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Lee TW, Singleton DC, Harms JK, Lu M, McManaway SP, Lai A, Tercel M, Pruijn FB, Macann AMJ, Hunter FW, Wilson WR, Jamieson SMF. Clinical relevance and therapeutic predictive ability of hypoxia biomarkers in head and neck cancer tumour models. Mol Oncol 2024; 18:1885-1903. [PMID: 38426642 PMCID: PMC11306523 DOI: 10.1002/1878-0261.13620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Tumour hypoxia promotes poor patient outcomes, with particularly strong evidence for head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). To effectively target hypoxia, therapies require selection biomarkers and preclinical models that can accurately model tumour hypoxia. We established 20 patient-derived xenograft (PDX) and cell line-derived xenograft (CDX) models of HNSCC that we characterised for their fidelity to represent clinical HNSCC in gene expression, hypoxia status and proliferation and that were evaluated for their sensitivity to hypoxia-activated prodrugs (HAPs). PDX models showed greater fidelity in gene expression to clinical HNSCC than cell lines, as did CDX models relative to their paired cell lines. PDX models were significantly more hypoxic than CDX models, as assessed by hypoxia gene signatures and pimonidazole immunohistochemistry, and showed similar hypoxia gene expression to clinical HNSCC tumours. Hypoxia or proliferation status alone could not determine HAP sensitivity across our 20 HNSCC and two non-HNSCC tumour models by either tumour growth inhibition or killing of hypoxia cells in an ex vivo clonogenic assay. In summary, our tumour models provide clinically relevant HNSCC models that are suitable for evaluating hypoxia-targeting therapies; however, additional biomarkers to hypoxia are required to accurately predict drug sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tet Woo Lee
- Auckland Cancer Society Research CentreUniversity of AucklandNew Zealand
- Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular BiodiscoveryUniversity of AucklandNew Zealand
| | - Dean C. Singleton
- Auckland Cancer Society Research CentreUniversity of AucklandNew Zealand
- Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular BiodiscoveryUniversity of AucklandNew Zealand
- Department of Molecular Medicine and PathologyUniversity of AucklandNew Zealand
| | - Julia K. Harms
- Auckland Cancer Society Research CentreUniversity of AucklandNew Zealand
| | - Man Lu
- Auckland Cancer Society Research CentreUniversity of AucklandNew Zealand
| | - Sarah P. McManaway
- Auckland Cancer Society Research CentreUniversity of AucklandNew Zealand
| | - Amy Lai
- Auckland Cancer Society Research CentreUniversity of AucklandNew Zealand
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical PharmacologyUniversity of AucklandNew Zealand
| | - Moana Tercel
- Auckland Cancer Society Research CentreUniversity of AucklandNew Zealand
- Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular BiodiscoveryUniversity of AucklandNew Zealand
| | - Frederik B. Pruijn
- Auckland Cancer Society Research CentreUniversity of AucklandNew Zealand
- Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular BiodiscoveryUniversity of AucklandNew Zealand
| | | | - Francis W. Hunter
- Auckland Cancer Society Research CentreUniversity of AucklandNew Zealand
- Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular BiodiscoveryUniversity of AucklandNew Zealand
- Oncology Therapeutic AreaJanssen Research and DevelopmentSpring HousePAUSA
| | - William R. Wilson
- Auckland Cancer Society Research CentreUniversity of AucklandNew Zealand
- Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular BiodiscoveryUniversity of AucklandNew Zealand
| | - Stephen M. F. Jamieson
- Auckland Cancer Society Research CentreUniversity of AucklandNew Zealand
- Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular BiodiscoveryUniversity of AucklandNew Zealand
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical PharmacologyUniversity of AucklandNew Zealand
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2
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Yu W, Truong NTH, Polara R, Gargett T, Tea MN, Pitson SM, Cockshell MP, Bonder CS, Ebert LM, Brown MP. Endogenous bystander killing mechanisms enhance the activity of novel FAP-specific CAR-T cells against glioblastoma. Clin Transl Immunology 2024; 13:e1519. [PMID: 38975278 PMCID: PMC11225608 DOI: 10.1002/cti2.1519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 05/17/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 07/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Objectives CAR-T cells are being investigated as a novel immunotherapy for glioblastoma, but clinical success has been limited. We recently described fibroblast activation protein (FAP) as an ideal target antigen for glioblastoma immunotherapy, with expression on both tumor cells and tumor blood vessels. However, CAR-T cells targeting FAP have never been investigated as a therapy for glioblastoma. Methods We generated a novel FAP targeting CAR with CD3ζ and CD28 signalling domains and tested the resulting CAR-T cells for their lytic activity and cytokine secretion function in vitro (using real-time impedance, flow cytometry, imaging and bead-based cytokine assays), and in vivo (using a xenograft mimicking the natural heterogeneity of human glioblastoma). Results FAP-CAR-T cells exhibited target specificity against model cell lines and potent cytotoxicity against patient-derived glioma neural stem cells, even when only a subpopulation expressed FAP, indicating a bystander killing mechanism. Using co-culture assays, we confirmed FAP-CAR-T cells mediate bystander killing of antigen-negative tumor cells, but only after activation by FAP-positive target cells. This bystander killing was at least partially mediated by soluble factors and amplified by IL-2 which activated the non-transduced fraction of the CAR-T product. Finally, a low dose of intravenously administered FAP-CAR-T cells controlled, without overt toxicity, the growth of subcutaneous tumors created using a mixture of antigen-negative and antigen-positive glioblastoma cells. Conclusions Our findings advance FAP as a leading candidate for clinical CAR-T therapy of glioblastoma and highlight under-recognised antigen nonspecific mechanisms that may contribute meaningfully to the antitumor activity of CAR-T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenbo Yu
- Centre for Cancer BiologySA Pathology and University of South AustraliaAdelaideSAAustralia
- Cancer Clinical Trials UnitRoyal Adelaide HospitalAdelaideSAAustralia
| | - Nga TH Truong
- Centre for Cancer BiologySA Pathology and University of South AustraliaAdelaideSAAustralia
- Cancer Clinical Trials UnitRoyal Adelaide HospitalAdelaideSAAustralia
| | - Ruhi Polara
- Centre for Cancer BiologySA Pathology and University of South AustraliaAdelaideSAAustralia
| | - Tessa Gargett
- Centre for Cancer BiologySA Pathology and University of South AustraliaAdelaideSAAustralia
- Cancer Clinical Trials UnitRoyal Adelaide HospitalAdelaideSAAustralia
- Adelaide Medical SchoolThe University of AdelaideAdelaideSAAustralia
| | - Melinda N Tea
- Centre for Cancer BiologySA Pathology and University of South AustraliaAdelaideSAAustralia
| | - Stuart M Pitson
- Centre for Cancer BiologySA Pathology and University of South AustraliaAdelaideSAAustralia
- Adelaide Medical SchoolThe University of AdelaideAdelaideSAAustralia
| | - Michaelia P Cockshell
- Centre for Cancer BiologySA Pathology and University of South AustraliaAdelaideSAAustralia
| | - Claudine S Bonder
- Centre for Cancer BiologySA Pathology and University of South AustraliaAdelaideSAAustralia
- Adelaide Medical SchoolThe University of AdelaideAdelaideSAAustralia
| | - Lisa M Ebert
- Centre for Cancer BiologySA Pathology and University of South AustraliaAdelaideSAAustralia
- Cancer Clinical Trials UnitRoyal Adelaide HospitalAdelaideSAAustralia
- Adelaide Medical SchoolThe University of AdelaideAdelaideSAAustralia
| | - Michael P Brown
- Centre for Cancer BiologySA Pathology and University of South AustraliaAdelaideSAAustralia
- Cancer Clinical Trials UnitRoyal Adelaide HospitalAdelaideSAAustralia
- Adelaide Medical SchoolThe University of AdelaideAdelaideSAAustralia
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3
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Du EJ, Muench MO. A Monocytic Barrier to the Humanization of Immunodeficient Mice. Curr Stem Cell Res Ther 2024; 19:959-980. [PMID: 37859310 PMCID: PMC10997744 DOI: 10.2174/011574888x263597231001164351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2023] [Revised: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
Mice with severe immunodeficiencies have become very important tools for studying foreign cells in an in vivo environment. Xenotransplants can be used to model cells from many species, although most often, mice are humanized through the transplantation of human cells or tissues to meet the needs of medical research. The development of immunodeficient mice is reviewed leading up to the current state-of-the-art strains, such as the NOD-scid-gamma (NSG) mouse. NSG mice are excellent hosts for human hematopoietic stem cell transplants or immune reconstitution through transfusion of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. However, barriers to full hematopoietic engraftment still remain; notably, the survival of human cells in the circulation is brief, which limits overall hematological and immune reconstitution. Reports have indicated a critical role for monocytic cells - monocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells - in the clearance of xenogeneic cells from circulation. Various aspects of the NOD genetic background that affect monocytic cell growth, maturation, and function that are favorable to human cell transplantation are discussed. Important receptors, such as SIRPα, that form a part of the innate immune system and enable the recognition and phagocytosis of foreign cells by monocytic cells are reviewed. The development of humanized mouse models has taken decades of work in creating more immunodeficient mice, genetic modification of these mice to express human genes, and refinement of transplant techniques to optimize engraftment. Future advances may focus on the monocytic cells of the host to find ways for further engraftment and survival of xenogeneic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily J. Du
- Vitalant Research Institute, 360 Spear Street, Suite 200, San Francisco, CA, 94105, USA
| | - Marcus O. Muench
- Vitalant Research Institute, 360 Spear Street, Suite 200, San Francisco, CA, 94105, USA
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
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4
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Harmon C, Zaborowski A, Moore H, St Louis P, Slattery K, Duquette D, Scanlan J, Kane H, Kunkemoeller B, McIntyre CL, Scannail AN, Moran B, Anderson AC, Winter D, Brennan D, Brehm MA, Lynch L. γδ T cell dichotomy with opposing cytotoxic and wound healing functions in human solid tumors. NATURE CANCER 2023; 4:1122-1137. [PMID: 37474835 DOI: 10.1038/s43018-023-00589-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
Abstract
γδ T cells are important tissue-resident, innate T cells that are critical for tissue homeostasis. γδ cells are associated with positive prognosis in most tumors; however, little is known about their heterogeneity in human cancers. Here, we phenotyped innate and adaptive cells in human colorectal (CRC) and endometrial cancer. We found striking differences in γδ subsets and function in tumors compared to normal tissue, and in the γδ subsets present in tumor types. In CRC, an amphiregulin (AREG)-producing subset emerges, while endometrial cancer is infiltrated by cytotoxic cells. In humanized CRC models, tumors induced this AREG phenotype in Vδ1 cells after adoptive transfer. To exploit the beneficial roles of γδ cells for cell therapy, we developed an expansion method that enhanced cytotoxic function and boosted metabolic flexibility, while eliminating AREG production, achieving greater tumor infiltration and tumor clearance. This method has broad applications in cellular therapy as an 'off-the-shelf' treatment option.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cathal Harmon
- Department of Endocrinology, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Alexandra Zaborowski
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Centre for Colorectal Disease, St. Vincent's University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Haim Moore
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Pamela St Louis
- Program in Molecular Medicine and the Diabetes Center of Excellence, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Karen Slattery
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Danielle Duquette
- Department of Endocrinology, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - John Scanlan
- Department of Endocrinology, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Harry Kane
- Department of Endocrinology, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Britta Kunkemoeller
- Department of Endocrinology, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Claire L McIntyre
- Department of Endocrinology, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Aine Ni Scannail
- Department of Endocrinology, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Bruce Moran
- Department of Pathology, St. Vincent's University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Ana C Anderson
- Evergrande Center for Immunologic Diseases and Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Harvard Medical School and Brigham & Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Des Winter
- Centre for Colorectal Disease, St. Vincent's University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Donal Brennan
- Gynecological Oncology Group, School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Michael A Brehm
- Program in Molecular Medicine and the Diabetes Center of Excellence, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Lydia Lynch
- Department of Endocrinology, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
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5
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Chen A, Neuwirth I, Herndler-Brandstetter D. Modeling the Tumor Microenvironment and Cancer Immunotherapy in Next-Generation Humanized Mice. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:2989. [PMID: 37296949 PMCID: PMC10251926 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15112989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer immunotherapy has brought significant clinical benefits to numerous patients with malignant disease. However, only a fraction of patients experiences complete and durable responses to currently available immunotherapies. This highlights the need for more effective immunotherapies, combination treatments and predictive biomarkers. The molecular properties of a tumor, intratumor heterogeneity and the tumor immune microenvironment decisively shape tumor evolution, metastasis and therapy resistance and are therefore key targets for precision cancer medicine. Humanized mice that support the engraftment of patient-derived tumors and recapitulate the human tumor immune microenvironment of patients represent a promising preclinical model to address fundamental questions in precision immuno-oncology and cancer immunotherapy. In this review, we provide an overview of next-generation humanized mouse models suitable for the establishment and study of patient-derived tumors. Furthermore, we discuss the opportunities and challenges of modeling the tumor immune microenvironment and testing a variety of immunotherapeutic approaches using human immune system mouse models.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Dietmar Herndler-Brandstetter
- Center for Cancer Research, Medical University of Vienna and Comprehensive Cancer Center, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (A.C.); (I.N.)
