sepsis patients may shift into a hypo-coagulable state with an increased bleeding risk. During the pro-coagulatory shift, critically ill patients have an increased thrombosis risk that ranges from developing micro-thromboses that impair organ function to life-threatening thromboembolic events. Here, thrombin plays a key role in coagulation as well as in inflammation. For thromboprophylaxis, low molecular weight heparins (LMWH) and unfractionated heparins (UFHs) are recommended. Nevertheless, there are conditions such as heparin resistance or heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT), wherein heparin becomes ineffective or even puts the patient at an increased prothrombotic risk. In these cases, argatroban, a direct thrombin inhibitor (DTI), might be a potential alternative anticoagulatory strategy. Yet, caution is advised with regard to dosing of argatroban especially in sepsis. Therefore, the starting dose of argatroban is recommended to be low and should be titrated to the targeted anticoagulation level and be closely monitored in the further course of treatment. The authors of this review recommend using DTIs such as argatroban as an alternative anticoagulant in critically ill patients suffering from sepsis or COVID-19 with suspected or confirmed HIT, HIT-like conditions, impaired fibrinolysis, in patients on extracorporeal circuits and patients with heparin resistance, when closely monitored.
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Vaidya B, Kaur H, Thapak P, Sharma SS, Singh JN. Pharmacological Modulation of TRPM2 Channels via PARP Pathway Leads to Neuroprotection in MPTP-induced Parkinson's Disease in Sprague Dawley Rats. Mol Neurobiol 2022; 59:1528-1542. [PMID: 34997907 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-021-02711-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Transient receptor potential melastatin-2 (TRPM2) channels are cation channels activated by oxidative stress and ADP-ribose (ADPR). Role of TRPM2 channels has been postulated in several neurological disorders, but, it has not been explored in animal models of Parkinson's disease (PD). Thus, the role of TRPM2 and its associated poly (ADPR) polymerase (PARP) signaling pathways were investigated in the 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-induced PD rat model using TRPM2 inhibitor, 2-aminoethyl diphenyl borinate (2-APB), and PARP inhibitor, N-(6-Oxo-5,6-dihydrophenanthridin-2-yl)-(N,N-dimethylamino) acetamide hydrochloride (PJ-34). PD was induced by using a bilateral intranigral administration of MPTP in rats, and different parameters were evaluated. An increase in oxidative stress was observed, leading to locomotor and cognitive deficits in the PD rats. PD rats also showed an increased TRPM2 expression in the striatum and mid-brain accompanied by reduced expression of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) in comparison to sham animals. Intraperitoneal administration of 2-APB and PJ-34 led to an improvement in the locomotor and cognitive deficits in comparison to MPTP-induced PD rats. These improvements were accompanied by a reduction in the levels of oxidative stress and an increase in TH levels in the striatum and mid-brain. In addition, these pharmacological interventions also led to a decrease in the expression of TRPM2 in PD in the striatum and mid-brain. Our results provide a rationale for the development of potent pharmacological agents targeting the TRPM2-PARP pathway to provide therapeutic benefits for the treatment of neurological diseases like PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhupesh Vaidya
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), S.A.S. Nagar (Mohali), 160062, Punjab, India
| | - Harpinder Kaur
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), S.A.S. Nagar (Mohali), 160062, Punjab, India
| | - Pavan Thapak
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), S.A.S. Nagar (Mohali), 160062, Punjab, India
| | - Shyam Sunder Sharma
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), S.A.S. Nagar (Mohali), 160062, Punjab, India
| | - Jitendra Narain Singh
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), S.A.S. Nagar (Mohali), 160062, Punjab, India.
