1
|
Walsh RFL, Klugman J, Moriarity DP, Titone MK, Ng TH, Goel N, Alloy LB. Reward sensitivity and social rhythms during goal-striving: An ecological momentary assessment investigation of bipolar spectrum disorders. J Affect Disord 2024; 344:510-518. [PMID: 37852584 PMCID: PMC10842638 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2023.10.114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The reward/circadian rhythm model of bipolar spectrum disorders (BSDs) posits that when individuals with hypersensitive reward systems encounter reward-relevant events, they experience social and circadian rhythm disruption, leading to mood symptoms. The aim of the current study is to test an element of this theoretical model by investigating changes in social rhythms during and after an ecologically-valid reward-relevant event and evaluating whether the strength of these associations differ by trait reward sensitivity and BSD diagnostic group. METHODS Young adults from three groups (low BSD risk with moderate reward sensitivity [MRew], high BSD risk with high reward sensitivity [HRew], and high reward sensitivity with BSD [HRew+BSD]) completed a reward responsiveness task and 20-day ecological momentary assessment study structured around a participant-specific goal occurring on day 15. Social rhythm disruption (SRD) and social rhythm regularity (SRR) were assessed daily. Multilevel models examined whether reward sensitivity and group moderated associations between study phase (baseline [days 1-5], goal-striving [days 16-20], or outcome [days 16-20]) and social rhythms. RESULTS Participants experienced greater SRD after the goal-striving event during the outcome phase, compared to the baseline phase. The HRew+BSD group had significant decreases in SRR during the outcome phase, and this pattern differed significantly from the low-risk and high-risk groups. Greater task reward responsiveness also was associated with significant decreases in SRR during the outcome phase. LIMITATIONS This study did not test whether social rhythm irregularity was associated with subsequent mood change. CONCLUSIONS Participants exhibited social rhythm changes over the course of this ecologically valid goal-striving period, providing evidence for the interplay between reward-activating events and social rhythms. The HRew+BSD group showed a distinct pattern in which their social rhythms were more irregular after completing reward-relevant goal-striving that was not observed for the low-BSD risk or high-BSD risk groups. These findings provide additional support for Interpersonal and Social Rhythms Therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rachel F L Walsh
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Temple University, United States of America
| | - Joshua Klugman
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Temple University, United States of America; Department of Sociology, Temple University, United States of America
| | - Daniel P Moriarity
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, United States of America
| | - Madison K Titone
- VA San Diego Healthcare System, United States of America; University of California San Diego, United States of America
| | - Tommy H Ng
- Department of Psychiatry, Weill Cornell Medicine College, United States of America
| | - Namni Goel
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, United States of America
| | - Lauren B Alloy
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Temple University, United States of America.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Alloy LB, Walsh RFL, Smith LT, Maddox MA, Olino TM, Zee PC, Nusslock R. Circadian, Reward, and Emotion Systems in Teens prospective longitudinal study: protocol overview of an integrative reward-circadian rhythm model of first onset of bipolar spectrum disorder in adolescence. BMC Psychiatry 2023; 23:602. [PMID: 37592214 PMCID: PMC10436678 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-023-05094-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bipolar spectrum disorders (BSDs) are associated with a heightened sensitivity to rewards and elevated reward-related brain function in cortico-striatal circuitry. A separate literature documents social and circadian rhythm disruption in BSDs. Recently, integrated reward-circadian models of BSDs have been proposed. These models draw on work indicating that the two systems influence each other and interact to affect mood functioning. When dysregulated, reward and circadian system signaling may combine to form a positive feedback loop, whereby dysregulation in one system exacerbates dysregulation in the other. Project CREST (Circadian, Reward, and Emotion Systems in Teens) provides a first systematic test of reward-circadian dysregulation as a synergistic and dynamic vulnerability for first onset of BSD and increases in bipolar symptoms during adolescence. METHODS This NIMH-funded R01 study is a 3-year prospective, longitudinal investigation of approximately 320 community adolescents from the broader Philadelphia area, United States of America. Eligible participants must be 13-16 years old, fluent in English, and without a prior BSD or hypomanic episode. They are being selected along the entire dimension of self-reported reward responsiveness, with oversampling at the high tail of the dimension in order to increase the likelihood of BSD onsets. At Times 1-6, every 6 months, participants will complete assessments of reward-relevant and social rhythm disruption life events and self-report and diagnostic assessments of bipolar symptoms and episodes. Yearly, at Times 1, 3, and 5, participants also will complete self-report measures of circadian chronotype (morningness-eveningness) and social rhythm regularity, a salivary dim light melatonin onset (DLMO) procedure to assess circadian phase, self-report, behavioral, and neural (fMRI) assessments of monetary and social reward responsiveness, and a 7-day ecological momentary assessment (EMA) period. During each EMA period, participants will complete continuous measures of sleep/wake and activity (actigraphy), a daily sleep diary, and three within-day (morning, afternoon, evening) measures of life events coded for reward-relevance and social rhythm disruption, monetary and social reward responsiveness, positive and negative affect, and hypo/manic and depressive symptoms. The fMRI scan will occur on the day before and the DLMO procedure will occur on the first evening of the 7-day EMA period. DISCUSSION This study is an innovative integration of research on multi-organ systems involved in reward and circadian signaling in understanding first onset of BSD in adolescence. It has the potential to facilitate novel pharmacological, neural, and behavioral interventions to treat, and ideally prevent, bipolar conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lauren B Alloy
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Temple University, Philadelphia, USA.
| | - Rachel F L Walsh
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Temple University, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Logan T Smith
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Temple University, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Mackenzie A Maddox
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Temple University, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Thomas M Olino
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Temple University, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Phyllis C Zee
- Department of Neurology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Evanston, USA
| | - Robin Nusslock
- Department of Psychology, Northwestern University, Evanston, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Rosen FN, LaFreniere LS. Savoring, worry, and positive emotion duration in generalized anxiety disorder: Assessment and interventional experiment. J Anxiety Disord 2023; 97:102724. [PMID: 37207556 DOI: 10.1016/j.janxdis.2023.102724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intentional attempts to savor positive emotions may be infrequent in Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) due to avoidance of emotional contrasts. Yet purposeful enjoyment may help reduce worry and increase wellbeing in GAD. We sought to explore 1) the frequency, intensity, and duration of positive emotions from savoring in GAD and 2) its effect on pre-existing worry. METHOD The same 139 participants participated in two studies. They first took baseline measures. After, they were explicitly taught about savoring practices. In study 1, all participants were instructed to savor a photograph and video, timing and rating their emotion. Then in study 2, participants underwent a worry induction followed by an interventional experiment. In a savoring condition, participants were instructed to savor a personally-chosen enjoyable video. In a control condition, participants watched an emotionally neutral video. RESULTS Participants who met DSM-5 criteria for GAD had significantly lower scores on naturalistic savoring via self-report than those without GAD. Yet when explicitly taught and directed to savor in study 1, there were no differences between those with and without GAD in positive emotion duration and intensity. In study 2, longitudinal linear mixed models demonstrated that savoring after a worry induction significantly decreased worry, decreased anxiety, and increased positive emotions to greater degrees than the control task. These changes did not differ between diagnostic groups. All analyses controlled for depression symptoms. CONCLUSION Although persons with GAD tend to savor less in daily life than those without GAD, intentional savoring may decrease worry and increase positive emotion for both groups.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Felicia N Rosen
- Skidmore College, 151 Tisch Learning Center, 815 N. Broadway, Saratoga Springs, NY 12866, USA
| | - Lucas S LaFreniere
- Skidmore College, 151 Tisch Learning Center, 815 N. Broadway, Saratoga Springs, NY 12866, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Chao M, Koay JM, Van Meter A. Does mood affect judgment: Results from an in vivo observational study. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s12144-022-03437-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
5
|
Are context-specific measures of positive emotion regulation more predictive of mania risk and mood symptoms than trait measures? Behav Cogn Psychother 2020; 49:596-611. [PMID: 33292900 DOI: 10.1017/s1352465820000855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A number of strategies used to regulate positive affect (i.e. dampening and positive rumination) have been identified as having particular relevance to hypomanic personality (a proxy measure of mania risk). However, previous findings have been mixed and it is suggested that this may be the result of lack of consideration of the context in which emotion regulation (ER) is occurring. AIMS This study aimed to investigate (a) if use of specific ER strategies predicts mood across social- and goal-related contexts, and (b) if the relationship between hypomanic personality and mood is moderated by greater use of ER strategies. METHOD One hundred and seventy-four participants (mean age 20.77 years, SD = 2.2) completed an online survey assessing (i) hypomanic personality, (ii) self-reported tendencies to use ER strategies for positive emotion, (iii) tendencies to use these strategies in response to both high- and moderate-intensity positive affect in personally generated social- and goal-related contexts, and (iv) current affect. RESULTS Trait use of ER strategies was more predictive of hypomanic personality and mood symptoms than context-specific measures; however, this relationship did not hold up for hypomanic personality and mood symptoms when accounting for current affect. Trait dampening was predictive of low mood symptoms but did not moderate the relationship between hypomanic personality and low mood. DISCUSSION While trait measures of ER were more predictive of mania risk and mood symptoms than context-specific measures, further work is needed using experience sampling methods in order to capture the regulatory processes individuals are using in particular contexts, in real-time.