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6
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Aryee KE, Shultz LD, Burzenski LM, Greiner DL, Brehm MA. NOD-scid IL2rγnull mice lacking TLR4 support human immune system development and the study of human-specific innate immunity. J Leukoc Biol 2023; 113:418-433. [PMID: 36801998 DOI: 10.1093/jleuko/qiac020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Agents that induce inflammation have been used since the 18th century for the treatment of cancer. The inflammation induced by agents such as Toll-like receptor agonists is thought to stimulate tumor-specific immunity in patients and augment control of tumor burden. While NOD-scid IL2rγnull mice lack murine adaptive immunity (T cells and B cells), these mice maintain a residual murine innate immune system that responds to Toll-like receptor agonists. Here we describe a novel NOD-scid IL2rγnull mouse lacking murine TLR4 that fails to respond to lipopolysaccharide. NSG-Tlr4null mice support human immune system engraftment and enable the study of human-specific responses to TLR4 agonists in the absence of the confounding effects of a murine response. Our data demonstrate that specific stimulation of TLR4 activates human innate immune systems and delays the growth kinetics of a human patient-derived xenograft melanoma tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken-Edwin Aryee
- Program in Molecular Medicine, Diabetes Center of Excellence, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, 368 Plantation Street, AS7-2053, Worcester, MA 01605, United States
| | - Leonard D Shultz
- The Jackson Laboratory, 600 Main St, Bar Harbor, ME 04609, United States
| | - Lisa M Burzenski
- The Jackson Laboratory, 600 Main St, Bar Harbor, ME 04609, United States
| | - Dale L Greiner
- Program in Molecular Medicine, Diabetes Center of Excellence, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, 368 Plantation Street, AS7-2053, Worcester, MA 01605, United States
| | - Michael A Brehm
- Program in Molecular Medicine, Diabetes Center of Excellence, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, 368 Plantation Street, AS7-2053, Worcester, MA 01605, United States
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7
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Saikumar Lakshmi P, Oduor CI, Forconi CS, M'Bana V, Bly C, Gerstein RM, Otieno JA, Ong'echa JM, Münz C, Luftig MA, Brehm MA, Bailey JA, Moormann AM. Endemic Burkitt lymphoma avatar mouse models for exploring inter-patient tumor variation and testing targeted therapies. Life Sci Alliance 2023; 6:e202101355. [PMID: 36878637 PMCID: PMC9990458 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.202101355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2021] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Endemic Burkitt lymphoma (BL) is a childhood cancer in sub-Saharan Africa characterized by Epstein-Barr virus and malaria-associated aberrant B-cell activation and MYC chromosomal translocation. Survival rates hover at 50% after conventional chemotherapies; therefore, clinically relevant models are necessary to test additional therapies. Hence, we established five patient-derived BL tumor cell lines and corresponding NSG-BL avatar mouse models. Transcriptomics confirmed that our BL lines maintained fidelity from patient tumors to NSG-BL tumors. However, we found significant variation in tumor growth and survival among NSG-BL avatars and in Epstein-Barr virus protein expression patterns. We tested rituximab responsiveness and found one NSG-BL model exhibiting direct sensitivity, characterized by apoptotic gene expression counterbalanced by unfolded protein response and mTOR pro-survival pathways. In rituximab-unresponsive tumors, we observed an IFN-α signature confirmed by the expression of IRF7 and ISG15. Our results demonstrate significant inter-patient tumor variation and heterogeneity, and that contemporary patient-derived BL cell lines and NSG-BL avatars are feasible tools to guide new therapeutic strategies and improve outcomes for these children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priya Saikumar Lakshmi
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Cliff I Oduor
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Catherine S Forconi
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Viriato M'Bana
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Courtney Bly
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Rachel M Gerstein
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Juliana A Otieno
- Jaramogi Oginga Odinga Teaching and Referral Hospital, Ministry of Medical Services, Kisumu, Kenya
| | - John M Ong'echa
- Center for Global Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kisumu, Kenya
| | - Christian Münz
- Department of Viral Immunobiology, Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Micah A Luftig
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Michael A Brehm
- Program in Molecular Medicine and the Diabetes Center of Excellence, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Jeffrey A Bailey
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Ann M Moormann
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
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8
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Charbonneau M, Harper K, Brochu-Gaudreau K, Perreault A, McDonald PP, Ekindi-Ndongo N, Jeldres C, Dubois CM. Establishment of a ccRCC patient-derived chick chorioallantoic membrane model for drug testing. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:1003914. [PMID: 36275794 PMCID: PMC9582329 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.1003914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) is an aggressive subtype of renal cell carcinoma accounting for the majority of deaths in kidney cancer patients. Advanced ccRCC has a high mortality rate as most patients progress and develop resistance to currently approved targeted therapies, highlighting the ongoing need for adequate drug testing models to develop novel therapies. Current animal models are expensive and time-consuming. In this study, we investigated the use of the chick chorioallantoic membrane (CAM), a rapid and cost-effective model, as a complementary drug testing model for ccRCC. Our results indicated that tumor samples from ccRCC patients can be successfully cultivated on the chick chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) within 7 days while retaining their histopathological characteristics. Furthermore, treatment of ccRCC xenografts with sunitinib, a tyrosine kinase inhibitor used for the treatment of metastatic RCC, allowed us to evaluate differential responses of individual patients. Our results indicate that the CAM model is a complementary in vivo model that allows for rapid and cost-effective evaluation of ccRCC patient response to drug therapy. Therefore, this model has the potential to become a useful platform for preclinical evaluation of new targeted therapies for the treatment of ccRCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martine Charbonneau
- Department of Immunology and Cell Biology, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Kelly Harper
- Department of Immunology and Cell Biology, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Karine Brochu-Gaudreau
- Department of Immunology and Cell Biology, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Alexis Perreault
- Department of Immunology and Cell Biology, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | | | | | - Claudio Jeldres
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Claire M. Dubois
- Department of Immunology and Cell Biology, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada,*Correspondence: Claire M. Dubois
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9
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Aryee K, Burzenski LM, Yao L, Keck JG, Greiner D, Shultz LD, Brehm MA. Enhanced development of functional human NK cells in NOD-scid-IL2rg null mice expressing human IL15. FASEB J 2022; 36:e22476. [PMID: 35959876 PMCID: PMC9383543 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202200045r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2022] [Revised: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Human innate immunity plays a critical role in tumor surveillance and in immunoregulation within the tumor microenvironment. Natural killer (NK) cells are innate lymphoid cells that have opposing roles in the tumor microenvironment, including NK cell subsets that mediate tumor cell cytotoxicity and subsets with regulatory function that contribute to the tumor immune suppressive environment. The balance between effector and regulatory NK cell subsets has been studied extensively in murine models of cancer, but there is a paucity of models to study human NK cell function in tumorigenesis. Humanized mice are a powerful alternative to syngeneic mouse tumor models for the study of human immuno-oncology and have proven effective tools to test immunotherapies targeting T cells. However, human NK cell development and survival in humanized NOD-scid-IL2rgnull (NSG) mice are severely limited. To enhance NK cell development, we have developed NSG mice that constitutively expresses human Interleukin 15 (IL15), NSG-Tg(Hu-IL15). Following hematopoietic stem cell engraftment of NSG-Tg(Hu-IL15) mice, significantly higher levels of functional human CD56+ NK cells are detectable in blood and spleen, as compared to NSG mice. Hematopoietic stem cell (HSC)-engrafted NSG-Tg(Hu-IL15) mice also supported the development of human CD3+ T cells, CD20+ B cells, and CD33+ myeloid cells. Moreover, the growth kinetics of a patient-derived xenograft (PDX) melanoma were significantly delayed in HSC-engrafted NSG-Tg(Hu-IL15) mice as compared to HSC-engrafted NSG mice demonstrating that human NK cells have a key role in limiting the tumor growth. Together, these data demonstrate that HSC-engrafted NSG-Tg(Hu-IL15) mice support enhanced development of functional human NK cells, which limit the growth of PDX tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken‐Edwin Aryee
- Program in Molecular MedicineDiabetes Center of Excellence, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical SchoolWorcesterMassachusettsUSA
| | | | - Li‐Chin Yao
- The Jackson LaboratorySacramentoCaliforniaUSA
| | | | - Dale L. Greiner
- Program in Molecular MedicineDiabetes Center of Excellence, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical SchoolWorcesterMassachusettsUSA
| | | | - Michael A. Brehm
- Program in Molecular MedicineDiabetes Center of Excellence, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical SchoolWorcesterMassachusettsUSA
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10
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Milot MC, Benesty OB, Dumulon-Perreault V, Ait-Mohand S, Richard PO, Rousseau É, Guérin B. 64Cu-DOTHA 2-PSMA, a Novel PSMA PET Radiotracer for Prostate Cancer with a Long Imaging Time Window. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15080996. [PMID: 36015144 PMCID: PMC9412875 DOI: 10.3390/ph15080996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Revised: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer imaging and late-stage management can be improved with prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA)-targeting radiotracers. We developed a PSMA positron emission tomography (PET) radiotracer, DOTHA2-PSMA radiolabeled with 64Cu (T1/2: 12.7 h), to leverage its large imaging time window. This preclinical study aimed to evaluate the biological and imaging properties of 64Cu-DOTHA2-PSMA. Its stability was assessed in plasma ex vivo and in mice. Cellular behavior was studied for up to 48 h in LNCaP cells. Biodistribution studies were performed in balb/c mice for up to 48 h. Dynamic (1 h) and static (4 h and 24 h) PET imaging was completed in LNCaP tumor-bearing mice. 64Cu-DOTHA2-PSMA was stable ex vivo in plasma and reached cellular internalization up to 34.1 ± 4.9% injected activity (IA)/106 cells at 48 h post-injection (p.i.). Biodistribution results showed significantly lower uptake in kidneys than 68Ga-PSMA-617, our reference PET tracer (p < 0.001), but higher liver uptake at 2 h p.i. (p < 0.001). PET images showed 64Cu-DOTHA2-PSMA’s highest tumoral uptake at 4 h p.i., with a significant difference between blocked and non-blocked groups from the time of injection to 24 h p.i. The high stability and tumor uptake with a long tumor imaging time window of 64Cu-DOTHA2-PSMA potentially contribute to the prostate cancer theranostic approach and its local recurrence detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Christine Milot
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Radiobiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC J1H 5N4, Canada
| | - Ophélie Bélissant Benesty
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Radiobiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC J1H 5N4, Canada
| | - Véronique Dumulon-Perreault
- Sherbrooke Molecular Imaging Center (CIMS), Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke (CRCHUS), 3001, 12e Avenue Nord, Sherbrooke, QC J1H 5N4, Canada
| | - Samia Ait-Mohand
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Radiobiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC J1H 5N4, Canada
| | - Patrick O. Richard
- Department of Surgery, Division of Urology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC J1H 5N4, Canada
| | - Étienne Rousseau
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Radiobiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC J1H 5N4, Canada
- Sherbrooke Molecular Imaging Center (CIMS), Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke (CRCHUS), 3001, 12e Avenue Nord, Sherbrooke, QC J1H 5N4, Canada
| | - Brigitte Guérin
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Radiobiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC J1H 5N4, Canada
- Sherbrooke Molecular Imaging Center (CIMS), Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke (CRCHUS), 3001, 12e Avenue Nord, Sherbrooke, QC J1H 5N4, Canada
- Correspondence:
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11
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Iman H, Benjamin A, Peyton K, Habbit NL, Ahmed B, Heslin MJ, Mobley JA, Greene MW, Lipke EA. Engineered colorectal cancer tissue recapitulates key attributes of a patient-derived xenograft tumor line. Biofabrication 2022; 14:10.1088/1758-5090/ac73b6. [PMID: 35617932 PMCID: PMC9822569 DOI: 10.1088/1758-5090/ac73b6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The development of physiologically relevantin vitrocolorectal cancer (CRC) models is vital for advancing understanding of tumor biology. Although CRC patient-derived xenografts (PDXs) recapitulate key patient tumor characteristics and demonstrate high concordance with clinical outcomes, the use of thisin vivomodel is costly and low-throughput. Here we report the establishment and in-depth characterization of anin vitrotissue-engineered CRC model using PDX cells. To form the 3D engineered CRC-PDX (3D-eCRC-PDX) tissues, CRC PDX tumors were expandedin vivo, dissociated, and the isolated cells encapsulated within PEG-fibrinogen hydrogels. Following PEG-fibrinogen encapsulation, cells remain viable and proliferate within 3D-eCRC-PDX tissues. Tumor cell subpopulations, including human cancer and mouse stromal cells, are maintained in long-term culture (29 days); cellular subpopulations increase ratiometrically over time. The 3D-eCRC-PDX tissues mimic the mechanical stiffness of originating tumors. Extracellular matrix protein production by cells in the 3D-eCRC-PDX tissues resulted in approximately 57% of proteins observed in the CRC-PDX tumors also being present in the 3D-eCRC-PDX tissues on day 22. Furthermore, we show congruence in enriched gene ontology molecular functions and Hallmark gene sets in 3D-eCRC-PDX tissues and CRC-PDX tumors compared to normal colon tissue, while prognostic Kaplan-Meier plots for overall and relapse free survival did not reveal significant differences between CRC-PDX tumors and 3D-eCRC-PDX tissues. Our results demonstrate high batch-to-batch consistency and strong correlation between ourin vitrotissue-engineered PDX-CRC model and the originatingin vivoPDX tumors, providing a foundation for future studies of disease progression and tumorigenic mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassani Iman