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Xiao W, Zheng D, Chen X, Yu B, Deng K, Ma J, Wen X, Hu Y, Hou J. Long non-coding RNA MIAT is involved in the regulation of pyroptosis in diabetic cardiomyopathy via targeting miR-214-3p. iScience 2021; 24:103518. [PMID: 34950859 PMCID: PMC8671938 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.103518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Revised: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM) is one of the most common complications of diabetes without effective treatment options. Its pathogenesis is complex and remains unclear. Long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) MIAT allele has been reported to be enriched in DCM patients and activate a pyroptosis program in hypoxia-induced H9c2 cells. Thus, whether MIAT played a role in DCM pyroptosis remains to be clarified. In the study, the expression of MIAT was found elevated in the serum of diabetic patients, as well as in high-glucose induced cardiomyocytes and diabetic mice. Further, the expression levels of CASP1 and pyroptosis correlation factors (IL-1 and IL-18) were downregulated after silencing MIAT. Through modeling and validation experiments, we then confirmed that the MIAT-miR-214-3p-CASP1 axis serves as an essential point in pyroptosis of DCM mice. These results suggested that silencing MIAT would be a potential treatment strategy for DCM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjing Xiao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 611756, China
- Department of Pharmacy, The General Hospital of Western Theater Command of PLA, No 270 Rongdu Road, Jinniu District, Chengdu 610083, China
| | - Dezhi Zheng
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, The 960th Hospital of the PLA Joint Logistic Support Force, Jinan 250031, China
| | - Xin Chen
- Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Jiaotong University & The Third People's Hospital of Chengdu, Chengdu 610015, China
| | - Botao Yu
- Department of Pharmacy, The General Hospital of Western Theater Command of PLA, No 270 Rongdu Road, Jinniu District, Chengdu 610083, China
| | - Kaiwen Deng
- Department of Pharmacy, The General Hospital of Western Theater Command of PLA, No 270 Rongdu Road, Jinniu District, Chengdu 610083, China
| | - Jie Ma
- Department of Pharmacy, The General Hospital of Western Theater Command of PLA, No 270 Rongdu Road, Jinniu District, Chengdu 610083, China
| | - Xudong Wen
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Chengdu First People's Hospital, Chengdu 610016, China
- Corresponding author
| | - Yonghe Hu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 611756, China
- Department of Pharmacy, The General Hospital of Western Theater Command of PLA, No 270 Rongdu Road, Jinniu District, Chengdu 610083, China
- Corresponding author
| | - Jun Hou
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 611756, China
- Department of Pharmacy, The General Hospital of Western Theater Command of PLA, No 270 Rongdu Road, Jinniu District, Chengdu 610083, China
- Corresponding author
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Liang S, Yadav M, Vogel KS, Habib SL. A novel role of snail in regulating tuberin/AMPK pathways to promote renal fibrosis in the new mouse model of type II diabetes. FASEB Bioadv 2021; 3:730-743. [PMID: 34485841 PMCID: PMC8409551 DOI: 10.1096/fba.2020-00134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Revised: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) plays an important role in tissue fibrosis following chronic exposure to hyperglycemia. This study investigates the role of chronic diabetes in regulating tuberin/snail/AMPK to enhance EMT and increase renal fibrosis. A new mouse model of db/db/TSC2 +/- was generated by backcrossing db/db mice and TSC2 +/- mice. Wild type (WT), db/db, TSC2 +/- and dbdb/TSC2 +/- mice were sacrificed at ages 6 and 8 months old. Tuberin protein level was significantly decreased in kidneys from diabetic compared to WT mice at both ages. In addition, tuberin and E-cadherin protein levels were significantly decreased in dbdb/TSC2 +/- compared to TSC2 +/- and db/db mice. In contrast, p-PS6K, NFkB, snail, vimentin, fibronectin, and α-SMA protein levels were significantly increased in dbdb/TSC2 +/- compared to db/db and TSC2 +/- mice at ages 6 and 8 months. Both downregulation of AMPK by DN-AMPK and downregulation of tuberin by siRNA resulted in increased NFkB, snail, and fibronectin protein expression and decreased E-cadherin protein expression in mouse primary renal proximal tubular cells. Interestingly, downregulation of snail by siRNA increased tuberin expression via feedback through activation of AMPK and reversed the expression of epithelial proteins such as E-cadherin as well as mesenchymal proteins such as fibronectin, NF-KB, vimentin, and α-SMA in mouse primary renal proximal tubular cells isolated from kidneys of four mice genotypes. The data show that chronic diabetes significantly decreases tuberin expression and that provides strong evidence that tuberin is a major key protein involved in regulating EMT. These data also demonstrated a novel role for snail in regulating of AMPK/tuberin to enhance EMT and renal cell fibrosis in diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sitai Liang
