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Zhao Y, Wang Z, Chen Y, Feng M, Liu X, Chen H, Wang N, Wang Z, Cao S, Ren J, Liu X, Zhao Y, Zhang Y. Asprosin aggravates atherosclerosis via regulating the phenotype transformation of vascular smooth muscle cells. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 268:131868. [PMID: 38677690 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.131868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2024] [Revised: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024]
Abstract
Phenotype transformation of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) plays an important role in the development of atherosclerosis. Asprosin is a newly discovered adipokine, which is critical in regulating metabolism. However, the relationship between asprosin and phenotype transformation of VSMCs in atherosclerosis remains unclear. The aim of this study is to investigate whether asprosin affects the progression of atherosclerosis by inducing phenotype transformation of VSMCs. We established an atherosclerosis model in ApoE-/- mice and administered asprosin recombinant protein and asprosin antibody to mice. Knocking down asprosin was also as an intervention. Interestingly, we found a correlation between asprosin levels and atherosclerosis. Asprosin promoted plaque formation and phenotype transformation of VSMCs. While, AspKD or asprosin antibody reduced the plaque lesion and suppressed vascular stiffness in ApoE-/- mice. Mechanistically, asprosin induced phenotype transformation of MOVAs by binding to GPR54, leading to Gαq/11 recruitment and activation of the PLC-PKC-ERK1/2-STAT3 signaling pathway. Si GPR54 or GPR54 antagonist partially inhibited the action of asprosin in MOVAs. Mutant GPR54-(267, 307) residue cancelled the binding of asprosin and GPR54. In summary, this study confirmed asprosin activated GPR54/Gαq/11-dependent ERK1/2-STAT3 signaling pathway, thereby promoting VSMCs phenotype transformation and aggravating atherosclerosis, thus providing a new target for the treatment of atherosclerosis.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Atherosclerosis/metabolism
- Atherosclerosis/pathology
- Atherosclerosis/genetics
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/metabolism
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/pathology
- Mice
- Phenotype
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/metabolism
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/pathology
- Fibrillin-1/metabolism
- Fibrillin-1/genetics
- Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/metabolism
- Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/genetics
- Male
- Signal Transduction
- Disease Models, Animal
- Apolipoproteins E/deficiency
- Apolipoproteins E/genetics
- Apolipoproteins E/metabolism
- Humans
- Extracellular Matrix Proteins/metabolism
- Extracellular Matrix Proteins/genetics
- Mice, Knockout
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Frigid Zone Cardiovascular Diseases (SKLFZCD), Department of Pharmacology, State Key Labratoray-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Research, Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China; Department of Pathophysiology, Province Key Laboratory of Medicine-Food Homologous Resources and Prevention and Treatment of Metabolic Diseases, Basic Medical College, Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar 161000, China
| | - Zhengkai Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Frigid Zone Cardiovascular Diseases (SKLFZCD), Department of Pharmacology, State Key Labratoray-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Research, Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China
| | - Yi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Frigid Zone Cardiovascular Diseases (SKLFZCD), Department of Pharmacology, State Key Labratoray-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Research, Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China
| | - Min Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Frigid Zone Cardiovascular Diseases (SKLFZCD), Department of Pharmacology, State Key Labratoray-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Research, Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China
| | - Xinxin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Frigid Zone Cardiovascular Diseases (SKLFZCD), Department of Pharmacology, State Key Labratoray-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Research, Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China
| | - Huan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Frigid Zone Cardiovascular Diseases (SKLFZCD), Department of Pharmacology, State Key Labratoray-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Research, Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China
| | - Nannan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Frigid Zone Cardiovascular Diseases (SKLFZCD), Department of Pharmacology, State Key Labratoray-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Research, Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China
| | - Zhiqi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Frigid Zone Cardiovascular Diseases (SKLFZCD), Department of Pharmacology, State Key Labratoray-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Research, Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China
| | - Shifeng Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Frigid Zone Cardiovascular Diseases (SKLFZCD), Department of Pharmacology, State Key Labratoray-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Research, Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China
| | - Jing Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Frigid Zone Cardiovascular Diseases (SKLFZCD), Department of Pharmacology, State Key Labratoray-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Research, Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China
| | - Xue Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Frigid Zone Cardiovascular Diseases (SKLFZCD), Department of Pharmacology, State Key Labratoray-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Research, Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China
| | - Yixiu Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Frigid Zone Cardiovascular Diseases (SKLFZCD), Department of Pharmacology, State Key Labratoray-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Research, Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China.
| | - Yan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Frigid Zone Cardiovascular Diseases (SKLFZCD), Department of Pharmacology, State Key Labratoray-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Research, Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China.
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Israel I, Riehl G, Butt E, Buck AK, Samnick S. Gallium-68-Labeled KISS1-54 Peptide for Mapping KISS1 Receptor via PET: Initial Evaluation in Human Tumor Cell Lines and in Tumor-Bearing Mice. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 17:44. [PMID: 38256878 PMCID: PMC10821118 DOI: 10.3390/ph17010044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Kisspeptins (KPs, KISS1) and their receptor (KISS1R) play a pivotal role as metastasis suppressor for many cancers. Low or lost KP expression is associated with higher tumor grade, increased metastatic potential, and poor prognosis. Therefore, KP expression has prognostic relevance and correlates with invasiveness in cancers. Furthermore, KISS1R represents a very promising target for molecular imaging and therapy for KISS1R-expressing tumors. The goal of this study was to evaluate the developed KISS1-54 derivative, [68Ga]KISS1-54, as a PET-imaging probe for KISS1R-expressing tumors. The NODAGA-KISS1-54 peptide was labeled by Gallium-68, and the stability of the resulting [68Ga]KISS1-54 evaluated in injection solution and human serum, followed by an examination in different KISS1R-expressing tumor cell lines, including HepG2, HeLa, MDA-MB-231, MCF7, LNCap, SK-BR-3, and HCT116. Finally, [68Ga]KISS1-54 was tested in LNCap- and MDA-MB-231-bearing mice, using µ-PET, assessing its potential as an imaging probe for PET. [68Ga]KISS1-54 was obtained in a 77 ± 7% radiochemical yield and at a >99% purity. The [68Ga]KISS1-54 cell uptake amounted to 0.6-4.4% per 100,000 cells. Moreover, the accumulation of [68Ga]KISS1-54 was effectively inhibited by nonradioactive KISS1-54. In [68Ga]KISS1-54-PET, KISS1R-positive LNCap-tumors were clearly visualized as compared to MDA-MB-231-tumor implant with predominantly intracellular KISS1R expression. Our first results suggest that [68Ga]KISS1-54 is a promising candidate for a radiotracer for targeting KISS1R-expressing tumors via PET.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ina Israel
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Würzburg, Oberdürrbacher Straße 6, 97080 Würzburg, Germany; (I.I.); (G.R.); (A.K.B.)
| | - Gabriele Riehl
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Würzburg, Oberdürrbacher Straße 6, 97080 Würzburg, Germany; (I.I.); (G.R.); (A.K.B.)
| | - Elke Butt
- Institute of Experimental Biomedicine II, University Hospital Würzburg, Josef-Schneider-Straße 2, 97080 Würzburg, Germany;
| | - Andreas K. Buck
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Würzburg, Oberdürrbacher Straße 6, 97080 Würzburg, Germany; (I.I.); (G.R.); (A.K.B.)
| | - Samuel Samnick
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Würzburg, Oberdürrbacher Straße 6, 97080 Würzburg, Germany; (I.I.); (G.R.); (A.K.B.)
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Gelman IH. Metastasis suppressor genes in clinical practice: are they druggable? Cancer Metastasis Rev 2023; 42:1169-1188. [PMID: 37749308 DOI: 10.1007/s10555-023-10135-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/27/2023]
Abstract
Since the identification of NM23 (now called NME1) as the first metastasis suppressor gene (MSG), a small number of other gene products and non-coding RNAs have been identified that suppress specific parameters of the metastatic cascade, yet which have little or no ability to regulate primary tumor initiation or maintenance. MSG can regulate various pathways or cell biological functions such as those controlling mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway mediators, cell-cell and cell-extracellular matrix protein adhesion, cytoskeletal architecture, G-protein-coupled receptors, apoptosis, and transcriptional complexes. One defining facet of this gene class is that their expression is typically downregulated, not mutated, in metastasis, such that any effective therapeutic intervention would involve their re-expression. This review will address the therapeutic targeting of MSG, once thought to be a daunting task only facilitated by ectopically re-expressing MSG in metastatic cells in vivo. Examples will be cited of attempts to identify actionable oncogenic pathways that might suppress the formation or progression of metastases through the re-expression of specific metastasis suppressors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irwin H Gelman
- Department of Cancer Genetics & Genomics, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Elm and Carlton Streets, Buffalo, NY, 14263, USA.
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Megino-Luque C, Bravo-Cordero JJ. Metastasis suppressor genes and their role in the tumor microenvironment. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2023; 42:1147-1154. [PMID: 37982987 PMCID: PMC10842895 DOI: 10.1007/s10555-023-10155-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/21/2023]
Abstract
The metastatic cascade is a complex process with multiple factors contributing to the seeding and growth of cancer cells at metastatic sites. Within this complex process, several genes have been identified as metastasis suppressors, playing a role in the inhibition of metastasis. Interestingly, some of these genes have been shown to also play a role in regulating the tumor microenvironment. In this review, we comment on the recent developments in the biology of metastasis suppressor genes and their crosstalk with the microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Megino-Luque
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, The Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jose Javier Bravo-Cordero
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, The Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
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Harihar S, Welch DR. KISS1 metastasis suppressor in tumor dormancy: a potential therapeutic target for metastatic cancers? Cancer Metastasis Rev 2023; 42:183-196. [PMID: 36720764 PMCID: PMC10103016 DOI: 10.1007/s10555-023-10090-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Present therapeutic approaches do not effectively target metastatic cancers, often limited by their inability to eliminate already-seeded non-proliferative, growth-arrested, or therapy-resistant tumor cells. Devising effective approaches targeting dormant tumor cells has been a focus of cancer clinicians for decades. However, progress has been limited due to limited understanding of the tumor dormancy process. Studies on tumor dormancy have picked up pace and have resulted in the identification of several regulators. This review focuses on KISS1, a metastasis suppressor gene that suppresses metastasis by keeping tumor cells in a state of dormancy at ectopic sites. The review explores mechanistic insights of KISS1 and discusses its potential application as a therapeutic against metastatic cancers by eliminating quiescent cells or inducing long-term dormancy in tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sitaram Harihar
- Department of Genetic Engineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Chennai, Tamil Nadu 603203, India
| | - Danny R. Welch
- Department of Cancer Biology, The Kansas University Medical Center, Kansas City, USA
- The University of Kansas Comprehensive Cancer Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd. Kansas City, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
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Kim CW, Lee HK, Nam MW, Lee G, Choi KC. The role of KiSS1 gene on the growth and migration of prostate cancer and the underlying molecular mechanisms. Life Sci 2022; 310:121009. [PMID: 36181862 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2022.121009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Metastatic prostate cancers have a high mortality rate. KiSS1 was originally identified as a metastasis suppressor gene in metastatic melanoma and breast cancer, but its role in prostate cancer has been contradictory. This study was therefore undertaken to investigate the effects of KiSS1 overexpression on the growth and migration of human metastatic prostate cancer cells. We first tested the effect of KiSS1 overexpression on the growth and migration of DU145 human metastatic prostate cancer cells in vitro. DU145 cells were infected with the culture medium of 293T cells, which produce lentivirus particles containing KiSS1. A 2.5-fold increase in proliferation of KiSS1-overexpressing cancer cells was observed, and these cells formed tumor spheroids about 3 times larger than the vector control group. qPCR and immunoblotting revealed the association between increased cell growth and regulation of the PI3K/Akt and cell cycle genes, and also that increases in β-catenin and CD133 contribute to tumor aggregation. KiSS1 overexpression resulted in upregulation of the β-arrestin1/2 and Raf-MEK-ERK-NF-κB pathways via KiSS1R. Moreover, the migration and invasion of KiSS1-overexpressing cells were determined to be faster than the control group, along with 1.6-fold increased metastatic colonization of the KiSS1-overexpressing cancer cells. These were associated to the regulation of EMT gene expressions, such as E-cadherin and N-cadherin, and the upregulation of MMP9. In a xenograft mouse model inoculated with DU145 cells infected GFP or KiSS1 via a lentiviral vector, KiSS1 statistically significantly increased the tumor growth, with upregulation of PCNA and Ki-67 in the tumor tissues. In addition, KiSS1 increased the angiogenic capacity by upregulating VEGF-A and CD31, both in vitro and in vivo. Taken together, our results indicate that KiSS1 not only induces prostate cancer proliferation, but also promotes metastasis by increasing the migration, invasion, and angiogenesis of malignant cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cho-Won Kim
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Hong Kyu Lee
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Woo Nam
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Gabsang Lee
- Institute for Cell Engineering, Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Kyung-Chul Choi
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea.
