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Klein M, Levy T, Shulman C, Lwow E, Silberg T. Exploring the link between parents' differentiation of self and children's externalizing behavior problems: the mediating role of need-supportive vs. need-frustrating parenting practices. Front Psychol 2024; 15:1387944. [PMID: 39188864 PMCID: PMC11346033 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1387944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 07/22/2024] [Indexed: 08/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Objective Externalizing behavior problems (EBPs) are common in children, with significant long-term impact on the child and family members. Parents, particularly mothers, of children with EBPs often experience heightened emotional distress. One crucial factor affecting parents' ability to manage this distress is their level of differentiation-of-self (DOS). Differentiated parents are more likely to engage in practices that meet their child's psychological needs, thus supporting the self-determination theory principles vital for a child's well-being. This study examined the impact of parental DOS on parenting practices and subsequently on the child's EBPs, exploring possible differences between mothers and fathers. Methods Thirty-two mother-father dyads with children aged 6-14, diagnosed with EBPs participated. Parents completed the Differentiation of Self Inventory-Short Form, the Revised Parents as a Social Context Questionnaire, and the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire to assess parental DOS, practices, and child's EBPs, respectively. Adjusted parallel mediation models examined the mediating role of parental practices in the relationship between parental DOS and a child's EBPs. Results While no direct link between parental DOS and child's symptoms was found, a complete mediation model indicated need-frustrating practices mediating between parental DOS and a child's EBPs, for both mothers and fathers. Additionally, fathers' need-supportive practices, but not mothers', were negatively associated with the child's symptoms. Discussion These findings highlight the interaction between parental traits, need-frustrating practices, and a child's psychopathology. Notably, fathers' supportive behaviors emerged as potential protective factors against child's EBPs, suggesting promising directions for future research and interventions targeting fathers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Klein
- School of Social Work and Social Welfare, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
- Behavior Regulation Service, Geha Mental Health Center, Petah Tikva, Israel
- Department of Social Work, Tel-Hai Academic College, Upper Galilee, Israel
| | - Tomer Levy
- Behavior Regulation Service, Geha Mental Health Center, Petah Tikva, Israel
- Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Cory Shulman
- School of Social Work and Social Welfare, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Etan Lwow
- Ayeka-The Developmental Bond, Development and Parenting Center, Kfar Saba, Israel
| | - Tamar Silberg
- Department of Psychology, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel
- Department of Pediatric Rehabilitation, Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat-Gan, Israel
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2
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Seijo D, Fariña F, Fernández MP, Arce R. Adaptation of the Coparenting Relationship Scale Questionnaire to Spanish Parents with Offspring. CHILDREN (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 11:535. [PMID: 38790530 PMCID: PMC11119224 DOI: 10.3390/children11050535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Revised: 04/21/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024]
Abstract
The scientific literature supports that practicing positive coparenting leads to the healthy development of children. Consequently, professional interest in parenting and coparenting has experienced significant growth, and evaluating coparenting is crucial in family psychology for establishing action protocols in clinical practice. An instrument highly regarded within the scientific community for evaluating coparenting dynamics is The Coparenting Relationship Scale (CRS). This research aims to achieve two objectives: first, to adapt the CRS for the Spanish population of both engaged and separated/divorced parents and to ascertain its reliability, validity, and factorial invariance psychometric properties; second, to assess the effectiveness of the total coparenting measure in categorizing sample participants. A cross-sectional non-experimental investigation was conducted to address these objectives. The first objective was answered by conducting an instrumental study, and the second by an exploratory study using classification techniques and a causal-comparative study using multivariate inferential methods. It was concluded that the model comprising 20 items across two factors, Positive Coparenting and Negative Perception of Coparenting, is the simplest and best fit for the Spanish parent sample; it is invariant regarding gender and marital status, and the measures derived from each factor demonstrate reliability and convergent and discriminant validity. The resulting questionnaire for Spanish parents is named CRS-SEg-S&D. The Coparental Vitality measure calculated using the total weighted measure of CRS-SEg-S&D allows the sample of participants to be divided into three differentiated clusters called Coparental Robustness, Moderate Coparenting, and Coparenting Rickets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dolores Seijo
- Forensic Psychology Unit, Department of Political Science and Sociology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (D.S.); (R.A.)
| | | | | | - Ramón Arce
- Forensic Psychology Unit, Department of Political Science and Sociology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (D.S.); (R.A.)
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O’Hara KL, Cummings EM, Davies PT. Interparental conflict and adolescent emotional security across family structures. FAMILY PROCESS 2024; 63:265-283. [PMID: 36929144 PMCID: PMC10504417 DOI: 10.1111/famp.12872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2022] [Revised: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated whether interparental conflict was differentially related to forms of emotional security (i.e., family, interparental, parent-child) and whether forms of emotional security were differentially associated with mental health problems for adolescents in married versus divorced/separated families. Participants were 1032 adolescents (ages 10-15; 51% male, 49% female; 82% non-Hispanic White, 9% Black/African American, 5% Hispanic, 2% Asian or Pacific Islander, 2% Native American) recruited from a public school in a middle-class suburb of a United States metropolitan area. We used multiple group multivariate path analysis to assess (1) associations between interparental conflict and multiple measures of emotional insecurity (i.e., family, interparental, and parent-child), (2) associations between measures of emotional insecurity and internalizing and externalizing problems, and (3) moderation effects of parent-child relationships. The patterns of association were similar across family structures. A high-quality parent-child relationship did not mitigate the harmful effects of interparental conflict on emotional insecurity or mental health problems. Findings suggest that regardless of family structure, emotional security across multiple family systems may be a critical target for intervention to prevent youth mental health problems, in addition to interventions that reduce conflict and improve parent-child relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karey L. O’Hara
- REACH Institute, Department of Psychology, Arizona State University
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Yoon S, Lee JY, Yang J, Wang J, Zhang Y, Kim M, Schoppe-Sullivan S. Coparenting Profiles and Children's Socioemotional Outcomes in Unmarried Parents with Low-Income. JOURNAL OF MARRIAGE AND THE FAMILY 2024; 86:288-302. [PMID: 38988624 PMCID: PMC11233117 DOI: 10.1111/jomf.12952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2024]
Abstract
Objective This study aimed to examine patterns of mother-father coparenting relationship quality and their associations with child empathy, emotional insecurity, and behavior problems in families with low income. Background Given the growing number of nonmarital births and the high risk of relationship dissolution among cohabiting couples living with low income, it is important to examine the coparenting relationships among racially diverse unmarried couples from low-income contexts. To date, little research has assessed patterns of coparenting relationships and their associations with child socioemotional outcomes among this population. Method Participants were 4,266 unmarried couples and their preschool-aged children from the Building Strong Families study. Latent profile analysis was conducted. Results Latent profile analysis of survey data from mothers and fathers revealed four coparenting patterns: Profile 1: low quality, more negative maternal coparenting perceptions (7.2%); Profile 2: moderate-high quality, high congruence, slightly more negative paternal coparenting perceptions (25.2%); Profile 3: low congruence, severely more negative maternal coparenting perceptions (11.8%); and Profile 4: mutual high-quality coparenting (55.8%). Conclusion Children of parents with the mutual high-quality coparenting profile had the most positive outcomes according to maternal reports of child socioemotional development. Highly congruent and positive perceptions of the other parent as a coparent were found to be significant promotive factors for positive child socioemotional development. Implications Family strengthening policies and programs for unmarried couples with low income should target and support the development of mutually satisfying, high-quality coparenting relationships, with the ultimate goal to improve developmental outcomes for young children in such families.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Yoon
- College of Social Work, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
- Department of Social Welfare, College of Social Sciences, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Joyce Y. Lee
- College of Social Work, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Junyeong Yang
- Quantitative Research, Evaluation and Measurement, College of Education and Human Ecology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Jingyi Wang
- Department of Psychology, College of Arts and Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Yiran Zhang
- College of Social Work, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Minjung Kim
- Quantitative Research, Evaluation and Measurement, College of Education and Human Ecology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Sarah Schoppe-Sullivan
- Department of Psychology, College of Arts and Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
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5