- Department of Cell Systems and Anatomy The University of Texas Health Science Center San Antonio Texas USA
| | - Mukesh Yadav
- Department of Cell Systems and Anatomy The University of Texas Health Science Center San Antonio Texas USA
| | - Kristine S Vogel
- Department of Cell Systems and Anatomy The University of Texas Health Science Center San Antonio Texas USA
| | - Samy L Habib
- Department of Cell Systems and Anatomy The University of Texas Health Science Center San Antonio Texas USA.,South Texas, Veterans Healthcare System San Antonio Texas USA
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The pleiotropic effects of antithrombotic drugs in the metabolic-cardiovascular-neurodegenerative disease continuum: impact beyond reduced clotting. Clin Sci (Lond) 2021; 135:1015-1051. [PMID: 33881143 DOI: 10.1042/cs20201445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Revised: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Antithrombotic drugs are widely used for primary and secondary prevention, as well as treatment of many cardiovascular disorders. Over the past few decades, major advances in the pharmacology of these agents have been made with the introduction of new drug classes as novel therapeutic options. Accumulating evidence indicates that the beneficial outcomes of some of these antithrombotic agents are not solely related to their ability to reduce thrombosis. Here, we review the evidence supporting established and potential pleiotropic effects of four novel classes of antithrombotic drugs, adenosine diphosphate (ADP) P2Y12-receptor antagonists, Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa receptor Inhibitors, and Direct Oral Anticoagulants (DOACs), which include Direct Factor Xa (FXa) and Direct Thrombin Inhibitors. Specifically, we discuss the molecular evidence supporting such pleiotropic effects in the context of cardiovascular disease (CVD) including endothelial dysfunction (ED), atherosclerosis, cardiac injury, stroke, and arrhythmia. Importantly, we highlight the role of DOACs in mitigating metabolic dysfunction-associated cardiovascular derangements. We also postulate that DOACs modulate perivascular adipose tissue inflammation and thus, may reverse cardiovascular dysfunction early in the course of the metabolic syndrome. In this regard, we argue that some antithrombotic agents can reverse the neurovascular damage in Alzheimer's and Parkinson's brain and following traumatic brain injury (TBI). Overall, we attempt to provide an up-to-date comprehensive review of the less-recognized, beneficial molecular aspects of antithrombotic therapy beyond reduced thrombus formation. We also make a solid argument for the need of further mechanistic analysis of the pleiotropic effects of antithrombotic drugs in the future.
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Aliter KF, Al-Horani RA. Thrombin Inhibition by Argatroban: Potential Therapeutic Benefits in COVID-19. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther 2020; 35:195-203. [PMID: 32870433 PMCID: PMC7459262 DOI: 10.1007/s10557-020-07066-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Thrombin is a trypsin-like serine protease with multiple physiological functions. Its role in coagulation and thrombosis is well-established. Nevertheless, thrombin also plays a major role in inflammation by activating protease-activated receptors. In addition, thrombin is also involved in angiogenesis, fibrosis, and viral infections. Considering the pathogenesis of COVID-19 pandemic, thrombin inhibitors may exert multiple potential therapeutic benefits including antithrombotic, anti-inflammatory, and antiviral activities. In this review, we describe the clinical features of COVID-19, the thrombin’s roles in various pathologies, and the potential of argatroban in COVID-19 patients. Argatroban is a synthetic, small molecule, direct, competitive, and selective inhibitor of thrombin. It is approved to parenterally prevent and/or treat heparin-induced thrombocytopenia in addition to other thrombotic conditions. Argatroban also possesses anti-inflammatory and antiviral activities and has a well-established pharmacokinetics profile. It also appears to lack a significant risk of drug–drug interactions with therapeutics currently being evaluated for COVID-19. Thus, argatroban presents a substantial promise in treating severe cases of COVID-19; however, this promise is yet to be established in randomized, controlled clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kholoud F Aliter
- Department of Chemistry, School of STEM, Dillard University, New Orleans, LA, 70122, USA
| | - Rami A Al-Horani
- Division of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Xavier University of Louisiana, 1 Drexel Drive, New Orleans, LA, 70125-1089, USA.