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - Anbiah Benjamin
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - Kuhlers Peyton
- Department of Nutrition, Dietetics, and Hospitality Management, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - Nicole L. Habbit
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - Bulbul Ahmed
- Department of Nutrition, Dietetics, and Hospitality Management, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - Martin J. Heslin
- Department of Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA
| | - James A. Mobley
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35205-3703, USA,Division of Molecular and Translational Biomedicine, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35205-3703, USA
| | - Michael W. Greene
- Department of Nutrition, Dietetics, and Hospitality Management, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA,Co-corresponding authors Elizabeth A. Lipke, , Michael W. Greene,
| | - Elizabeth A. Lipke
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA,Co-corresponding authors Elizabeth A. Lipke, , Michael W. Greene,
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12
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Cybula M, Wang L, Wang L, Drumond-Bock AL, Moxley KM, Benbrook DM, Gunderson-Jackson C, Ruiz-Echevarria MJ, Bhattacharya R, Mukherjee P, Bieniasz M. Patient-Derived Xenografts of High-Grade Serous Ovarian Cancer Subtype as a Powerful Tool in Pre-Clinical Research. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:6288. [PMID: 34944908 PMCID: PMC8699796 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13246288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
(1) Background. PDX models have become the preferred tool in research laboratories seeking to improve development and pre-clinical testing of new drugs. PDXs have been shown to capture the cellular and molecular characteristics of human tumors better than simpler cell line-based models. More recently, however, hints that PDXs may change their characteristics over time have begun to emerge, emphasizing the need for comprehensive analysis of PDX evolution. (2) Methods. We established a panel of high-grade serous ovarian carcinoma (HGSOC) PDXs and developed and validated a 300-SNP signature that can be successfully utilized to assess genetic drift across PDX passages and detect PDX contamination with lymphoproliferative tissues. In addition, we performed a detailed histological characterization and functional assessment of multiple PDX passages. (3) Results. Our data show that the PDXs remain largely stable throughout propagation, with marginal genetic drift at the time of PDX initiation and adaptation to mouse host. Importantly, our PDX lines retained the major histological characteristics of the original patients' tumors even after multiple passages in mice, demonstrating a strong concordance with the clinical responses of their corresponding patients. (4) Conclusions. Our data underline the value of defined HGSOC PDXs as a pre-clinical tumor model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Cybula
- Aging and Metabolism Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA; (M.C.); (L.W.); (L.W.); (A.L.D.-B.)
| | - Lin Wang
- Aging and Metabolism Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA; (M.C.); (L.W.); (L.W.); (A.L.D.-B.)
| | - Luyao Wang
- Aging and Metabolism Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA; (M.C.); (L.W.); (L.W.); (A.L.D.-B.)
| | - Ana Luiza Drumond-Bock
- Aging and Metabolism Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA; (M.C.); (L.W.); (L.W.); (A.L.D.-B.)
| | - Katherine M. Moxley
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma Health Science Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA; (K.M.M.); (D.M.B.); (C.G.-J.); (R.B.); (P.M.)
| | - Doris M. Benbrook
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma Health Science Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA; (K.M.M.); (D.M.B.); (C.G.-J.); (R.B.); (P.M.)
| | - Camille Gunderson-Jackson
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma Health Science Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA; (K.M.M.); (D.M.B.); (C.G.-J.); (R.B.); (P.M.)
| | - Maria J. Ruiz-Echevarria
- Department of Pathology, Department of Medicine, Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma Health Science Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA;
| | - Resham Bhattacharya
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma Health Science Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA; (K.M.M.); (D.M.B.); (C.G.-J.); (R.B.); (P.M.)
| | - Priyabrata Mukherjee
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma Health Science Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA; (K.M.M.); (D.M.B.); (C.G.-J.); (R.B.); (P.M.)
| | - Magdalena Bieniasz
- Aging and Metabolism Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA; (M.C.); (L.W.); (L.W.); (A.L.D.-B.)
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13
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Nesic K, Kondrashova O, Hurley RM, McGehee CD, Vandenberg CJ, Ho GY, Lieschke E, Dall G, Bound N, Shield-Artin K, Radke M, Musafer A, Chai ZQ, Eftekhariyan Ghamsari MR, Harrell MI, Kee D, Olesen I, McNally O, Traficante N, Cancer Study AO, DeFazio A, Bowtell DDL, Swisher EM, Weroha SJ, Nones K, Waddell N, Kaufmann SH, Dobrovic A, Wakefield MJ, Scott CL. Acquired RAD51C promoter methylation loss causes PARP inhibitor resistance in high grade serous ovarian carcinoma. Cancer Res 2021; 81:4709-4722. [PMID: 34321239 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-21-0774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Revised: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In high-grade serous ovarian carcinoma (HGSC), deleterious mutations in DNA repair gene RAD51C are established drivers of defective homologous recombination and are emerging biomarkers of PARP inhibitor (PARPi) sensitivity. RAD51C promoter methylation (meRAD51C) is detected at similar frequencies to mutations, yet its effects on PARPi responses remain unresolved. In this study, three HGSC patient-derived xenograft (PDX) models with methylation at most or all examined CpG sites in the RAD51C promoter show responses to PARPi. Both complete and heterogeneous methylation patterns were associated with RAD51C gene silencing and homologous recombination deficiency (HRD). PDX models lost meRAD51C following treatment with PARPi rucaparib or niraparib, where a single unmethylated copy of RAD51C was sufficient to drive PARPi resistance. Genomic copy number profiling of one of the PDX models using SNP arrays revealed that this resistance was acquired independently in two genetically distinct lineages. In a cohort of 11 patients with RAD51C-methylated HGSC, various patterns of meRAD51C were associated with genomic 'scarring', indicative of HRD history, but exhibited no clear correlations with clinical outcome. Differences in methylation stability under treatment pressure were also observed between patients, where one HGSC was found to maintain meRAD51C after 6 lines of therapy (4 platinum-based), whilst another HGSC sample was found to have heterozygous meRAD51C and elevated RAD51C gene expression (relative to homozygous meRAD51C controls) after only neo-adjuvant chemotherapy. As meRAD51C loss in a single gene copy was sufficient to cause PARPi resistance in PDX, methylation zygosity should be carefully assessed in previously treated patients when considering PARPi therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ksenija Nesic
- Cancer Biology and Stem Cells, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research
| | - Olga Kondrashova
- Genetics and Computational Biology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute
| | | | | | | | - Gwo-Yaw Ho
- Stem Cells and Cancer Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research
| | - Elizabeth Lieschke
- Stem Cells and Cancer Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research
| | | | | | - Kristy Shield-Artin
- Stem Cells and Cancer Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research
| | - Marc Radke
- Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Washington Medical Center
| | - Ashan Musafer
- Translational Genomics and Epigenomics Group, Olivia Newton-John Cancer Wellness & Research Centre
| | - Zi Qing Chai
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Wellness & Research Centre
| | | | - Maria I Harrell
- Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Washington Medical Center
| | | | | | - Orla McNally
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Royal Women's Hospital
| | - Nadia Traficante
- Cancer Genetics and Genomics Laboratory and Australian Ovarian Cancer Study, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre
| | | | - Anna DeFazio
- Centre for Cancer Research, University of Sydney, Westmead Institute for Medical Research
| | - David D L Bowtell
- Cancer Genetics and Genomics Laboratory and Austrialian Ovarian Cancer Study, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre
| | | | | | - Katia Nones
- Cell and Molecular Biology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute
| | - Nicola Waddell
- Medical Genomics Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute
| | | | - Alexander Dobrovic
- Translational Genomics and Epigenomics Laboratory, University of Melbourne
| | - Matthew J Wakefield
- Stem Cells and Cancer Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research
| | - Clare L Scott
- Cancer Biology and Stem Cells Division Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research
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14
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Xu F, Wang Z, Song X, Zhang M, Cui L, Liu Y, Yan H, Gao S, Liu Y, Chen W. A Direct and Sensitive Method for Determination of 5-Fluorouracil in Colorectal Cancer Cells: Evaluating the Effect of Stromal Cell on Drug Resistance of Cancer Cells. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL METHODS IN CHEMISTRY 2021; 2021:6689488. [PMID: 33708454 PMCID: PMC7932793 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6689488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Fibroblasts in the stroma play a critical role in tumor evolution. In this study, we assessed the influence of colonic fibroblasts on colon cancer cells treated with 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), and mouse colon cancer cell lines MC38 and colonic fibroblasts NIH3T3 were used in this study. A sensitive and rapid UHPLC-MS/MS method for the quantitation of 5-FU from the cell and their medium has been successfully developed and validated. The cells were lysed with methanol, and the mixture was evaporated and then redissolved to extract intracellular 5-FU. The analysis was performed on UHPLC-MS/MS using an Atlantis T3-C18 column (3 μm, 2. 1 ∗ 100 mm) and gradient elution with acetonitrile and 0.1% formic acid in water. Method validation included the following parameters: the matrix effect range 88.82%-93.64% and the recovery range 93.52%-94.56%. The intraday and interday precision and accuracy were <11% and within ±6%, and the stability, specificity, carry-over, dilution effect, and linearity all conformed to the criteria. The method was applied to detect the concentration of 5-FU inside cells and cell culture medium. The preliminary results present that NIH3T3 could enhance the drug resistance of MC38 to 5-FU with a decreased intracellular concentration of 5-FU in MC38, which showed a positive relationship with NIH3T3 number.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengjing Xu
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China
- Department of Pharmacy, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200003, China
- Department of Pharmacy, Xinhua Hospital, Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Zhipeng Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200003, China
| | - Xinhua Song
- Department of Pharmacy, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200003, China
| | - Mengwei Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200003, China
- School of Chemistry and Biology, Yichun College, Yichun City, Jiangxi Province 336000, China
| | - Lili Cui
- Department of Pharmacy, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200003, China
- School of Chemistry and Biology, Yichun College, Yichun City, Jiangxi Province 336000, China
| | - Yanping Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200003, China
- School of Chemistry and Biology, Yichun College, Yichun City, Jiangxi Province 336000, China
| | - Hongxia Yan
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China
- Department of Pharmacy, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200003, China
| | - Shouhong Gao
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China
- Department of Pharmacy, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200003, China
| | - Yan Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, Xinhua Hospital, Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Wansheng Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200003, China
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15
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Patient-derived xenograft (PDX) models of colorectal carcinoma (CRC) as a platform for chemosensitivity and biomarker analysis in personalized medicine. Neoplasia 2020; 23:21-35. [PMID: 33212364 PMCID: PMC7680704 DOI: 10.1016/j.neo.2020.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Patient-derived xenograft (PDX) tumor models represent a valuable platform for identifying new biomarkers and novel targets, to evaluate therapy response and resistance mechanisms. This study aimed at establishment, characterization and therapy testing of colorectal carcinoma-derived PDX. We generated 49 PDX and validated identity between patient tumor and corresponding PDX. Sensitivity of PDX toward conventional and targeted drugs revealed that 92% of PDX responded toward irinotecan, 45% toward 5-FU, 65% toward bevacizumab, and 61% toward cetuximab. Expression of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) ligands correlated to the sensitivity toward cetuximab. Proto-oncogene B-RAF, EGFR, Kirsten rat sarcoma virus oncogene homolog gene copy number correlated positively with cetuximab and erlotinib sensitivity. The mutational analyses revealed an individual mutational profile of PDX and mainly identical profiles of PDX from primary tumor vs corresponding metastasis. Mutation in PIK3CA was a determinant of accelerated tumor doubling time. PDX with wildtype Kirsten rat sarcoma virus oncogene homolog, proto-oncogene B-RAF, and phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinaseM catalytic subunit alfa showed higher sensitivity toward cetuximab and erlotinib. To study the molecular mechanism of cetuximab resistance, cetuximab resistant PDX models were generated, and changes in HER2, HER3, betacellulin, transforming growth factor alfa were observed. Global proteome and phosphoproteome profiling showed a reduction in canonical EGFR-mediated signaling via PTPN11 (SHP2) and AKT1S1 (PRAS40) and an increase in anti-apoptotic signaling as a consequence of acquired cetuximab resistance. This demonstrates that PDX models provide a multitude of possibilities to identify and validate biomarkers, signaling pathways and resistance mechanisms for clinically relevant improvement in cancer therapy.