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Wen L, Yang K, Cao Y, Qu M, Xiu M. Parental marital status and anxiety symptoms in adolescents: the mediating effect of childhood maltreatment. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2023:10.1007/s00406-023-01717-4. [PMID: 38060034 DOI: 10.1007/s00406-023-01717-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
Although previous studies have established the association between parental marital status and mental health problems in adolescents, however, the adverse effects of incomplete family settings and childhood maltreatment on adolescent anxiety symptoms have not been fully investigated. Moreover, whether childhood maltreatment can mediate the relationship between parental marital status and anxiety symptoms remains unclear. A population-based cross-sectional study was performed among 35,573 adolescents in elementary schools across 17 provinces in China. And childhood maltreatment, resilience, and anxiety symptoms were assessed among adolescents, respectively. The parental marital status was self-reported as having two married biological parents, divorced parents, stepparents, and single-parent. We found that the rates of anxiety symptoms among adolescents were 35.1% in intact families, 48.8% in divorced families, 49% in stepparent families, and 48% in single-parent families. Divorced parents (aOR = 1.191, 95% CI [1.060-1.337]) was an independent risk factor for adolescents' anxiety symptom while having stepparents and single-parent were not. In addition, emotional abuse (aOR = 1.300, 95% CI [1.285-1.316]), sexual abuse (aOR = 1.088, 95% CI [1.063-1.114]), and physical neglect (aOR = 1.019, 95% CI [1.007-1.031]) were all independent risk factors for anxiety symptoms in adolescents, while physical abuse and emotional neglect were not. The negative impacts of divorced and remarried parents on adolescent anxiety symptoms were mediated by childhood maltreatment partially (64.9% and 72.2%), while childhood maltreatment completely mediated the adverse impacts of single-parent on adolescent anxiety symptoms. Childhood maltreatment intervention strategies could be necessary for anxiety symptoms of adolescents in divorced/stepparent/single-parent families.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lulu Wen
- Neurology Department, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100053, China
| | - Kun Yang
- Evidence-Based Department, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yujia Cao
- Neurology Department, Third Affiliated Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Miao Qu
- Neurology Department, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100053, China.
| | - Meihong Xiu
- Peking University Huilongguan Clinical Medical School, Beijing Huilongguan Hospital, Changping District, Beijing, 100096, China.
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Bower-Brown S, Foley S, Jadva V, Golombok S. Grappling with tradition: the experiences of cisgender, heterosexual mothers and fathers in elective co-parenting arrangements. JOURNAL OF FAMILY STUDIES 2023; 30:82-103. [PMID: 38351908 PMCID: PMC10860887 DOI: 10.1080/13229400.2023.2209060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
Elective co-parenting families, meaning two (or more parents) who are not in a romantic relationship having a child together, are becoming more common amongst cisgender, heterosexual parents. The study of elective co-parenting families offers researchers a unique opportunity to decouple co-parenting relationships from romantic relationships, but little research to date has explored their experiences. This study explored two research questions: why do individuals decide to enter into elective co-parenting arrangements? And how do they manage their co-parenting arrangement and their relationship with their co-parent? Interview data from 10 elective co-parents (5 mothers and 5 fathers) were analyzed according to the principles of reflexive thematic analysis. Sociological theorisations of family practices, family display and family thinking were utilized to make sense of the data. The results centred around two organizing themes ('Reproducing the traditional family' and 'Modernising the traditional family'), and participants experienced a tension between these two ideas. Participants aimed to manage their co-parenting relationship with shared values and friendship, but defining their relationship was complex and gendered parenting patterns were ubiquitous. Findings add nuance to theorisations of family life and demonstrate that traditional parenthood ideologies remain pervasive, as parents aim to imagine and pursue parenthood on their own terms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susie Bower-Brown
- Centre for Family Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Thomas Coram Research Unit, University College London, London, UK
| | - Sarah Foley
- Moray House School of Education and Sport, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Vasanti Jadva
- London Institute for Women’s Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Susan Golombok
- Centre for Family Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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Pinto TM, Míguez MC, Figueiredo B. Couple's Relationship during the Transition to Parenthood and Toddler's Emotional and Behavioral Problems. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:882. [PMID: 36613202 PMCID: PMC9819747 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20010882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2022] [Revised: 12/25/2022] [Accepted: 12/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The literature has mainly focused on the impact of the negative aspects of the couple's relationship on the toddler's internalizing and externalizing problems. This study explored the impact of the positive and negative dimensions of the couple's relationship during the transition to parenthood on toddlers' psychological adjustment, considering the concurrent impact of the couple's relationship at 30 months postpartum. The sample comprised 115 mothers and fathers (N = 230) recruited during the 1st trimester of pregnancy. The mothers and fathers individually completed a measure of the couple's relationship (Relationship Questionnaire) during the first trimester of pregnancy, at 3 and 30 months postpartum, and the Child Behavior Checklist 1.5-5 at 30 months postpartum. Multiple linear regressions, cluster analyses, and univariate and multivariate analyses of variance were conducted. The positive dimension at the 1st trimester of pregnancy and the negative dimension of the couple's relationship at 3 months postpartum were the strongest predictors of the toddler's internalizing problems, while the negative dimension at 3 months postpartum and the positive dimension of the couple's relationship at 30 months postpartum were the strongest predictors of the toddler's externalizing problems. Two patterns of the couple's relationship (adjusted vs. non-adjusted) during the transition to parenthood were identified. Higher levels of internalizing and externalizing problems were found in toddlers from couples with a non-adjusted couple's relationship. Findings suggested the impact of both positive and negative dimensions of the couple's relationship during the transition to parenthood on the toddler's emotional and behavioral problems. Promoting the couple's relationship adjustment during the transition to parenthood can help to prevent toddlers' emotional and behavioral problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiago Miguel Pinto
- School of Psychology, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
- HEI-Lab: Digital Human-Environment Interaction Lab, Lusófona University, 1749-024 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - M. Carmen Míguez
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychobiology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15705 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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8
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Ren Y, Zou S, Wang H, Ying J, Wang X, Wu X. Fathers and mothers' parenting stress and adolescent depressive symptoms: the mediating roles of overt and covert coparenting conflict behaviors. Child Adolesc Psychiatry Ment Health 2022; 16:102. [PMID: 36517917 PMCID: PMC9748880 DOI: 10.1186/s13034-022-00531-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND It is yet to be clarified if and how parenting stress was linked to adolescent depressive symptoms during the pandemic. OBJECTIVES This study adopted an interdependent approach to examine the relationship between parenting stress and adolescent depressive symptoms in Chinese families. It then examined the mediating effects of overt and covert coparenting conflict behaviors. METHODS As a national survey, data were obtained from different regions in China. Fathers, mothers, and adolescents from 1031 families participated in this study. The fathers and mothers reported parenting stress; the adolescents rated their fathers and mothers' overt and covert coparenting conflict behaviors and their own depressive symptoms. RESULTS Maternal parenting stress was related to adolescent depressive symptoms through the mediating effects of paternal overt and maternal covert coparenting conflict behaviors. Both paternal and maternal parenting stress were directly related to adolescent depressive symptoms. However, maternal parenting stress had a more substantial effect on adolescent depressive symptoms than paternal parenting stress. CONCLUSIONS The findings support the effects of parenting stress on adolescent depressive symptoms. The study also highlights the mediating roles of paternal overt and maternal covert coparenting conflict behaviors in relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yizhen Ren
- grid.20513.350000 0004 1789 9964Beijing Key Laboratory of Applied Experimental Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Xinjiekouwai Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100875 China
| | - Shengqi Zou
- grid.411427.50000 0001 0089 3695Center for Mind & Brain Science, Cognition and Hunan Behavior Key Laboratory of Human Province, Department of Psychology, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410006 China
| | - Hui Wang
- grid.20513.350000 0004 1789 9964Department of Psychology, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Beijing Normal University at Zhuhai, Zhuhai, 519087 China
| | - Jiefeng Ying
- grid.20513.350000 0004 1789 9964Beijing Key Laboratory of Applied Experimental Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Xinjiekouwai Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100875 China
| | - Xinyi Wang
- grid.20513.350000 0004 1789 9964Beijing Key Laboratory of Applied Experimental Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Xinjiekouwai Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100875 China
| | - Xinchun Wu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Applied Experimental Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Xinjiekouwai Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100875, China.