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Marchini GS, Cestari IN, Salemi VMC, Irigoyen MC, Arnold A, Kakoi A, Rocon C, Aiello VD, Cestari IA. Early changes in myocyte contractility and cardiac function in streptozotocin-induced type 1 diabetes in rats. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0237305. [PMID: 32822421 PMCID: PMC7442260 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0237305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes can elicit direct deleterious effects on the myocardium, independent of coronary artery disease or hypertension. These cardiac disturbances are termed diabetic cardiomyopathy showing increased risk of heart failure with or without reduced ejection fraction. Presently, there is no specific treatment for this type of cardiomyopathy and in the case of type I diabetes, it may start in early childhood independent of glycemic control. We hypothesized that alterations in isolated myocyte contractility and cardiac function are present in the early stages of experimental diabetes in rats before overt changes in myocardium structure occur. Diabetes was induced by single-dose injection of streptozotocin (STZ) in rats with data collected from control and diabetic animals 3 weeks after injection. Left ventricle myocyte contractility was measured by single-cell length variation under electrical stimulation. Cardiac function and morphology were studied by high-resolution echocardiography with pulsed-wave tissue Doppler imaging (TDI) measurements and three-lead surface electrocardiogram. Triglycerides, cholesterol and liver enzyme levels were measured from plasma samples obtained from both groups. Myocardial collagen content and perivascular fibrosis of atria and ventricle were studied by histological analysis after picrosirius red staining. Diabetes resulted in altered contractility of isolated cardiac myocytes with increased contraction and relaxation time intervals. Echocardiography showed left atrium dilation, increased end-diastolic LV and posterior wall thickness, with reduced longitudinal systolic peak velocity (S’) of the septum mitral annulus at the apical four-chamber view obtained by TDI. Triglycerides, aspartate aminotransferase and alkaline phosphatase were elevated in diabetic animals. Intertitial collagen content was higher in atria of both groups and did not differ among control and diabetic animals. Perivascular intramyocardial arterioles collagen did not differ between groups. These results suggest that alterations in cardiac function are present in the early phase in this model of diabetes type 1 and occur before overt changes in myocardium structure appear as evaluated by intersticial collagen deposition and perivascular fibrosis of intramyocardial arterioles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo S. Marchini
- Biomedical Engineering Graduate Progam, University of São Paulo Polytechnic School, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ismar N. Cestari
- Heart Institute-InCor University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Vera M. C. Salemi
- Heart Institute-InCor University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Alexandre Arnold
- Heart Institute-InCor University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Adélia Kakoi
- Heart Institute-InCor University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Camila Rocon
- Heart Institute-InCor University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Vera D. Aiello
- Heart Institute-InCor University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Idágene A. Cestari
- Biomedical Engineering Graduate Progam, University of São Paulo Polytechnic School, São Paulo, Brazil
- Heart Institute-InCor University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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Therapeutic Anticoagulation with Argatroban and Heparins Reduces Granulocyte Migration: Possible Impact on ECLS-Therapy? Cardiovasc Ther 2020; 2020:9783630. [PMID: 32405324 PMCID: PMC7196999 DOI: 10.1155/2020/9783630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Anticoagulants such as argatroban and heparins (low-molecular-weight and unfractionated) play an immense role in preventing thromboembolic complications in clinical practice. Nevertheless, they can also have a negative effect on the immune system. This study is aimed at investigating the influence of these substances on polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs), whose nonspecific defense mechanisms can promote thrombogenesis. Methods Blood samples from 30 healthy volunteers were investigated, whereby PMNs were isolated by density gradient centrifugation and incubated with 0.8 μg/mL of argatroban, 1.0 U/mL of low-molecular-weight heparin (LMWH), 1.0 U/mL of unfractionated heparin (UFH), or without drug (control). A collagen-cell mixture was prepared and filled into 3D μ-slide chemotaxis chambers (IBIDI® GmbH, Germany). Stimulation was initiated by using a chemokine gradient of n-formyl-methionine-leucyl-phenylalanine (fMLP), and microscopic observation was conducted for 4.5 hours. The cells' track length and track straightness, as well as the number of attracted granulocytes, level of ROS (reactive oxygen species) production, and NET (neutrophil extracellular traps) formation, were analyzed and categorized into migration distances and time periods. Results All three anticoagulants led to significantly reduced PMN track lengths, with UFH having the biggest impact. The number of tracks observed in the UFH group were significantly reduced compared to the control group. Additionally, the UFH group demonstrated a significantly lower track straightness compared to the control. ROS production and NET formation were unaffected. Conclusion Our data provide evidence that anticoagulants have an inhibitory effect on the extent of PMN migration and chemotactic migration efficiency, thus indicating their potential immune-modulatory and prothrombotic effects.