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16
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A Biobank of Colorectal Cancer Patient-Derived Xenografts. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12092340. [PMID: 32825052 PMCID: PMC7563543 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12092340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2020] [Revised: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a challenging disease, with a high mortality rate and limited effective treatment options, particularly for late-stage disease. Patient-derived xenografts (PDXs) have emerged as an informative, renewable experimental resource to model CRC architecture and biology. Here, we describe the generation of a biobank of CRC PDXs from stage I to stage IV patients. We demonstrate that PDXs within our biobank recapitulate the histopathological and mutation features of the original patient tumor. In addition, we demonstrate the utility of this resource in pre-clinical chemotherapy and targeted treatment studies, highlighting the translational potential of PDX models in the identification of new therapies that will improve the overall survival of CRC patients.
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17
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Resolving Metabolic Heterogeneity in Experimental Models of the Tumor Microenvironment from a Stable Isotope Resolved Metabolomics Perspective. Metabolites 2020; 10:metabo10060249. [PMID: 32549391 PMCID: PMC7345423 DOI: 10.3390/metabo10060249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Revised: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment (TME) comprises complex interactions of multiple cell types that determines cell behavior and metabolism such as nutrient competition and immune suppression. We discuss the various types of heterogeneity that exist in solid tumors, and the complications this invokes for studies of TME. As human subjects and in vivo model systems are complex and difficult to manipulate, simpler 3D model systems that are compatible with flexible experimental control are necessary for studying metabolic regulation in TME. Stable Isotope Resolved Metabolomics (SIRM) is a valuable tool for tracing metabolic networks in complex systems, but at present does not directly address heterogeneous metabolism at the individual cell level. We compare the advantages and disadvantages of different model systems for SIRM experiments, with a focus on lung cancer cells, their interactions with macrophages and T cells, and their response to modulators in the immune microenvironment. We describe the experimental set up, illustrate results from 3D cultures and co-cultures of lung cancer cells with human macrophages, and outline strategies to address the heterogeneous TME.
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18
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Garcia PL, Miller AL, Yoon KJ. Patient-Derived Xenograft Models of Pancreatic Cancer: Overview and Comparison with Other Types of Models. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:E1327. [PMID: 32456018 PMCID: PMC7281668 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12051327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Revised: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer (PC) is anticipated to be second only to lung cancer as the leading cause of cancer-related deaths in the United States by 2030. Surgery remains the only potentially curative treatment for patients with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), the most common form of PC. Multiple recent preclinical studies focus on identifying effective treatments for PDAC, but the models available for these studies often fail to reproduce the heterogeneity of this tumor type. Data generated with such models are of unknown clinical relevance. Patient-derived xenograft (PDX) models offer several advantages over human cell line-based in vitro and in vivo models and models of non-human origin. PDX models retain genetic characteristics of the human tumor specimens from which they were derived, have intact stromal components, and are more predictive of patient response than traditional models. This review briefly describes the advantages and disadvantages of 2D cultures, organoids and genetically engineered mouse (GEM) models of PDAC, and focuses on the applications, characteristics, advantages, limitations, and the future potential of PDX models for improving the management of PDAC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Karina J. Yoon
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; (P.L.G.); (A.L.M.)
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19
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Roche JA, Begam M, Eaton AK, Elkins CJ, Johnson JP, Rosinski MM, Galen SS. Minimally Invasive Muscle Embedding Generates Donor-Cell-Derived Muscle Fibers that Express Desmin and Dystrophin. Mil Med 2020; 185:423-429. [PMID: 32074337 DOI: 10.1093/milmed/usz203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2019] [Revised: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The aim of this study was to quantify the extent of donor-cell-derived myogenesis achieved by a novel surgical technique known as Minimally Invasive Muscle Embedding (MIME). MATERIALS AND METHODS Through MIME, we implanted a single extensor digitorum longus muscle from donor mice (N = 2) that expressed a red fluorescent protein (RFP), into the left tibialis anterior (TA) muscle of immunodeficient host mice (N = 4) that expressed a green fluorescent protein (GFP). Soon after MIME, we injected a myotoxin (barium chloride), into the host TA muscle, to trigger concerted muscle degeneration and regeneration. In lieu of MIME, we performed a SHAM procedure on the right TA muscle of the same set of animals. RESULTS In MIME-treated muscles, 22% ± 7% and 78% ± 7% muscle fibers were RFP+ and GFP+, respectively (mean ± standard deviation); and all RFP+ fibers were positive for desmin and dystrophin. Conclusion. We conclude that MIME helps generate muscle fibers of donor origin, in host muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph A Roche
- Physical Therapy Program, Department of Health Care Sciences, Wayne State University, 259 Mack Ave. Rm 4440. Detroit, MI 48201
| | - Morium Begam
- Physical Therapy Program, Department of Health Care Sciences, Wayne State University, 259 Mack Ave. Rm 4440. Detroit, MI 48201
| | - Andrea K Eaton
- Physical Therapy Program, Department of Health Care Sciences, Wayne State University, 259 Mack Ave. Rm 4440. Detroit, MI 48201
| | - Collin J Elkins
- Physical Therapy Program, Department of Health Care Sciences, Wayne State University, 259 Mack Ave. Rm 4440. Detroit, MI 48201
| | - Jaclyn P Johnson
- Physical Therapy Program, Department of Health Care Sciences, Wayne State University, 259 Mack Ave. Rm 4440. Detroit, MI 48201
| | - Mattina M Rosinski
- Physical Therapy Program, Department of Health Care Sciences, Wayne State University, 259 Mack Ave. Rm 4440. Detroit, MI 48201
| | - Sujay S Galen
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Nursing & Health Professions, Georgia State University, 140 Decatur St SE, Atlanta, GA 30303
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20
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Li Q, Dong H, Yang G, Song Y, Mou Y, Ni Y. Mouse Tumor-Bearing Models as Preclinical Study Platforms for Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Front Oncol 2020; 10:212. [PMID: 32158692 PMCID: PMC7052016 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.00212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Preclinical animal models of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) have been extensively studied in recent years. Investigating the pathogenesis and potential therapeutic strategies of OSCC is required to further progress in this field, and a suitable research animal model that reflects the intricacies of cancer biology is crucial. Of the animal models established for the study of cancers, mouse tumor-bearing models are among the most popular and widely deployed for their high fertility, low cost, and molecular and physiological similarity to humans, as well as the ease of rearing experimental mice. Currently, the different methods of establishing OSCC mouse models can be divided into three categories: chemical carcinogen-induced, transplanted and genetically engineered mouse models. Each of these methods has unique advantages and limitations, and the appropriate application of these techniques in OSCC research deserves our attention. Therefore, this review comprehensively investigates and summarizes the tumorigenesis mechanisms, characteristics, establishment methods, and current applications of OSCC mouse models in published papers. The objective of this review is to provide foundations and considerations for choosing suitable model establishment methods to study the relevant pathogenesis, early diagnosis, and clinical treatment of OSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Li
- Central Laboratory, Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Heng Dong
- Central Laboratory, Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
- Department of Oral Implantology, Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Guangwen Yang
- Central Laboratory, Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yuxian Song
- Central Laboratory, Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yongbin Mou
- Central Laboratory, Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
- Department of Oral Implantology, Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
- *Correspondence: Yongbin Mou
| | - Yanhong Ni
- Central Laboratory, Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
- Yanhong Ni
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21
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Advances in the Characterization of Circulating Tumor Cells in Metastatic Breast Cancer: Single Cell Analyses and Interactions, and Patient-Derived Models for Drug Testing. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1220:61-80. [PMID: 32304080 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-35805-1_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Metastasis is the major cause of breast cancer death worldwide. In metastatic breast cancer, circulating tumor cells (CTCs) can be captured from patient blood samples sequentially over time and thereby serve as surrogates to assess the biology of surviving cancer cells that may still persist in solitary or multiple metastatic sites following treatment. CTCs may thus function as potential real-time decision-making guides for selecting appropriate therapies during the course of disease or for the development and testing of new treatments. The heterogeneous nature of CTCs warrants the use of single cell platforms to better inform our understanding of these cancer cells. Current techniques for single cell analyses and techniques for investigating interactions between cancer and immune cells are discussed. In addition, methodologies for growing patient-derived CTCs in vitro or propagating them in vivo to facilitate CTC drug testing are reviewed. We advocate the use of CTCs in appropriate microenvironments to appraise the effectiveness of cancer chemotherapies, immunotherapies, and for the development of new cancer treatments, fundamental to personalizing and improving the clinical management of metastatic breast cancer.