Collapse
|
6
|
Koenders M, Dodd A, Karl A, Green M, Elzinga B, Wright K. Understanding bipolar disorder within a biopsychosocial emotion dysregulation framework. JOURNAL OF AFFECTIVE DISORDERS REPORTS 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jadr.2020.100031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
|
7
|
The dual-system theory of bipolar spectrum disorders: A meta-analysis. Clin Psychol Rev 2020; 83:101945. [PMID: 33217713 DOI: 10.1016/j.cpr.2020.101945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Bipolar spectrum disorders are characterized by alternating intervals of extreme positive and negative affect. We performed a meta-analysis to test the hypothesis that such disorders would be related to dysregulated reinforcement sensitivity. First, we reviewed 23 studies that reported the correlation between self-report measures of (hypo)manic personality and measures of reinforcement sensitivity. A large relationship was found between (hypo)manic personality and BAS sensitivity (g = .74), but not with BIS sensitivity (g = -.08). This stands in contrast to self-reported depression which has a small, negative relationship with BAS sensitivity and a large positive one with BIS sensitivity (Katz et al., 2020). Next, we reviewed 33 studies that compared reinforcement sensitivity between euthymic, bipolar participants and healthy controls. There, bipolar disorder had a small, positive relationship with BAS sensitivity (g = .20) and a medium, positive relationship with BIS sensitivity (g = .64). These findings support a dualsystem theory of bipolar disorders, wherein BAS sensitivity is more closely related to mania and BIS sensitivity more closely to bipolar depression. Bipolar disorders show diatheses for both states with euthymic participants being BAS- and BIS- hypersensitive. Implications for further theory and research practice are expounded upon in the discussion.
Collapse
|
8
|
Kovács LN, Takacs ZK, Tóth Z, Simon E, Schmelowszky Á, Kökönyei G. Rumination in major depressive and bipolar disorder - a meta-analysis. J Affect Disord 2020; 276:1131-1141. [PMID: 32777651 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2020.07.131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Revised: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND rumination, defined as repetitive thoughts about emotionally relevant experiences, has been linked extensively with mood disorders, especially major depressive disorder (MDD).1 However, there is a growing body of evidence suggesting the importance of rumination in bipolar disorder (BD)2 as well. METHODS we searched for studies that investigated rumination in both BD and MDD in four databases. Our systematic search identified 12 studies with an overall sample size of 2071 clinical patients. RESULTS results demonstrated no significant difference in the ruminative tendencies of the two patient groups when all rumination measures were included. We tested for the effect of rumination subtype, BD subgroups, and the current mood state of BD and MDD patients. There were no significant differences in terms of depressive rumination, however, BD patients reported more rumination on positive affect. This difference remained significant when examining in BD-I3 and BD-II4 patient groups, with similar effect sizes. LIMITATIONS due to the lack of sufficient data in the literature, only a few self-report studies qualified to be included in our analysis. Thus additional moderating factors, such as the current mood state of the two patient groups could not be analyzed. CONCLUSIONS this review demonstrates that rumination is a significant process in both MDD and BD, highlighting the importance of interventions to reduce rumination in mood disorders. The two patient groups share several commonalities in terms of rumination, however, rumination subtype was found to be an important moderating variable underlining a difference in rumination on positive affect.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lilla Nóra Kovács
- Doctoral School of Psychology, ELTE, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary; Institute of Psychology, ELTE, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zsofia K Takacs
- Institute of Education, ELTE, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zsófia Tóth
- Doctoral School of Psychology, ELTE, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary; Institute of Psychology, ELTE, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Evelin Simon
- Institute of Psychology, ELTE, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | | | - Gyöngyi Kökönyei
- Institute of Psychology, ELTE, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary; SE-NAP2 Genetic Brain Imaging Migraine Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary; Department of Pharmacodynamics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Reinforcement sensitivity, depression and anxiety: A meta-analysis and meta-analytic structural equation model. Clin Psychol Rev 2020; 77:101842. [PMID: 32179341 DOI: 10.1016/j.cpr.2020.101842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Revised: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory (RST) posits that individual differences in reward and punishment processing predict differences in cognition, behavior, and psychopathology. We performed a quantitative review of the relationships between reinforcement sensitivity, depression and anxiety, in two separate sets of analyses. First, we reviewed 204 studies that reported either correlations between reinforcement sensitivity and self-reported symptom severity or differences in reinforcement sensitivity between diagnosed and healthy participants, yielding 483 effect sizes. Both depression (Hedges' g = .99) and anxiety (g = 1.21) were found to be high on punishment sensitivity. Reward sensitivity negatively predicted only depressive disorders (g = -.21). More severe clinical states (e.g., acute vs remission) predicted larger effect sizes for depression but not anxiety. Next, we reviewed an additional 39 studies that reported correlations between reinforcement sensitivity and both depression and anxiety, yielding 156 effect sizes. We then performed meta-analytic structural equation modeling to simultaneously estimate all covariances and control for comorbidity. Again we found punishment sensitivity to predict depression (β = .37) and anxiety (β = .35), with reward sensitivity only predicting depression (β = -.07). The transdiagnostic role of punishment sensitivity and the discriminatory role of reward sensitivity support a hierarchical approach to RST and psychopathology.