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Ferraro AJ, Lucier-Greer M. The Case for Multidimensional Co-Parenting Behaviors as Sources of Chronic Stress: Understanding Pathways to Mental Health Symptomology Among Divorced and Separating Adults. JOURNAL OF FAMILY NURSING 2022; 28:353-367. [PMID: 36173128 DOI: 10.1177/10748407221124235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The co-parenting relationship matters for postdivorce parental adjustment. This study explores the relative impact of different forms of co-parenting behaviors, coupled with an individual's psychological resources, in explaining parent mental health in recently divorced or separated parents (n = 355). A latent variable structural equation model was fit to examine pathways between dimensions of co-parenting (support, overt conflict, self-controlled covert conflict, and externally controlled covert conflict), various psychological resources (satisfaction with the divorce decree, perceived competence of the co-parent, and self-efficacy), and adverse mental health symptomology. Significant direct pathways were identified between overt co-parenting conflict and adverse mental health. Indicators of co-parenting quality were tied differentially to various resources. Indirect effects were found for both self-controlled covert conflict and overt conflict on adverse mental health symptomology through self-efficacy. Leverage points and considerations for health professionals and practitioners working with divorcing parents are discussed.
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Ciprić A, Hald GM, Strizzi JM, Lange T, Austin D, Sander S, Øverup CS. The future of divorce support: Is "digital" enough in presence of conflict? JOURNAL OF MARITAL AND FAMILY THERAPY 2022; 48:1128-1146. [PMID: 35288952 PMCID: PMC9790432 DOI: 10.1111/jmft.12588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Revised: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Divorce conflict is the main driver of adverse postdivorce health adjustments among divorcing families. Despite the growing potential of online divorce support programs, there is concern that such solutions might not be sufficient to impact health-related disparities among high-conflict divorcees. The present study examined the effectiveness of the digital "Cooperation after Divorce" intervention as a function of conflict among 1856 recently divorced Danish residents. Linear mixed-effect regression modeling suggested that, although higher levels of divorce conflict at judicial divorce predicted worse health outcomes up to 1 year following divorce, the effectiveness of the digital divorce intervention did not vary as a function of the initial level of divorce conflict. Individuals in the intervention group with higher conflict in divorce still reported worse health at 12 months follow-up than those with lower levels of divorce conflict; however, much lower than the control group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Ciprić
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health and Medical SciencesUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
| | - Gert Martin Hald
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health and Medical SciencesUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
| | - Jenna Marie Strizzi
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health and Medical SciencesUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
| | - Theis Lange
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health and Medical SciencesUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
| | - David Austin
- School of Psychology, Faculty of HealthDeakin UniversityMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
| | - Søren Sander
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health and Medical SciencesUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
| | - Camilla Stine Øverup
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health and Medical SciencesUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
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Cao H, Fine MA, Zhou N. The Divorce Process and Child Adaptation Trajectory Typology (DPCATT) Model: The Shaping Role of Predivorce and Postdivorce Interparental Conflict. Clin Child Fam Psychol Rev 2022; 25:500-528. [PMID: 35106699 PMCID: PMC8805665 DOI: 10.1007/s10567-022-00379-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Divorce has been conceptualized as a process. Research has extensively demonstrated that it is pre/postdivorce family environment factors that primarily account for the variability in children's adaptation over parental divorce process rather than the legal divorce per se. Amongst various factors, interparental conflict has been consistently identified as a prominent one. Surprisingly, a single source is still lacking that comprehensively synthesizes the extant findings. This review fills this gap by integrating the numerous findings across studies into a more coherent Divorce Process and Child Adaptation Trajectory Typology (DPCATT) Model to illustrate that pre/postdivorce interparental conflict plays crucial roles in shaping child adaptation trajectories across parental divorce process. This review also summarizes the mechanisms (e.g., child cognitive and emotional processes, coparenting, parent-child relations) via which pre/postdivorce interparental conflict determines these trajectories and the factors (e.g., child gender and age, child coping, grandparental support) that interact with pre/postdivorce interparental conflict to further complicate these trajectories. In addition, echoing the call of moving beyond the monolithic conceptualization of pre/postdivorce interparental conflict, we also review studies on the differential implications of different aspects (e.g., frequency versus intensity) and types (e.g., overt versus covert) of interparental conflict for child adjustment. Last, limitations of prior studies and avenues for future research are discussed. The proposed framework may serve as a common knowledge base for researchers to compare/interpret results, detect cutting edges of the fields, and design new studies. The specificity, complexity, nuance, and diversity inherent within our proposed model await to be more fully revealed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongjian Cao
- Institute of Early Childhood Education, Faculty of Education, Beijing Normal University, 512 Ying Dong Building, No. 19 Xin Jie Kou Wai Street, Hai Dian District, Beijing, 100875 China
| | - Mark A. Fine
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, 134 Stone Building, Greensboro, NC 27402 USA
| | - Nan Zhou
- Department of Educational Psychology and School Counseling, Faculty of Education, Beijing Normal University, 528 Ying Dong Building, No. 19 Xin Jie Kou Wai Street, Hai Dian District, Beijing, 100875 China
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12
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Zhao F, Wu H, Li Y, Zhang H, Hou J. The Association between Coparenting Behavior and Internalizing/Externalizing Problems of Children and Adolescents: A Meta-Analysis. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:10346. [PMID: 36011980 PMCID: PMC9407961 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph191610346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to determine the association between coparenting behavior and children's externalizing and internalizing problems and possible factors that may moderate their associations. A meta-analysis of 93 studies involving 41,207 participants found that coparenting behavior was slightly and significantly related to externalizing problems, r = -0.17, 95% CI [-0.194, -0.15], and internalizing problems, r = -0.16, 95% CI [-0.18, -0.14]. In addition, coparenting integrity, cooperation, conflict, competitiveness, and triangulation were significantly related to externalizing and internalizing problems. Moderation analyses revealed the following findings: (a) data reporter moderated the association between coparenting and internalizing problems, with children-report coparenting showing a significantly stronger relation with internalizing symptom than father-report coparenting; (b) developmental stage was found to moderate the association between coparenting behavior and externalizing problems, with stronger association found in childhood than in toddlerhood; (c) female percentage, individualism-collectivism culture, research methods, and publication year were not found to moderate the association between coparenting behavior and externalizing or internalizing problems. These findings help summarize the previous studies and provide an empirical basis for the relation between coparenting and child externalizing/internalizing problems, and benefits targeted interventions towards coparenting behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengqing Zhao