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22
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Ponnusamy S, Asemota S, Schwartzberg LS, Guestini F, McNamara KM, Pierobon M, Font-Tello A, Qiu X, Xie Y, Rao PK, Thiyagarajan T, Grimes B, Johnson DL, Fleming MD, Pritchard FE, Berry MP, Oswaks R, Fine RE, Brown M, Sasano H, Petricoin EF, Long HW, Narayanan R. Androgen Receptor Is a Non-canonical Inhibitor of Wild-Type and Mutant Estrogen Receptors in Hormone Receptor-Positive Breast Cancers. iScience 2019; 21:341-358. [PMID: 31698248 PMCID: PMC6889594 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2019.10.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Revised: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Sustained treatment of estrogen receptor (ER)-positive breast cancer with ER-targeting drugs results in ER mutations and refractory unresponsive cancers. Androgen receptor (AR), which is expressed in 80%-95% of ER-positive breast cancers, could serve as an alternate therapeutic target. Although AR agonists were used in the past to treat breast cancer, their use is currently infrequent due to virilizing side effects. Discovery of tissue-selective AR modulators (SARMs) has renewed interest in using AR agonists to treat breast cancer. Using translational models, we show that AR agonist and SARM, but not antagonist, inhibit the proliferation and growth of ER-positive breast cancer cells, patient-derived tissues, and patient-derived xenografts (PDX). Ligand-activated AR inhibits wild-type and mutant ER activity by reprogramming the ER and FOXA1 cistrome and rendering tumor growth inhibition. These findings suggest that ligand-activated AR may function as a non-canonical inhibitor of ER and that AR agonists may offer a safe and effective treatment for ER-positive breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suriyan Ponnusamy
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 19, S. Manassas, Room 120, Memphis, TN 38103, USA
| | - Sarah Asemota
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 19, S. Manassas, Room 120, Memphis, TN 38103, USA
| | | | - Fouzia Guestini
- Department of Pathology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Keely M McNamara
- Department of Pathology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Mariaelena Pierobon
- Center for Applied Proteomics and Molecular Medicine, George Mason University, Manassas, VA, USA
| | - Alba Font-Tello
- Center for Functional Cancer Epigenetics, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Xintao Qiu
- Center for Functional Cancer Epigenetics, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yingtian Xie
- Center for Functional Cancer Epigenetics, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Prakash K Rao
- Center for Functional Cancer Epigenetics, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Thirumagal Thiyagarajan
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 19, S. Manassas, Room 120, Memphis, TN 38103, USA
| | | | - Daniel L Johnson
- Molecular Informatics Core, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Martin D Fleming
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 19, S. Manassas, Room 120, Memphis, TN 38103, USA
| | - Frances E Pritchard
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 19, S. Manassas, Room 120, Memphis, TN 38103, USA
| | | | | | | | - Myles Brown
- Center for Functional Cancer Epigenetics, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Hironobu Sasano
- Department of Pathology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Emanuel F Petricoin
- Center for Applied Proteomics and Molecular Medicine, George Mason University, Manassas, VA, USA
| | - Henry W Long
- Center for Functional Cancer Epigenetics, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ramesh Narayanan
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 19, S. Manassas, Room 120, Memphis, TN 38103, USA; West Cancer Center, Memphis, TN, USA.
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23
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Nance ME, Shi R, Hakim CH, Wasala NB, Yue Y, Pan X, Zhang T, Robinson CA, Duan SX, Yao G, Yang NN, Chen SJ, Wagner KR, Gersbach CA, Duan D. AAV9 Edits Muscle Stem Cells in Normal and Dystrophic Adult Mice. Mol Ther 2019; 27:1568-1585. [PMID: 31327755 PMCID: PMC6731180 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2019.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2019] [Revised: 06/07/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
CRISPR editing of muscle stem cells (MuSCs) with adeno-associated virus serotype-9 (AAV9) holds promise for sustained gene repair therapy for muscular dystrophies. However, conflicting evidence exists on whether AAV9 transduces MuSCs. To rigorously address this question, we used a muscle graft model. The grafted muscle underwent complete necrosis before regenerating from its MuSCs. We injected AAV9.Cre into Ai14 mice. These mice express tdTomato upon Cre-mediated removal of a floxed stop codon. About 28%-47% and 24%-89% of Pax7+ MuSCs expressed tdTomato in pre-grafts and regenerated grafts (p > 0.05), respectively, suggesting AAV9 efficiently transduced MuSCs, and AAV9-edited MuSCs renewed successfully. Robust MuSC transduction was further confirmed by delivering AAV9.Cre to Pax7-ZsGreen-Ai14 mice in which Pax7+ MuSCs are genetically labeled by ZsGreen. Next, we co-injected AAV9.Cas9 and AAV9.gRNA to dystrophic mdx mice to repair the mutated dystrophin gene. CRISPR-treated and untreated muscles were grafted to immune-deficient, dystrophin-null NSG.mdx4cv mice. Grafts regenerated from CRISPR-treated muscle contained the edited genome and yielded 2.7-fold more dystrophin+ cells (p = 0.015). Importantly, increased dystrophin expression was not due to enhanced formation of revertant fibers or de novo transduction by residual CRISPR vectors in the graft. We conclude that AAV9 effectively transduces MuSCs. AAV9 CRISPR editing of MuSCs may provide enduring therapy.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats
- Dependovirus/genetics
- Disease Models, Animal
- Dystrophin/chemistry
- Dystrophin/genetics
- Gene Editing
- Gene Expression
- Gene Transfer Techniques
- Genes, Reporter
- Genetic Vectors/genetics
- Mice
- Mice, Knockout
- Muscle, Skeletal/metabolism
- Muscle, Skeletal/pathology
- Muscular Dystrophy, Duchenne/genetics
- Muscular Dystrophy, Duchenne/therapy
- Myoblasts/metabolism
- RNA, Guide, CRISPR-Cas Systems/genetics
- Regeneration
- Satellite Cells, Skeletal Muscle/metabolism
- Transduction, Genetic
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael E Nance
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65212, USA
| | - Ruicheng Shi
- Department of Biomedical, Biological and Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65212, USA
| | - Chady H Hakim
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65212, USA; National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, NIH, Rockville, MD 20850, USA
| | - Nalinda B Wasala
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65212, USA
| | - Yongping Yue
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65212, USA
| | - Xiufang Pan
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65212, USA
| | - Tracy Zhang
- The Hugo W. Moser Research Institute, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Department of Neurology and Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Carolyn A Robinson
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65212, USA
| | - Sean X Duan
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65212, USA
| | - Gang Yao
- Department of Biomedical, Biological and Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65212, USA
| | - N Nora Yang
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, NIH, Rockville, MD 20850, USA
| | - Shi-Jie Chen
- Department of Physics, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65212, USA
| | - Kathryn R Wagner
- The Hugo W. Moser Research Institute, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Department of Neurology and Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Charles A Gersbach
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Dongsheng Duan
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65212, USA; Department of Biomedical, Biological and Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65212, USA; Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA; Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65212, USA.
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24
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Nowlan B, Williams ED, Doran MR, Levesque JP. CD27, CD201, FLT3, CD48, and CD150 cell surface staining identifies long-term mouse hematopoietic stem cells in immunodeficient non-obese diabetic severe combined immune deficient-derived strains. Haematologica 2019; 105:71-82. [PMID: 31073070 PMCID: PMC6939540 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2018.212910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Staining for CD27 and CD201 (endothelial protein C receptor) has been recently suggested as an alternative to stem cell antigen-1 (Sca1) to identify hematopoietic stem cells in inbred mouse strains with low or nil expression of SCA1. However, whether staining for CD27 and CD201 is compatible with low fms-like tyrosine kinase 3 (FLT3) expression and the "SLAM" code defined by CD48 and CD150 to identify mouse long-term reconstituting hematopoietic stem cells has not been established. We compared the C57BL/6 strain, which expresses a high level of SCA1 on hematopoietic stem cells to non-obese diabetic severe combined immune deficient NOD.CB17-prkdc scid/Sz (NOD-scid) mice and NOD.CB17-prkdc scid il2rg tm1Wj1/Sz (NSG) mice which both express low to negative levels of SCA1 on hematopoietic stem cells. We demonstrate that hematopoietic stem cells are enriched within the linage-negative C-KIT+ CD27+ CD201+ FLT3- CD48-CD150+ population in serial dilution long-term competitive transplantation assays. We also make the novel observation that CD48 expression is up-regulated in Lin- KIT+ progenitors from NOD-scid and NSG strains, which otherwise have very few cells expressing the CD48 ligand CD244. Finally, we report that unlike hematopoietic stem cells, SCA1 expression is similar on bone marrow endothelial and mesenchymal progenitor cells in C57BL/6, NOD-scid and NSG mice. In conclusion, we propose that the combination of Lineage, KIT, CD27, CD201, FLT3, CD48, and CD150 antigens can be used to identify long-term reconstituting hematopoietic stem cells from mouse strains expressing low levels of SCA1 on hematopoietic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianca Nowlan
- Stem Cell Therapies Laboratory, School of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane.,School of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Health, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, QUT, Kelvin Grove, Queensland.,Mater Research Institute - The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba.,Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre - Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland.,Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, Queensland
| | - Elizabeth D Williams
- School of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Health, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, QUT, Kelvin Grove, Queensland.,Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre - Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland.,Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, Queensland
| | - Michael R Doran
- Stem Cell Therapies Laboratory, School of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane .,School of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Health, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, QUT, Kelvin Grove, Queensland.,Mater Research Institute - The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba.,Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre - Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland.,Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, Queensland.,Australian National Centre for the Public Awareness of Science, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Jean-Pierre Levesque
- Mater Research Institute - The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba .,Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, Queensland
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25
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Knoblaugh SE, Himmel LE. Keeping Score: Semiquantitative and Quantitative Scoring Approaches to Genetically Engineered and Xenograft Mouse Models of Cancer. Vet Pathol 2018; 56:24-32. [PMID: 30381015 DOI: 10.1177/0300985818808526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
There is a growing need to quantitate or "score" lesions in mouse models of human disease, for correlation with human disease and to establish their clinical relevance. Several standard semiquantitative scoring schemes have been adapted for nonneoplastic lesions; similarly, the pathologist must carefully select an approach to score mouse models of cancer. Genetically engineered mouse models with a continuum of precancerous and cancerous lesions and xenogeneic models of various derivations present unique challenges for the pathologist. Important considerations include experimental design, understanding of the human disease being modeled, standardized classification of lesions, and approaches for semiquantitative and/or quantitative scoring in the model being evaluated. Quantification should be considered for measuring the extent of neoplasia and expression of tumor biomarkers. Semiquantitative scoring schemes have been devised that include severity, frequency, and distribution of lesions. Although labor-intensive, scoring mouse models of cancer provides numerical data that enable statistical analysis and greater translational impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sue E Knoblaugh
- 1 Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Comparative Pathology and Mouse Phenotyping Shared Resource, The Ohio State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Lauren E Himmel
- 2 Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Translational Pathology Shared Resource, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
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26
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Khawar IA, Park JK, Jung ES, Lee MA, Chang S, Kuh HJ. Three Dimensional Mixed-Cell Spheroids Mimic Stroma-Mediated Chemoresistance and Invasive Migration in hepatocellular carcinoma. Neoplasia 2018; 20:800-812. [PMID: 29981501 PMCID: PMC6034588 DOI: 10.1016/j.neo.2018.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Revised: 05/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/30/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Interactions between cancer cells and cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) within the tumor microenvironment (TME) play an important role in promoting the profibrotic microenvironment and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), resulting in tumor progression and drug resistance in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). In the present study, we developed a mixed-cell spheroid model using Huh-7 HCC cells and LX-2 stellate cells to simulate the in vivo tumor environment with respect to tumor-CAF interactions. Spheroids were cultured from cancer cells alone (monospheroids) or as a mixture (mixed-cell spheroids) in ultra-low-attachment plates. Compact, well-mixed, and stroma-rich mixed-cell spheroids were successfully established with heterotypic cell-cell contacts shown by the presence of gap junctions and desmosomes. Mixed-cell spheroids showed enhanced expression of collagen type-I (Col‐I) and pro‐fibrotic factors such as, transforming growth factor beta1 (TGF-β1), and connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) compared to the levels expressed in mono-spheroids. The EMT phenotype was evident in mixed-cell spheroids as shown by the altered expression of E-cadherin and vimentin. Differential drug sensitivity was observed in mixed-cell spheroids, and only sorafenib and oxaliplatin showed dose-dependent antiproliferative effects. Simultaneous treatment with TGF-β inhibitors further improved sorafenib efficacy in the mixed-cell spheroids, indicating the involvement of TGF-β in the mechanism of sorafenib resistance. In 3D matrix invasion assay, mixed-cell spheroids exhibited fibroblast-led collective cell movement. Overall, our results provide evidence that mixed-cell spheroids formed with Huh-7 and LX-2 cells well represent HCC tumors and their TME in vivo and hence are useful in studying tumor-stroma interactions as mechanisms associated with drug resistance and increased cell motility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iftikhar Ali Khawar
- Department of Biomedicine & Health Sciences, Graduate School, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Kook Park
- Department of Biomedical Science, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Sun Jung
- Department of Hospital Pathology, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Myung Ah Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Suhwan Chang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyo-Jeong Kuh
- Department of Medical Life Sciences, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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27
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Immune oncology, immune responsiveness and the theory of everything. J Immunother Cancer 2018; 6:50. [PMID: 29871670 PMCID: PMC5989400 DOI: 10.1186/s40425-018-0355-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2017] [Accepted: 05/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Anti-cancer immunotherapy is encountering its own checkpoint. Responses are dramatic and long lasting but occur in a subset of tumors and are largely dependent upon the pre-existing immune contexture of individual cancers. Available data suggest that three landscapes best define the cancer microenvironment: immune-active, immune-deserted and immune-excluded. This trichotomy is observable across most solid tumors (although the frequency of each landscape varies depending on tumor tissue of origin) and is associated with cancer prognosis and response to checkpoint inhibitor therapy (CIT). Various gene signatures (e.g. Immunological Constant of Rejection - ICR and Tumor Inflammation Signature - TIS) that delineate these landscapes have been described by different groups. In an effort to explain the mechanisms of cancer immune responsiveness or resistance to CIT, several models have been proposed that are loosely associated with the three landscapes. Here, we propose a strategy to integrate compelling data from various paradigms into a “Theory of Everything”. Founded upon this unified theory, we also propose the creation of a task force led by the Society for Immunotherapy of Cancer (SITC) aimed at systematically addressing salient questions relevant to cancer immune responsiveness and immune evasion. This multidisciplinary effort will encompass aspects of genetics, tumor cell biology, and immunology that are pertinent to the understanding of this multifaceted problem.