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Radiofrequency Hyperthermia Enhances Locally Delivered Oncolytic Immuno-Virotherapy for Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol 2022; 45:1812-1821. [PMID: 35902397 DOI: 10.1007/s00270-022-03210-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the effect of radiofrequency hyperthermia (RFH)-enhanced oncolytic immuno-virotherapy on in vitro pancreatic adenocarcinoma cell line and in vivo rat pancreatic cancer model. MATERIALS AND METHODS Rat pancreatic adenocarcinoma cell line and 24 Lewis rats with orthotopic pancreatic adenocarcinomas underwent treatment with either (1) oncolytic virotherapy (talimogene laherparepvec [T-VEC]) plus RFH at 42 °C for 30 min; (2) oncolytic virotherapy-only; (3) RFH-only; or (4) saline (control). MTS assays and flow cytometry were used to analyze tumor cell viability and apoptosis levels 24 h after treatment. In the in vivo studies, bioluminescence optical/x-ray imaging and ultrasound imaging was used to assess tumor viability and size 7 and 14 days after treatment. Histopathologic analysis was performed after hematoxylin and eosin staining, TUNEL, Ki-67, and immunohistochemical staining with CD8 and ANK61. RESULTS Combination therapy (T-VEC + RFH) induced decreased cell viability and increased cell apoptosis compared to T-VEC alone, RFH alone, or control. Optical/x-ray imaging and ultrasound imaging demonstrated decreased tumor bioluminescent signal and tumor volume relative to baseline after combination therapy compared to T-VEC alone, RFH alone, or control. Histopathology demonstrated decreased tumor volume and cell proliferation, increased CD8+ T cell and NK cell infiltration in tumors treated with the combination therapy compared to other three groups. CONCLUSION RFH enhances locally delivered oncolytic immuno-virotherapy for pancreatic adenocarcinoma, with decreased cell viability and increased apoptosis observed after combination therapy in vitro, and decreased cell viability and tumor volume and increased immune cell infiltrate observed after combination therapy in vivo.
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Wang Q, Wang H, Ding Y, Wan M, Xu M. The Role of Adipokines in Pancreatic Cancer. Front Oncol 2022; 12:926230. [PMID: 35875143 PMCID: PMC9305334 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.926230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In modern society, inappropriate diets and other lifestyle habits have made obesity an increasingly prominent health problem. Pancreatic cancer (PC), a kind of highly aggressive malignant tumor, is known as a silent assassin and is the seventh leading cause of cancer death worldwide, pushing modern medicine beyond help. Adipokines are coming into notice because of the role of the intermediate regulatory junctions between obesity and malignancy. This review summarizes the current evidence for the relationship between highly concerning adipokines and the pathogenesis of PC. Not only are classical adipokines such as leptin and adiponectin included, but they also cover the recognized chemerin and osteopontin. Through a summary of the biological functions of these adipokines as well as their receptors, it was discovered that in addition to their basic function of stimulating the biological activity of tumors, more studies confirm that adipokines intervene in the progression of PC from the viewpoint of tumor metabolism, immune escape, and reprogramming of the tumor microenvironment (TME). Besides endocrine function, the impact of white adipose tissue (WAT)-induced chronic inflammation on PC is briefly discussed. Furthermore, the potential implication of the acknowledged endocrine behavior of brown adipose tissue (BAT) in relation to carcinogenesis is also explored. No matter the broad spectrum of obesity and the poor prognosis of PC, supplemental research is needed to unravel the detailed network of adipokines associated with PC. Exploiting profound therapeutic strategies that target adipokines and their receptors may go some way to improving the current worrying prognosis of PC patients.
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Wang D, Wu Z, Zhao C, Yang X, Wei H, Liu M, Zhao J, Qian M, Li Z, Xiao J. KP-10/Gpr54 attenuates rheumatic arthritis through inactivating NF-κB and MAPK signaling in macrophages. Pharmacol Res 2021; 171:105496. [PMID: 33609696 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2021.105496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Revised: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune disease mainly characterized as chronic inflammation of joint. Both genetic and environmental factors play important roles in RA progression. G protein-coupled receptor 54 (GPR54) and Kisspeptins (KPs), the natural GRP54 ligands encoded by Kiss-1 gene are known to play important roles in immune regulation but the precise role of KP-10/GPR54 in RA remains elusive. Kiss1/Gpr54 expression was determined by immunohistochemistry on protein and real-time PCR on RNA from isolated RA-patient synovial tissue and PBMC. Collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) mouse models were used to investigate the effect of KP-10/Gpr54 on the rheumatic arthritis severity in the mice. The signaling pathway involved in KP-10/GPR54 was assessed by western blot and immunofluorescence.In the present study, we demonstrated that GPR54 upregulation in bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDM) was associated with the severity of RA. In addition, Gpr54-/- increased the inflammatory cytokines induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in BMDM and diseased severity of CIA (n = 10), while KP-10 reduced the LPS-induced inflammatory cytokines in vitro and ameliorated the CIA symptoms in vivo. Furthermore, we demonstrated that KP-10/GPR54 binds to PP2A-C to suppressed LPS induced NF-κB and MAPK signaling in BMDM. All these findings suggest that KP-10/GPR54 may be a novel therapeutic target for the diagnosis and treatment of RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongsheng Wang
- Spinal Tumor Center, Department of Orthopedic Oncology, Changzheng Hospital, The Second Military Medical University, No. 415 Fengyang Road, Huangpu District, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhixiang Wu
- Spinal Tumor Center, Department of Orthopedic Oncology, Changzheng Hospital, The Second Military Medical University, No. 415 Fengyang Road, Huangpu District, Shanghai, China
| | - Chenglong Zhao
- Spinal Tumor Center, Department of Orthopedic Oncology, Changzheng Hospital, The Second Military Medical University, No. 415 Fengyang Road, Huangpu District, Shanghai, China
| | - Xinghai Yang
- Spinal Tumor Center, Department of Orthopedic Oncology, Changzheng Hospital, The Second Military Medical University, No. 415 Fengyang Road, Huangpu District, Shanghai, China
| | - Haifeng Wei
- Spinal Tumor Center, Department of Orthopedic Oncology, Changzheng Hospital, The Second Military Medical University, No. 415 Fengyang Road, Huangpu District, Shanghai, China
| | - Mingyao Liu
- East China Normal University and Shanghai Changzheng Hospital Joint Research Center for Orthopedic Oncology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Science and School of Life sciences, East China Normal University, 200241 Shanghai, China
| | - Jian Zhao
- Spinal Tumor Center, Department of Orthopedic Oncology, Changzheng Hospital, The Second Military Medical University, No. 415 Fengyang Road, Huangpu District, Shanghai, China.
| | - Ming Qian
- Spinal Tumor Center, Department of Orthopedic Oncology, Changzheng Hospital, The Second Military Medical University, No. 415 Fengyang Road, Huangpu District, Shanghai, China.
| | - Zhenxi Li
- Spinal Tumor Center, Department of Orthopedic Oncology, Changzheng Hospital, The Second Military Medical University, No. 415 Fengyang Road, Huangpu District, Shanghai, China.
| | - Jianru Xiao
- Spinal Tumor Center, Department of Orthopedic Oncology, Changzheng Hospital, The Second Military Medical University, No. 415 Fengyang Road, Huangpu District, Shanghai, China.
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Bhattacharya A, Santhoshkumar A, Kurahara H, Harihar S. Metastasis Suppressor Genes in Pancreatic Cancer: An Update. Pancreas 2021; 50:923-932. [PMID: 34643607 DOI: 10.1097/mpa.0000000000001853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Pancreatic cancer, especially pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), has for long remained a deadly form of cancer characterized by high mortality rates resulting from metastasis to multiple organs. Several factors, including the late manifestation of the disease, partly amplified by lack of efficient screening methods, have hampered the drive to design an effective therapeutic strategy to treat this deadly cancer. Understanding the biology of PDAC progression and identifying critical genes regulating these processes are essential to overcome the barriers toward effective treatment. Metastasis suppressor genes have been shown to inhibit multiple steps in the metastatic cascade without affecting primary tumor formation and are considered to hold promise for treating metastatic cancers. In this review, we catalog the bona fide metastasis suppressor genes reported in PDAC and discuss their known mechanism of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnav Bhattacharya
- From the Department of Genetic Engineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, India
| | - Anirudh Santhoshkumar
- From the Department of Genetic Engineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, India
| | - Hiroshi Kurahara
- Department of Digestive Surgery, Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Sitaram Harihar
- From the Department of Genetic Engineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, India
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Abstract
The significance of KISS1 goes beyond its original discovery as a metastasis suppressor. Its function as a neuropeptide involved in diverse physiologic processes is more well studied. Enthusiasm regarding KISS1 has cumulated in clinical trials in multiple fields related to reproduction and metabolism. But its cancer therapeutic space is unsettled. This review focuses on collating data from cancer and non-cancer fields in order to understand shared and disparate signaling that might inform clinical development in the cancer therapeutic and biomarker space. Research has focused on amino acid residues 68-121 (kisspeptin 54), binding to the KISS1 receptor and cellular responses. Evidence and counterevidence regarding this canonical pathway require closer look at the covariates so that the incredible potential of KISS1 can be realized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thuc Ly
- Department of Cancer Biology, Kansas University Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd. - MS1071, Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA
| | - Sitaram Harihar
- Department of Genetic Engineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 603203, India
| | - Danny R Welch
- Department of Cancer Biology, Kansas University Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd. - MS1071, Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA.
- University of Kansas Cancer Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd., Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA.
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Actively Targeted Nanodelivery of Echinomycin Induces Autophagy-Mediated Death in Chemoresistant Pancreatic Cancer In Vivo. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12082279. [PMID: 32823919 PMCID: PMC7464900 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12082279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 08/01/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer remains a recalcitrant neoplasm associated with chemoresistance and high fatality. Because it is frequently resistant to apoptosis, exploiting autophagic cell death could offer a new treatment approach. We repurpose echinomycin, an antibiotic encapsulated within a syndecan-1 actively targeted nanoparticle, for treatment of pancreatic cancer. Tumor-specific uptake, biodistribution, efficacy of nanodelivered echinomycin, and mechanism of cell death were assessed in aggressive, metastatic models of pancreatic cancer. In these autophagic-dependent pancreatic cancer models, echinomycin treatment resulted in autophagic cell death noted by high levels of LC3 among other autophagy markers, but without hallmarks of apoptosis, e.g., caspase activation and chromatin fragmentation, or necrosis, e.g., plasma membrane degradation and chromatin condensation/degrading. In vivo, biodistribution of syndecan-1-targeted nanoparticles indicated preferential S2VP10 or S2CP9 tumor uptake compared to the liver and kidney (S2VP10 p = 0.0016, p = 0.00004 and S2CP9 p = 0.0009, p = 0.0001). Actively targeted nanodelivered echinomycin resulted in significant survival increases compared to Gemzar (S2VP10 p = 0.0003, S2CP9 p = 0.0017) or echinomycin only (S2VP10 p = 0.0096, S2CP9 p = 0.0073). We demonstrate that actively targeted nanodelivery of echinomycin results in autophagic cell death in pancreatic and potentially other high-autophagy, apoptosis-resistant tumors. Collectively, these findings support syndecan-1-targeted delivery of echinomycin and dysregulation of autophagy to induce cell death in pancreatic cancer.