- School of Education, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Haomeng Wu
- School of Education, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Yixuan Li
- Department of Psychology, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, China
| | - Huifang Zhang
- School of Education, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Jie Hou
- School of Education, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
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13
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Stolnicu A, De Mol J, Hendrick S, Gaugue J. Healing the Separation in High-Conflict Post-divorce Co-parenting. Front Psychol 2022; 13:913447. [PMID: 35795415 PMCID: PMC9252605 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.913447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
ObjectiveOur research aim is to enrich the conceptualization of high conflict post-divorce co-parenting by understanding the dynamic process involved.BackgroundThe studied phenomena were explored by linking previous scientific knowledge to practice.MethodWe cross-referenced the previous study results with the experiences reported by eight professionals and tried to answer the following research question: how professionals’ experience and previous scientific knowledge contribute to a better understanding of HC post-divorce co-parenting? Individual face to face interviews were conducted and analyzed regarding the qualitative theoretical reasoning of thematic analysis.ResultsAnalysis allowed us to highlight how four main axes are related to HC post-divorce co-parenting: (1) Parents for life, (2) Acting in the child’s best interests, (3) Managing disagreements, and (4) Healing the separation.ConclusionOur findings capture high conflict post-divorce co-parenting as a multidimensional dynamic process. As such, dealing with co-parenting disagreements must be understood as a moment in a process that is influenced by, and influences, other dimensions.ImplicationsInterventions must consider the four dimensions and their reciprocal interactions. The essential elements underlying parents’ difficulties may reside at a multiplicity of levels: inter-relational, contextual, and intrapsychic. Each level contains key potential factors in understanding these families, and in formulating intervention guidelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Stolnicu
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Mons, Mons, Belgium
- *Correspondence: Alexandra Stolnicu,
| | - Jan De Mol
- Sciences Research Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Stephan Hendrick
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Mons, Mons, Belgium
| | - Justine Gaugue
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Mons, Mons, Belgium
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Giannotti M, Mazzoni N, Bentenuto A, Venuti P, de Falco S. Family adjustment to COVID-19 lockdown in Italy: Parental stress, coparenting, and child externalizing behavior. FAMILY PROCESS 2022; 61:745-763. [PMID: 34195986 PMCID: PMC8444949 DOI: 10.1111/famp.12686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Revised: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Evidence of psychological distress in families during COVID-19 outbreak are arising. However, the perceived changes in psychological adjustment during home confinement with respect to the period before the pandemic have not been addressed yet. Moreover, little is known about the role of coparenting and specific COVID-19 contextual variables on parental stress and children's behavioral difficulties in the Italian context. Using a cross-sectional survey, we collected data on 841 Italian parents of children aged 3-11 years with typical development during the home confinement (20th April-18th May). We analyzed levels of parental stress, coparenting, and child externalizing behaviors before and during the home confinement. Additionally, hierarchical regressions were performed to investigate predictors of parental stress and child externalizing behaviors during the lockdown. Results showed that parental stress (especially in mothers) and child externalizing behaviors increased during the lockdown period. Coparenting was a strong predictor of parental stress, together with being a mother, younger child age, less time dedicated to the child, and scarce feasibility of remote working. Besides, child externalizing behaviors were predicted by male gender, less parental time dedicated to the child, higher parental stress, and child distance learning workload. Our findings indicate a negative impact of COVID-19 lockdown in both parents and children, suggesting that positive coparenting and time dedicated to children may help to reduce the detrimental effect of pandemic restrictions on family adjustment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Giannotti
- Department of Psychology and Cognitive SciencesObservation, Diagnosis and Education LabUniversity of TrentoRovereto, TrentoItaly
| | - Noemi Mazzoni
- Department of Psychology and Cognitive SciencesObservation, Diagnosis and Education LabUniversity of TrentoRovereto, TrentoItaly
| | - Arianna Bentenuto
- Department of Psychology and Cognitive SciencesObservation, Diagnosis and Education LabUniversity of TrentoRovereto, TrentoItaly
| | - Paola Venuti
- Department of Psychology and Cognitive SciencesObservation, Diagnosis and Education LabUniversity of TrentoRovereto, TrentoItaly
| | - Simona de Falco
- Department of Psychology and Cognitive SciencesObservation, Diagnosis and Education LabUniversity of TrentoRovereto, TrentoItaly
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15
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Tomlinson CS, Rudd BN, Applegate AG, Diaz A, Holtzworth‐Munroe A. Lessons for a COVID-19 era: Barriers and facilitators to court ordered online parenting programs for divorcing and separating parents. FAMILY COURT REVIEW 2022; 60:303-321. [PMID: 35601202 PMCID: PMC9111673 DOI: 10.1111/fcre.12643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Family courts are increasingly interested in online parenting programs for divorcing and separating parents, particularly during the COVID-19 pandemic. To our knowledge, no previous study has evaluated the barriers to and facilitators of parent participation in these programs for family law cases. We interviewed 61 parents in the midst of family law cases regarding their perspectives. While many parents viewed online parent programs positively (e.g., convenient), they also reported barriers to participation (e.g., technology problems). We offer recommendations (e.g., communication about program benefits) to support courts as they decide whether to continue ordering online parent programs following the pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire S. Tomlinson
- Department of Psychological and Brain SciencesIndiana UniversityBloomingtonIndianaUSA
| | - Brittany N. Rudd
- Institute for Juvenile Research, Department of PsychiatryUniversity of Illinois at ChicagoChicagoIllinoisUSA
| | | | | | - Amy Holtzworth‐Munroe
- Department of Psychological and Brain SciencesIndiana UniversityBloomingtonIndianaUSA
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16
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Post-Separation Physical Custody Arrangements in Germany: Examining Sociodemographic Correlates, Parental Coparenting, and Child Adjustment. SOCIAL SCIENCES-BASEL 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/socsci11030114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Most children continue to live with their mother after a divorce or separation, yet paternal involvement in post-separation families has increased substantially in many Western nations. This shift has contributed to a growing share and more diverse set of post-separation parents opting for shared physical custody (SPC), which typically means that children alternate between the parental residences for substantive amounts of time. Profiling the case of Germany, where no legal regulations facilitating SPC are implemented to date, we examine the prevalence of SPC families, sociodemographic correlates of SPC, and its associations with parental coparenting and child adjustment. Using representative survey data sampled in 2019 (N = 800 minors of 509 separated parents), results revealed that only 6–8% of children practiced SPC. SPC parents were more likely to hold tertiary levels of schooling and to report a better coparenting relationship with the other parent. There was no link between SPC and child adjustment, yet conflictual coparenting was linked to higher levels of hyperactivity among SPC children. We conclude that the social selection into SPC and linkages between conflictual coparenting and hyperactivity among SPC children likely stem from the higher costs and the constant level of communication between the ex-partners that SPC requires.