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12
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Zhang XM, Li YC, Chen P, Ye S, Xie SH, Xia WJ, Yang JH. MG-132 attenuates cardiac deterioration of viral myocarditis via AMPK pathway. Biomed Pharmacother 2020; 126:110091. [PMID: 32278272 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Revised: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3) is the primary cause of infectious myocarditis. Aggressive immunological activation and apoptosis of myocytes contributes to progressive dysfunction of cardiac contraction and poor prognosis. MG-132, a proteasome inhibitor, regulates mitochondrial-mediated intrinsic myocardial apoptosis and downregulates NF-κB-mediated inflammation. Here, we determined whether AMPK pathway participates in MG-132-mediated myocardial protection in viral-induced myocarditis. METHODS AND RESULTS Acute viral myocarditis models were established by intraperitoneal inoculation of CVB3 in male BALB/c mice. Myocarditis and age-matched control mice were administered MG-132 and/or BML-275 dihydrochloride (BML) (AMPK antagonist) intraperitoneally daily from the day following CVB3 inoculation. MG-132 improved hemodynamics and inhibited the structural remodeling of the ventricle in mice with myocarditis, while BML largely blunted these effects. TUNEL staining and immunochemistry suggested that MG-132 exerts anti-apoptotic and anti-inflammatory effects against CVB3-induced myocardial injuries. BML attenuated the effects of MG-132 on anti-apoptosis and anti-inflammation. CONCLUSION MG-132 modulated apoptosis and inflammation, improved hemodynamics, and inhibited the structural remodeling of ventricles in a myocarditis mouse model via regulation of the AMPK signal pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Min Zhang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, China; The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China
| | - Yue-Chun Li
- The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China
| | - Peng Chen
- The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China
| | - Sheng Ye
- The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China
| | - Shang-He Xie
- The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China
| | - Wu-Jie Xia
- The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China
| | - Jun-Hua Yang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, China.
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13
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Bartus K, Litwinowicz R, Natorska J, Zabczyk M, Undas A, Kapelak B, Lakkireddy D, Lee RJ. Coagulation factors and fibrinolytic activity in the left atrial appendage and other heart chambers in patients with atrial fibrillation: is there a local intracardiac prothrombotic state? (HEART-CLOT study). Int J Cardiol 2020; 301:103-107. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2019.09.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Revised: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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14
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Urolithin B improves cardiac function and reduces susceptibility to ventricular arrhythmias in rats after myocardial infarction. Eur J Pharmacol 2020; 871:172936. [PMID: 31958459 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2020.172936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Revised: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Cardiac fibrosis and inflammation play critical roles in ventricular remodelling after myocardial infarction (MI). Urolithin B (UB), a metabolite of ellagitannin-rich foods, has various biological activities, but its effect on ventricular remodelling after MI has not been determined. The present study evaluated whether UB inhibited ventricular structural remodelling and decreased the occurrence of ventricular arrhythmias after MI. Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats underwent ligation of the left anterior descending coronary artery before randomization to receive phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) or UB at doses of 2.5 mg/kg/day and 5 mg/kg/day via intraperitoneal administration or sham ligation. Cardiac function was assessed using echocardiography, haemodynamic detection and brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) levels 2 weeks post-MI. Hearts were used for electrophysiological testing and molecular and histological analyses. UB (5 mg/kg/day) significantly protected against post-MI cardiac dysfunction. UB markedly reduced infarct areas and myocyte size and attenuated cardiac fibrosis and inflammation post-MI. UB decreased the incidence of ventricular tachycardia and ventricular fibrillation compared to the MI group. We determined that UB inhibited the phosphorylation of JAK2/STAT3 and Smad2/3 signalling molecules. Our data suggest that UB reduces the occurrence of malignant ventricular arrhythmias after MI, which is likely associated with attenuation of ventricular structural remodelling via inactivation of the JAK2/STAT3 and Smad2/3 signalling pathway.
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15
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Fender AC, Kleeschulte S, Stolte S, Leineweber K, Kamler M, Bode J, Li N, Dobrev D. Thrombin receptor PAR4 drives canonical NLRP3 inflammasome signaling in the heart. Basic Res Cardiol 2020; 115:10. [PMID: 31912235 DOI: 10.1007/s00395-019-0771-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 12/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The deleterious effects of diabetes in the heart are increasingly attributed to inflammatory signaling through the NLRP3 (NOD, LRR and PYD domains-containing protein 3) inflammasome. Thrombin antagonists reduce cardiac remodeling and dysfunction in diabetic mice, in part by suppressing fibrin-driven inflammation. The role of cellular thrombin receptor subtypes in this context is not known. We sought to determine the causal involvement of protease-activated receptors (PAR) in inflammatory signaling of the diabetic heart. Mice with diet-induced diabetes showed increased abundance of pro-caspase-1 and pro-interleukin (IL)-1β in the left ventricle (LV), indicating transcriptional NLRP3 inflammasome priming, and augmented cleavage of active caspase-1 and IL-1β, pointing to canonical NLRP3 inflammasome activation. Caspase-11 activation, which mediates non-canonical NLRP3 inflammasome signaling, was not augmented. Formation of the plasma membrane pore-forming protein N-terminal gasdermin D (GDSMD), a prerequisite for IL-1β secretion, was also higher in diabetic vs. control mouse LV. NLRP3, ASC and IL-18 expression did not differ between the groups, nor did expression of PAR1 or PAR2. PAR3 was nearly undetectable. LV abundance of PAR4 by contrast increased with diabetes and correlated positively with active caspase-1. Genetic deletion of PAR4 in mice prevented the diet-induced cleavage of caspase-1, IL-1β and GDSMD. Right atrial appendages from patients with type 2 diabetes also showed higher levels of PAR4, but not of PAR1 or PAR2, than non-diabetic atrial tissue, along with increased abundance of cleaved caspase-1, IL-1β and GSDMD. Human cardiac fibroblasts maintained in high glucose conditions to mimic diabetes also upregulated PAR4 mRNA and protein, and increased PAR4-dependent IL-1β transcription and secretion in response to thrombin, while PAR1 and PAR2 expressions were unaltered. In conclusion, PAR4 drives caspase-1-dependent IL-1β production through the canonical NLRP3 inflammasome pathway in the diabetic heart, providing mechanistic insights into diabetes-associated cardiac thromboinflammation. The emerging PAR4-selective antagonists may provide a feasible approach to prevent cardiac inflammation in patients with diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anke C Fender
- Institute of Pharmacology, West German Heart and Vascular Center, Medical Faculty, University Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstr. 55, 45122, Essen, Germany.