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13
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Wechman SL, Emdad L, Sarkar D, Das SK, Fisher PB. Vascular mimicry: Triggers, molecular interactions and in vivo models. Adv Cancer Res 2020; 148:27-67. [PMID: 32723566 DOI: 10.1016/bs.acr.2020.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Vascular mimicry is induced by a wide array of genes with functions related to cancer stemness, hypoxia, angiogenesis and autophagy. Vascular mimicry competent (VM-competent) cells that form de novo blood vessels are common in solid tumors facilitating tumor cell survival and metastasis. VM-competent cells display increased levels of vascular mimicry selecting for stem-like cells in an O2-gradient-dependent manner in deeply hypoxic tumor regions, while also aiding in maintaining tumor cell metabolism and stemness. Three of the principal drivers of vascular mimicry are EphA2, Nodal and HIF-1α, however, directly or indirectly many of these molecules affect VE-Cadherin (VE-Cad), which forms gap-junctions to bind angiogenic blood vessels together. During vascular mimicry, the endothelial-like functions of VM-competent cancer stem cells co-opt VE-Cad to bind cancer cells together to create cancer cell-derived blood conducting vessels. This process potentially compensates for the lack of access to blood and nutrient in avascular tumors, simultaneously providing nutrients and enhancing cancer invasion and metastasis. Current evidence also supports that vascular mimicry promotes cancer malignancy and metastasis due to the cooperation of oncogenic signaling molecules driving cancer stemness and autophagy. While a number of currently used cancer therapeutics are effective inhibitors of vascular mimicry, developing a new class of vascular mimicry specific inhibitors could allow for the treatment of angiogenesis-resistant tumors, inhibit cancer metastasis and improve patient survival. In this review, we describe the principal vascular mimicry pathways in addition to emphasizing the roles of hypoxia, autophagy and select proangiogenic oncogenes in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen L Wechman
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Luni Emdad
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, United States; VCU Institute of Molecular Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, United States; VCU Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Devanand Sarkar
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, United States; VCU Institute of Molecular Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, United States; VCU Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Swadesh K Das
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, United States; VCU Institute of Molecular Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, United States; VCU Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Paul B Fisher
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, United States; VCU Institute of Molecular Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, United States; VCU Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, United States.
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14
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Harihar S, Ray S, Narayanan S, Santhoshkumar A, Ly T, Welch DR. Role of the tumor microenvironment in regulating the anti-metastatic effect of KISS1. Clin Exp Metastasis 2020; 37:209-223. [PMID: 32088827 PMCID: PMC7339126 DOI: 10.1007/s10585-020-10030-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
KISS1, a metastasis suppressor gene, has been shown to block metastasis without affecting primary tumor formation. Loss of KISS1 leads to invasion and metastasis in multiple cancers, which is the leading cause of cancer morbidity and mortality. The discovery of KISS1 has provided a ray of hope for early clinical diagnosis and for designing effective treatments targeting metastatic cancer. However, this goal requires greater holistic understanding of its mechanism of action. In this review, we go back into history and highlight some key developments, from the discovery of KISS1 to its role in regulating multiple physiological processes including cancer. We discuss key emerging roles for KISS1, specifically interactions with tissue microenvironment to promote dormancy and regulation of tumor cell metabolism, acknowledged as some of the key players in tumor progression and metastasis. We finally discuss strategies whereby KISS1 might be exploited clinically to treat metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sitaram Harihar
- Department of Genetic Engineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Tamil Nadu, 603203, India.
| | - Srijit Ray
- Department of Genetic Engineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Tamil Nadu, 603203, India
| | - Samyukta Narayanan
- Department of Genetic Engineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Tamil Nadu, 603203, India
| | - Anirudh Santhoshkumar
- Department of Genetic Engineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Tamil Nadu, 603203, India
| | - Thuc Ly
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd., Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA
- The University Kansas Cancer Center, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd., Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA
| | - Danny R Welch
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd., Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA
- The University Kansas Cancer Center, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd., Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA
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15
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Kanchan RK, Siddiqui JA, Mahapatra S, Batra SK, Nasser MW. microRNAs Orchestrate Pathophysiology of Breast Cancer Brain Metastasis: Advances in Therapy. Mol Cancer 2020; 19:29. [PMID: 32059676 PMCID: PMC7023699 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-020-1140-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Brain metastasis (BM) predominantly occurs in triple-negative (TN) and epidermal growth factor 2 (HER2)-positive breast cancer (BC) patients, and currently, there is an unmet need for the treatment of these patients. BM is a complex process that is regulated by the formation of a metastatic niche. A better understanding of the brain metastatic processes and the crosstalk between cancer cells and brain microenvironment is essential for designing a novel therapeutic approach. In this context, the aberrant expression of miRNA has been shown to be associated with BM. These non-coding RNAs/miRNAs regulate metastasis through modulating the formation of a metastatic niche and metabolic reprogramming via regulation of their target genes. However, the role of miRNA in breast cancer brain metastasis (BCBM) is poorly explored. Thus, identification and understanding of miRNAs in the pathobiology of BCBM may identify a novel candidate miRNA for the early diagnosis and prevention of this devastating process. In this review, we focus on understanding the role of candidate miRNAs in the regulation of BC brain metastatic processes as well as designing novel miRNA-based therapeutic strategies for BCBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranjana K Kanchan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| | - Jawed A Siddiqui
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| | - Sidharth Mahapatra
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Surinder K Batra
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA.,Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA.,Fred and Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Mohd W Nasser
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA. .,Fred and Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA.
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16
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Ulasov IV, Borovjagin AV, Timashev P, Cristofanili M, Welch DR. KISS1 in breast cancer progression and autophagy. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2020; 38:493-506. [PMID: 31705228 DOI: 10.1007/s10555-019-09814-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Tumor suppressors are cellular proteins typically expressed in normal (non-cancer) cells that not only regulate such cellular functions as proliferation, migration and adhesion, but can also be secreted into extracellular space and serve as biomarkers for pathological conditions or tumor progression. KISS1, a precursor for several shorter peptides, known as metastin (Kisspeptin-54), Kisspeptin-14, Kisspeptin-13 and Kisspeptin-10, is one of those metastasis suppressor proteins, whose expression is commonly downregulated in the metastatic tumors of various origins. The commonly accepted role of KISS1 in metastatic tumor progression mechanism is the ability of this protein to suppress colonization of disseminated cancer cells in distant organs critical for the formation of the secondary tumor foci. Besides, recent evidence suggests involvement of KISS1 in the mechanisms of tumor angiogenesis, autophagy and apoptosis regulation, suggesting a possible role in both restricting and promoting cancer cell invasion. Here, we discuss the role of KISS1 in regulating metastases, the link between KISS1 expression and the autophagy-related biology of cancer cells and the perspectives of using KISS1 as a potential diagnostic marker for cancer progression as well as a new anti-cancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilya V Ulasov
- Group of Experimental Biotherapy and Diagnostic, Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, 119991, Russia.
| | - Anton V Borovjagin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Peter Timashev
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Massimo Cristofanili
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology-Oncology, Northwestern University, Chicago, 60611, USA
| | - Danny R Welch
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd, Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA
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17
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Serum Levels of Kisspeptin Are Elevated in Patients with Pancreatic Cancer. DISEASE MARKERS 2019; 2019:5603474. [PMID: 31772690 PMCID: PMC6854939 DOI: 10.1155/2019/5603474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2019] [Revised: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Pancreatic adenocarcinoma (PDAC) still represents a devastating disease associated with a very limited survival. Novel biomarkers allowing an early diagnosis as well as an optimal selection of suitable treatment options for individual patients are urgently needed to improve the dismal outcome of PDAC patients. Recently, alterations of Kisspeptin serum levels, a member of the adipokine family, were described in various types of cancers. However, the role of circulating Kisspeptin as a biomarker in PDAC patients is poorly defined. In this study, we measured Kisspeptin serum levels in a cohort of 128 prospectively enrolled PDAC patients undergoing surgical resection as well as 36 healthy controls. Kisspeptin concentrations were elevated in PDAC patients compared to control samples. Nevertheless, Kisspeptin serum levels were independent of tumor-related factors such as the tumor grading, TNM stage, or clinical features such as the ECOG performance status. Finally, in our analysis, neither preoperative nor postoperative Kisspeptin levels turned out as a significant predictor of overall survival after tumor resection. In conclusion, our data suggest that Kisspeptin concentrations are altered in PDAC patients but do not allow to predict patients' outcome after resection of PDAC.
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18
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Stathaki M, Stamatiou ME, Magioris G, Simantiris S, Syrigos N, Dourakis S, Koutsilieris M, Armakolas A. The role of kisspeptin system in cancer biology. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2019; 142:130-140. [PMID: 31401420 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2019.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Revised: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Kisspeptins are a family of neuropeptides that are known to be critical in puberty initiation and ovulation. Apart from that kisspeptin derived peptides (KPs) are also known for their antimetastatic activities in several malignancies. Herein we report recent evidence of the role of kisspeptins in cancer biology and we examine the prospective of targeting the kisspeptin pathways leading to a better prognosis in patients with malignant diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martha Stathaki
- Physiology Laboratory, Athens Medical School, National and Kapodestrian University of Athens, Greece
| | - Maria Evanthia Stamatiou
- Physiology Laboratory, Athens Medical School, National and Kapodestrian University of Athens, Greece
| | - George Magioris
- Physiology Laboratory, Athens Medical School, National and Kapodestrian University of Athens, Greece
| | - Spyridon Simantiris
- Physiology Laboratory, Athens Medical School, National and Kapodestrian University of Athens, Greece
| | - Nikolaos Syrigos
- Physiology Laboratory, Athens Medical School, National and Kapodestrian University of Athens, Greece
| | - Spyridon Dourakis
- 2nd Academic Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens School of Medicine Hippokration General Hospital Athens Greece, Greece
| | - Michael Koutsilieris
- Physiology Laboratory, Athens Medical School, National and Kapodestrian University of Athens, Greece
| | - Athanasios Armakolas
- Physiology Laboratory, Athens Medical School, National and Kapodestrian University of Athens, Greece.