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17
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Foran HM, Mueller J, Schulz W, Hahlweg K. Cohabitation, Relationship Stability, Relationship Adjustment, and Children's Mental Health Over 10 Years. Front Psychol 2022; 12:746306. [PMID: 35185668 PMCID: PMC8847607 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.746306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding risk factors for relationship dissolution and poor relationship adjustment among couples has been an active area of research in relationship science. One risk factor, non-marital cohabitation, has shown to predict higher rates of relationship dissolution and relationship instability in some samples, but the associations among German parents with children over time are less clear. In this study, we examined the links between non-marital cohabitation and 10-year outcomes (relationship dissolution, relationship adjustment over time, and child internalizing and externalizing symptoms) in 220 German families with preschool-aged children at the initial assessment followed into adolescence. Families were assessed 7 times over the 10 years and retention at the 10-year follow-up was over 92%. After accounting for multiple testing, only mother’s report of better initial interparental communication predicted whether parents were likely to stay together over the course of the 10 years. Adolescents of parents who cohabited were at higher risk for externalizing symptoms 10 years later compared to children of married parents. In addition, although there were no differences between cohabiting couples and married couples at the initial assessment in relationship adjustment, cohabiting mothers who stayed with their partner over the 10 years showed significantly greater declines in relationship adjustment over the 10 years compared to married mothers. Findings indicate the need for further research that explores family structure and dynamics over time to inform refinement of prevention programs targeting relationships and children’s mental health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather M Foran
- Department of Health Psychology, University of Klagenfurt, Klagenfurt, Austria
| | - Janina Mueller
- Department of Health Psychology, University of Klagenfurt, Klagenfurt, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Schulz
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Psychotherapy, and Assessment, Technical University of Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Kurt Hahlweg
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Psychotherapy, and Assessment, Technical University of Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
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18
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Noa C, Hanita K, Carmit K. "It is a matter of life or death": Spotlighting Children in the Context of HIPD as Perceived by Frontline Practitioners. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 4:307-324. [PMID: 34368625 PMCID: PMC8329903 DOI: 10.1007/s42448-021-00082-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
It is a wide consensus that high-intensity parental disputes (HIPD) might result in negative ramifications for children. The current study wishes to advance the knowledge regarding what children undergo during the acute time of the dispute, as portrayed by experienced frontline social workers mandated by the court to intervene with parents and their children in the context of HIPD. Ninety-four social workers participated in ten focus groups and five in-depth interviews. A thorough analysis of the narratives revealed three main themes. The first relates to their tremendous fear for the children's wellbeing, often displayed by the words "burn" and "death." The second theme addresses the practitioners' reflections with respect to the various experiences the children undergo during the acute time of HIPD and their risk assessments. The third theme addresses the practitioners' struggle in identifying how to protect the children during these times. The discussion spotlights the exposure of children to HIPD as a prolonged and chronic risk, with potentially adverse emotional and physical impacts. Key conclusions address the need to advance children's rights and the protection of children in the context of HIPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cohen Noa
- Bob Shapell School of Social Work, Tel Aviv University, 69978 Tel Aviv, Ramat Aviv Israel
| | - Kosher Hanita
- The Paul Baerwald School of Social Work and Social Welfare, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Katz Carmit
- Bob Shapell School of Social Work, Tel Aviv University, 69978 Tel Aviv, Ramat Aviv Israel
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19
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Parenting Styles, Coparenting, and Early Child Adjustment in Separated Families with Child Physical Custody Processes Ongoing in Family Court. CHILDREN-BASEL 2021; 8:children8080629. [PMID: 34438520 PMCID: PMC8394593 DOI: 10.3390/children8080629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Coparenting conflict and triangulation after separation or divorce are associated with poorer child adjustment when parenting gatekeeping and conflict occur. Fewer studies reported psychosocial adjustment of children under three. We explored the effects of authoritarian and permissive parenting styles and negative coparenting on child adjustment in a purpose sample of 207 Portuguese newly separated/divorced parents (50.2% mothers/49.8% fathers) with sole or joint (49.8%/50.2%) physical custody processes ongoing in court. Parents filled out the Parenting Styles Questionnaire-Parents' report, the Coparenting Questionnaire, and the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire. Parenting and coparenting moderations path analysis to predict child adjustment were tested for two groups (2/3-year-old child/>3-year-old-child) and showed a good fit, followed by multigroup path analysis with similarities. Findings suggest harsh parenting and interparental conflict and triangulation as predictors for poor early child adjustment. The ongoing custody process could contribute to increased interparental conflict. The families' unique functioning, parenting, and conflict should be considered in young children custody decisions made in a particularly stressful period when the parental responsibilities' process is still ongoing and conflict may increase to serve the best interest of the child and promote healthy development. Future directions and practical implications are discussed.
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20
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Yu Y, Xiao Y. Coparenting Alleviated the Effect of Psychological Distress on Parental Psychological Flexibility. Front Psychol 2021; 12:646380. [PMID: 34335362 PMCID: PMC8322113 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.646380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Parenting is full of challenges and responsibilities. It is particularly important for parents to be open to parental difficult experiences and adopt behaviors consistent with self-chosen values, which termed as parental psychological flexibility (PPF). However, few studies have focused on the effect of psychological distress (anxiety and depression) on different components of PPF. This study examined the effect of psychological distress on the three components of PPF (cognitive defusion, committed action, and acceptance) as well as the role of coparenting quality in Chinese parents. A total of 462 parents of children aged 1–18 years completed self-report measures of anxiety, depression, coparenting, and PPF. Our results revealed that higher level of PPF went along with less anxiety and depression, while it was also associated with better coparenting quality. Coparenting partially mediated the effect of anxiety on cognitive defusion and acceptance and fully mediated the effect of depression on cognitive defusion and acceptance. Moderation analyses showed that the link between anxiety and cognitive defusion, as well as the link between anxiety and acceptance were moderated by coparenting. We discussed the implications of coparenting as a protective factor in alleviating the negative effect of psychological distress on PPF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongju Yu
- Department of Social Work, School of Sociology and Law, Sichuan International Studies University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yan Xiao
- Department of Social Work, School of Sociology and Law, Sichuan International Studies University, Chongqing, China
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21
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Heintz-Martin V, Recksiedler C, Langmeyer AN. Household Debt, Maternal Well-Being, and Child Adjustment in Germany: Examining the Family Stress Model by Family Structure. JOURNAL OF FAMILY AND ECONOMIC ISSUES 2021; 43:338-353. [PMID: 34248320 PMCID: PMC8259093 DOI: 10.1007/s10834-021-09777-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The amount of household debt tripled globally over the last decades and a sizable share of individuals and families are overindebted due to mortgages, credit cards, or consumer debt. Yet research on the distribution of debt across families, and potential ripple effects of the psychological burden related to debt on well-being and family relations, remains sparse. Our study aims to fill these gaps by examining the socio-demographic profiles of families that have accumulated household debt and the unique role that the psychological burden related to debt plays on associations between mothers' well-being, parental dynamics, and child adjustment based on the Family Stress Model (FSM). We used representative survey data collected in 2019 from Germany (N = 3271), which is one of the richest economies worldwide, yet about 10% of adults reported to be overindebted. Logistic regression results showed that single mothers were less likely to have debt compared to mothers in two-parent families. However, both single mothers and mothers in stepfamilies with high levels of perceived economic strain were particularly likely to report having debt. Structural equation modeling yielded that the links between the psychological burden of debt, maternal well-being, parental dynamics, and child adjustment were largely in line with the FSM, except for single mothers. We conclude that persisting financial disparities by family structure may be partially fostered by unique characteristics of the German welfare state, such as promoting more a traditional two-parent norm, and discuss our findings in light of practical implications.