Collapse
|
10
|
Jaracz M, Borkowska A. Creativity and Affective Temperament in Artistic and Non‐artistic Students: Different Temperaments are Related to Different Aspects of Creativity. JOURNAL OF CREATIVE BEHAVIOR 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/jocb.426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marcin Jaracz
- Chair of Clinical Neuropsychology, Faculty of Health Sciences Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Poland
| | - Alina Borkowska
- Chair of Clinical Neuropsychology, Faculty of Health Sciences Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
McGrogan CL, Dodd AL, Smith MA. Emotion regulation strategies in mania risk: A systematic review. J Clin Psychol 2019; 75:2106-2118. [PMID: 31385293 DOI: 10.1002/jclp.22841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Difficulties in emotion regulation may contribute to the development of mania. This review aimed to assess how emotion regulation strategies reported by individuals at risk of mania compare with clinical and nonclinical controls. METHODS Search terms relating to mania risk and emotion regulation were entered into three databases. Sixteen studies were included. RESULTS Mania risk was typically associated with overall endorsement of emotion regulation strategies, particularly dampening, and positive and negative rumination. CONCLUSIONS Findings were limited by overall lack of evidence for individual strategies, lack of consideration of key mediating factors and reliance upon self-report designs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Claire L McGrogan
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Alyson L Dodd
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Michael A Smith
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom.,Medical School, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Seeley JR, Sheeber LB, Feil EG, Leve C, Davis B, Sorensen E, Allan S. Mediation analyses of Internet-facilitated cognitive behavioral intervention for maternal depression. Cogn Behav Ther 2019; 48:337-352. [PMID: 30311850 PMCID: PMC6461540 DOI: 10.1080/16506073.2018.1513554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2017] [Accepted: 08/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
This study evaluated the putative mediating mechanisms of an Internet-facilitated cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) intervention for depression tailored to economically disadvantaged mothers of preschool-age children. The CBT mediators were tested across two previously published randomized controlled trials which included the same measures of behavioral activation, negative thinking, and savoring of positive events. Trial 1 included 70 mothers with elevated depressive symptoms who were randomized to either the eight-session, Internet-facilitated intervention (Mom-Net) or to treatment as usual. Trial 2 included 266 mothers with elevated depressive symptoms who were randomized to either Mom-Net or to a motivational interviewing and referral to services condition. Simple mediation models tested each putative mediator independently followed by tests of multiple mediation that simultaneously included all three mediators in the model to assess the salient contributions of each mediator. The pattern of results for the mediating effects were systematically replicated across the two trials and suggest that behavioral activation and negative thinking are salient mediators of the Mom-Net intervention; significant mediating effects for savoring were obtained only in the simple mediation models and were not obtained in the multiple mediation models.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Craig Leve
- a Oregon Research Institute , Eugene , OR , USA
| | - Betsy Davis
- a Oregon Research Institute , Eugene , OR , USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Moss SA, Cheavens JS. Commitment is Not Enough: A Longitudinal Investigation of Goal Commitment, Confidence, and Depressive Symptoms in Personal Goal Pursuit. JOURNAL OF SOCIAL AND CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1521/jscp.2019.38.4.301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Symptoms of depression are associated with difficulty achieving personal goals. Empirical investigations suggest that depressed individuals do not differ from healthy controls in their commitment to personal goals (i.e., goal commitment), though they express less confidence in their abilities to achieve goals (i.e., goal-related confidence). Despite the relevance of motivational constructs, including goal commitment and confidence, to both depression and goal striving, there is a dearth of research examining these variables as they relate to depressive symptoms and goal progress across time. Method: To address this gap, we tracked the goal pursuits of 139 undergraduate participants oversampled for elevated symptoms of depression at a large, Midwestern university at three time-points. Participants completed a baseline assessment that included The Center for Epidemiologic Studies—Depression Scale (CES-D; Radloff, 1977) and a free-response goal-setting activity. They were asked to report goal progress and re-rate commitment and confidence for any not-yet-attained goals 2 weeks later and, finally, to report on goal attainment at a 2-month follow-up. Results: As predicted, the association between depressive symptoms and concurrently-reported goal commitment was not significant. However, less goal progress and early decreases in goal commitment and confidence reported at 2-week follow-up acted as indirect paths through which baseline depressive symptoms predicted poor longer-term goal outcomes. Discussion: Future investigators could experimentally test the associations between these variables to better understand the ways in which manipulating one aspect of goal striving might causally influence the others.
Collapse
|
14
|
Early maladaptive schemas in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder, bipolar disorder, and schizophrenia: A comparative study. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s12144-019-00195-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
|
15
|
Ironside ML, Johnson SL, Carver CS. Identity in bipolar disorder: Self-worth and achievement. J Pers 2019; 88:45-58. [PMID: 30714166 DOI: 10.1111/jopy.12461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Revised: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 01/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
This article considers self and self-concept in bipolar disorder. Bipolar disorder, defined on the basis of manic symptoms, is a highly debilitating psychopathology. It is heavily grounded in biology but symptom course is still very responsive to psychological and social forces in the lives of persons who have the disorder. This review assumes an overall view of the self that is typical of personality psychology: self as traits, self as goals and aspirations, and ongoing efforts to attain those goals. In this review, we will discuss two different facets of self and identity in bipolar disorder. First, we review a body of goal pursuit literature suggesting that persons with bipolar disorder endorse heightened ambitions for attaining goals and recognition from others. Second, we will review multiple findings which suggest that among persons with bipolar disorder, self-worth depends on measurable success in an extreme way. We will consider how the intersection of these two themes may lead to unique identity challenges for people with bipolar disorder, drawing from self-report, behavioral, and neuroscience findings to critically examine this viewpoint.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manon L Ironside
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California
| | - Sheri L Johnson
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California
| | - Charles S Carver
- Department of Psychology, University of Miami, Coral Gables, Florida
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
|
17
|
Generalization in Sports: The Impact of How Athletes Process Their Failures and Successes. JOURNAL OF CLINICAL SPORT PSYCHOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.1123/jcsp.2016-0044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The way athletes prospect future success or failure following a single success or failure is called “generalization”. This study examined the roles of an abstract “why” vs. a concrete “how” processing style on athletes’ generalization to future performances and to their self-concept (N = 668). We hypothesized that athletes in the “why” condition would show more negative/positive generalization. We also explored the impact of how individuals in the “why” condition attributed their success or failure performance. There was no main difference between processing styles but athletes with more functional attributions showed more positive generalization and athletes with more dysfunctional attributions showed more negative generalization. These results show that attributions could be driving the effects of an abstract “why” processing style on generalization. For athletes with an elevated depression score it might be particularly important to focus on generalizations following success and train these athletes to make functional attributions.
Collapse
|
18
|
Hanssen I, Regeer EJ, Schut D, Boelen PA. Ruminative and dampening responses to positive affect in bipolar disorder and major depressive disorder. Compr Psychiatry 2018; 85:72-77. [PMID: 30005179 DOI: 10.1016/j.comppsych.2018.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Revised: 06/18/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although previous research has focused on distinguishing cognitive styles between Bipolar Disorder (BD) and Major Depressive Disorder (MDD), little is known about differences in positive affect regulation between these affective groups. The aim of the present study was to extend previous research by investigating such differences between BD and MDD, and between the bipolar subtypes (BD-I vs. BD-II and predominant polarities), using large, clinical, outpatient samples. METHODS In total, 298 participants (96 BD-I, 27 BD-II, and 175 MDD) were included. All completed the Responses to Positive Affect (RPA) questionnaire. Mood symptoms in BD patients were clinically assessed by means of the Clinical Global Impression for Bipolar Disorders (CGI-BP), while depressive symptom severity in MDD patients were assessed by means of the Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology (IDS-SR). RESULTS Results showed differences between affective groups and bipolar subtypes. The most salient finding was that both BD-I and BD-II patients were more likely to ruminate about positive affect than MDD patients, while MDD patients were more likely to engage in dampening responses to positive affect. CONCLUSIONS Differentiation of responses to positive affect between BD and MDD may have relevant clinical implications in terms of symptomatology, course, and treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- I Hanssen
- Altrecht Institute for Mental Health Care, Utrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Clinical Psychology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
| | - E J Regeer
- Altrecht Institute for Mental Health Care, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - D Schut
- Altrecht Institute for Mental Health Care, Utrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Clinical Psychology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - P A Boelen
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands; Arq Psychotrauma Expert Group, Diemen, the Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
McEvoy PM, Hyett MP, Ehring T, Johnson SL, Samtani S, Anderson R, Moulds ML. Transdiagnostic assessment of repetitive negative thinking and responses to positive affect: Structure and predictive utility for depression, anxiety, and mania symptoms. J Affect Disord 2018; 232:375-384. [PMID: 29510356 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2018.02.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2017] [Revised: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 02/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Repetitive negative thinking (RNT) is a cognitive process that is repetitive, passive, relatively uncontrollable, and focused on negative content, and is elevated in emotional disorders including depression and anxiety disorders. Repetitive positive thinking is associated with bipolar disorder symptoms. The unique contributions of positive versus negative repetitive thinking to emotional symptoms are unknown. The first aim of this study was to use confirmatory factor analyses to evaluate the psychometrics of two transdiagnostic measures of RNT, the Repetitive Thinking Questionnaire (RTQ-10) and Perseverative Thinking Questionnaire (PTQ), and a measure of repetitive positive thinking, the Responses to Positive Affect (RPA) Questionnaire. The second aim was to determine incremental predictive utility of these measures. METHOD All measures were administered to a sample of 2088 undergraduate students from the Netherlands (n = 992), Australia (n = 698), and America (n = 398). RESULTS Unidimensional, bifactor, and three-factor models were supported for the RTQ-10, PTQ, and RPA, respectively. A common factor measured by all PTQ items explained most variance in PTQ scores suggesting that this measure is essentially unidimensional. The RNT factor of the RTQ-10 demonstrated the strongest predictive utility, although the PTQ was also uniquely although weakly associated with anxiety, depression, and mania symptoms. The RPA dampening factor uniquely predicted anxiety and depression symptoms, suggesting that this scale is a separable process to RNT as measured by the RTQ-10 and PTQ. LIMITATIONS Findings were cross-sectional and need to be replicated in clinical samples. CONCLUSIONS Transdiagnostic measures of RNT are essentially unidimensional, whereas RPA is multidimensional. RNT and RPA have unique predictive utility.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter M McEvoy
- Centre for Clinical Interventions, Perth, Western Australia, Australia; School of Psychology, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.