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19
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Guzman S, Brackstone M, Radovick S, Babwah AV, Bhattacharya MM. KISS1/KISS1R in Cancer: Friend or Foe? Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2018; 9:437. [PMID: 30123188 PMCID: PMC6085450 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2018.00437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The KISS1 gene encodes KISS1, a protein that is rapidly processed in serum into smaller but biologically active peptides called kisspeptins (KPs). KISS1 and the KPs signal via the G-protein coupled receptor KISS1R. While KISS1 and KPs are recognized as potent positive regulators of the reproductive neuroendocrine axis in mammals, the first reported role for KISS1 was that of metastasis suppression in melanoma. Since then, it has become apparent that KISS1, KPs, and KISS1R regulate the development and progression of several cancers but interestingly, while these molecules act as suppressors of tumorigenesis and metastasis in many cancers, in breast and liver cancer they function as promoters. Thus, they join a small but growing number of molecules that exhibit dual roles in cancer highlighting the importance of studying cancer in context. Given their roles, KISS1, KPs and KISS1R represent important molecules in the development of novel therapies and/or as prognostic markers in treating cancer. However, getting to that point requires a detailed understanding of the relationship between these molecules and different cancers. The purpose of this review is therefore to highlight and discuss the clinical studies that have begun describing this relationship in varying cancer types including breast, liver, pancreatic, colorectal, bladder, and ovarian. An emerging theme from the reviewed studies is that the relationship between these molecules and a given cancer is complex and affected by many factors such as the micro-environment and steroid receptor status of the cancer cell. Our review and discussion of these important clinical studies should serve as a valuable resource in the successful development of future clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephania Guzman
- Department of Medicine, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, United States
- Child Health Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, United States
| | - Muriel Brackstone
- Division of Surgical Oncology, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Sally Radovick
- Child Health Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, United States
| | - Andy V. Babwah
- Child Health Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, United States
| | - Moshmi M. Bhattacharya
- Department of Medicine, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, United States
- Child Health Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, United States
- Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, United States
- *Correspondence: Moshmi M. Bhattacharya
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20
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Kaverina N, Borovjagin AV, Kadagidze Z, Baryshnikov A, Baryshnikova M, Malin D, Ghosh D, Shah N, Welch DR, Gabikian P, Karseladze A, Cobbs C, Ulasov IV. Astrocytes promote progression of breast cancer metastases to the brain via a KISS1-mediated autophagy. Autophagy 2017; 13:1905-1923. [PMID: 28981380 PMCID: PMC5788498 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2017.1360466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2015] [Revised: 07/07/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Formation of metastases, also known as cancer dissemination, is an important stage of breast cancer (BrCa) development. KISS1 expression is associated with inhibition of metastases development. Recently we have demonstrated that BrCa metastases to the brain exhibit low levels of KISS1 expression at both mRNA and protein levels. By using multicolor immunofluorescence and coculture techniques here we show that normal adult astrocytes in the brain are capable of promoting metastatic transformation of circulating breast cancer cells localized to the brain through secretion of chemokine CXCL12. The latter was found in this study to downregulate KISS1 expression at the post-transcriptional level via induction of microRNA-345 (MIR345). Furthermore, we demonstrated that ectopic expression of KISS1 downregulates ATG5 and ATG7, 2 key modulators of autophagy, and works concurrently with autophagy inhibitors, thereby implicating autophagy in the mechanism of KISS1-mediated BrCa metastatic transformation. We also found that expression of KISS1 in human breast tumor specimens inversely correlates with that of MMP9 and IL8, implicated in the mechanism of metastatic invasion, thereby supporting the role of KISS1 as a potential regulator of BrCa metastatic invasion in the brain. This conclusion is further supported by the ability of KISS1, ectopically overexpressed from an adenoviral vector in MDA-MB-231Br cells with silenced expression of the endogenous gene, to revert invasive phenotype of those cells. Taken together, our results strongly suggest that human adult astrocytes can promote brain invasion of the brain-localized circulating breast cancer cells by upregulating autophagy signaling pathways via the CXCL12-MIR345- KISS1 axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalya Kaverina
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Institute of Experimental Diagnostics and Therapy of Tumors, N.N. Blokhin Cancer Research Center, Moscow, Russia
| | - Anton V. Borovjagin
- University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Dentistry, Institute of Oral Health Research, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Zaira Kadagidze
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Institute of Experimental Diagnostics and Therapy of Tumors, N.N. Blokhin Cancer Research Center, Moscow, Russia
| | - Anatoly Baryshnikov
- Institute of Experimental Diagnostics and Therapy of Tumors, N.N. Blokhin Cancer Research Center, Moscow, Russia
| | - Maria Baryshnikova
- Institute of Experimental Diagnostics and Therapy of Tumors, N.N. Blokhin Cancer Research Center, Moscow, Russia
| | - Dmitry Malin
- Department of Endocrinology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- Laboratory of Psychiatric Neurobiology, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Dhimankrishhna Ghosh
- Center for Advanced Brain Tumor Treatment, Swedish Neuroscience Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Nameeta Shah
- Center for Advanced Brain Tumor Treatment, Swedish Neuroscience Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Danny R. Welch
- Department of Cancer Biology, Kansas University Medical Center (KUMC), Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Patrik Gabikian
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kaiser Permanente Los Angeles Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Apollon Karseladze
- Pathology, Institute of Experimental Diagnostics and Therapy of Tumors, N.N. Blokhin Cancer Research Center, Moscow, Russia
| | - Charles Cobbs
- Laboratory of Psychiatric Neurobiology, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Ilya V. Ulasov
- Center for Advanced Brain Tumor Treatment, Swedish Neuroscience Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
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21
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Kurahara H, Bohl C, Natsugoe S, Nishizono Y, Harihar S, Sharma R, Iwakuma T, Welch DR. Suppression of pancreatic cancer growth and metastasis by HMP19 identified through genome-wide shRNA screen. Int J Cancer 2017; 139:628-38. [PMID: 27012470 PMCID: PMC4867126 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.30110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2016] [Revised: 03/10/2016] [Accepted: 03/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Therapeutic effectiveness against metastatic or even locally advanced pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is dismal, with 5‐year survival less than 5%. Even in patients who undergo potentially curative resection, most patients' tumors recur in the liver. Improving therapies targeting or preventing liver metastases is crucial for improving prognosis. To identify genes suppressing metastasis, a genome‐wide shRNA screen was done using the human non‐metastatic PDAC cell line, S2‐028. After identification of candidates, functional validation was done using intrasplenic and orthotopic injections in athymic mice. HMP19 strongly inhibited metastasis but also partially attenuated tumor growth in the pancreas. Knockdown of HMP19 increased localization of activated ERK1/2 in the nucleus, corresponding to facilitated cell proliferation, decreased p27Kip1 and increased cyclin E1. Over‐expression of HMP19 exerted the opposite effects. Using a tissue microarray of 84 human PDAC, patients with low expression of HMP19 showed significantly higher incidence of liver metastasis (p = 0.0175) and worse prognosis (p = 0.018) after surgery. HMP19, a new metastasis/tumor suppressor in PDAC, appears to alter signaling that leads to cell proliferation and appears to offer prognostic value in human PDAC. What's new? Pancreatic cancer is a frequently intractable disease, due in part to its late diagnosis and propensity to metastasize. Indeed, potentially curative resection fails in more than half of patients with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), owing to recurrence in the pancreas as well as to metastasis, particularly to the liver. Prognosis may be improved, however, by leveraging the inhibitory strength of novel metastasis suppressors. A promising candidate is HMP19, described in this study. In xenograft models, HMP19 overexpression significantly suppressed PDAC tumor growth and spread. Its elevated expression in clinical samples was associated with reduced liver metastasis and improved patient survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Kurahara
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS.,Department of Digestive Surgery, Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Christopher Bohl
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS
| | - Shoji Natsugoe
- Department of Digestive Surgery, Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Yuka Nishizono
- Department of Digestive Surgery, Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Sitaram Harihar
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS
| | - Rahul Sharma
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS
| | - Tomoo Iwakuma
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS.,University of Kansas Cancer Center, Kansas City, KS
| | - Danny R Welch
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS.,University of Kansas Cancer Center, Kansas City, KS
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22
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Genome-wide in vivo RNAi screen identifies ITIH5 as a metastasis suppressor in pancreatic cancer. Clin Exp Metastasis 2017; 34:229-239. [PMID: 28289921 DOI: 10.1007/s10585-017-9840-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2016] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The overwhelming majority of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is not diagnosed until the cancer has metastasized, leading to an abysmal average life expectancy (3-6 months post-diagnosis). Earlier detection and more effective treatments have been hampered by inadequate understanding of the underlying molecular mechanisms controlling metastasis. We hypothesized that metastasis suppressors are involved in controlling metastasis in pancreatic cancer. Using an unbiased genome-wide shRNA screen, an shRNA library was transduced into the non-metastatic PDAC line S2-028 followed by intrasplenic injection. Resulting liver metastases were individually isolated from these mice. One liver metastatic nodule contained shRNA for ITIH5 (Inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor heavy chain 5), suggesting that ITIH5 may act as a metastasis suppressor. Consistent with this notion, metastatic PDAC cell lines had significantly lower protein expression of ITIH5 compared to immortalized pancreatic ductal epithelial cells and non-/poorly-metastatic PDAC cell lines. By manipulating expression of ITIH5 in different PDAC cell lines (over-expression in metastatic, knockdown in non-metastatic) functional and selective regulation of metastasis was observed for ITIH5. Orthotopic tumor growth of PDAC cells was not blocked following orthotopic injection. In vitro ITIH5 over-expression inhibited motility and invasion. Immunohistochemical analysis of a human PDAC tissue microarray revealed that ITIH5 expression inversely correlated with both survival and invasion/metastasis. ITIH5 is, therefore, functionally validated as a PDAC metastasis suppressor and shows promise as a prognostic biomarker.
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23
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Zeiderman MR, Morgan DE, Christein JD, Grizzle WE, McMasters KM, McNally LR. Acidic pH-targeted chitosan capped mesoporous silica coated gold nanorods facilitate detection of pancreatic tumors via multispectral optoacoustic tomography. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2016. [PMID: 28626793 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.6b00111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
We present a cancer nanomedicine based on acidic pH targeted gold nanorods designed for multispectral optoacoustic tomography (MSOT). We have designed gold nanorods coated with mesoporous silica and subsequently capped with chitosan (CMGs). We have conjugated pH-sensitive variant 7 pHLIP peptide to the CMGs (V7-CMG) to provide targeting specificity to the acidic tumor microenvironment. In vitro, treatment of S2VP10 and MiaPaca2 cells with V7-CMG containing gemcitabine resulted in significantly greater cytotoxicity with 97% and 96.5% cell death, respectively than gemcitabine alone 60% and 76% death at pH 6.5 (S2VP10 pH 6.5 p=0.009; MiaPaca2 pH 6.5 p=0.0197). In vivo, the V7-CMGs provided the contrast and targeting specificity necessary for MSOT of retroperitoneal orthotopic pancreatic tumors. In the in vivo S2VP10 model, the V7-CMG particle preferentially accumulated within the tumor at 17.1 MSOT a.u. signal compared with 0.7 MSOT a.u. in untargeted CMG control in tumor (P = 0.0002). Similarly, V7-CMG signal was 9.34 MSOT a.u. in the S2013 model compared with untargeted CMG signal at 0.15 MSOT a.u. (P = 0.0004). The pH-sensitivity of the targeting pHLIP peptide and chitosan coating makes the particles suitable for simultaneous in vivo tumor imaging and drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Desiree E Morgan
- University of Alabama at Birmingham, School of Medicine, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - John D Christein