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22
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The Relationship between Differentiation of Self and Psychological Adjustment to Separation. Healthcare (Basel) 2021; 9:healthcare9060738. [PMID: 34208457 PMCID: PMC8235787 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare9060738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Revised: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Many individuals suffer negative mental health consequences such as anxiety and depression following separation from a romantic partner and/or co-parenting conflict due to divorce. Consequently, treating the psychological aftermath of divorce and partner separation remains a predominant concern for mental health practitioners. According to family systems theory, high interdependence and low differentiation of self are associated with a lessened capacity for managing anxiety or adapting to stressful events since intense emotions may inhibit the ability to cope. To assess the relationship between differentiation of self and psychological adjustment to separation, 84 divorced adults completed an online survey. Multiple regression analysis demonstrated that a model based on fusion with others, I-position, and emotional cutoff was a statistically significant predictor of lonely/negativity. Bivariate correlation analyses confirmed significant linear relationships between fusion with others, lonely/negativity, and co-parenting conflict. No differences between genders were found. There is a continuing need to develop interventions to address the negative consequences of divorce, help reduce emotional suffering, and encourage healthy co-parenting. Individuals struggling with psychological adjustment post-divorce, or those seeking education for managing the psychological effects of divorce and co-parenting, may benefit from counseling strategies that incorporate an assessment of differentiation of self and psychological adjustment to separation.
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23
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Pizarro KW, Surkan PJ, Bustamante IV. The Social Ecology of Parental Monitoring: Parent-Child Dynamics in a High-Risk Peruvian Neighborhood. FAMILY PROCESS 2021; 60:199-215. [PMID: 32356372 DOI: 10.1111/famp.12542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
While parental monitoring is understood to protect adolescents from engaging in risk behaviors, little is known about how the family dynamics involved in parental monitoring differ across sociocultural contexts. We sought to gain an in-depth understanding of parent-child relationship dynamics and parental knowledge of adolescents' activities in an urban Peruvian neighborhood with high levels of crime and adolescent substance use. We conducted 15 in-depth interviews and two focus groups with adolescents and 12 in-depth interviews with mothers sampled from a secondary school in Callao, Peru. Our findings emphasize the importance of parent-child confianza (trust) as a foundation for parental awareness of adolescents' lives and activities. Participants in our sample characterized confianza as encouraging adolescent disclosure and shaping how parental solicitation and rules were interpreted by adolescents. Participants described how confianza was rooted in features of the parent-child relationship, including shared parent-child time, parental affection, adolescent perceptions of parents' ability to give good advice, and awareness of how parents would react to delicate topics. Participants linked these family dynamics, in turn, to economic hardship, parental feelings of sacrifice and stress, perceptions of neighborhood risk, and gender norms limiting fathers' involvement in caregiving. Results have implications for the planning and adaptation of family-based prevention programs for use in high-risk contexts in Latin America.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine W Pizarro
- Department of Social and Transcultural Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Pamela J Surkan
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Inés V Bustamante
- Departament of Public Health, School of Public Health and Administration, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Perú
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24
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Bentenuto A, Mazzoni N, Giannotti M, Venuti P, de Falco S. Psychological impact of Covid-19 pandemic in Italian families of children with neurodevelopmental disorders. RESEARCH IN DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES 2021; 109:103840. [PMID: 33383468 PMCID: PMC9186313 DOI: 10.1016/j.ridd.2020.103840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Research on the psychological impact of the COVID-19 pandemic highlighted negative effects on the general population and particularly on parents. However, little is known about families of children with Neurodevelopmental Disorder (NDD). The present study investigated parental stress, coparenting, and child adjustment in Italian families with children with NDD (N = 82) and typical developing children (TD, N = 82) during lockdown, using an online survey. Results of quantitative analyses showed a significant increase in parental stress and child externalizing behaviors, but not of coparenting. Parental stress is predicted by externalizing behaviors, and coparenting acted as a moderator in the relationship between the change in the amount of time spent with the children before and during lockdown and parental stress. In children with NDD, the decrease in therapeutic/rehabilitation support predicted higher externalizing behaviors. Qualitative analysis showed that beyond the difficulties and worries arising during lockdown, most of the parents appreciated the opportunity of spending more time with their children and strengthening the parent-child relationship. In conclusion, our results point out the importance of ensuring continuity of care for children with NDD (e.g. telehealth) during home confinement and of providing psychological support for parents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arianna Bentenuto
- Department of Psychology and Cognitive Science, University of Trento, Corso Bettini, 38068, Rovereto, TN, Italy.
| | - Noemi Mazzoni
- Department of Psychology and Cognitive Science, University of Trento, Corso Bettini, 38068, Rovereto, TN, Italy.
| | - Michele Giannotti
- Department of Psychology and Cognitive Science, University of Trento, Corso Bettini, 38068, Rovereto, TN, Italy.
| | - Paola Venuti
- Department of Psychology and Cognitive Science, University of Trento, Corso Bettini, 38068, Rovereto, TN, Italy.
| | - Simona de Falco
- Department of Psychology and Cognitive Science, University of Trento, Corso Bettini, 38068, Rovereto, TN, Italy.
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Thompson-Walsh C, Scott KL, Lishak V, Dyson A. How domestically violent Fathers impact children's social-emotional development: Fathers' psychological functioning, parenting, and coparenting. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2021; 112:104866. [PMID: 33387680 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2020.104866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Revised: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Most children exposed to father-perpetrated domestic violence (DV) continue to have contact or live with fathers, yet there is little research on the impact of fathering in the context of domestic violence. OBJECTIVE This paper aimed to identify pathways from children's exposure to father-perpetrated DV to compromised social-emotional outcomes. Based on extant literature on fathering and domestic violence, psychological, parenting, and coparenting features in DV fathers were identified as potential mediators of the relationship between child exposure to DV and their social-emotional outcomes. PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING Participants were 123 fathers with confirmed histories of DV perpetration and 101 comparison fathers without such histories. METHODS Fathers completed self-report measures during two assessment sessions held at the university. Simple mediation analyses were used to examine pathways between fathers' DV perpetration and child internalizing and externalizing difficulties through potential mediators. RESULTS Paternal depression, hostility, and coparenting difficulties significantly mediated the relationship between child exposure to DV and child internalizing and externalizing difficulties. Low paternal warmth was associated with child externalizing difficulties but did not function as a mediator. Paternal over-reactivity and laxness, in contrast, were not significantly correlated with DV perpetration or with child internalizing or externalizing outcomes. CONCLUSIONS This study suggests that fathers' emotion regulation and coparenting difficulties are important correlates of his DV perpetration and of their children's psychological symptoms and should be considered as potential foci for parenting intervention with this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Thompson-Walsh
- Department of Applied Psychology and Human Development, Ontario Institute for Studies in Education, 252 Bloor St. West, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 1C6, Canada.
| | - Katreena L Scott
- Department of Applied Psychology and Human Development, Ontario Institute for Studies in Education, 252 Bloor St. West, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 1C6, Canada.
| | - Victoria Lishak
- Department of Applied Psychology and Human Development, Ontario Institute for Studies in Education, 252 Bloor St. West, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 1C6, Canada.
| | - Amanda Dyson
- Department of Applied Psychology and Human Development, Ontario Institute for Studies in Education, 252 Bloor St. West, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 1C6, Canada.