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28
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Le Y, Gao H, Bleday R, Zhu Z. The homeobox protein VentX reverts immune suppression in the tumor microenvironment. Nat Commun 2018; 9:2175. [PMID: 29872044 PMCID: PMC5988690 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-04567-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2017] [Accepted: 05/09/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Immune suppression in the tumor microenvironment (TME) is a central obstacle to effective immunotherapy. Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) are key components of the TME. Although TAMs have been viewed as an ideal target of intervention to steer immunity in cancer treatment, the approach has been hampered by the lack of knowledge of how TAM plasticity is controlled by cell intrinsic factors. VentX is a homeobox protein implicated in proliferation and differentiation of human hematopoietic and immune cells. Using clinical samples obtained from cancer patients, we find that VentX expression is drastically reduced in TAMs. We show here that VentX promotes M1 differentiation of TAMs, and that VentX-regulated TAMs, in turn, revert immune suppression at the TME. Using a NSG mouse model of human colon cancers, we demonstrate that VentX regulates TAM function in tumorigenesis in vivo. Our findings suggest a mechanism underlying immune suppression at TME and potential applications of VentX-regulated TAMs in cancer immunotherapy. Tumour associated macrophages (TAMs) polarize into either pro-tumor or anti-tumor phenotypes. Here the authors show that the homeobox protein VentX is downregulated in clinical samples of colorectal cancer and regulates TAMs plasticity with its forced re-expression converting TAMs into an anti-tumor phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Le
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Hong Gao
- Department of Medicine, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ronald Bleday
- Department of Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Zhenglun Zhu
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
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29
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Abarrategi A, Mian SA, Passaro D, Rouault-Pierre K, Grey W, Bonnet D. Modeling the human bone marrow niche in mice: From host bone marrow engraftment to bioengineering approaches. J Exp Med 2018; 215:729-743. [PMID: 29453226 PMCID: PMC5839768 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20172139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2017] [Revised: 01/19/2018] [Accepted: 01/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Xenotransplantation of patient-derived samples in mouse models has been instrumental in depicting the role of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells in the establishment as well as progression of hematological malignancies. The foundations for this field of research have been based on the development of immunodeficient mouse models, which provide normal and malignant human hematopoietic cells with a supportive microenvironment. Immunosuppressed and genetically modified mice expressing human growth factors were key milestones in patient-derived xenograft (PDX) models, highlighting the importance of developing humanized microenvironments. The latest major improvement has been the use of human bone marrow (BM) niche-forming cells to generate human-mouse chimeric BM tissues in PDXs, which can shed light on the interactions between human stroma and hematopoietic cells. Here, we summarize the methods used for human hematopoietic cell xenotransplantation and their milestones and review the latest approaches in generating humanized BM tissues in mice to study human normal and malignant hematopoiesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ander Abarrategi
- Haematopoietic Stem Cell Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, England, UK
| | - Syed A Mian
- Haematopoietic Stem Cell Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, England, UK
- Department of Haematological Medicine, King's College London School of Medicine, London, England, UK
| | - Diana Passaro
- Haematopoietic Stem Cell Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, England, UK
| | - Kevin Rouault-Pierre
- Haematopoietic Stem Cell Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, England, UK
- Department of Haemato-Oncology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, England, UK
| | - William Grey
- Haematopoietic Stem Cell Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, England, UK
| | - Dominique Bonnet
- Haematopoietic Stem Cell Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, England, UK
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30
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Magnotti E, Marasco WA. The latest animal models of ovarian cancer for novel drug discovery. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2018; 13:249-257. [PMID: 29338446 PMCID: PMC6487846 DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2018.1426567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2017] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Epithelial ovarian cancer is a heterogeneous disease classified into five subtypes, each with a different molecular profile. Most cases of ovarian cancer are diagnosed after metastasis of the primary tumor and are resistant to traditional platinum-based chemotherapeutics. Mouse models of ovarian cancer have been utilized to discern ovarian cancer tumorigenesis and the tumor's response to therapeutics. Areas covered: The authors provide a review of mouse models currently employed to understand ovarian cancer. This article focuses on advances in the development of orthotopic and patient-derived tumor xenograft (PDX) mouse models of ovarian cancer and discusses current humanized mouse models of ovarian cancer. Expert opinion: The authors suggest that humanized mouse models of ovarian cancer will provide new insight into the role of the human immune system in combating and augmenting ovarian cancer and aid in the development of novel therapeutics. Development of humanized mouse models will take advantage of the NSG and NSG-SGM3 strains of mice as well as new strains that are actively being derived.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Magnotti
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Wayne A. Marasco
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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31
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Yong KSM, Her Z, Chen Q. Humanized Mice as Unique Tools for Human-Specific Studies. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz) 2018; 66:245-266. [PMID: 29411049 PMCID: PMC6061174 DOI: 10.1007/s00005-018-0506-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2017] [Accepted: 01/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
With an increasing human population, medical research is pushed to progress into an era of precision therapy. Humanized mice are at the very heart of this new forefront where it is acutely required to decipher human-specific disease pathogenesis and test an array of novel therapeutics. In this review, “humanized” mice are defined as immunodeficient mouse engrafted with functional human biological systems. Over the past decade, researchers have been conscientiously making improvements on the development of humanized mice as a model to closely recapitulate disease pathogenesis and drug mechanisms in humans. Currently, literature is rife with descriptions of novel and innovative humanized mouse models that hold a significant promise to become a panacea for drug innovations to treat and control conditions such as infectious disease and cancer. This review will focus on the background of humanized mice, diseases, and human-specific therapeutics tested on this platform as well as solutions to improve humanized mice for future clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kylie Su Mei Yong
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Proteos, 61 Biopolis Drive, Singapore, 138673, Singapore
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117596, Singapore
| | - Zhisheng Her
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Proteos, 61 Biopolis Drive, Singapore, 138673, Singapore
| | - Qingfeng Chen
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Proteos, 61 Biopolis Drive, Singapore, 138673, Singapore.
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117545, Singapore.
- Key Laboratory for Major Obstetric Diseases of Guangdong Province, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510150, China.
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Cancer immune resistance: can theories converge? Emerg Top Life Sci 2017; 1:411-419. [PMID: 33525800 PMCID: PMC7289003 DOI: 10.1042/etls20170060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2017] [Revised: 11/07/2017] [Accepted: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Immune oncology (IO) is challenged to expand its usefulness to a broader range of cancers. A second generation of IO agents acting beyond the realm of Checkpoint Inhibitor Therapy (CIT) is sought with the intent of turning immune-resistant cancers into appealing IO targets. The published literature proposes a profusion of models to explain cancer immune resistance to CIT that largely outnumber the immune landscapes and corresponding resistance mechanisms. In spite of the complex and contradicting models suggested to explain refractoriness to CIT, the identification of prevailing mechanisms and their targeting may not be as daunting as it at first appears. Here, we suggest that cancer cells go through a conserved evolutionary bottleneck facing a Two-Option Choice to evade recognition by the immune competent host: they can either adopt a clean oncogenic process devoid of immunogenic stimuli (immune-silent tumors) or display an entropic biology prone to immune recognition (immune-active tumors) but resilient to rejection thanks to the recruitment of compensatory immune suppressive processes. Strategies aimed at enhancing the effectiveness of CIT will be different according to the immune landscape targeted.
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Chao C, Widen SG, Wood TG, Zatarain JR, Johnson P, Gajjar A, Gomez G, Qiu S, Thompson J, Spratt H, Hellmich MR. Patient-derived Xenografts from Colorectal Carcinoma: A Temporal and Hierarchical Study of Murine Stromal Cell Replacement. Anticancer Res 2017; 37:3405-3412. [PMID: 28668828 DOI: 10.21873/anticanres.11707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2017] [Revised: 06/01/2017] [Accepted: 06/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIM Patient-derived xenografting (PDX) of human colorectal cancer (CRC) is the preferred experimental model to study tumor response to therapeutic agents. Gradually, human stromal cells are replaced by mouse stromal cells; however, the exact timing of the replacement of human with murine stromal cells in human CRC xenograft has not been fully elucidated. We hypothesize that orthologous murine transcripts functionally substitutes for the loss due to replacement of human stromal genes. MATERIALS AND METHODS Human CRC were implanted in athymic nude mice in replicates and followed-up over time. Using next-generation sequencing, we determined the temporal kinetics of human stromal cell replacement with the orthologous murine transcripts. RESULTS CRC cell-induced re-organization of the normal, quiescent murine stromal cells into a protumorigenic phenotype supporting human CRC growth occurs at initial implantation. CONCLUSION Murine cell replacement occurs in a time- and size-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celia Chao
- Department of Surgery, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, U.S.A.