- University of Alabama at Birmingham, School of Medicine, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - William E Grizzle
- University of Alabama at Birmingham, School of Medicine, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Kelly M McMasters
- University of Louisville, School of Medicine, Louisville KY, 40202, USA
| | - Lacey R McNally
- University of Louisville, School of Medicine, Louisville KY, 40202, USA
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Shin WJ, Cho YA, Kang KR, Kim JH, Hong SD, Lee JI, Hong SP, Yoon HJ. KiSS-1 expression in oral squamous cell carcinoma and its prognostic significance. APMIS 2016; 124:291-8. [DOI: 10.1111/apm.12507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2015] [Accepted: 12/06/2015] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Wui-Jung Shin
- Department of Oral Pathology; School of Dentistry; Seoul National University; Seoul Korea
| | - Young-Ah Cho
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology; School of Dentistry; Kyung Hee University; Seoul Korea
| | - Kyung-Rim Kang
- Department of Oral Pathology; School of Dentistry; Seoul National University; Seoul Korea
| | - Ji-Hoon Kim
- Department of Oral Pathology; School of Dentistry; Seoul National University; Seoul Korea
- Dental Research Institute; School of Dentistry; Seoul National University; Seoul Korea
| | - Seong-Doo Hong
- Department of Oral Pathology; School of Dentistry; Seoul National University; Seoul Korea
- Dental Research Institute; School of Dentistry; Seoul National University; Seoul Korea
| | - Jae-Il Lee
- Department of Oral Pathology; School of Dentistry; Seoul National University; Seoul Korea
- Dental Research Institute; School of Dentistry; Seoul National University; Seoul Korea
| | - Sam-Pyo Hong
- Department of Oral Pathology; School of Dentistry; Seoul National University; Seoul Korea
- Dental Research Institute; School of Dentistry; Seoul National University; Seoul Korea
| | - Hye-Jung Yoon
- Department of Oral Pathology; School of Dentistry; Seoul National University; Seoul Korea
- Dental Research Institute; School of Dentistry; Seoul National University; Seoul Korea
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WANG CHUNHUI, QIAO CHONG, WANG RUOCHEN, ZHOU WENPING. KiSS‑1‑mediated suppression of the invasive ability of human pancreatic carcinoma cells is not dependent on the level of KiSS‑1 receptor GPR54. Mol Med Rep 2016; 13:123-9. [PMID: 26572251 PMCID: PMC4686058 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2015.4535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2014] [Accepted: 07/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The onset of local invasion and lymphatic metastasis in pancreatic cancer limits survival following surgical intervention and additional therapies. Reduced expression of KiSS‑1 in pancreatic cancer is associated with cancer metastasis. Previous studies have indicated that kisspeptin, the KiSS‑1 peptide, is able to bind to its receptor‑GPR54 (hOT7T175) and suppress the migration of PANC‑1 pancreatic cancer cells. Whether the metastatic suppression of KiSS‑1 is dependent on the levels of GPR54 in pancreatic cancer cell lines remains unclear. Human BxPC‑3 pancreatic carcinoma cells are highly differentiated without exhibiting metastasis, however PANC‑1 pancreatic carcinoma cells are poorly differentiated and exhibit local and lymph node metastasis. Compared with primary cultured trophoblasts, BxPc‑3 and PANC‑1 cells were observed to express low levels of KiSS‑1 mRNA and protein, measured using reverse transcription‑quantitative polymerase chain reaction and western blotting, respectively. However, greater mRNA and protein expression levels of GPR54 were observed in PANC‑1 cells compared with BxPc‑3 cells. An MTT assay was used to investigate the effect of KiSS‑1 on BxPc‑3 and PANC‑1 cell proliferation. There were no significant differences in proliferation following transfection with KiSS‑1 in BxPc‑3 and PANC‑1 cells compared with the controls (P>0.05). A Transwell assay with chambers coated with Matrigel was used to evaluate the in vitro invasive ability of BxPc‑3 and PANC‑1 cells, with the invasion index of BxPc‑3 and PANC‑1 cells significantly reduced following 48 h of KiSS‑1 overexpression (P<0.05). The mRNA and protein expression levels of KiSS‑1 were significantly increased in BxPc‑3 and PANC‑1 cells 48 h subsequent to transfection with KiSS‑1 (P<0.05), while GPR54 expression was not altered (P>0.05). KiSS‑1 is a metastasis suppressor gene of pancreatic cancer, and this suppression is not dependent on the expression levels of GPR54. Therefore, KiSS‑1 is potentially a novel target for gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- CHUN-HUI WANG
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, General Hospital of Shenyang Military Region, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, P.R. China
| | - CHONG QIAO
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shengjing Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110004, P.R. China
| | - RUO-CHEN WANG
- Liaoning Province Shiyan High School, Shenyang, Liaoning 110841, P.R. China
| | - WEN-PING ZHOU
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, General Hospital of Shenyang Military Region, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, P.R. China
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Yin W, Kimbrough CW, Gomez-Gutierrez JG, Burns CT, Chuong P, Grizzle WE, McNally LR. Tumor specific liposomes improve detection of pancreatic adenocarcinoma in vivo using optoacoustic tomography. J Nanobiotechnology 2015; 13:90. [PMID: 26627455 PMCID: PMC4665906 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-015-0139-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Pancreatic cancer often goes undiagnosed until late stage disease due in part to suboptimal early detection. Our goal was to develop a Syndecan-1 tagged liposome containing fluorescent dye as an improved contrast agent for detection of pancreatic adenocarcinoma in vivo using multispectral optoacoustic tomography. Results The diagnostic capabilities and specificity to pancreatic adenocarcinoma of Syndecan-1 targeted liposomes were evaluated both in vitro and in vivo. Immunocytochemistry showed that liposomes preferentially bound to and released their contents into cells expressing high levels of insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor. We determined that the contents of the liposome were released into the cell as noted by the change in propidium iodide fluorescence from green to red based upon nucleic acid binding. In an orthotopic mouse model, the liposomes preferentially targeted the pancreatic tumor with little off-target binding in the liver and spleen. Peak accumulation of the liposomes in the tumor occurred at 8 h post-injection. Multispectral optoacoustic tomographic imaging was able to provide high-resolution 3D images of the tumor and liposome location. Ex vivo analysis showed that non-targeted liposomes accumulated in the liver, suggesting that specificity of the liposomes for pancreatic adenocarcinoma was due to the presence of the Syndecan-1 ligand. Conclusions This study demonstrated that Syndecan-1 liposomes were able to release cargo into IGF1-R expressing tumor cells. The Syndecan-1 liposomes demonstrated tumor specificity in orthotopic pancreatic cancer as observed using multispectral optoacoustic tomography with reduced kidney and liver uptake. By targeting the liposome with Syndecan-1, this nanovehicle has potential as a targeted theranostic nanoparticle for both drug and contrast agent delivery to pancreatic tumors. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12951-015-0139-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenyuan Yin
- University of Louisville, 505 S Hancock, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA.
| | | | | | | | - Phillip Chuong
- University of Louisville, 505 S Hancock, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA.
| | - William E Grizzle
- University of Alabama Birmingham, ZRB 408, 1720 2nd Avenue South, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA.
| | - Lacey R McNally
- University of Louisville, 505 S Hancock, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA.
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Zhu C, Takasu C, Morine Y, Bando Y, Ikemoto T, Saito Y, Yamada S, Imura S, Arakawa Y, Shimada M. KISS1 Associates with Better Outcome via Inhibiting Matrix Metalloproteinase-9 in Colorectal Liver Metastasis. Ann Surg Oncol 2015; 22 Suppl 3:S1516-23. [PMID: 26471489 DOI: 10.1245/s10434-015-4891-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cancer metastasis is a major contributor to patient death because of its systemic nature and resistance to therapeutic agents. KISS1, originally identified to be a metastasis suppressor, couples to its receptor KISS1R and plays a pivotal role in suppressing cancer metastasis. In this study, we investigated KISS1 and KISS1R expression in colorectal liver metastasis (CRLM), and analyzed their correlation with patients' clinicopathological variables, including prognosis. METHODS Overall, 55 patients with CRLM who underwent hepatectomy between 2003 and 2013 were enrolled in this study. Immunohistochemistry was performed to evaluate the protein expression of KISS1, KISS1R, and matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9). Clinicopathological variables, including prognosis, were compared between low- and high-expressing groups of KISS1 or KISS1R. We analyzed the correlation of KISS1 or KISS1R protein expression with MMP-9. RESULTS Expression of both KISS1 and KISS1R was significantly correlated with overall survival (p = 0.0283 and p = 0.0275, respectively). The 5-year overall survival rate of the KISS1 and KISS1R low groups was 44.3 and 39.3 %, and 73.7 and 67.9 % in the high groups, respectively. Multivariate analysis revealed that KISS1 low expression was an independent prognostic factor (p = 0.037, hazard ratio 0.20). Moreover, KISS1 low-expression patients had more frequent distant metastasis (p < 0.05). Furthermore, KISS1 low-expressing tumor tissues expressed more MMP-9 protein (p = 0.034), which was mainly expressed in neutrophils at the metastatic tumor edge. CONCLUSION KISS1 could be a promising prognostic and therapeutic marker in CRLM. KISS1 low expression may induce high MMP-9 expression in neutrophils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengzhan Zhu
- Department of Surgery, The University of Tokushima, Tokushima, Japan.,Fujii Memorial Institute of Medical Sciences, The University of Tokushima, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Chie Takasu
- Department of Surgery, The University of Tokushima, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Yuji Morine
- Department of Surgery, The University of Tokushima, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Yoshimi Bando
- Department of Molecular and Environmental Pathology, The University of Tokushima, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Ikemoto
- Department of Surgery, The University of Tokushima, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Yu Saito
- Department of Surgery, The University of Tokushima, Tokushima, Japan.,Fujii Memorial Institute of Medical Sciences, The University of Tokushima, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Shinichiro Yamada
- Department of Surgery, The University of Tokushima, Tokushima, Japan.,Fujii Memorial Institute of Medical Sciences, The University of Tokushima, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Satoru Imura
- Department of Surgery, The University of Tokushima, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Yusuke Arakawa
- Department of Surgery, The University of Tokushima, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Mitsuo Shimada
- Department of Surgery, The University of Tokushima, Tokushima, Japan.
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28
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Kimbrough CW, Khanal A, Zeiderman M, Khanal BR, Burton NC, McMasters KM, Vickers SM, Grizzle WE, McNally LR. Targeting Acidity in Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma: Multispectral Optoacoustic Tomography Detects pH-Low Insertion Peptide Probes In Vivo. Clin Cancer Res 2015; 21:4576-85. [PMID: 26124201 PMCID: PMC4609270 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-15-0314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2015] [Accepted: 06/12/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND pH-low insertion peptides (pHLIP) can serve as a targeting moiety that enables pH-sensitive probes to detect solid tumors. Using these probes in conjunction with multispectral optoacoustic tomography (MSOT) is a promising approach to improve imaging for pancreatic cancer. METHODS A pH-sensitive pHLIP (V7) was conjugated to 750 NIR fluorescent dye and evaluated as a targeted probe for pancreatic adenocarcinoma. The pH-insensitive K7 pHLIP served as an untargeted control. Probe binding was assessed in vitro at pH 7.4, 6.8, and 6.6 using human pancreatic cell lines S2VP10 and S2013. Using MSOT, semiquantitative probe accumulation was then assessed in vivo with a murine orthotopic pancreatic adenocarcinoma model. RESULTS In vitro, the V7-750 probe demonstrated significantly higher fluorescence at pH 6.6 compared with pH 7.4 (S2VP10, P = 0.0119; S2013, P = 0.0160), whereas no difference was observed with the K7-750 control (S2VP10, P = 0.8783; S2013, P = 0.921). In the in vivo S2VP10 model, V7-750 probe resulted in 782.5 MSOT a.u. signal compared with 5.3 MSOT a.u. in K7-750 control in tumor (P = 0.0001). Similarly, V7-750 probe signal was 578.3 MSOT a.u. in the S2013 model compared with K7-750 signal at 5.1 MSOT a.u. (P = 0.0005). There was minimal off-target accumulation of the V7-750 probe within the liver or kidney, and probe distribution was confirmed with ex vivo imaging. CONCLUSIONS Compared with pH-insensitive controls, V7-750 pH-sensitive probe specifically targets pancreatic adenocarcinoma and has minimal off-target accumulation. The noninvasive detection of pH-targeted probes by means of MSOT represents a promising modality to improve the detection and monitoring of pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles W Kimbrough
- The Hiram C. Polk Jr, MD Department of Surgery, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Anil Khanal
- Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Matthew Zeiderman
- The Hiram C. Polk Jr, MD Department of Surgery, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Bigya R Khanal
- Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
| | | | - Kelly M McMasters
- The Hiram C. Polk Jr, MD Department of Surgery, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
| | | | | | - Lacey R McNally
- Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky.