| | - Sonja Kleeschulte
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, West German Heart and Vascular Center, Medical Faculty, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Svenja Stolte
- Institute of Pharmacology, West German Heart and Vascular Center, Medical Faculty, University Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstr. 55, 45122, Essen, Germany
| | - Katja Leineweber
- Institute of Pharmacology, West German Heart and Vascular Center, Medical Faculty, University Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstr. 55, 45122, Essen, Germany
| | - Markus Kamler
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, West German Heart and Vascular Center, Medical Faculty, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Johannes Bode
- Clinic for Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, University Hospital, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Na Li
- Department of Medicine (Section of Cardiovascular Research), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Dobromir Dobrev
- Institute of Pharmacology, West German Heart and Vascular Center, Medical Faculty, University Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstr. 55, 45122, Essen, Germany
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16
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Conway EM. Thrombin: Coagulation's master regulator of innate immunity. J Thromb Haemost 2019; 17:1785-1789. [PMID: 31429203 DOI: 10.1111/jth.14586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Edward M Conway
- Centre for Blood Research, Life Sciences Institute, Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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17
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Decreased M1 macrophage polarization in dabigatran-treated Ldlr-deficient mice: Implications for atherosclerosis and adipose tissue inflammation. Atherosclerosis 2019; 287:81-88. [DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2019.06.897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Revised: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 06/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Resham K, Sharma SS. Pharmacologic Inhibition of Porcupine, Disheveled, and β-Catenin in Wnt Signaling Pathway Ameliorates Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy in Rats. THE JOURNAL OF PAIN 2019; 20:1338-1352. [PMID: 31075529 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpain.2019.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Revised: 02/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Wnt signaling pathway has been investigated extensively for its diverse metabolic and pain-modulating mechanisms; recently its involvement has been postulated in the development of neuropathic pain. However, there are no reports as yet on the involvement of Wnt signaling pathway in one of the most debilitating neurovascular complication of diabetes, namely, diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN). Thus, in the present study, involvement of Wnt signaling was investigated in DPN using Wnt signaling inhibitors namely LGK974 (porcupine inhibitor), NSC668036 (disheveled inhibitor), and PNU74654 (β-catenin inhibitor). Diabetes was induced by a single intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (50 mg/kg) to male Sprague-Dawley rats. Diabetic rats after 6 weeks of diabetes induction showed increased expression of Wnt signaling proteins in the spinal cord (L4-L6 lumbar segment), dorsal root ganglions and sciatic nerves. Subsequent increase in inflammation, endoplasmic reticulum stress and loss of intraepidermal nerve fiber density was also observed, leading to neurobehavioral and nerve functional deficits in diabetic rats. Intrathecal administration of Wnt signaling inhibitors (each at doses of 10 and 30 µmol/L) in diabetic rats showed improvement in pain-associated behaviors (heat, cold, and mechanical hyperalgesia) and nerve functions (motor, sensory nerve conduction velocities, and nerve blood flow) by decreasing the expression of Wnt pathway proteins, inflammatory marker, matrix metalloproteinase 2, endoplasmic reticulum stress marker, glucose-regulated protein 78, and improving intraepidermal nerve fiber density. All these results signify the neuroprotective potential of Wnt signaling inhibitors in DPN. PERSPECTIVE: This study emphasizes the involvement of Wnt signaling pathway in DPN. Blockade of this pathway using Wnt inhibitors provided neuroprotection in experimental DPN in rats. This study may provide a basis for exploring the therapeutic potential of Wnt inhibitors in DPN patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kahkashan Resham
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, S.A.S. Nagar, Punjab, India
| | - Shyam S Sharma
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, S.A.S. Nagar, Punjab, India.