| | - Steve G Widen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, U.S.A
| | - Thomas G Wood
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, U.S.A
| | - John R Zatarain
- Department of Surgery, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, U.S.A
| | - Paul Johnson
- Department of Surgery, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, U.S.A
| | - Aakash Gajjar
- Department of Surgery, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, U.S.A
| | - Guillermo Gomez
- Department of Surgery, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, U.S.A
| | - Suimin Qiu
- Department of Surgical Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, U.S.A
| | - Jill Thompson
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, U.S.A
| | - Heidi Spratt
- Department of Preventative Medicine and Community Health, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, U.S.A
| | - Mark R Hellmich
- Department of Surgery, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, U.S.A
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Roche JA, Begam M, Galen SS. Minimally Invasive Muscle Embedding (MIME) - A Novel Experimental Technique to Facilitate Donor-Cell-Mediated Myogenesis. J Vis Exp 2017. [PMID: 28872121 PMCID: PMC5614364 DOI: 10.3791/55731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle possesses regenerative capacity due to tissue-resident, muscle-fiber-generating (myogenic) satellite cells (SCs), which can form new muscle fibers under the right conditions. Although SCs can be harvested from muscle tissue and cultured in vitro, the resulting myoblast cells are not very effective in promoting myogenesis when transplanted into host muscle. Surgically exposing the host muscle and grafting segments of donor muscle tissue, or the isolated muscle fibers with their SCs onto host muscle, promotes better myogenesis compared to myoblast transplantation. We have developed a novel technique that we call Minimally Invasive Muscle Embedding (MIME). MIME involves passing a surgical needle through the host muscle, drawing a piece of donor muscle tissue through the needle track, and then leaving the donor tissue embedded in the host muscle so that it may act as a source of SCs for the host muscle. Here we describe in detail the steps involved in performing MIME in an immunodeficient mouse model that expresses a green fluorescent protein (GFP) in all of its cells. Immunodeficiency in the host mouse reduces the risk of immune rejection of the donor tissue, and GFP expression enables easy identification of the host muscle fibers (GFP+) and donor-cell-derived muscle fibers (GFP-). Our pilot data suggest that MIME can be used to implant an extensor digitorum longus (EDL) muscle from a donor mouse into the tibialis anterior (TA) muscle of a host mouse. Our data also suggest that when a myotoxin (barium chloride, BaCl2) is injected into the host muscle after MIME, there is evidence of donor-cell-derived myogenesis in the host muscle, with approximately 5%, 26%, 26% and 43% of the fibers in a single host TA muscle showing no host contribution, minimal host contribution, moderate host contribution, and maximal host contribution, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph A Roche
- Department of Health Care Sciences, Physical Therapy Program, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Wayne State University;
| | - Morium Begam
- Department of Health Care Sciences, Physical Therapy Program, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Wayne State University
| | - Sujay S Galen
- Department of Health Care Sciences, Physical Therapy Program, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Wayne State University
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Li X, Kang Y, Roife D, Lee Y, Pratt M, Perez MR, Dai B, Koay EJ, Fleming JB. Prolonged exposure to extracellular lumican restrains pancreatic adenocarcinoma growth. Oncogene 2017; 36:5432-5438. [PMID: 28534517 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2017.125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2016] [Revised: 03/17/2017] [Accepted: 03/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
We previously demonstrated that pancreatic stellate cells within pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) stroma secrete lumican and its presence is associated with prolonged survival of patients with localized PDAC. Here, we observed that extracellular lumican decreases PDAC tumour cell growth in xenograft and syngeneic orthotopic animal models, and induces growth inhibition of low-passage human PDAC cells in a species-specific manner. PDAC cells grown in variant culture conditions and exposed to extracellular lumican display typical characterizations of cancer cell in a quiescent state, such as growth inhibition, apoptosis, G0/G1 arrest and chemoresistance. Importantly, extracellular lumican is associated with diminished ERK1/2 phosphorylation and increased p38 phosphorylation within PDAC cells. We further demonstrated that extracellular lumican physically binds with EGFR to trigger EGFR internalization and downregulation of EGFR and its downstream signal molecule ERK. Lumican enhances casitas B-lineage lymphoma expression, which stabilized the TGFβ Type II receptor sensitizing PDAC cells to TGFβ-mediated activation of p38 and SMAD signals. These provide a mechanism for the shift in signalling and phenotypic changes we observed after prolonged exposure to lumican. Together, our findings demonstrate that stromal lumican restrains PDAC cell growth through mediating cell entry into a quiescent state.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Li
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Y Kang
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - D Roife
- Department of General Surgery, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Y Lee
- Division of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - M Pratt
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - M R Perez
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - B Dai
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - E J Koay
- Division of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - J B Fleming
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
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Katsiampoura A, Raghav K, Jiang ZQ, Menter DG, Varkaris A, Morelli MP, Manuel S, Wu J, Sorokin AV, Rizi BS, Bristow C, Tian F, Airhart S, Cheng M, Broom BM, Morris J, Overman MJ, Powis G, Kopetz S. Modeling of Patient-Derived Xenografts in Colorectal Cancer. Mol Cancer Ther 2017; 16:1435-1442. [PMID: 28468778 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-16-0721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2016] [Revised: 03/13/2017] [Accepted: 04/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Developing realistic preclinical models using clinical samples that mirror complex tumor biology and behavior are vital to advancing cancer research. While cell line cultures have been helpful in generating preclinical data, the genetic divergence between these and corresponding primary tumors has limited clinical translation. Conversely, patient-derived xenografts (PDX) in colorectal cancer are highly representative of the genetic and phenotypic heterogeneity in the original tumor. Coupled with high-throughput analyses and bioinformatics, these PDXs represent robust preclinical tools for biomarkers, therapeutic target, and drug discovery. Successful PDX engraftment is hypothesized to be related to a series of anecdotal variables namely, tissue source, cancer stage, tumor grade, acquisition strategy, time to implantation, exposure to prior systemic therapy, and genomic heterogeneity of tumors. Although these factors at large can influence practices and patterns related to xenotransplantation, their relative significance in determining the success of establishing PDXs is uncertain. Accordingly, we systematically examined the predictive ability of these factors in establishing PDXs using 90 colorectal cancer patient specimens that were subcutaneously implanted into immunodeficient mice. Fifty (56%) PDXs were successfully established. Multivariate analyses showed tissue acquisition strategy [surgery 72.0% (95% confidence interval (CI): 58.2-82.6) vs. biopsy 35% (95% CI: 22.1%-50.6%)] to be the key determinant for successful PDX engraftment. These findings contrast with current empiricism in generating PDXs and can serve to simplify or liberalize PDX modeling protocols. Better understanding the relative impact of these factors on efficiency of PDX formation will allow for pervasive integration of these models in care of colorectal cancer patients. Mol Cancer Ther; 16(7); 1435-42. ©2017 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia Katsiampoura
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Kanwal Raghav
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Zhi-Qin Jiang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - David G Menter
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Andreas Varkaris
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Maria P Morelli
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Shanequa Manuel
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Ji Wu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Alexey V Sorokin
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Bahar Salimian Rizi
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Christopher Bristow
- Department of Applied Cancer Science Institute, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Feng Tian
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Susan Airhart
- Department of Biostatistics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | | | - Bradley M Broom
- Department of Bioinformatics & Computational Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Jeffrey Morris
- Department of Biostatistics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Michael J Overman
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Garth Powis
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Discovery Institute, La Jolla, California
| | - Scott Kopetz
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas.
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Sandén E, Dyberg C, Krona C, Gallo-Oller G, Olsen TK, Enríquez Pérez J, Wickström M, Estekizadeh A, Kool M, Visse E, Ekström TJ, Siesjö P, Johnsen JI, Darabi A. Establishment and characterization of an orthotopic patient-derived Group 3 medulloblastoma model for preclinical drug evaluation. Sci Rep 2017; 7:46366. [PMID: 28417956 PMCID: PMC5394470 DOI: 10.1038/srep46366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2016] [Accepted: 03/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Medulloblastomas comprise a heterogeneous group of tumours and can be subdivided into four molecular subgroups (WNT, SHH, Group 3 and Group 4) with distinct prognosis, biological behaviour and implications for targeted therapies. Few experimental models exist of the aggressive and poorly characterized Group 3 tumours. In order to establish a reproducible transplantable Group 3 medulloblastoma model for preclinical therapeutic studies, we acquired a patient-derived tumour sphere culture and inoculated low-passage spheres into the cerebellums of NOD-scid mice. Mice developed symptoms of brain tumours with a latency of 17–18 weeks. Neurosphere cultures were re-established and serially transplanted for 3 generations, with a negative correlation between tumour latency and numbers of injected cells. Xenografts replicated the phenotype of the primary tumour, including high degree of clustering in DNA methylation analysis, high proliferation, expression of tumour markers, MYC amplification and elevated MYC expression, and sensitivity to the MYC inhibitor JQ1. Xenografts maintained maintained expression of tumour-derived VEGFA and stromal-derived COX-2. VEGFA, COX-2 and c-Myc are highly expressed in Group 3 compared to other medulloblastoma subgroups, suggesting that these molecules are relevant therapeutic targets in Group 3 medulloblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Sandén
- Lund University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Neurosurgery, Lund, Sweden
| | - Cecilia Dyberg
- Karolinska Institutet, Department of Women´s and Children´s Health, Childhood Cancer Research Unit, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Cecilia Krona
- Uppsala University, Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Gabriel Gallo-Oller
- Karolinska Institutet, Department of Women´s and Children´s Health, Childhood Cancer Research Unit, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Thale Kristin Olsen
- Karolinska Institutet, Department of Women´s and Children´s Health, Childhood Cancer Research Unit, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Julio Enríquez Pérez
- Lund University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Neurosurgery, Lund, Sweden
| | - Malin Wickström
- Karolinska Institutet, Department of Women´s and Children´s Health, Childhood Cancer Research Unit, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Atosa Estekizadeh
- Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Center for Molecular Medicine, and Karolinska Institutet, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Marcel Kool
- German Cancer Research Center DKFZ, Division of Pediatric Neurooncology, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Edward Visse
- Lund University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Neurosurgery, Lund, Sweden
| | - Tomas J Ekström
- Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Center for Molecular Medicine, and Karolinska Institutet, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Peter Siesjö
- Lund University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Neurosurgery, Lund, Sweden.,Lund University, Skane University Hospital, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Neurosurgery, Lund, Sweden
| | - John Inge Johnsen
- Karolinska Institutet, Department of Women´s and Children´s Health, Childhood Cancer Research Unit, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anna Darabi
- Lund University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Neurosurgery, Lund, Sweden
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38
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Maugham ML, Thomas PB, Crisp GJ, Philp LK, Shah ET, Herington AC, Chen C, Gregory LS, Nelson CC, Seim I, Jeffery PL, Chopin LK. Insights from engraftable immunodeficient mouse models of hyperinsulinaemia. Sci Rep 2017; 7:491. [PMID: 28352127 PMCID: PMC5428450 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-00443-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2016] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Hyperinsulinaemia, obesity and dyslipidaemia are independent and collective risk factors for many cancers. Here, the long-term effects of a 23% Western high-fat diet (HFD) in two immunodeficient mouse strains (NOD/SCID and Rag1 -/-) suitable for engraftment with human-derived tissue xenografts, and the effect of diet-induced hyperinsulinaemia on human prostate cancer cell line xenograft growth, were investigated. Rag1 -/-and NOD/SCID HFD-fed mice demonstrated diet-induced impairments in glucose tolerance at 16 and 23 weeks post weaning. Rag1 -/- mice developed significantly higher fasting insulin levels (2.16 ± 1.01 ng/ml, P = 0.01) and increased insulin resistance (6.70 ± 1.68 HOMA-IR, P = 0.01) compared to low-fat chow-fed mice (0.71 ± 0.12 ng/ml and 2.91 ± 0.42 HOMA-IR). This was not observed in the NOD/SCID strain. Hepatic steatosis was more extensive in Rag1 -/- HFD-fed mice compared to NOD/SCID mice. Intramyocellular lipid storage was increased in Rag1 -/- HFD-fed mice, but not in NOD/SCID mice. In Rag1 -/- HFD-fed mice, LNCaP xenograft tumours grew more rapidly compared to low-fat chow-fed mice. This is the first characterisation of the metabolic effects of long-term Western HFD in two mouse strains suitable for xenograft studies. We conclude that Rag1 -/- mice are an appropriate and novel xenograft model for studying the relationship between cancer and hyperinsulinaemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle L Maugham
- Ghrelin Research Group, Translational Research Institute, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, and School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre - Queensland, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Comparative and Endocrine Biology Laboratory, Translational Research Institute, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Skeletal Biology and Forensic Anthropology Research Laboratory, Cancer Program, School of Biomedical Sciences, Translational Research Institute (TRI), Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Patrick B Thomas
- Ghrelin Research Group, Translational Research Institute, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, and School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre - Queensland, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Comparative and Endocrine Biology Laboratory, Translational Research Institute, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Gabrielle J Crisp
- Ghrelin Research Group, Translational Research Institute, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, and School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre - Queensland, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Comparative and Endocrine Biology Laboratory, Translational Research Institute, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Lisa K Philp