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Detection of Phosphatidylcholine-Coated Gold Nanoparticles in Orthotopic Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma using Hyperspectral Imaging. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0129172. [PMID: 26046360 PMCID: PMC4457854 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0129172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2014] [Accepted: 05/05/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Nanoparticle uptake and distribution to solid tumors are limited by reticuloendothelial system systemic filtering and transport limitations induced by irregular intra-tumoral vascularization. Although vascular enhanced permeability and retention can aid targeting, high interstitial fluid pressure and dense extracellular matrix may hinder local penetration. Extravascular diffusivity depends upon nanoparticle size, surface modifications, and tissue vascularization. Gold nanoparticles functionalized with biologically-compatible layers may achieve improved uptake and distribution while enabling cytotoxicity through synergistic combination of chemotherapy and thermal ablation. Evaluation of nanoparticle uptake in vivo remains difficult, as detection methods are limited. We employ hyperspectral imaging of histology sections to analyze uptake and distribution of phosphatidylcholine-coated citrate gold nanoparticles (CGN) and silica-gold nanoshells (SGN) after tail-vein injection in mice bearing orthotopic pancreatic adenocarcinoma. For CGN, the liver and tumor showed 26.5±8.2 and 23.3±4.1 particles/100μm2 within 10μm from the nearest source and few nanoparticles beyond 50μm, respectively. The spleen had 35.5±9.3 particles/100μm2 within 10μm with penetration also limited to 50μm. For SGN, the liver showed 31.1±4.1 particles/100μm2 within 10μm of the nearest source with penetration hindered beyond 30μm. The spleen and tumor showed uptake of 22.1±6.2 and 15.8±6.1 particles/100μm2 within 10μm, respectively, with penetration similarly hindered. CGH average concentration (nanoparticles/μm2) was 1.09±0.14 in the liver, 0.74±0.12 in the spleen, and 0.43±0.07 in the tumor. SGN average concentration (nanoparticles/μm2) was 0.43±0.07 in the liver, 0.30±0.06 in the spleen, and 0.20±0.04 in the tumor. Hyperspectral imaging of histology sections enables analysis of phosphatidylcholine-coated gold-based nanoparticles in pancreatic tumors with the goal to improve nanotherapeutic efficacy.
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30
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Che P, Yang Y, Han X, Hu M, Sellers JC, Londono-Joshi AI, Cai GQ, Buchsbaum DJ, Christein JD, Tang Q, Chen D, Li Q, Grizzle WE, Lu YY, Ding Q. S100A4 promotes pancreatic cancer progression through a dual signaling pathway mediated by Src and focal adhesion kinase. Sci Rep 2015; 5:8453. [PMID: 25677816 PMCID: PMC4326725 DOI: 10.1038/srep08453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2014] [Accepted: 01/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
S100A4 expression is associated with poor clinical outcomes of patients with pancreatic cancer. The effects of loss or gain of S100A4 were examined in pancreatic cancer cell lines. S100A4 downregulation remarkably reduces cell migration and invasion, inhibits proliferation, and induces apoptosis in pancreatic tumor cells. S100A4 downregulation results in significant cell growth inhibition and apoptosis in response to TGF-β1, supporting a non-canonical role of S100A4 in pancreatic cancer. The role of S100A4 in tumor progression was studied by using an orthotopic human pancreatic cancer xenograft mouse model. Tumor mass is remarkably decreased in animals injected with S100A4-deficient pancreatic tumor cells. P27Kip1 expression and cleaved caspase-3 are increased, while cyclin E expression is decreased, in S100A4-deficient pancreatic tumors in vivo. S100A4-deficient tumors have lower expression of vascular endothelial growth factor, suggesting reduced angiogenesis. Biochemical assays revealed that S100A4 activates Src and focal adhesion kinase (FAK) signaling events, and inhibition of both kinases is required to maximally block the tumorigenic potential of pancreatic cancer cells. These findings support that S100A4 plays an important role in pancreatic cancer progression in vivo and S100A4 promotes tumorigenic phenotypes of pancreatic cancer cells through the Src-FAK mediated dual signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pulin Che
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Youfeng Yang
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Xiaosi Han
- Department of Neurology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Meng Hu
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Jeffery C Sellers
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | | | - Guo-Qiang Cai
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Donald J Buchsbaum
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - John D Christein
- Department of Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | | | - Dongquan Chen
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Qianjun Li
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - William E Grizzle
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Yin Ying Lu
- Center of Therapeutic Research for Hepatocellular Carcinoma, 302 hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Qiang Ding
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
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31
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McCarroll JA, Sharbeen G, Liu J, Youkhana J, Goldstein D, McCarthy N, Limbri LF, Dischl D, Ceyhan GO, Erkan M, Johns AL, Biankin AV, Kavallaris M, Phillips PA. βIII-tubulin: a novel mediator of chemoresistance and metastases in pancreatic cancer. Oncotarget 2015; 6:2235-49. [PMID: 25544769 PMCID: PMC4385848 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.2946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2014] [Accepted: 12/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is a leading cause of cancer-related deaths in Western societies. This poor prognosis is due to chemotherapeutic drug resistance and metastatic spread. Evidence suggests that microtubule proteins namely, β-tubulins are dysregulated in tumor cells and are involved in regulating chemosensitivity. However, the role of β-tubulins in pancreatic cancer are unknown. We measured the expression of different β-tubulin isotypes in pancreatic adenocarcinoma tissue and pancreatic cancer cells. Next, we used RNAi to silence βIII-tubulin expression in pancreatic cancer cells, and measured cell growth in the absence and presence of chemotherapeutic drugs. Finally, we assessed the role of βIII-tubulin in regulating tumor growth and metastases using an orthotopic pancreatic cancer mouse model. We found that βIII-tubulin is highly expressed in pancreatic adenocarcinoma tissue and pancreatic cancer cells. Further, we demonstrated that silencing βIII-tubulin expression reduced pancreatic cancer cell growth and tumorigenic potential in the absence and presence of chemotherapeutic drugs. Finally, we demonstrated that suppression of βIII-tubulin reduced tumor growth and metastases in vivo. Our novel data demonstrate that βIII-tubulin is a key player in promoting pancreatic cancer growth and survival, and silencing its expression may be a potential therapeutic strategy to increase the long-term survival of pancreatic cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua A. McCarroll
- Children's Cancer Institute, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, UNSW Australia, Sydney, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, Australian Centre for NanoMedicine, UNSW, Australia
| | - George Sharbeen
- Pancreatic Cancer Translational Research Group, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, Prince of Wales Clinical School, University of New South Wales (UNSW Australia), Sydney, Australia
| | - Jie Liu
- Pancreatic Cancer Translational Research Group, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, Prince of Wales Clinical School, University of New South Wales (UNSW Australia), Sydney, Australia
| | - Janet Youkhana
- Pancreatic Cancer Translational Research Group, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, Prince of Wales Clinical School, University of New South Wales (UNSW Australia), Sydney, Australia
| | - David Goldstein
- Pancreatic Cancer Translational Research Group, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, Prince of Wales Clinical School, University of New South Wales (UNSW Australia), Sydney, Australia
- Prince of Wales Hospital, Prince of Wales Clinical School, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Nigel McCarthy
- Children's Cancer Institute, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, UNSW Australia, Sydney, Australia
| | - Lydia F. Limbri
- Pancreatic Cancer Translational Research Group, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, Prince of Wales Clinical School, University of New South Wales (UNSW Australia), Sydney, Australia
| | - Dominic Dischl
- Department of Surgery, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Güralp O. Ceyhan
- Department of Surgery, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Mert Erkan
- Department of Surgery Koc University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Amber L. Johns
- The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Cancer Program, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, Sydney, Australia
| | - Andrew V. Biankin
- The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Cancer Program, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, Sydney, Australia
- Wolfson Wohl Cancer Research Centre, Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Bearsden, Glasgow, Scotland G61 1BD, United Kingdom
| | - Maria Kavallaris
- Children's Cancer Institute, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, UNSW Australia, Sydney, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, Australian Centre for NanoMedicine, UNSW, Australia
| | - Phoebe A. Phillips
- Pancreatic Cancer Translational Research Group, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, Prince of Wales Clinical School, University of New South Wales (UNSW Australia), Sydney, Australia
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Longitudinal Bioluminescence Imaging of Primary Versus Abdominal Metastatic Tumor Growth in Orthotopic Pancreatic Tumor Models in NSG Mice. Pancreas 2015; 44:64-75. [PMID: 25406955 PMCID: PMC4262664 DOI: 10.1097/mpa.0000000000000238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The purpose of the present study was to develop and validate noninvasive bioluminescence imaging methods for differentially monitoring primary and abdominal metastatic tumor growth in mouse orthotopic models of pancreatic cancer. METHODS A semiautomated maximum entropy segmentation method was implemented for the primary tumor region of interest, and a rule-based method for manually drawing a region of interest for the abdominal metastatic region was developed for monitoring tumor growth in orthotopic models of pancreatic cancer. The 2 region-of-interest methods were validated by having 2 observers independently segment Panc-1 tumors, and the results were compared with the number of mesenteric lymph node nodules and histopathologic assessment of liver metastases. The findings were extended to orthotopic tumors of the more metastatic MIA PaCa-2 and AsPC-1 cells where separate groups of animals were implanted with different numbers of cells. RESULTS The results demonstrated that the segmentation methods were highly reliable, reproducible, and robust and allowed statistically significant discrimination in the growth rates of primary and abdominal metastatic tumors of different cell lines implanted with different numbers of cells. CONCLUSIONS The present results demonstrate that primary tumors and abdominal metastatic foci in orthotopic pancreatic cancer models can be reliably quantified separately and noninvasively over time with bioluminescence imaging.
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Mazur PK, Herner A, Neff F, Siveke JT. Current methods in mouse models of pancreatic cancer. Methods Mol Biol 2015; 1267:185-215. [PMID: 25636470 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-2297-0_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is the fourth leading cause of cancer death in the Western world. The disease has the worst prognosis in the gastrointestinal malignancies with an overall 5-year survival rate of less than 5 %. Therefore, in the search for novel therapeutic targets, biomarkers for early detection and particularly adequate methods to develop and validate therapeutic strategies for this disease are still in urgent demand. Although significant progress has been achieved in understanding the genetic and molecular mechanisms, most approaches have not yet translated sufficiently for better outcome of the patients. In part, this situation is due to inappropriate or insufficient methods in modeling PDAC in laboratory settings. In the past several years, there has been an explosion of genetically engineered mouse models (GEMM) and patient-derived xenografts (PDX) that recapitulate both genetic and morphological alterations that lead to the development of PDAC. Both models are increasingly used for characterization and validation of diagnostic and therapeutic strategies. In this chapter we will discuss state-of-the-art models to consider when selecting an appropriate in vivo system to study disease etiology, cell signaling, and drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pawel K Mazur
- Departments of Genetics and Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
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Kimbrough CW, Hudson S, Khanal A, Egger ME, McNally LR. Orthotopic pancreatic tumors detected by optoacoustic tomography using Syndecan-1. J Surg Res 2014; 193:246-54. [PMID: 25439222 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2014.06.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2014] [Revised: 05/29/2014] [Accepted: 06/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Advances in small animal imaging have improved the detection and monitoring of cancer in vivo; although with orthotopic models, precise localization of tumors remains a challenge. In this study, we evaluated multispectral optoacoustic tomography (MSOT) as an imaging modality to detect pancreatic adenocarcinoma in an orthotopic murine model. METHODS In vitro binding of Syndecan-1 probe to the human pancreatic cancer cell line S2VP10 was evaluated on flow cytometry. For in vivo testing, S2VP10 cells were orthotopically implanted into the pancreas of severe combined immunodeficiency mice. At 7 d after implantation, the mice were intravenously injected with Syndecan-1 probe, and tumor uptake was evaluated with MSOT at multiple time points. Comparison was made with a free-dye control, indocyanine green (ICG). Probe uptake was verified ex vivo with fluorescent imaging. RESULTS Syndecan-1 probe demonstrated partial binding to S2VP10 cells in vitro. In vivo, Syndecan-1 probe preferentially accumulated in the pancreas tumor (480 MSOT a.u.) compared with off-target organs, including the liver (67 MSOT a.u.) and kidney (96 MSOT a.u.). Syndecan-1 probe accumulation peaked at 6 h (480 MSOT a.u.), whereas the ICG control dye failed to demonstrate similar retention within the tumor bed (0.0003 MSOT a.u.). At peak accumulation, signal intensity was 480 MSOT a.u., resulting in several times greater signal in the tumor bed than in the kidney or liver. Ex vivo fluorescent imaging comparing tumor signal with that within off-target organs confirmed the in vivo results. CONCLUSIONS MSOT demonstrates successful accumulation of Syndecan-1 probe within pancreatic tumors, and provides high-resolution images, which allow noninvasive, real-time comparison of signal within individual organs. Syndecan-1 probe preferentially accumulates within a pancreatic adenocarcinoma model, with minimal off-target effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles W Kimbrough
- The Hiram C. Polk Jr., MD Department of Surgery, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Shanice Hudson
- Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Anil Khanal
- Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Michael E Egger
- The Hiram C. Polk Jr., MD Department of Surgery, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Lacey R McNally
- Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky.