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19
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Fender AC, Wakili R, Dobrev D. Straight to the heart: Pleiotropic antiarrhythmic actions of oral anticoagulants. Pharmacol Res 2019; 145:104257. [PMID: 31054953 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2019.104257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Revised: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 05/01/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Mechanistic understanding of atrial fibrillation (AF) pathophysiology and the complex bidirectional relationship with thromboembolic risk remains limited. Oral anticoagulation is a mainstay of AF management. An emerging concept is that anticoagulants may themselves have potential pleiotropic disease-modifying effects. We here review the available evidence for hemostasis-independent actions of the oral anticoagulants on electrical and structural remodeling, and the inflammatory component of the vulnerable substrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anke C Fender
- Institute of Pharmacology, West-German Heart and Vascular Center, Faculty of Medicine, University Duisburg-Essen, Germany.
| | - Reza Wakili
- Clinic for Cardiology and Angiology, West-German Heart and Vascular Center, Faculty of Medicine, University Duisburg-Essen, Germany
| | - Dobromir Dobrev
- Institute of Pharmacology, West-German Heart and Vascular Center, Faculty of Medicine, University Duisburg-Essen, Germany
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20
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Tao H, Song ZY, Ding XS, Yang JJ, Shi KH, Li J. LncRNAs and miRs as epigenetic signatures in diabetic cardiac fibrosis: new advances and perspectives. Endocrine 2018; 62:281-291. [PMID: 30054866 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-018-1688-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM) is a serious cardiac complication of diabetes, which further lead to heartfailure. It is known that diabetes-induced cardiac fibrosis is a key pathogenic factor contributing topathological changes in DCM. However, pathogenetic mechanisms underlying diabetes cardiac fibrosis arestill elusive. Recent studies have indicated that noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) play a key role in diabetescardiac fibrosis. The increasing complexity of epigenetic regulator poses great challenges to ourconventional conceptions regarding how ncRNAs regulate diabetes cardiac fibrosis. METHODS We searched PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus for manuscripts published prior to April 2018 using keywords "Diabetic cardiomyopathy" AND " diabetes cardiac fibrosis " OR " noncoding RNAs " OR " longnoncoding RNAs " OR " microRNAs " OR "epigenetic". Manuscripts were collated, studied and carriedforward for discussion where appropriate. RESULTS Based on the view that during diabetic cardiac fibrosis, ncRNAs are able to regulate diabetic cardiac fibrosisby targeting genes involved in epigenetic pathways. Many studies have focused on ncRNAs, an epigeneticregulator deregulating protein-coding genes in diabetic cardiac fibrosis, to identify potential therapeutictargets. Recent advances and new perspectives have found that long noncoding RNAs and microRNAs,exert their own effects on the progression of diabetic cardiac fibrosis. CONCLUSION We firstly examine the growing role of ncRNAs characteristics and ncRNAs-regulated genes involved indiabetic cardiac fibrosis. Then, we provide several possible therapeutic strategies and highlight the potentialof molecular mechanisms in which targeting epigenetic regulators are considered as an effective means of treating diabetic cardiac fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Tao
- School of Basic Medical Sciences and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 210009, Nanjing, China
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, The Second Hospital of Anhui Medical University, 230601, Hefei, China
| | - Zheng-Yu Song
- School of Basic Medical Sciences and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 210009, Nanjing, China
| | - Xuan-Sheng Ding
- School of Basic Medical Sciences and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 210009, Nanjing, China.
| | - Jing-Jing Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, The Second Hospital of Anhui Medical University, 230601, Hefei, China
| | - Kai-Hu Shi
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, The Second Hospital of Anhui Medical University, 230601, Hefei, China.