- Ghrelin Research Group, Translational Research Institute, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, and School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre - Queensland, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Esha T Shah
- Ghrelin Research Group, Translational Research Institute, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, and School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre - Queensland, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Comparative and Endocrine Biology Laboratory, Translational Research Institute, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Adrian C Herington
- Ghrelin Research Group, Translational Research Institute, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, and School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre - Queensland, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Chen Chen
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Laura S Gregory
- Skeletal Biology and Forensic Anthropology Research Laboratory, Cancer Program, School of Biomedical Sciences, Translational Research Institute (TRI), Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Colleen C Nelson
- Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre - Queensland, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Inge Seim
- Ghrelin Research Group, Translational Research Institute, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, and School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre - Queensland, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Comparative and Endocrine Biology Laboratory, Translational Research Institute, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Penny L Jeffery
- Ghrelin Research Group, Translational Research Institute, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, and School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
- Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre - Queensland, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
- Comparative and Endocrine Biology Laboratory, Translational Research Institute, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
| | - Lisa K Chopin
- Ghrelin Research Group, Translational Research Institute, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, and School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
- Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre - Queensland, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
- Comparative and Endocrine Biology Laboratory, Translational Research Institute, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
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Walsh NC, Kenney LL, Jangalwe S, Aryee KE, Greiner DL, Brehm MA, Shultz LD. Humanized Mouse Models of Clinical Disease. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PATHOLOGY-MECHANISMS OF DISEASE 2016; 12:187-215. [PMID: 27959627 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pathol-052016-100332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 380] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Immunodeficient mice engrafted with functional human cells and tissues, that is, humanized mice, have become increasingly important as small, preclinical animal models for the study of human diseases. Since the description of immunodeficient mice bearing mutations in the IL2 receptor common gamma chain (IL2rgnull) in the early 2000s, investigators have been able to engraft murine recipients with human hematopoietic stem cells that develop into functional human immune systems. These mice can also be engrafted with human tissues such as islets, liver, skin, and most solid and hematologic cancers. Humanized mice are permitting significant progress in studies of human infectious disease, cancer, regenerative medicine, graft-versus-host disease, allergies, and immunity. Ultimately, use of humanized mice may lead to the implementation of truly personalized medicine in the clinic. This review discusses recent progress in the development and use of humanized mice and highlights their utility for the study of human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole C Walsh
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Diabetes Center of Excellence, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605
| | - Laurie L Kenney
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Diabetes Center of Excellence, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605
| | - Sonal Jangalwe
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Diabetes Center of Excellence, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605
| | - Ken-Edwin Aryee
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Diabetes Center of Excellence, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605
| | - Dale L Greiner
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Diabetes Center of Excellence, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605
| | - Michael A Brehm
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Diabetes Center of Excellence, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605
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40
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Bergstrom D, Leyton JV, Zereshkian A, Chan C, Cai Z, Reilly RM. Paradoxical effects of Auger electron-emitting 111 In-DTPA-NLS-CSL360 radioimmunoconjugates on hCD45 + cells in the bone marrow and spleen of leukemia-engrafted NOD/SCID or NRG mice. Nucl Med Biol 2016; 43:635-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2016.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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41
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Mercado-Lubo R, Zhang Y, Zhao L, Rossi K, Wu X, Zou Y, Castillo A, Leonard J, Bortell R, Greiner DL, Shultz LD, Han G, McCormick BA. A Salmonella nanoparticle mimic overcomes multidrug resistance in tumours. Nat Commun 2016; 7:12225. [PMID: 27452236 PMCID: PMC5512628 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms12225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2016] [Accepted: 06/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica serotype Typhimurium is a food-borne pathogen that also selectively grows in tumours and functionally decreases P-glycoprotein (P-gp), a multidrug resistance transporter. Here we report that the Salmonella type III secretion effector, SipA, is responsible for P-gp modulation through a pathway involving caspase-3. Mimicking the ability of Salmonella to reverse multidrug resistance, we constructed a gold nanoparticle system packaged with a SipA corona, and found this bacterial mimic not only accumulates in tumours but also reduces P-gp at a SipA dose significantly lower than free SipA. Moreover, the Salmonella nanoparticle mimic suppresses tumour growth with a concomitant reduction in P-gp when used with an existing chemotherapeutic drug (that is, doxorubicin). On the basis of our finding that the SipA Salmonella effector is fundamental for functionally decreasing P-gp, we engineered a nanoparticle mimic that both overcomes multidrug resistance in cancer cells and increases tumour sensitivity to conventional chemotherapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Regino Mercado-Lubo
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, 368 Plantation Street, Worcester, Massachusetts 01655, USA
| | - Yuanwei Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry &Molecular Pharmacology, 364 Plantation Street, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, USA
| | - Liang Zhao
- Department of Biochemistry &Molecular Pharmacology, 364 Plantation Street, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, USA
| | - Kyle Rossi
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, 368 Plantation Street, Worcester, Massachusetts 01655, USA
| | - Xiang Wu
- Department of Biochemistry &Molecular Pharmacology, 364 Plantation Street, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, USA
| | - Yekui Zou
- Department of Biochemistry &Molecular Pharmacology, 364 Plantation Street, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, USA
| | - Antonio Castillo
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, 368 Plantation Street, Worcester, Massachusetts 01655, USA
| | - Jack Leonard
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, 368 Plantation Street, Worcester, Massachusetts 01655, USA
| | - Rita Bortell
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 55 Lake Avenue North Worcester, Massachusetts 01655, USA
| | - Dale L Greiner
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 55 Lake Avenue North Worcester, Massachusetts 01655, USA
| | | | - Gang Han
- Department of Biochemistry &Molecular Pharmacology, 364 Plantation Street, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, USA
| | - Beth A McCormick
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, 368 Plantation Street, Worcester, Massachusetts 01655, USA
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Lane AN, Higashi RM, Fan TWM. Preclinical models for interrogating drug action in human cancers using Stable Isotope Resolved Metabolomics (SIRM). Metabolomics 2016; 12:118. [PMID: 27489532 PMCID: PMC4968890 DOI: 10.1007/s11306-016-1065-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
AIMS In this review we compare the advantages and disadvantages of different model biological systems for determining the metabolic functions of cells in complex environments, how they may change in different disease states, and respond to therapeutic interventions. BACKGROUND All preclinical drug-testing models have advantages and drawbacks. We compare and contrast established cell, organoid and animal models with ex vivo organ or tissue culture and in vivo human experiments in the context of metabolic readout of drug efficacy. As metabolism reports directly on the biochemical state of cells and tissues, it can be very sensitive to drugs and/or other environmental changes. This is especially so when metabolic activities are probed by stable isotope tracing methods, which can also provide detailed mechanistic information on drug action. We have developed and been applying Stable Isotope-Resolved Metabolomics (SIRM) to examine metabolic reprogramming of human lung cancer cells in monoculture, in mouse xenograft/explant models, and in lung cancer patients in situ (Lane et al. 2011; T. W. Fan et al. 2011; T. W-M. Fan et al. 2012; T. W. Fan et al. 2012; Xie et al. 2014b; Ren et al. 2014a; Sellers et al. 2015b). We are able to determine the influence of the tumor microenvironment using these models. We have now extended the range of models to fresh human tissue slices, similar to those originally described by O. Warburg (Warburg 1923), which retain the native tissue architecture and heterogeneity with a paired benign versus cancer design under defined cell culture conditions. This platform offers an unprecedented human tissue model for preclinical studies on metabolic reprogramming of human cancer cells in their tissue context, and response to drug treatment (Xie et al. 2014a). As the microenvironment of the target human tissue is retained and individual patient's response to drugs is obtained, this platform promises to transcend current limitations of drug selection for clinical trials or treatments. CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE WORK Development of ex vivo human tissue and animal models with humanized organs including bone marrow and liver show considerable promise for analyzing drug responses that are more relevant to humans. Similarly using stable isotope tracer methods with these improved models in advanced stages of the drug development pipeline, in conjunction with tissue biopsy is expected significantly to reduce the high failure rate of experimental drugs in Phase II and III clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew N Lane
- Center for Environmental and Systems Biochemistry, University of Kentucky
| | - Richard M Higashi
- Center for Environmental and Systems Biochemistry, University of Kentucky
| | - Teresa W-M Fan
- Center for Environmental and Systems Biochemistry, University of Kentucky
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Zayed AA, Mandrekar SJ, Haluska P. Molecular and clinical implementations of ovarian cancer mouse avatar models. Chin Clin Oncol 2016; 4:30. [PMID: 26408297 DOI: 10.3978/j.issn.2304-3865.2015.04.01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2014] [Accepted: 02/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Innovation in oncology drug development has been hindered by lack of preclinical models that reliably predict clinical activity of novel therapies in cancer patients. Increasing desire for individualize treatment of patients with cancer has led to an increase in the use of patient-derived xenografts (PDX) engrafted into immune-compromised mice for preclinical modeling. Large numbers of tumor-specific PDX models have been established and proved to be powerful tools in pre-clinical testing. A subset of PDXs, referred to as Avatars, establish tumors in an orthotopic and treatment naïve fashion that may represent the most clinical relevant model of individual human cancers. This review will discuss ovarian cancer (OC) PDX models demonstrating the opportunities and limitations of these models in cancer drug development, and describe concepts of clinical trials design in Avatar guided therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amira A Zayed
- Department of Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Sumithra J Mandrekar
- Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Paul Haluska
- Division of Medical Oncology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, 200 First St. SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
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Siurala M, Vähä-Koskela M, Havunen R, Tähtinen S, Bramante S, Parviainen S, Mathis JM, Kanerva A, Hemminki A. Syngeneic syrian hamster tumors feature tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes allowing adoptive cell therapy enhanced by oncolytic adenovirus in a replication permissive setting. Oncoimmunology 2016; 5:e1136046. [PMID: 27467954 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2015.1136046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2015] [Revised: 12/18/2015] [Accepted: 12/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Adoptive transfer of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) has shown promising yet sometimes suboptimal results in clinical trials for advanced cancer, underscoring the need for approaches improving efficacy and safety. Six implantable syngeneic tumor cell lines of the Syrian hamster were used to initiate TIL cultures. TIL generated from tumor fragments cultured in human interleukin-2 (IL-2) for 10 d were adoptively transferred into tumor-bearing hamsters with concomitant intratumoral injections of oncolytic adenovirus (Ad5-D24) for the assessment of antitumor efficacy. Pancreatic cancer (HapT1) and melanoma (RPMI 1846) TIL exhibited potent and tumor-specific cytotoxicity in effector-to-target (E/T) assays. MHC Class I blocking abrogated the cell killing of RPMI 1846 TIL, indicating cytotoxic CD8(+) T-cell activity. When TIL were combined with Ad5-D24 in vitro, HapT1 tumor cell killing was significantly enhanced over single agents. In vivo, the intratumoral administration of HapT1 TIL and Ad5-D24 resulted in improved tumor growth control compared with either treatment alone. Additionally, splenocytes derived from animals treated with the combination of Ad5-D24 and TIL killed autologous tumor cells more efficiently than monotherapy-derived splenocytes, suggesting that systemic antitumor immunity was induced. For the first time, TIL of the Syrian hamster have been cultured, characterized and used therapeutically together with oncolytic adenovirus for enhancing the efficacy of TIL therapy. Our results support human translation of oncolytic adenovirus as an enabling technology for adoptive T-cell therapy of solid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikko Siurala
- Cancer Gene Therapy Group, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; TILT Biotherapeutics Ltd, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Markus Vähä-Koskela
- Cancer Gene Therapy Group, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki , Helsinki, Finland
| | - Riikka Havunen
- Cancer Gene Therapy Group, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki , Helsinki, Finland
| | - Siri Tähtinen
- Cancer Gene Therapy Group, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki , Helsinki, Finland
| | - Simona Bramante
- Cancer Gene Therapy Group, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki , Helsinki, Finland
| | - Suvi Parviainen
- Cancer Gene Therapy Group, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; TILT Biotherapeutics Ltd, Helsinki, Finland
| | - J Michael Mathis
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University , Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Anna Kanerva
- Cancer Gene Therapy Group, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Helsinki University Central Hospital (HUCH), Helsinki, Finland
| | - Akseli Hemminki
- Cancer Gene Therapy Group, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; TILT Biotherapeutics Ltd, Helsinki, Finland; Helsinki University Hospital Comprehensive Cancer Center, Helsinki, Finland
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