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O'Farrell AC, Shnyder SD, Marston G, Coletta PL, Gill JH. Non-invasive molecular imaging for preclinical cancer therapeutic development. Br J Pharmacol 2014; 169:719-35. [PMID: 23488622 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2012] [Revised: 01/02/2013] [Accepted: 02/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecular and non-invasive imaging are rapidly emerging fields in preclinical cancer drug discovery. This is driven by the need to develop more efficacious and safer treatments, the advent of molecular-targeted therapeutics, and the requirements to reduce and refine current preclinical in vivo models. Such bioimaging strategies include MRI, PET, single positron emission computed tomography, ultrasound, and optical approaches such as bioluminescence and fluorescence imaging. These molecular imaging modalities have several advantages over traditional screening methods, not least the ability to quantitatively monitor pharmacodynamic changes at the cellular and molecular level in living animals non-invasively in real time. This review aims to provide an overview of non-invasive molecular imaging techniques, highlighting the strengths, limitations and versatility of these approaches in preclinical cancer drug discovery and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- A C O'Farrell
- Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
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Hudson SV, Huang JS, Yin W, Albeituni S, Rush J, Khanal A, Yan J, Ceresa BP, Frieboes HB, McNally LR. Targeted noninvasive imaging of EGFR-expressing orthotopic pancreatic cancer using multispectral optoacoustic tomography. Cancer Res 2014; 74:6271-9. [PMID: 25217521 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-14-1656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Detection of orthotopic xenograft tumors is difficult due to poor spatial resolution and reduced image fidelity with traditional optical imaging modalities. In particular, light scattering and attenuation in tissue at depths beyond subcutaneous implantation hinder adequate visualization. We evaluate the use of multispectral optoacoustic tomography (MSOT) to detect upregulated epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor in orthotopic pancreatic xenografts using a near-infrared EGF-conjugated CF-750 fluorescent probe. MSOT is based on the photoacoustic effect and thus not limited by photon scattering, resulting in high-resolution tomographic images. Pancreatic tumor-bearing mice with luciferase-transduced S2VP10L tumors were intravenously injected with EGF-750 probe before MSOT imaging. We characterized probe specificity and bioactivity via immunoblotting, immunocytochemistry, and flow cytometric analysis. In vitro data along with optical bioluminescence/fluorescence imaging were used to validate acquired MSOT in vivo images of probe biodistribution. Indocyanine green dye was used as a nonspecific control to define specificity of EGF-probe accumulation. Maximum accumulation occurred at 6 hours postinjection, demonstrating specific intratumoral probe uptake and minimal liver and kidney off-target accumulation. Optical bioluminescence and fluorescence imaging confirmed tumor-specific probe accumulation consistent with MSOT images. These studies demonstrate the utility of MSOT to obtain volumetric images of ligand probe biodistribution in vivo to detect orthotopic pancreatic tumor lesions through active targeting of the EGF receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Justin S Huang
- Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Wenyuan Yin
- Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Kentucky
| | | | - Jamie Rush
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Anil Khanal
- Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Jun Yan
- Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Brian P Ceresa
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Hermann B Frieboes
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville, Kentucky. Department of Bioengineering, University of Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Lacey R McNally
- Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Kentucky. Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville, Kentucky.
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Zhang HG, Grizzle WE. Exosomes: a novel pathway of local and distant intercellular communication that facilitates the growth and metastasis of neoplastic lesions. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2013; 184:28-41. [PMID: 24269592 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2013.09.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 270] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2013] [Revised: 09/04/2013] [Accepted: 09/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Normal and diseased cells release bilayered membrane-bound nanovesicles into interstitial spaces and into bodily fluids. A subgroup of such microvesicles is called exosomes and is described in blood as 30 to 100 nm in diameter and as spherical to cup-shaped nanoparticles with specific surface molecular characteristics (eg, expression of the tetraspanins CD9, CD81, and CD63). Extracellular microvesicles provide local signals (eg, autocrine and paracrine) and distant endocrine signals to cells via the transfer of their contents, which include signal proteins, lipids, miRNAs, and functional mRNAs. Exosomes and related microvesicles also aid cells in exporting less-needed molecules and potentially harmful molecules, including drugs; in the case of neoplasia, the export of chemotherapeutic drugs may facilitate cellular chemoresistance. Cancers have adapted the exosome and related microvesicles as a pathway by which neoplastic cells communicate with each other (autocrine) and with nonneoplastic cells (paracrine and endocrine); via this pathway, cancer suppresses the immune system and establishes a fertile local and distant environment to support neoplastic growth, invasion, and metastases. Because exosomes mirror and bind to the cells from which they arise, they can be used for delivery of drugs, vaccines, and gene therapy, as biomarkers and targets. We review how exosomes and related extracellular microvesicles facilitate the progression and metastases of cancers and describe how these microvesicles may affect clinical care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huang-Ge Zhang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - William E Grizzle
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama.
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Zhang Y, Tang YJ, Li ZH, Pan F, Huang K, Xu GH. KiSS1 inhibits growth and invasion of osteosarcoma cells through inhibition of the MAPK pathway. Eur J Histochem 2013; 57:e30. [PMID: 24441183 PMCID: PMC3896032 DOI: 10.4081/ejh.2013.e30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2013] [Revised: 09/16/2013] [Accepted: 09/17/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
As a metastasis suppressor, KiSS1 has been implicated in numerous human cancers. However, recent studies have demonstrated that KiSS1 promotes tumor growth and metastasis in breast cancer, and it is unclear about the expression and function of KiSS1 in human osteosarcoma (OS). The aim of the present study was to investigate the role and molecular mechanisms of KiSS1 in human OS. The expression of KiSS1 was assessed by immunohistochemical assay using a tissue microarray procedure in forty cases of OS tissues. A gain-of-function approach was used to observe the effects of lentiviral vector-mediated overexpression of KiSS1 (Lv-KiSS1) on the biological behaviors including proliferative activities and invasive potential of OS MG-63 cells, indicated by MTT and Transwell assays, respectively. The results showed that the expression of KiSS1 protein in OS tissues was significantly lowered compared to that in adjacent non-cancerous tissues (ANCT) (42.5% vs 70.0%, P=0.023), and had negative correlation with distant metastases of the tumor (P=0.019). Overexpression of KiSS1 inhibited proliferation and invasion of OS cells with the decreased expression of p38 MAPK and matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9). Taken together, our findings indicate that the decreased expression of KiSS1 is correlated with distant metastasis of OS, and KiSS1 may function as a tumor suppressor in OS cells through inhibition of the MAPK pathway, suggesting that KiSS1 may serve as a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Zhang
- Zhabei District Central Hospital.
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Lee JJ, Huang J, England CG, McNally LR, Frieboes HB. Predictive modeling of in vivo response to gemcitabine in pancreatic cancer. PLoS Comput Biol 2013; 9:e1003231. [PMID: 24068909 PMCID: PMC3777914 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1003231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2013] [Accepted: 08/03/2013] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
A clear contradiction exists between cytotoxic in-vitro studies demonstrating effectiveness of Gemcitabine to curtail pancreatic cancer and in-vivo studies failing to show Gemcitabine as an effective treatment. The outcome of chemotherapy in metastatic stages, where surgery is no longer viable, shows a 5-year survival <5%. It is apparent that in-vitro experiments, no matter how well designed, may fail to adequately represent the complex in-vivo microenvironmental and phenotypic characteristics of the cancer, including cell proliferation and apoptosis. We evaluate in-vitro cytotoxic data as an indicator of in-vivo treatment success using a mathematical model of tumor growth based on a dimensionless formulation describing tumor biology. Inputs to the model are obtained under optimal drug exposure conditions in-vitro. The model incorporates heterogeneous cell proliferation and death caused by spatial diffusion gradients of oxygen/nutrients due to inefficient vascularization and abundant stroma, and thus is able to simulate the effect of the microenvironment as a barrier to effective nutrient and drug delivery. Analysis of the mathematical model indicates the pancreatic tumors to be mostly resistant to Gemcitabine treatment in-vivo. The model results are confirmed with experiments in live mice, which indicate uninhibited tumor proliferation and metastasis with Gemcitabine treatment. By extracting mathematical model parameter values for proliferation and death from monolayer in-vitro cytotoxicity experiments with pancreatic cancer cells, and simulating the effects of spatial diffusion, we use the model to predict the drug response in-vivo, beyond what would have been expected from sole consideration of the cancer intrinsic resistance. We conclude that this integrated experimental/computational approach may enhance understanding of pancreatic cancer behavior and its response to various chemotherapies, and, further, that such an approach could predict resistance based on pharmacokinetic measurements with the goal to maximize effective treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- James J. Lee
- School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Justin Huang
- School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Christopher G. England
- Department of Pharmacology/Toxicology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Lacey R. McNally
- School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
- James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
- * E-mail: (LRM); (HBF)
| | - Hermann B. Frieboes
- James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
- * E-mail: (LRM); (HBF)
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Abstract
Metastasis is responsible for most cancer mortality. The process of metastasis is complex, requiring the coordinated expression and fine regulation of many genes in multiple pathways in both the tumor and host tissues. Identification and characterization of the genetic programs that regulate metastasis is critical to understanding the metastatic process and discovering molecular targets for the prevention and treatment of metastasis. Genomic approaches and functional genomic analyses can systemically discover metastasis genes. In this review, we summarize the genetic tools and methods that have been used to identify and characterize the genes that play critical roles in metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinchun Yan
- University of Washington Medical Center, 1959 N. E. Pacific Street, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
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41
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Cvetkovic D, Dragan M, Leith SJ, Mir ZM, Leong HS, Pampillo M, Lewis JD, Babwah AV, Bhattacharya M. KISS1R induces invasiveness of estrogen receptor-negative human mammary epithelial and breast cancer cells. Endocrinology 2013; 154:1999-2014. [PMID: 23525242 DOI: 10.1210/en.2012-2164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Kisspeptins (KPs), peptide products of the KISS1 metastasis-suppressor gene, are endogenous ligands for a G protein-coupled receptor (KISS1R). KISS1 acts as a metastasis suppressor in numerous human cancers. However, recent studies have demonstrated that an increase in KISS1 and KISS1R expression in patient breast tumors correlates with higher tumor grade and metastatic potential. We have shown that KP-10 stimulates invasion of estrogen receptor α (ERα)-negative MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells via transactivation of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). Here, we report that either KP-10 treatment of ERα-negative nonmalignant mammary epithelial MCF10A cells or expression of KISS1R in MCF10A cells induced a mesenchymal phenotype and stimulated invasiveness. Similarly, exogenous expression of KISS1R in ERα-negative SKBR3 breast cancer cells was sufficient to trigger invasion and induced extravasation in vivo. In contrast, KP-10 failed to transactivate EGFR or stimulate invasiveness in the ERα-positive MCF7 and T47D breast cancer cells. This suggested that ERα negatively regulates KISS1R-dependent breast cancer cell migration, invasion, and EGFR transactivation. In support of this, we found that these KP-10-induced effects were ablated upon exogenous expression of ERα in the MDA-MB-231 cells, by down-regulating KISS1R expression. Lastly, we have identified IQGAP1, an actin cytoskeletal binding protein as a novel binding partner of KISS1R, and have shown that KISS1R regulates EGFR transactivation in breast cancer cells in an IQGAP1-dependent manner. Overall, our data strongly suggest that the ERα status of mammary cells dictates whether KISS1R may be a novel clinical target for treating breast cancer metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donna Cvetkovic
- Department of Physiology, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada, N6A 5C1
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42
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Abstract
Genetically engineered mouse models of pancreatic cancer that recapitulate human pancreatic tumorigenesis have been established. However, the cost associated with generating and housing these mice can be -prohibitive. Tumor latency and progression to invasive diseases in these models are also highly variable. Xenograft mouse models of human pancreatic cancer including heterotopic and orthotopic have been widely used in preclinical studies for their comparatively low cost and rapid, predictable tumor growth. Of the two, orthotopic tumor mouse models are preferred because they offer tissue site-specific pathology, allow studies of metastasis, and are generally deemed more clinically relevant. Here we describe the procedures of implanting cancer cell lines to generate orthotopic mouse models for pancreatic cancer.