| | - Matthew P Hyett
- School of Psychology, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | | | - Sheri L Johnson
- Department of Psychology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Suraj Samtani
- School of Psychology, The University of New South Wales, UNSW Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Rebecca Anderson
- School of Psychology, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Michelle L Moulds
- School of Psychology, The University of New South Wales, UNSW Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Taylor CL. Creativity and Mood Disorder: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. PERSPECTIVES ON PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE 2017; 12:1040-1076. [DOI: 10.1177/1745691617699653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Although the belief that creativity is related to psychopathology is prevalent, empirical evidence is limited. Research findings relating to mood disorder in particular are mixed, possibly as a result of differing research approaches (e.g., assessing the creativity of individuals with versus without mood disorder opposed to the prevalence of mood disorder in creative versus noncreative individuals). Therefore, a systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted to investigate prior research examining the link between mood disorder and creativity from three distinct research approaches. Multilevel random effects models were used to calculate the overall effect size for studies that assessed (a) creativity in a clinical versus nonclinical sample ( k = 13), (b) mood disorder in a creative versus noncreative sample ( k = 10), and (c) the correlation between dimensional measures of creativity and mood disorder symptoms ( k = 15). Potential moderators were examined using meta-regression and subgroup analyses, as significant heterogeneity was detected among the effects in all three analyses. Results reveal a differential strength and pattern of effects across the three analyses, suggesting that the relationship between creativity and mood disorder differs according to the research approach. The theoretical implications of results and potential mechanisms responsible for the relationship between creativity and mood disorder are discussed.
Collapse
|
21
|
Kim BN, Kwon SM. The link between hypomania risk and creativity: The role of heightened behavioral activation system (BAS) sensitivity. J Affect Disord 2017; 215:9-14. [PMID: 28288308 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2017.02.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2016] [Revised: 02/13/2017] [Accepted: 02/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The relationship between bipolar disorder (BD) and creativity is well-known; however, relatively little is known about its potential mechanism. We investigated whether heightened behavioral activation system (BAS) sensitivity may mediate such relationship. METHODS Korean young adults (N=543) completed self-report questionnaires that included the Hypomanic Personality Scale (HPS), the Behavioral Activation System(BAS) Scale, the Everyday Creativity Scale (ECS), the Positive Affect and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS), and the Altman Self-Rating Mania Scale (ASRM). Correlational, hierarchical regression and mediation analyses using bootstrap confidence intervals were conducted. RESULTS As predicted, BAS sensitivity was associated with self-reported creativity as well as hypomania risk and symptoms. Even when positive affect was controlled, BAS sensitivity predicted incrementally significant variance in explaining creativity. In mediation analysis, BAS sensitivity partially mediated the relation between hypomania risk and creativity. LIMITATIONS Reliance on self-report measures in assessing creativity and usage of non-clinical sample. CONCLUSIONS BAS sensitivity was related not only to mood pathology but also to creativity. As a basic affective temperament, BAS sensitivity may help explain incompatible sides of adaptation associated with BD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bin-Na Kim
- Department of Psychology, Seoul National University, Gwanakro 1, Gwanak-Gu, Seoul 151-746, South Korea.
| | - Seok-Man Kwon
- Department of Psychology, Seoul National University, Gwanakro 1, Gwanak-Gu, Seoul 151-746, South Korea
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Alloy LB, Olino T, Freed RD, Nusslock R. Role of Reward Sensitivity and Processing in Major Depressive and Bipolar Spectrum Disorders. Behav Ther 2016; 47:600-621. [PMID: 27816074 PMCID: PMC5119651 DOI: 10.1016/j.beth.2016.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2015] [Revised: 02/25/2016] [Accepted: 02/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Since Costello's (1972) seminal Behavior Therapy article on loss of reinforcers or reinforcer effectiveness in depression, the role of reward sensitivity and processing in both depression and bipolar disorder has become a central area of investigation. In this article, we review the evidence for a model of reward sensitivity in mood disorders, with unipolar depression characterized by reward hyposensitivity and bipolar disorders by reward hypersensitivity. We address whether aberrant reward sensitivity and processing are correlates of, mood-independent traits of, vulnerabilities for, and/or predictors of the course of depression and bipolar spectrum disorders, covering evidence from self-report, behavioral, neurophysiological, and neural levels of analysis. We conclude that substantial evidence documents that blunted reward sensitivity and processing are involved in unipolar depression and heightened reward sensitivity and processing are characteristic of hypomania/mania. We further conclude that aberrant reward sensitivity has a trait component, but more research is needed to clearly demonstrate that reward hyposensitivity and hypersensitivity are vulnerabilities for depression and bipolar disorder, respectively. Moreover, additional research is needed to determine whether bipolar depression is similar to unipolar depression and characterized by reward hyposensitivity, or whether like bipolar hypomania/mania, it involves reward hypersensitivity.
Collapse
|
23
|
The Impact of Thought Speed and Variability on Psychological State and Threat Perception: Further Exploration of the Theory of Mental Motion. COGNITIVE THERAPY AND RESEARCH 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s10608-016-9753-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
24
|
Peckham AD, Johnson SL. Spontaneous Eye-Blink Rate as an Index of Reward Responsivity: Validation and Links to Bipolar Disorder. Clin Psychol Sci 2016; 4:451-463. [PMID: 27274949 PMCID: PMC4886748 DOI: 10.1177/2167702615594999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Extensive research supports the role of striatal dopamine in pursuing and responding to reward, and that eye-blink rate is a valid indicator of striatal dopamine. This study tested whether phasic changes in blink rate could provide an index of reward pursuit. This hypothesis was tested in people with bipolar I disorder (BD; a population with aberrations in reward responsivity), and in those without BD. Thirty-one adults with BD and 28 control participants completed a laboratory task involving effort towards monetary reward. Blink rate was recorded using eye-tracking at baseline, reward anticipation, and post-reward. Those in the BD group completed self-report measures relating to reward and ambition. Results showed that across all participants, blink rates increased from reward anticipation to post-reward. In the BD group, reward-relevant measures were strongly correlated with variation in blink rate. These findings provide validation for phasic changes in blink rate as an index of reward response.
Collapse
|
25
|
Depp CA, Moore RC, Dev SI, Mausbach BT, Eyler LT, Granholm EL. The temporal course and clinical correlates of subjective impulsivity in bipolar disorder as revealed through ecological momentary assessment. J Affect Disord 2016; 193:145-50. [PMID: 26773907 PMCID: PMC4915941 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2015.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2015] [Revised: 11/30/2015] [Accepted: 12/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Impulsivity is frequently linked with bipolar disorder and is associated with mania and negative outcomes. The temporal dynamics of subjective impulsivity are unclear, in particular whether impulsivity precedes or follows changes in positive or negative affect. METHODS A total of 41 outpatients with bipolar disorder (I or II) were provided with mobile devices for 11 weeks and completed twice-daily surveys about affective states and subjective impulsivity. We examined the association between aggregate subjective impulsivity with baseline global cognitive function, suicide risk ratings, and medication adherence, as well as concurrent and lagged associations with momentary positive and negative affect ratings. RESULTS A total of 2902 ratings were available across study subjects. Higher aggregate mean ratings of impulsivity were associated with worse baseline global cognitive function, prior suicide attempts, and self-reported problems with medication adherence, as well as more severe manic (but not depressive) symptoms. Time-lagged models indicated that greater negative affect, but not positive affect, predicted subsequent increases in subjective impulsivity, which, in turn, predicted diminished positive affect. LIMITATIONS Other measures of impulsivity with which to validate subjective ratings were unavailable and the sample was restricted to generally clinically stable outpatients. CONCLUSIONS Subjective impulsivity as measured by daily monitoring was associated with worse cognitive function and self-rated medication adherence, and higher suicide risk ratings. Impulsivity may be a maladaptive strategy to regulate negative affect in bipolar disorder.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Colin A Depp
- UC San Diego Department of Psychiatry, La Jolla, CA, United States; VA San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States.