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Jiangsu Province, 210028, Nanjing, China.
| | - Jun Li
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, 230032, Hefei, China
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21
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Kleeschulte S, Jerrentrup J, Gorski D, Schmitt J, Fender AC. Evidence for functional PAR-4 thrombin receptor expression in cardiac fibroblasts and its regulation by high glucose: PAR-4 in cardiac fibroblasts. Int J Cardiol 2018; 252:163-166. [PMID: 29249425 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2017.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2017] [Revised: 09/27/2017] [Accepted: 10/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Thrombin promotes cardiac fibroblast proliferation and fibrosis via protease-activated receptor (PAR-1). PAR-4 is reportedly absent in cardiac fibroblasts. In smooth muscle cells, PAR-4 expression is also low but increases upon hyperglycemia and contributes to vascular remodelling in diabetic mice. We examined if PAR-4 is a glucose-responsive gene with remodelling-related functions in cardiac fibroblasts. METHODS AND RESULTS Cardiac PAR-4 increased in mice with streptozotocin- or diabetogenic diet (DD)-induced diabetes. PAR-4 mRNA and protein were detectable in cardiac fibroblasts from chow-fed mice and increased in high (HG, 25mM) vs. low glucose (LG; 5.5mM) cultures. Conversely PAR-4 mRNA was higher in fibroblasts from DD-fed mice but reduced in LG cultures. Cardiac fibroblasts in HG culture responded more strongly to thrombin or PAR-4 activating peptide in terms of migration (wound-scratch assay), remodelling-associated gene expression (interleukin 6, alpha smooth muscle actin) and oxidative stress (dihydroethidium fluorescence). CONCLUSION PAR-4 is expressed in mouse cardiac fibroblasts and is dynamically regulated by extracellular glucose in vitro and diabetes in vivo, thereby impacting on fibroblast functions relevant for cardiac remodelling. These findings add further evidence for the usefulness of the recently developed PAR-4 antagonists in clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonja Kleeschulte
- Klinik für Gastroenterologie, Hepatologie und Infektiologie, Klinikum der Heinrich-Heine-Universität, 20225 Düsseldorf, Germany(1)
| | - Johann Jerrentrup
- Institut für Pharmakologie & Klinische Pharmakologie, Klinikum der Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Daniel Gorski
- Institut für Pharmakologie & Klinische Pharmakologie, Klinikum der Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Joachim Schmitt
- Institut für Pharmakologie & Klinische Pharmakologie, Klinikum der Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Anke C Fender
- Experimentelle und Klinische Hämostaseologie, Klinik für Anästhesiologie, operative Intensivmedizin und Schmerztherapie, Universitätsklinikum Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany.
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22
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Bulani Y, Srinivasan K, Sharma SS. Attenuation of type-1 diabetes-induced cardiovascular dysfunctions by direct thrombin inhibitor in rats: a mechanistic study. Mol Cell Biochem 2018; 451:69-78. [PMID: 29971544 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-018-3394-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2017] [Accepted: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Chronic diabetes is associated with ventricular dysfunctions in the absence of hypertension and coronary artery diseases. This condition is termed as diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM). There is no favourable treatment available for the management of diabetic cardiomyopathy. Recent studies have reported increase in circulating thrombin level among diabetic patients which is responsible for hypercoagulability of blood. Thrombin induces inflammation and fibrosis, and enhances cardiac cell growth and contractility in vitro. In this study, we have investigated the effects of argatroban; a direct thrombin inhibitor against DCM in streptozotocin-induced type-1 diabetes. Diabetes was induced by single dose of streptozotocin (STZ; 50 mg/kg, i.p.) in male Sprague-Dawley rats. After 4 weeks of diabetes induction, the animals were treated with argatroban (0.3 and 1 mg/kg, i.p. daily) for the next 4 weeks. The effect of argatroban was evaluated against diabetes-associated cardiac dysfunction, structural alteration and protein expression. STZ-induced diabetic rats exhibited significant decline in left ventricular functions. Four weeks of treatments with argatroban significantly improved ventricular functions without affecting heart rate. Further, it also protected heart against structural changes induced by diabetes as shown by reduction in fibrosis, hypertrophy and apoptosis. The improvement in cardiac functions and structural changes was associated with significant reduction in left ventricular expression of thrombin receptor also termed as protease-activated receptor-1 or PAR1, p-AKT (ser-473), p-50 NFκB and caspase-3 proteins. This study demonstrates beneficial effects of argatroban via improvement in cardiac functions and structural changes in STZ-induced DCM. These effects may be attributed through reduction in cardiac inflammation, fibrosis and apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yogesh Bulani
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Sector-67, S.A.S. Nagar, Mohali, 160062, Punjab, India
| | - Krishnamoorthy Srinivasan
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Sector-67, S.A.S. Nagar, Mohali, 160062, Punjab, India
| | - Shyam Sunder Sharma
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Sector-67, S.A.S. Nagar, Mohali, 160062, Punjab, India.
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