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Couto RN, Fonseca PND, Guerra VM, Gouveia VV. Crescimento Pós-Traumático após Divórcio: Contribuição dos Valores para Além das Variáveis Demográficas. PSICOLOGIA: TEORIA E PESQUISA 2021. [DOI: 10.1590/0102.3772e375147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Resumo Objetivou-se verificar em que medida os valores humanos explicam o crescimento pós-traumático no contexto do divórcio, controlando o efeito das variáveis idade, sexo e tempo de divorciado. Responderam ao Inventário de Crescimento Pós-Traumático, Questionário de Valores Básicos e questões demográficas 200 pessoas que vivenciaram o divórcio (M idade = 38,4, DP = 11,51). Entre as variáveis demográficas, unicamente o sexo foi importante para explicar o crescimento, mais evidente entre mulheres. Ademais, os valores humanos se mostraram um construto importante. Subfunções sociais (interativa e normativa) e a de existência foram as mais importantes; entre os valores pessoais, unicamente os da subfunção realização lograram fazê-lo. Concluindo, estes achados foram discutidos à luz da literatura, sinalizando a importância dos valores humanos.
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van Dijk R, van der Valk IE, Deković M, Branje S. A meta-analysis on interparental conflict, parenting, and child adjustment in divorced families: Examining mediation using meta-analytic structural equation models. Clin Psychol Rev 2020; 79:101861. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cpr.2020.101861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Revised: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Lamela D, Figueiredo B, Jongenelen I, Morais A, Simpson JA. Coparenting and Relationship Satisfaction in Mothers: The Moderating Role of Sociosexuality. ARCHIVES OF SEXUAL BEHAVIOR 2020; 49:861-870. [PMID: 31897833 DOI: 10.1007/s10508-019-01548-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2017] [Revised: 09/02/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
This study explored the moderating effect of sociosexual orientation on the association between coparenting alliance/coparenting conflict and relationship satisfaction in mothers in a romantic relationship. Sociosexuality is defined as a personality trait that reflects the individual difference in willingness to engage in uncommitted sexual relations. The study examined a community sample of 635 Portuguese mothers with a monogamous heterosexual relationship. Data on coparenting, relationship satisfaction, and sociosexual orientation were collected. The results revealed the moderating effect of sociosexuality on the significant associations between both coparenting alliance and coparenting conflict predicting relationship satisfaction. For the association between coparenting alliance and relationship satisfaction, mothers with a more restricted sociosexual orientation reported the highest levels of satisfaction when their coparenting alliance was high, but the lowest levels of satisfaction when coparenting alliance was low. For the association between coparenting conflict and relationship satisfaction, mothers with a more restricted sociosexual orientation reported the highest levels of satisfaction when their coparenting conflict was low, but the lowest levels when coparenting conflict was high. Together, the results suggest that especially for women with a more restricted sociosexual orientation, coparenting quality explains significant interindividual variability in relationship satisfaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diogo Lamela
- Digital Human-Environment Interaction Lab, Lusófona, University of Porto, Rua Augusto Rosa 24, 4900-098, Porto, Portugal.
| | | | - Inês Jongenelen
- Digital Human-Environment Interaction Lab, Lusófona, University of Porto, Rua Augusto Rosa 24, 4900-098, Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana Morais
- Digital Human-Environment Interaction Lab, Lusófona, University of Porto, Rua Augusto Rosa 24, 4900-098, Porto, Portugal
| | - Jeffry A Simpson
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
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Leys C, Arnal C, Kotsou I, Van Hecke E, Fossion P. Pre-eminence of parental conflicts over parental divorce regarding the evolution of depressive and anxiety symptoms among children during adulthood. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF TRAUMA & DISSOCIATION 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejtd.2019.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Abstract
Zusammenfassung. Die Qualität der elterlichen Partnerschaft und des Coparenting zählen zu den wichtigsten familiären Schutzfaktoren für die kindliche Entwicklung, wobei sie vielschichtig zusammenhängen. Aufgrund der unterschiedlichen Familiensysteme und -beziehungen könnten sich diese Zusammenhänge zwischen Kern-, Trennungs- und Stieffamilien unterscheiden, was bislang noch kaum untersucht wurde. Diese Übersichtsarbeit vergleicht Studien zum Zusammenhang zwischen Partnerschaftsqualität und Coparenting in verschiedenen Familienformen. Deskriptiv unterscheidet sich die Stärke des Zusammenhangs kaum zwischen Kern- und Trennungsfamilien, während in Stieffamilien ein tendenziell schwächerer Zusammenhang besteht. Allerdings konnte eine Varianzanalyse keine signifikanten Unterschiede nachweisen. Der Beitrag diskutiert die Rolle der Paarbeziehung und des Coparenting in verschiedenen Familienformen und die praktische Bedeutung ihres Zusammenspiels für die kindliche Entwicklung.
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Pinto TM, Figueiredo B. Attachment and coparenting representations in men during the transition to parenthood. Infant Ment Health J 2019; 40:850-861. [PMID: 31402479 DOI: 10.1002/imhj.21820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Coparenting is based on parents' representations of themselves as coparents. Attachment theory can be a useful framework to understand the way that different coparenting representations are developed during the transition to parenthood. This study aimed to analyze the association between men's attachment and coparenting representations at the first trimester of pregnancy and from the first trimester of pregnancy to 6 months' postpartum. A sample of 86 men was recruited and completed self-report measures of attachment and coparenting representations at the first and third trimester of pregnancy and at 1 and 6 months' postpartum. At the first trimester of pregnancy, higher attachment avoidance was associated with higher lack of coparenting support. From the first trimester of pregnancy to 6 months' postpartum, higher attachment avoidance was associated with (a) a steeper increase on lack of coparenting support, (b) an increase on coparenting conflict (while low attachment avoidance was associated with a decrease), and (c) a lower decrease on coparenting disagreement. This study may contribute to coparenting research by showing new evidence on attachment theory as a useful framework to understand how different coparenting representations are developed in men during the transition to parenthood.