| | - Raeanne C Moore
- UC San Diego Department of Psychiatry, La Jolla, CA, United States; VA San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Sheena I Dev
- UC San Diego Department of Psychiatry, La Jolla, CA, United States; VA San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Brent T Mausbach
- UC San Diego Department of Psychiatry, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Lisa T Eyler
- UC San Diego Department of Psychiatry, La Jolla, CA, United States; VA San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Eric L Granholm
- UC San Diego Department of Psychiatry, La Jolla, CA, United States; VA San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Nelis S, Luyckx K, Feldman G, Bastin M, Raes F, Bijttebier P. Assessing response styles to positive affect: One or two dimensions of positive rumination in the Responses to Positive Affect questionnaire? PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2015.09.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
|
27
|
Van Lier J, Moulds ML, Raes F. Abstract "why" Thoughts About Success Lead to Greater Positive Generalization in Sport Participants. Front Psychol 2015; 6:1783. [PMID: 26635686 PMCID: PMC4655228 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2015] [Accepted: 11/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Generalizing from a single failure or success to future performances and their self-concept could have an important impact on sport participants. This study examined the impact of the way sport participants think about success on positive generalization. Sport participants (N = 222) completed an online experimental study in which they were induced to think about meanings, causes and implications (i.e., abstract-“why”-thinking) or about more perceptual concrete aspects of their performance (i.e., concrete-“how”-thinking). We hypothesized that abstract-“why”-thinking would lead to greater positive generalization and that this effect would be moderated by self-esteem. Our results supported our hypothesis that abstract thinking increased positive generalization, and this effect was more clearly visible in sport participants with higher self-esteem. These results suggest that retrospective thinking about the “why” of a good performance may benefit athletes in the long run because they generalize the outcome to future performances and their self-concept which may boost their motivation and consequently their performance.
Collapse
|
28
|
Tang-Smith E, Johnson SL, Chen S. The dominance behavioural system: A multidimensional transdiagnostic approach. Psychol Psychother 2015; 88:394-411. [PMID: 25490909 DOI: 10.1111/papt.12050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2014] [Revised: 10/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The dominance behavioural system (DBS) is multi-faceted, and various aspects of this system have links with a range of psychopathologies. Different scales have been used across psychopathologies though, and no single measure captures the core dimensions of the DBS. Our goal was to assess the importance of multiple DBS dimensions across psychopathologies. METHODS Undergraduates (N = 612) completed a broad set of dominance items (many from pre-existing measures) and measures of lifetime depression, anxiety, and manic symptoms. RESULTS Factor analysis suggested six distinct DBS factors: Authentic Pride, Hubristic Pride, Cooperation, Power/Influence, Discomfort with Leadership, and Ruthless Ambition. Depressive and anxious symptoms related to notably similar DBS profiles, characterized by lower authentic pride, lower perceived power, and greater willingness to endorse hubris. In contrast, hypomanic tendencies related to heightened pride, and an emphasis on the pursuit of power despite interpersonal costs. CONCLUSIONS With a multi-faceted approach, the DBS appears to be relevant for understanding multiple forms of psychopathology. Although limited by the reliance on self-report questionnaires, this is the first transdiagnostic study to consider these multiple facets of the DBS. PRACTITIONER POINTS The dominance system involves multiple separable dimensions. Manic tendencies appear tied to experiencing a heightened sense of pride and being willing to use more aggressive behavioural strategies to pursue dominance. Anxious and depressive tendencies appear particularly tied to low levels of subjective power, and more willingness to describe oneself as having hubris. Pride, the subjective sense of achieving power, and behavioural approaches to achieving power appear to be important dimensions of the dominance system for understanding psychopathology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eliot Tang-Smith
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Sheri L Johnson
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA.,Center for Advanced Study of the Behavioral Sciences (CASBS), Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Stephen Chen
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Tharp JA, Johnson SL, Sinclair S, Kumar S. Goals in bipolar I disorder: Big dreams predict more mania. MOTIVATION AND EMOTION 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s11031-015-9519-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
|
30
|
Fulford D, Eisner LR, Johnson SL. Differentiating risk for mania and borderline personality disorder: The nature of goal regulation and impulsivity. Psychiatry Res 2015; 227:347-52. [PMID: 25892256 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2015.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2014] [Revised: 01/25/2015] [Accepted: 02/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Researchers and clinicians have long noted the overlap among features and high comorbidity of bipolar disorder and borderline personality disorder. The shared features of impulsivity and labile mood in both disorders make them challenging to distinguish. We tested the hypothesis that variables related to goal dysregulation would be uniquely related to risk for mania, while emotion-relevant impulsivity would be related to risk for both disorders. We administered a broad range of measures related to goal regulation traits and impulsivity to 214 undergraduates. Findings confirmed that risk for mania, but not for borderline personality disorder, was related to higher sensitivity to reward and intense pursuit of goals. In contrast, borderline personality disorder symptoms related more strongly than did mania risk with threat sensitivity and with impulsivity in the context of negative affect. Results highlight potential differences and commonalities in mania risk versus borderline personality disorder risk.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Fulford
- University of California, San Francisco, Department of Psychiatry, 401 Parnassus Ave., San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Palo Alto Medical Foundation Research Institute, 2350 West El Camino Real, Mountain View, CA 94040, USA.
| | - Lori R Eisner
- Bipolar Clinic and Research Program, Massachusetts General Hospital, Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, 50 Staniford St., Ste 580, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Sheri L Johnson
- University of California, Berkeley, Department of Psychology, 3417 Tolman Hall, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Johnson SL, Murray G, Hou S, Staudenmaier PJ, Freeman MA, Michalak EE. Creativity is linked to ambition across the bipolar spectrum. J Affect Disord 2015; 178:160-4. [PMID: 25837549 PMCID: PMC7187909 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2015.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2014] [Revised: 02/17/2015] [Accepted: 02/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Beyond evidence for an association, little is known about the mechanism linking creativity bipolar spectrum conditions. Theory suggests that ambition, which is heightened in bipolar disorder (BD) and associated with creativity in the general population, might be an important variable. The overarching aim of this project was to evaluate whether ambition is related to creativity among those with bipolar spectrum conditions. METHOD Across two studies, we examined correlations between a validated self-report measure of ambition, the WASSUP, and creativity. In Study One, 22 individuals diagnosed with BD who self-identified as highly creative completed the WASSUP and a measure of lifetime creative accomplishment. In Study Two, 221 undergraduates completed the WASSUP, a measure of mania risk (the Hypomanic Personality Scale, HPS) and a measure designed to assess creativity in business projects and tasks. RESULTS In Study One, WASSUP scores were significantly elevated compared to normative levels in BD, and WASSUP scores were correlated with lifetime creative accomplishment within the artistic sample. In Study Two, mania risk was related to greater ambition and creativity, and ambition was also directly related to greater creativity. LIMITATIONS Both studies were limited by the reliance on self-reported ambition. CONCLUSION Ambition could be one important component of creative success across the bipolar spectrum.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sheri L. Johnson
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Greg Murray
- Faculty of Health, Arts and Design, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, Australia
| | - Sharon Hou
- Department of Psychology, University of Guelph, Canada
| | | | | | - Erin E. Michalak
- Division of Mood Disorders, Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, 2255 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 2A1,Corresponding author. Tel.: +1 604 827 3393; fax: +1 604 822 7792. (E.E. Michalak)
| | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Shapero BG, Stange JP, Goldstein KE, Black CL, Molz AR, Hamlat EJ, Black SK, Boccia AS, Abramson LY, Alloy LB. Cognitive Styles in Mood Disorders: Discriminative Ability of Unipolar and Bipolar Cognitive Profiles. Int J Cogn Ther 2015; 8:35-60. [PMID: 25893033 DOI: 10.1521/ijct.2015.8.1.35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Although previous research has identified cognitive styles that distinguish individuals with bipolar disorder (BD), individuals with major depressive disorder (MDD), and individuals without mood disorders from one another, findings have been inconsistent. The current study included 381 participants classified into a BD group, a MDD group, and a no mood disorder group. To differentiate between these groups, this study evaluated cognitive styles with a battery of traditional and more recently-developed measures. Receiver operating characteristics (ROC) analyses were used to determine the discriminate ability of variables with significant between group differences. Results supported that BD and MDD may be characterized by distinct cognitive styles. Given work showing that interventions for MDD may not be effective at treating BD, it is important to directly compare individuals with these disorders. By clarifying the overlapping and divergent cognitive styles characterizing BD and MDD, research can not only improve diagnostic validity, but also provide more efficacious and effective interventions.