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43
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Beck BH, Fuller SA, Peatman E, McEntire ME, Darwish A, Freeman DW. Chronic exogenous kisspeptin administration accelerates gonadal development in basses of the genus Morone. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2012; 162:265-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2012.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2011] [Revised: 03/22/2012] [Accepted: 03/26/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Pichorner A, Sack U, Kobelt D, Kelch I, Arlt F, Smith J, Walther W, Schlag PM, Stein U. In vivo imaging of colorectal cancer growth and metastasis by targeting MACC1 with shRNA in xenografted mice. Clin Exp Metastasis 2012; 29:573-83. [PMID: 22484916 DOI: 10.1007/s10585-012-9472-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2011] [Accepted: 03/22/2012] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
We previously identified the gene metastasis-associated in colon cancer-1 (MACC1) and demonstrated its important role for metastasis prediction in colorectal cancer. MACC1 induces cell motility and proliferation in vitro as well as metastasis in several mouse models. Here we report non-invasive real time imaging of inhibition of colorectal tumor progression and metastasis in xenografted mice by MACC1 shRNA. First, we demonstrated reduction of tumors and liver metastases by endpoint imaging of mice transplanted with MACC1 endogenously high expressing colorectal cancer cells and treated with shRNAs acting on MACC1 or Met. Next, we generated a novel bicistronic IRES vector simultaneously expressing the reporter gene firefly luciferase and MACC1 to ensure a direct correlation of bioluminescence signal with MACC1 expression. We transfected MACC1 endogenously low expressing colorectal cancer cells with this luciferase-IRES-MACC1 construct, transplanted them intrasplenically, and monitored MACC1 induced tumor growth and metastasis by in vivo imaging over time. Transfection of an IRES construct harboring the firefly luciferase reporter gene together with MACC1 lacking the SH3-domain reduced tumor growth and metastasis. Finally, we counteracted the luciferase-IRES-MACC1 induced effects by shRNA targeting MACC1 and monitored reduced tumor growth and metastasis by in vivo imaging over weeks. In summary, the new bicistronic luciferase-IRES-MACC1 construct is suitable for in vivo imaging of tumor progression and metastasis, and moreover, for imaging of therapy response such as treatment with MACC1 shRNA. Thereby, we provide proof-of-concept for employment of this MACC1-based in vivo model for evaluating therapeutic intervention strategies aiming at inhibition of tumor growth and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Pichorner
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Charité University Medicine Berlin, at the Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, Robert-Rössle-Straße 10, 13125, Berlin, Germany
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José A, Sobrevals L, Ivorra A, Fillat C. Irreversible electroporation shows efficacy against pancreatic carcinoma without systemic toxicity in mouse models. Cancer Lett 2012; 317:16-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2011.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2011] [Revised: 10/11/2011] [Accepted: 11/02/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Wang H, Jones J, Turner T, He QP, Hardy S, Grizzle WE, Welch DR, Yates C. Clinical and biological significance of KISS1 expression in prostate cancer. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2012; 180:1170-1178. [PMID: 22226740 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2011.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2011] [Revised: 10/18/2011] [Accepted: 11/14/2011] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
For men in the United States, prostate cancer (PCa) is the most frequent malignancy and the second leading cause of cancer mortality. The metastatic spread of PCa is responsible for most deaths related to PCa. Although KISS1 functions as a metastasis suppressor in various cancers, its expression levels and functions in PCa development and progression remain undetermined. The goals of this study were to correlate the expression levels of KISS1 in PCas with clinicopathologic characteristics and to assess the biological relevance of KISS1 to the viability and motility of PCa cells. Strong KISS1 staining was detected in benign prostate tissues, but the staining was weaker in primary and metastatic PCas (both P < 0.001, t-test). Furthermore, the low expression levels of KISS1 in PCas correlated with clinical stage (P < 0.01) and with KISS1R expression (P < 0.001). Overexpression of full-length KISS1 in low KISS1-expressing PC-3M cells, but not KFMΔSS, which lacks the secretion signal sequence, induced re-sensitization of cells to anoikis, although it had no effect on either cell proliferation or apoptosis. Overexpression of KISS1 also suppressed steps in the metastatic cascade, including motility and invasiveness. Moreover, cells overexpressing KISS1 were found to enhance chemosensitivity to paclitaxel. Collectively, our data suggest that KISS1 functions as a metastasis suppressor in PCas and may serve as a useful biomarker as well as a therapeutic target for aggressive PCas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Honghe Wang
- Department of Biology and Center for Cancer Research, Tuskegee University, Tuskegee, Alabama.
| | - Jacqueline Jones
- Department of Biology and Center for Cancer Research, Tuskegee University, Tuskegee, Alabama
| | - Timothy Turner
- Department of Biology and Center for Cancer Research, Tuskegee University, Tuskegee, Alabama
| | - Qinghua P He
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Tuskegee University, Tuskegee, Alabama
| | - Shana Hardy
- Department of Biology and Center for Cancer Research, Tuskegee University, Tuskegee, Alabama
| | - William E Grizzle
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Danny R Welch
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Clayton Yates
- Department of Biology and Center for Cancer Research, Tuskegee University, Tuskegee, Alabama.
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Ulasov IV, Kaverina NV, Pytel P, Thaci B, Liu F, Hurst DR, Welch DR, Sattar HA, Olopade OI, Baryshnikov AY, Kadagidze ZG, Lesniak MS. Clinical significance of KISS1 protein expression for brain invasion and metastasis. Cancer 2011; 118:2096-105. [PMID: 21928364 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.26525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2011] [Revised: 07/07/2011] [Accepted: 08/04/2011] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Metastases to the brain represent a feared complication and contribute to the morbidity and mortality of breast cancer. Despite improvements in therapy, prognostic factors for development of metastases are lacking. KISS1 is a metastasis suppressor that demonstrates inhibition of metastases formation in several types of cancer. The purpose of this study was to determine the importance of KISS1 expression in breast cancer progression and the development of intracerebral lesions. METHODS In this study, we performed a comparative analysis of 47 brain metastases and 165 primary breast cancer specimens by using the antihuman KISS1 antibody. To compare KISS1 expression between different groups, we used a 3-tier score and the automated score computer software (ACIS) evaluation. To reveal association between mRNA and protein expression, we used quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) analysis. Significance of immunohistochemistry stainings was correlated with clinicopathological data. RESULTS We identified that KISS1 expression is significantly higher in primary breast cancer compared with brain metastases (P < .05). The mRNA analysis performed on 33 selected ductal carcinoma brain metastatic lesions and 36 primary ductal carcinomas revealed a statistically significant down-regulation of KISS1 protein in metastatic cases (P = .04). Finally, we observed a significant correlation between expression of KISS1 and metastasis-free survival (P = .04) along with progression of breast cancer and expression of KISS1 in primary breast cancer specimens (P = .044). CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, our study shows that breast cancer expresses KISS1. Cytoplasmic expression of KISS1 may be used as a prognostic marker for increased risk of breast cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilya V Ulasov
- The Brain Tumor Cancer Center, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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Hurst DR, Welch DR. Metastasis suppressor genes at the interface between the environment and tumor cell growth. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2011; 286:107-80. [PMID: 21199781 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-385859-7.00003-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The molecular mechanisms and genetic programs required for cancer metastasis are sometimes overlapping, but components are clearly distinct from those promoting growth of a primary tumor. Every sequential, rate-limiting step in the sequence of events leading to metastasis requires coordinated expression of multiple genes, necessary signaling events, and favorable environmental conditions or the ability to escape negative selection pressures. Metastasis suppressors are molecules that inhibit the process of metastasis without preventing growth of the primary tumor. The cellular processes regulated by metastasis suppressors are diverse and function at every step in the metastatic cascade. As we gain knowledge into the molecular mechanisms of metastasis suppressors and cofactors with which they interact, we learn more about the process, including appreciation that some are potential targets for therapy of metastasis, the most lethal aspect of cancer. Until now, metastasis suppressors have been described largely by their function. With greater appreciation of their biochemical mechanisms of action, the importance of context is increasingly recognized especially since tumor cells exist in myriad microenvironments. In this chapter, we assemble the evidence that selected molecules are indeed suppressors of metastasis, collate the data defining the biochemical mechanisms of action, and glean insights regarding how metastasis suppressors regulate tumor cell communication to-from microenvironments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas R Hurst
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
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Partecke IL, Kaeding A, Sendler M, Albers N, Kühn JP, Speerforck S, Roese S, Seubert F, Diedrich S, Kuehn S, Weiss UF, Mayerle J, Lerch MM, Hadlich S, Hosten N, Heidecke CD, Puls R, von Bernstorff W. In vivo imaging of pancreatic tumours and liver metastases using 7 Tesla MRI in a murine orthotopic pancreatic cancer model and a liver metastases model. BMC Cancer 2011; 11:40. [PMID: 21276229 PMCID: PMC3039629 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-11-40] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2010] [Accepted: 01/28/2011] [Indexed: 03/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Pancreatic cancer is the fourth leading cause of tumour death in the western world. However, appropriate tumour models are scarce. Here we present a syngeneic murine pancreatic cancer model using 7 Tesla MRI and evaluate its clinical relevance and applicability. Methods 6606PDA murine pancreatic cancer cells were orthotopically injected into the pancreatic head. Liver metastases were induced through splenic injection. Animals were analyzed by MRI three and five weeks following injection. Tumours were detected using T2-weighted high resolution sequences. Tumour volumes were determined by callipers and MRI. Liver metastases were analyzed using gadolinium-EOB-DTPA and T1-weighted 3D-Flash sequences. Tumour blood flow was measured using low molecular gadobutrol and high molecular gadolinium-DTPA. Results MRI handling and applicability was similar to human systems, resolution as low as 0.1 mm. After 5 weeks tumour volumes differed significantly (p < 0.01) when comparing calliper measurments (n = 5, mean 1065 mm3+/-243 mm3) with MRI (mean 918 mm3+/-193 mm3) with MRI being more precise. Histology (n = 5) confirmed MRI tumour measurements (mean size MRI 38.5 mm2+/-22.8 mm2 versus 32.6 mm2+/-22.6 mm2 (histology), p < 0,0004) with differences due to fixation and processing of specimens. After splenic injection all mice developed liver metastases with a mean of 8 metastases and a mean volume of 173.8 mm3+/-56.7 mm3 after 5 weeks. Lymphnodes were also easily identified. Tumour accumulation of gadobutrol was significantly (p < 0.05) higher than gadolinium-DTPA. All imaging experiments could be done repeatedly to comply with the 3R-principle thus reducing the number of experimental animals. Conclusions This model permits monitoring of tumour growth and metastasis formation in longitudinal non-invasive high-resolution MR studies including using contrast agents comparable to human pancreatic cancer. This multidisciplinary environment enables radiologists, surgeons and physicians to further improve translational research and therapies of pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivo L Partecke
- Department of General, Visceral, Thoracic and Vascular Surgery, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-University, Friedrich-Loeffler-Str. 23 b, Greifswald, Germany
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Cook LM, Hurst DR, Welch DR. Metastasis suppressors and the tumor microenvironment. Semin Cancer Biol 2010; 21:113-22. [PMID: 21168504 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2010.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2010] [Accepted: 12/02/2010] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The most lethal and debilitating attribute of cancer cells is their ability to metastasize. Throughout the process of metastasis, tumor cells interact with other tumor cells, host cells and a variety of molecules. Tumor cells are also faced with a number of insults, such as hemodynamic sheer pressure and immune selection. This brief review explores how metastasis suppressor proteins regulate interactions between tumor cells and the microenvironments in which tumor cells find themselves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leah M Cook
- Department of Pathology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
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