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Choi JK, Becher EH. Supportive Coparenting, Parenting Stress, Harsh Parenting, and Child Behavior Problems in Nonmarital Families. FAMILY PROCESS 2019; 58:404-417. [PMID: 29924390 DOI: 10.1111/famp.12373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Supportive coparenting is an identified protective factor for child development and behavioral outcomes. What is less known is how supportive coparenting dynamically links with other aspects of parenting and parent well-being, particularly in multi-stressed nonmarital families. This study used data from the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing study, analyzed within a structural equation model, to explore how mothers' experience of maternal depression, maternal age, father education, and SES interacted with their parenting stress and supportive coparenting to impact child behavioral problems and harsh parenting practices. Among the findings, more supportive coparenting was found to be significantly associated with fewer child behavioral problems and less harsh parenting. Transmitted through supportive coparenting and parenting stress acting as mediator, maternal depressive symptoms were indirectly and positively related to harsh parenting practices and child behavior problems. These findings are discussed within the context of the broader literature and next steps for research are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong-Kyun Choi
- Department of Child, Youth & Family Studies, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE
| | - Emily H Becher
- Extension Center for Family Development, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, MN
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Lamela D, Jongenelen I, Pinto R, Levendosky A. Typologies of intimate partner violence-maternal parenting and children's externalizing problems: The moderating effect of the exposure to other forms of family violence. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2018; 81:60-73. [PMID: 29723700 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2018.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2017] [Revised: 04/22/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Typologies of IPV and parenting practices in mothers who experienced police-reported IPV remain surprisingly unexplored, in addition to how those typologies are linked with children's externalizing problems. Using data from 162 Portuguese mother-child dyads with a police or child protection services referral of IPV, this study aimed to: (a) identify IPV-parenting typologies; (b) test the associations between typologies and children's externalizing problems, and (c) examine the moderating effect of children's exposure to other forms of family violence in those associations. Using a person-centered approach, two IPV-parenting typologies were found: a spillover typology, with high levels of physical, psychological, and sexual violence and high levels of harsh and inconsistent parenting practices; and a compartmentalized typology, with high levels of physical, psychological, and sexual violence and lower ineffective parenting practices. Results also showed that externalizing symptoms (reported by mothers and teachers) were significantly lower in children of mothers in the compartmentalized typology compared to those in the spillover typology. Children's direct exposure to other forms of family violence moderated this association. Findings suggested that children with a high exposure to other forms of family violence showed the highest levels of externalizing problems when their mothers were classified into the spillover typology, and they exhibited the lowest levels of externalizing problems when their mothers were classified in the compartmentalized typology.
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Yárnoz-Yaben S, Guzmán-González M, Comino P, Garrido L, Contreras P, Rivera D. Life satisfaction in divorced or separated people: a comparison between Spain and Chile / La satisfacción vital en personas divorciadas o separadas: una comparación entre España y Chile. STUDIES IN PSYCHOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/02109395.2017.1407904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Priscila Comino
- Escuela de Magisterio, Vitoria. Universidad del País Vasco — Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea
| | | | - Paula Contreras
- Escuela de Psicología, Universidad Católica del Norte, Chile
| | - Diana Rivera
- Escuela de Psicología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile
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Hardesty JL, Ogolsky BG, Raffaelli M, Whittaker A, Crossman KA, Haselschwerdt ML, Mitchell ET, Khaw L. Coparenting relationship trajectories: Marital violence linked to change and variability after separation. JOURNAL OF FAMILY PSYCHOLOGY : JFP : JOURNAL OF THE DIVISION OF FAMILY PSYCHOLOGY OF THE AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION (DIVISION 43) 2017; 31:844-854. [PMID: 29083205 PMCID: PMC5665379 DOI: 10.1037/fam0000323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Associations between marital intimate partner violence (IPV) and postseparation coparenting relationship trajectories were examined among 135 mothers who participated in 5 interviews at 3-month intervals in the year following their divorce filing. Growth curve analysis was conducted to assess change and variability in coparenting dimensions (i.e., conflict, support, communication about child rearing, and harassment) in the overall sample and by type of IPV. In the overall sample, coparenting conflict, communication about child rearing, and harassment decreased across the year following separation. However, coparenting relationships differed considerably based on marital IPV experiences. At Time 1, mothers in relationships with coercive controlling violence (CCV) reported higher levels of harassment and conflict, and lower levels of support and communication about coparenting, than mothers with situational couple violence (SCV) or no violence (NV). Furthermore, coparenting relationship trajectories differed significantly by IPV group, with mothers who experienced CCV showing more variability in conflict and harassment, and more marked changes in conflict, support, and harassment. Despite many similarities, mothers with SCV showed higher initial levels of harassment compared to mothers with NV. Findings can support family court and social service professionals' efforts to individualize interventions with divorcing parents based on IPV experiences. In cases of CCV, for example, attention to heightened control dynamics in the immediate separation period remain critical but the persistent volatility across the first year suggests the potential for chronic stress. With SCV, practitioners may be able to capitalize on parents' reasonable levels of communication and steady coparenting support. (PsycINFO Database Record
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L Hardesty
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
| | - Brian G Ogolsky
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
| | - Marcela Raffaelli
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
| | - Angela Whittaker
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
| | | | | | | | - Lyndal Khaw
- Department of Family and Child Studies, Montclair State University
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Lamela D, Jongenelen I, Morais A, Figueiredo B. Cognitive-affective depression and somatic symptoms clusters are differentially associated with maternal parenting and coparenting. J Affect Disord 2017; 219:37-48. [PMID: 28505501 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2017.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2016] [Revised: 04/24/2017] [Accepted: 05/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Both depressive and somatic symptoms are significant predictors of parenting and coparenting problems. However, despite clear evidence of their co-occurrence, no study to date has examined the association between depressive-somatic symptoms clusters and parenting and coparenting. The current research sought to identify and cross-validate clusters of cognitive-affective depressive symptoms and nonspecific somatic symptoms, as well as to test whether clusters would differ on parenting and coparenting problems across three independent samples of mothers. METHOD Participants in Studies 1 and 3 consisted of 409 and 652 community mothers, respectively. Participants in Study 2 consisted of 162 mothers exposed to intimate partner violence. All participants prospectively completed self-report measures of depressive and nonspecific somatic symptoms and parenting (Studies 1 and 2) or coparenting (Study 3). RESULTS Across studies, three depression-somatic symptoms clusters were identified: no symptoms, high depression and low nonspecific somatic symptoms, and high depression and nonspecific somatic symptoms. The high depression-somatic symptoms cluster was associated with the highest levels of child physical maltreatment risk (Study 1) and overt-conflict coparenting (Study 3). No differences in perceived maternal competence (Study 2) and cooperative and undermining coparenting (Study 3) were found between the high depression and low somatic symptoms cluster and the high depression-somatic symptoms cluster. CONCLUSIONS The results provide novel evidence for the strong associations between clusters of depression and nonspecific somatic symptoms and specific parenting and coparenting problems. Cluster stability across three independent samples suggest that they may be generalizable. The results inform preventive approaches and evidence-based psychotherapeutic treatments.
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Lamela D, Figueiredo B, Bastos A. A moderated cumulative model of personality adjustment in divorced adults: implications for counselling. BRITISH JOURNAL OF GUIDANCE & COUNSELLING 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/03069885.2017.1335854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Alice Bastos
- School of Education, Polytechnic Institute of Viana do Castelo, Viana do Castelo, Portugal
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Petren RE, Ferraro AJ, Davis TR, Pasley K. Factors Linked with Coparenting Support and Conflict After Divorce. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/10502556.2017.1300013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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