Collapse
|
33
|
Alloy LB, Nusslock R, Boland EM. The development and course of bipolar spectrum disorders: an integrated reward and circadian rhythm dysregulation model. Annu Rev Clin Psychol 2015; 11:213-50. [PMID: 25581235 PMCID: PMC4380533 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-032814-112902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In this article, we present and review the evidence for two major biopsychosocial theories of the onset and course of bipolar spectrum disorders (BSDs) that integrate behavioral, environmental, and neurobiological mechanisms: the reward hypersensitivity and the social/circadian rhythm disruption models. We describe the clinical features, spectrum, age of onset, and course of BSDs. We then discuss research designs relevant to demonstrating whether a hypothesized mechanism represents a correlate, vulnerability, or predictor of the course of BSDs, as well as important methodological issues. We next present the reward hypersensitivity model of BSD, followed by the social/circadian rhythm disruption model of BSD. For each model, we review evidence regarding whether the proposed underlying mechanism is associated with BSDs, provides vulnerability to the onset of BSDs, and predicts the course of BSDs. We then present a new integrated reward/circadian rhythm (RCR) dysregulation model of BSD and discuss how the RCR model explains the symptoms, onset, and course of BSDs. We end with recommendations for future research directions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lauren B Alloy
- Department of Psychology, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122; ,
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Mania risk and creativity: a multi-method study of the role of motivation. J Affect Disord 2015; 170:52-8. [PMID: 25233239 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2014.08.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2013] [Revised: 08/25/2014] [Accepted: 08/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Substantial literature has linked bipolar disorder and risk for bipolar disorder with creative accomplishment, but few multimodal studies of creativity are available, and little is known about mechanisms. METHODS We use a multi-method approach to test the association of bipolar risk with several creativity measures, including creative accomplishments, creative personality traits, and a laboratory index of insight. We also examined whether multiple facets of motivation accounted for the links of bipolar risk with creativity. Among 297 undergraduates, mania risk, as measured with the Hypomanic Personality Scale was related to lifetime creativity and creative personality, but not to performance on the insight task. Motivational traits appeared to mediate the links of mania risk with both lifetime creative accomplishments and self-rated creativity. LIMITATIONS The study relied on a cross-sectional design and a convenience sample. CONCLUSIONS Future studies would benefit from exploring motivation as a positive aspect of manic vulnerability that may foster greater creativity.
Collapse
|
35
|
Rygula R, Szczech E, Kregiel J, Golebiowska J, Kubik J, Popik P. Cognitive judgment bias in the psychostimulant-induced model of mania in rats. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2015; 232:651-60. [PMID: 25116482 PMCID: PMC4302237 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-014-3707-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2014] [Accepted: 07/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Animal models of mania lack genuine cognitive parameters. The present gold standard of mania models, amphetamine-induced hyperlocomotion, is rather unspecific and does not necessarily target its cardinal symptoms. Therefore, alternative behavioral markers that are sensitive to stimulants are required. OBJECTIVES In the present study, by combining the psychostimulant-induced model of mania in rodents with the recently developed ambiguous-cue interpretation (ACI) tests, we investigated the effects of chronic administration of D-amphetamine and cocaine on the cognitive judgment bias of rats. METHODS To accomplish this goal, in two separate experiments, previously trained animals received chronic, daily injections of either D-amphetamine (2 mg/kg) or cocaine (10 mg/kg) for 2 weeks and were subsequently tested with the ACI procedure. RESULTS Chronic treatment with both psychostimulants did not make rats more "optimistic." CONCLUSIONS The results are discussed in terms of behavioral and pharmacological actions of the tested compounds and their implications for modeling mania in animals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rafal Rygula
- Affective Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Behavioral Neuroscience and Drug Development, Institute of Pharmacology Polish Academy of Sciences, 12 Smetna Street, 31-343, Krakow, Poland,
| | - Ewa Szczech
- Affective Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Behavioral Neuroscience and Drug Development, Institute of Pharmacology Polish Academy of Sciences, 12 Smetna Street, 31-343 Krakow, Poland
| | - Jakub Kregiel
- Affective Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Behavioral Neuroscience and Drug Development, Institute of Pharmacology Polish Academy of Sciences, 12 Smetna Street, 31-343 Krakow, Poland
| | - Joanna Golebiowska
- Affective Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Behavioral Neuroscience and Drug Development, Institute of Pharmacology Polish Academy of Sciences, 12 Smetna Street, 31-343 Krakow, Poland
| | - Jakub Kubik
- Affective Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Behavioral Neuroscience and Drug Development, Institute of Pharmacology Polish Academy of Sciences, 12 Smetna Street, 31-343 Krakow, Poland
| | - Piotr Popik
- Affective Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Behavioral Neuroscience and Drug Development, Institute of Pharmacology Polish Academy of Sciences, 12 Smetna Street, 31-343 Krakow, Poland ,Faculty of Health Sciences, Collegium Medicum, Jagiellonian University, Michalowskiego 12, 31-126 Krakow, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Acute administration of lithium, but not valproate, modulates cognitive judgment bias in rats. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2015; 232:2149-56. [PMID: 25537337 PMCID: PMC4432082 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-014-3847-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2014] [Accepted: 12/09/2014] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVES Both valproic acid (VPA) and lithium (LI) are well-established treatments for therapy of intense and sustained mood shifts, which are characteristics of affective disorders, such as bipolar disorder (BP). As mood and cognitive judgment bias have been found to be strongly interrelated, the present study investigated, in an animal model, whether acute treatment with VPA or LI could affect cognitive judgment bias. METHODS To accomplish this goal, two groups of rats received single injections of either VPA or LI after initial behavioral training and were subsequently tested with the ambiguous-cue interpretation (ACI) test. Both drugs were administered in three doses using the fully randomized Latin square design. RESULTS VPA (100, 200, and 400 mg/kg) had no significant effect on the interpretation of the ambiguous cue. LI at the lowest dose (10 mg/kg) had no effect; at an intermediate dose (50 mg/kg), it significantly biased animals towards positive interpretation of the ambiguous cue, and at the highest dose (100 mg/kg), it impaired the ability of animals to complete the test. CONCLUSION To our knowledge, this is the first study demonstrating lithium's effects on increased optimistic judgment bias. Future studies may focus on the ability of putative pharmacotherapies to modify the cognitive judgment bias dimension of patients at risk for bipolar disorder or depression.
Collapse
|
37
|
Black CL, Goldstein KE, LaBelle DR, Brown CW, Harmon-Jones E, Abramson LY, Alloy LB. Behavioral approach system sensitivity and risk taking interact to predict left-frontal EEG asymmetry. Behav Ther 2014; 45:640-50. [PMID: 25022775 PMCID: PMC4100074 DOI: 10.1016/j.beth.2014.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2013] [Revised: 01/17/2014] [Accepted: 01/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The Behavioral Approach System (BAS) hypersensitivity theory of bipolar disorder (BD; Alloy & Abramson, 2010; Depue & Iacono, 1989) suggests that hyperreactivity in the BAS results in the extreme fluctuations of mood characteristic of BD. In addition to risk conferred by BAS hypersensitivity, cognitive and personality variables may play a role in determining risk. We evaluated relationships among BAS sensitivity, risk taking, and an electrophysiological correlate of approach motivation, relative left-frontal electroencephalography (EEG) asymmetry. BAS sensitivity moderated the relationship between risk taking and EEG asymmetry. More specifically, individuals who were high in BAS sensitivity showed left-frontal EEG asymmetry regardless of their level of risk-taking behavior. However, among individuals who were moderate in BAS sensitivity, risk taking was positively associated with asymmetry. These findings suggest that cognitive and personality correlates of bipolar risk may evidence unique contributions to a neural measure of trait-approach motivation. Clinical implications of these findings are discussed.
Collapse
|
38
|
Nonverbal dominance behavior among individuals at risk for mania. J Affect Disord 2014; 159:133-8. [PMID: 24679401 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2014.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2014] [Accepted: 02/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Research suggests that people with bipolar disorder may be highly motivated to attain dominance and may over-estimate their social power (Johnson and Carver, 2012). This manic temperament may provide an adaptive advantage in the pursuit of dominance and leadership (Akiskal and Akiskal, 1992). It was hypothesized that people at high risk for bipolar disorder, as defined by the Hypomanic Personality Scale (HPS), would fail to assume a submissive role when it was appropriate to do so. METHOD Participants (81 undergraduates) completed an image description task with a confederate. Participants were randomly assigned to interact with a confederate who assumed one of three nonverbal postures: dominant (expanded), neutral, or submissive (constricted). Nonverbal dominance behavior was defined as the rate at which participants expanded their body span during the task. RESULTS Consistent with hypotheses, an ANOVA indicated an interaction of Mania risk x Dominance condition on body expansion. Whereas participants with low mania risk (HPS scores) adapted complementary behavior in response to the confederate, participants with high mania risk demonstrated a consistently dominant (expanded) nonverbal posture. LIMITATIONS A major limitation of this study is the use of an analog measure of mania risk in place of clinical diagnoses. CONCLUSIONS In this experiment, participants at high risk for mania maintained a dominant posture even when submissiveness would have been more appropriate. It is argued that persistent dominance behavior may play an important role in the interpersonal interactions of individuals at risk for bipolar disorder.
Collapse
|
39
|
Bullock B, Corlass-Brown J, Murray G. Eveningness and Seasonality are Associated with the Bipolar Disorder Vulnerability Trait. JOURNAL OF PSYCHOPATHOLOGY AND BEHAVIORAL ASSESSMENT 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s10862-014-9414-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
40
|
Preliminary support for a generalized arousal model of political conservatism. PLoS One 2014; 8:e83333. [PMID: 24376687 PMCID: PMC3869771 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0083333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2013] [Accepted: 11/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
It is widely held that negative emotions such as threat, anxiety, and disgust represent the core psychological factors that enhance conservative political beliefs. We put forward an alternative hypothesis: that conservatism is fundamentally motivated by arousal, and that, in this context, the effect of negative emotion is due to engaging intensely arousing states. Here we show that study participants agreed more with right but not left-wing political speeches after being exposed to positive as well as negative emotion-inducing film-clips. No such effect emerged for neutral-content videos. A follow-up study replicated and extended this effect. These results are consistent with the idea that emotional arousal, in general, and not negative valence, specifically, may underlie political conservatism.
Collapse
|
41
|
Heissler J, Kanske P, Schönfelder S, Wessa M. Inefficiency of emotion regulation as vulnerability marker for bipolar disorder: evidence from healthy individuals with hypomanic personality. J Affect Disord 2014; 152-154:83-90. [PMID: 23948633 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2013.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2012] [Revised: 04/30/2013] [Accepted: 05/01/2013] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Emotion regulation deficits are a key characteristic of bipolar disorder (BD). In the present study, we asked if deficits in emotion regulation are also a vulnerability marker for BD. To this end, we investigated a healthy group of participants at high-risk for developing BD, defined on the basis of a hypomanic personality trait. We examined the neural correlates of two emotion regulation strategies, reappraisal and distraction. METHOD Twenty-two individuals with higher risk for BD and twenty-four controls were investigated in a functional magnetic resonance imaging paradigm. Participants were presented with negative, positive and neutral pictures and were either required to passively view the images, to down-regulate the emotional response by reappraising the pictures' content, or to perform a distracting arithmetic task. RESULTS High-risk individuals showed increased emotional reactivity to negative stimuli, indicated by heightened amygdala activation during passive viewing. High-risk participants were also less successful in down-regulating amygdala activity using reappraisal of negative stimuli. During distraction from positive stimuli, high-risk individuals showed heightened task-related activity in the inferior parietal cortex, suggesting increased distractibility by task-irrelevant positive background stimuli. There were no differences in habitual emotion regulation as assessed by a self-report questionnaire. LIMITATIONS Generalizability of the present results is limited by the age- and education-homogenous sample and the small sample size. CONCLUSIONS This is the first study to report neural correlates of increased emotional reactivity and deficient emotion regulation in healthy individuals at risk for BD. These findings suggest inefficient emotion regulation through reappraisal and distraction in individuals with high hypomanic personality who are supposed to be at higher risk to develop bipolar disorder.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Janine Heissler
- Center for Doctoral Studies in Social and Behavioral Sciences, Graduate School of Economic and Social Sciences, University of Mannheim, Germany
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Levenson JC, Nusslock R, Frank E. Life events, sleep disturbance, and mania: An integrated model. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1111/cpsp.12034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
|
43
|
Hawke LD, Provencher MD, Parikh SV. Schema therapy for bipolar disorder: a conceptual model and future directions. J Affect Disord 2013; 148:118-22. [PMID: 23218898 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2012.10.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2012] [Accepted: 10/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Schema therapy (ST) is an integrative form of psychotherapy developed for complex, chronic psychological disorders with a characterlogical underpinning. Bipolar disorder is just such a disorder--complex and often comorbid, with demonstrated stable cognitive and personality features that complicate the course of illness. This article presents the reasons justifying the application of ST to bipolar disorder and proposes a treatment rationale and future directions for treatment and research. If well adapted to the characteristics of bipolar disorder, ST might prove to be an effective adjunctive psychotherapy option that attenuates emotional reactivity, reduces symptoms and improves quality of life.
Collapse
|
44
|
Van Rheenen TE, Rossell SL. Genetic and neurocognitive foundations of emotion abnormalities in bipolar disorder. Cogn Neuropsychiatry 2013; 18:168-207. [PMID: 23088582 DOI: 10.1080/13546805.2012.690938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Bipolar Disorder (BD) is a serious mood disorder, the aetiology of which is still unclear. The disorder is characterised by extreme mood variability in which patients fluctuate between markedly euphoric, irritable, and elevated states to periods of severe depression. The current research literature shows that BD patients demonstrate compromised neurocognitive ability in addition to these mood symptoms. Viable candidate genes implicated in neurocognitive and socioemotional processes may explain the development of these core emotion abnormalities. Additionally, links between faulty neurocognition and impaired socioemotional ability complement genetic explanations of BD pathogenesis. This review examines associations between cognition indexing prefrontal neural regions and socioemotional impairments including emotion processing and regulation. A review of the effect of COMT and TPH2 on these functions is also explored. METHODS Major computer databases including PsycINFO, Google Scholar, and Medline were consulted in order to conduct a comprehensive review of the genetic and cognitive literature in BD. RESULTS This review determines that COMT and TPH2 genetic variants contribute susceptibility to abnormal prefrontal neurocognitive function which oversees the processing and regulation of emotion. This provides for greater understanding of some of the emotional and cognitive symptoms in BD. CONCLUSIONS Current findings in this direction show promise, although the literature is still in its infancy and further empirical research is required to investigate these links explicitly.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tamsyn E Van Rheenen
- Brain and Psychological Sciences Research Centre, Faculty of Life and Social Sciences, Swinburne University, and Cognitive Neuropsychology Laboratory, Monash Alfred Psychiatry Research Center, The Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Australia.
| | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Psychometric Properties of the Attitudes toward Self-Revised in Italian Young Adults. DEPRESSION RESEARCH AND TREATMENT 2013; 2013:209216. [PMID: 23878732 PMCID: PMC3710639 DOI: 10.1155/2013/209216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2013] [Accepted: 06/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Objectives and Methods. Several researchers have provided support for the critical role of cognitive vulnerabilities in the development of depression. The Attitudes toward Self-Revised (ATS-R) was designed to assess three potential self-regulatory vulnerabilities to depression: High Standards (HS), Self-Criticism (SC), and Negative Generalization (NG). The aim of the study was to assess the psychometric properties of the ATS-R in the Italian young adult population. The ATS-R, the Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II), the Beck Hopelessness Scale (BHS), and the Teate Depression Inventory (TDI) were administered to 857 (320 men and 537 women) young adults. Results. The best-fitting solution for the ATS-R was a 2-factor model, which obtained satisfactory homogeneity of content (HS/SC: Cronbach α = 0.81; mean interitem correlation = 0.46. NG: Cronbach α = 0.75; mean interitem correlation = 0.43) and significant correlation with the BDI-II (NG: Pearson r = 0.29, P < 0.01), the TDI (HS/SC: Pearson r = -0.26, P < 0.01), and the BHS (HS/SC: Pearson r = -0.29, P < 0.01; NG: Pearson r = 0.22, P < 0.01). Conclusions. The Italian version of the ATS-R seems to be a valid instrument for the study of the role of cognitive tendencies as potential vulnerability for depression.
Collapse
|
46
|
Finucane L, Jordan G, Meyer TD. Risk for Mania and its Relationship to Implicit and Explicit Achievement Motivation. JOURNAL OF INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2013. [DOI: 10.1027/1614-0001/a000117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
There is evidence that bipolar disorders are associated with achievement-related cognitions such as setting high goals. A psychodynamic model, the manic defense hypothesis, postulates that a threat to fragile self-esteem triggers grandiosity and manic behaviors in vulnerable people. Vulnerability to bipolar disorders should therefore be positively associated with indicators of explicit hope of success (HS) and implicit fear of failure (FF). Using an online sample (n = 252), we tested these hypotheses using the well-validated Hypomanic Personality Scale as risk indicator for mania, the Multi-Motive Grid for achievement motivation, controlling for current and lifetime depression. Contrary to expectations, we found that vulnerability for mania was significantly and positively related to implicit HS but not to FF after controlling for depression. All measures were self-report tools. Our results contradict the Manic Defense Hypothesis, but they are in line with the idea that achievement-related cognitions are of relevance to vulnerability in bipolar disorders. This is in line with research focusing on the role of the Behavioral Activation System in relation to vulnerability for mania.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lucy Finucane
- Psychology and Health, Community Health Newham, London, UK
- Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
| | - Gabriele Jordan
- Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
| | - Thomas D. Meyer
- Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Johnson SL, Carver CS. The dominance behavioral system and manic temperament: motivation for dominance, self-perceptions of power, and socially dominant behaviors. J Affect Disord 2012; 142:275-82. [PMID: 22840614 PMCID: PMC3596887 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2012.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2012] [Revised: 05/02/2012] [Accepted: 05/05/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The dominance behavioral system has been conceptualized as a biologically based system comprising motivation to achieve social power and self-perceptions of power. Biological, behavioral, and social correlates of dominance motivation and self-perceived power have been related to a range of psychopathological tendencies. Preliminary evidence suggests that mania and risk for mania (manic temperament) relate to the dominance system. METHOD Four studies examine whether manic temperament, measured with the Hypomanic Personality Scale (HPS), is related to elevations in dominance motivation, self-perceptions of power, and engagement in socially dominant behavior across multiple measures. In Study 1, the HPS correlated with measures of dominance motivation and the pursuit of extrinsically-oriented ambitions for fame and wealth among 454 undergraduates. In Study 2, the HPS correlated with perceptions of power and extrinsically-oriented lifetime ambitions among 780 undergraduates. In Study 3, the HPS was related to trait-like tendencies to experience hubristic (dominance-related) pride, as well as dominance motivation and pursuit of extrinsically-oriented ambitions. In Study 4, we developed the Socially Dominant Behavior Scale to capture behaviors reflecting high power. The scale correlated highly with the HPS among 514 undergraduates. LIMITATIONS The studies rely on self-ratings of manic temperament and dominance constructs, and findings have not yet been generalized to a clinical sample. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, results support the hypothesis that manic temperament is related to a focus on achieving social dominance, ambitions related to achieving social recognition, perceptions of having achieved power, tendencies to experience dominance-related pride, and engagement in social behaviors consistent with this elevated sense of power.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sheri L. Johnson
- Psychology, 3210 Tolman Hall, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA,Correspondence to: Psychology, 3210, Tolman Hall, UC, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA. (S.L. Johnson)
| | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Mason L, O'Sullivan N, Bentall RP, El-Deredy W. Better than I thought: positive evaluation bias in hypomania. PLoS One 2012; 7:e47754. [PMID: 23082210 PMCID: PMC3474792 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0047754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2012] [Accepted: 09/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Mania is characterised by increased impulsivity and risk-taking, and psychological accounts argue that these features may be due to hypersensitivity to reward. The neurobiological mechanisms remain poorly understood. Here we examine reinforcement learning and sensitivity to both reward and punishment outcomes in hypomania-prone individuals not receiving pharmacotherapy. Method We recorded EEG from 45 healthy individuals split into three groups by low, intermediate and high self-reported hypomanic traits. Participants played a computerised card game in which they learned the reward contingencies of three cues. Neural responses to monetary gain and loss were measured using the feedback-related negativity (FRN), a component implicated in motivational outcome evaluation and reinforcement learning. Results As predicted, rewards elicited a smaller FRN in the hypomania-prone group relative to the low hypomania group, indicative of greater reward responsiveness. The hypomania-prone group also showed smaller FRN to losses, indicating diminished response to negative feedback. Conclusion Our findings indicate that proneness to hypomania is associated with both reward hypersensitivity and discounting of punishment. This positive evaluation bias may be driven by aberrant reinforcement learning signals, which fail to update future expectations. This provides a possible neural mechanism explaining risk-taking and impaired reinforcement learning in BD. Further research will be needed to explore the potential value of the FRN as a biological vulnerability marker for mania and pathological risk-taking.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liam Mason
- School of Psychological Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, Lancashire, United Kingdom.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Kelly RE, Mansell W, Sadhnani V, Wood AM. Positive and negative appraisals of the consequences of activated states uniquely relate to symptoms of hypomania and depression. Cogn Emot 2012; 26:899-906. [DOI: 10.1080/02699931.2011.613918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
|
50
|
Johnson SL, Leedom LJ, Muhtadie L. The dominance behavioral system and psychopathology: evidence from self-report, observational, and biological studies. Psychol Bull 2012; 138:692-743. [PMID: 22506751 PMCID: PMC3383914 DOI: 10.1037/a0027503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The dominance behavioral system (DBS) can be conceptualized as a biologically based system that guides dominance motivation, dominant and subordinate behavior, and responsivity to perceptions of power and subordination. A growing body of research suggests that problems with the DBS are evident across a broad range of psychopathologies. We begin by describing psychological, social, and biological correlates of the DBS. Extensive research suggests that externalizing disorders, mania proneness, and narcissistic traits are related to heightened dominance motivation and behaviors. Mania and narcissistic traits also appear related to inflated self-perceptions of power. Anxiety and depression are related to subordination and submissiveness, as well as a desire to avoid subordination. Models of the DBS have received support from research with humans and animals; from self-report, observational, and biological methods; and use of naturalistic and experimental paradigms. Limitations of available research include the relative lack of longitudinal studies using multiple measures of the DBS and the absence of relevant studies using diagnosed samples to study narcissistic personality disorder and bipolar disorder. We provide suggestions for future research on the DBS and psychopathology, including investigations of the potential usefulness of DBS in differentiating specific disorder outcomes, the need for more sophisticated biological research, and the value of longitudinal dynamical research. Implications of using the DBS as a tool in clinical assessment and treatment are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Liane J. Leedom
- Department of Psychology, University of Bridgeport, Bridgeport CT
| | - Luma Muhtadie
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley
| |
Collapse
|