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Tran JQ, Muench MO, Gaillard B, Darst O, Tomayko MM, Jackman RP. Polyinosinic: polycytidylic acid induced inflammation enhances while lipopolysaccharide diminishes alloimmunity to platelet transfusion in mice. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1281130. [PMID: 38146372 PMCID: PMC10749330 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1281130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Alloimmune responses against platelet antigens, which dominantly target the major histocompatibility complex (MHC), can cause adverse reactions to subsequent platelet transfusions, platelet refractoriness, or rejection of future transplants. Platelet transfusion recipients include individuals experiencing severe bacterial or viral infections, and how their underlying health modulates platelet alloimmunity is not well understood. Methods This study investigated the effect of underlying inflammation on platelet alloimmunization by modelling viral-like inflammation with polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid (poly(I:C)) or gram-negative bacterial infection with lipopolysaccharide (LPS), hypothesizing that underlying inflammation enhances alloimmunization. Mice were pretreated with poly(I:C), LPS, or nothing, then transfused with non-leukoreduced or leukoreduced platelets. Alloantibodies and allogeneic MHC-specific B cell (allo-B cell) responses were evaluated two weeks later. Rare populations of allo-B cells were identified using MHC tetramers. Results Relative to platelet transfusion alone, prior exposure to poly(I:C) increased the alloantibody response to allogeneic platelet transfusion whereas prior exposure to LPS diminished responses. Prior exposure to poly(I:C) had equivalent, if not moderately diminished, allo-B cell responses relative to platelet transfusion alone and exhibited more robust allo-B cell memory development. Conversely, prior exposure to LPS resulted in diminished allo-B cell frequency, activation, antigen experience, and germinal center formation and altered memory B cell responses. Discussion In conclusion, not all inflammatory environments enhance bystander responses and prior inflammation mediated by LPS on gram-negative bacteria may in fact curtail platelet alloimmunization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johnson Q. Tran
- Vitalant Research Institute, San Francisco, CA, United States
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Marcus O. Muench
- Vitalant Research Institute, San Francisco, CA, United States
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Betty Gaillard
- Vitalant Research Institute, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Orsolya Darst
- Vitalant Research Institute, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Mary M. Tomayko
- Department of Dermatology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
- Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Rachael P. Jackman
- Vitalant Research Institute, San Francisco, CA, United States
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
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Jackman RP, Darst O, Gaillard B, Tran JQ, Tomayko MM, Muench MO. Enhanced alloresponse to platelet transfusion due to immune dysregulation following ablative chemotherapy in mice. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1281123. [PMID: 38090570 PMCID: PMC10711281 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1281123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Alloimmunization is common following platelet transfusion and can result in negative outcomes for recipients such as refractoriness to subsequent transfusions and rejection of transplants. Healthy people do not receive blood transfusions, and the diseases and therapies that result in a need to transfuse have significant impacts on the immunological environment to which these alloantigens are introduced. Ablative chemotherapies are common among platelet recipients and have potent immunological effects. In this study, we modeled the impact of chemotherapy on the alloresponse to platelet transfusion. As chemotherapies are generally regarded as immunosuppressive, we hypothesized that that they would result in a diminished alloresponse. Methods Mice were given a combination chemotherapeutic treatment of cytarabine and doxorubicin followed by transfusion of allogeneic platelets, and compared to controls given no treatment, chemotherapy alone, or transfusion alone. Alloantibody responses were measured 2 weeks after transfusion, and cellular responses and growth factors were monitored over time. Results Contrary to our hypothesis, we found that chemotherapy led to increased alloantibody responses to allogeneic platelet transfusion. This enhanced response was antigen-specific and was associated with increased CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses. Chemotherapy led to rapid lymphocyte depletion followed by reconstitution, non-specific activation of transitional B cells with the highest levels of activation in the least mature subsets, and increased serum levels of B cell activating factor (BAFF). Conclusion These data suggest that ablative chemotherapy can increase the risk of alloimmunization and, if confirmed clinically, that additional measures to protect these patient populations may be warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachael P. Jackman
- Vitalant Research Institute, San Francisco, CA, United States
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Orsolya Darst
- Vitalant Research Institute, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Betty Gaillard
- Vitalant Research Institute, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Johnson Q. Tran
- Vitalant Research Institute, San Francisco, CA, United States
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Mary M. Tomayko
- Department of Dermatology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
- Department of Pathology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Marcus O. Muench
- Vitalant Research Institute, San Francisco, CA, United States
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
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Du EJ, Muench MO. A Monocytic Barrier to the Humanization of Immunodeficient Mice. Curr Stem Cell Res Ther 2023; 19:CSCR-EPUB-134892. [PMID: 37859310 PMCID: PMC10997744 DOI: 10.2174/011574888x263597231001164351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2023] [Revised: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
Mice with severe immunodeficiencies have become very important tools for studying foreign cells in an in vivo environment. Xenotransplants can be used to model cells from many species, although most often, mice are humanized through the transplantation of human cells or tissues to meet the needs of medical research. The development of immunodeficient mice is reviewed leading up to the current state-of-the-art strains, such as the NOD-scid-gamma (NSG) mouse. NSG mice are excellent hosts for human hematopoietic stem cell transplants or immune reconstitution through transfusion of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. However, barriers to full hematopoietic engraftment still remain; notably, the survival of human cells in the circulation is brief, which limits overall hematological and immune reconstitution. Reports have indicated a critical role for monocytic cells, monocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells, in the clearance of xenogeneic cells from circulation. Various aspects of the NOD genetic background that affect monocytic cell growth, maturation, and function that are favorable to human cell transplantation are discussed. Important receptors, such as SIRPα, that form a part of the innate immune system and enable the recognition and phagocytosis of foreign cells by monocytic cells are reviewed. The development of humanized mouse models has taken decades of work in creating more immunodeficient mice, genetic modification of these mice to express human genes, and refinement of transplant techniques to optimize engraftment. Future advances may focus on the monocytic cells of the host to find ways for further engraftment and survival of xenogeneic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily J. Du
- Vitalant Research Institute, 360 Spear Street, Suite 200, San Francisco, CA, 94105, USA
| | - Marcus O. Muench
- Vitalant Research Institute, 360 Spear Street, Suite 200, San Francisco, CA, 94105, USA
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
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4
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Van Rompay KK, Coffey LL, Yee JL, Singapuri A, Stuart J, Lanteri MC, Maria FS, Lu K, Singh I, Bakkour S, Stone M, Williamson PC, Muench MO, Busch MP, Simmons G. Plasma transfusion-transmission of Zika virus in mice and macaques. Transfusion 2023; 63:574-585. [PMID: 36621777 PMCID: PMC10134791 DOI: 10.1111/trf.17243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Zika virus (ZIKV) epidemics with infections in pregnant women are associated with severe neurological disease in newborns. Although an arbovirus, ZIKV is also blood transfusion-transmitted (TT). Greater knowledge of the efficiency of ZIKV TT would aid decisions on testing and pathogen reduction technologies (PRT). STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS Plasma units from ZIKV RNA-reactive blood donors were used to study infectivity in vitro, in mice, and in macaques. Furthermore, plasma units were subjected to PRT using amotosalen/ultraviolet light A (A/UVA) before transfusion. RESULTS In vitro infectivity of ZIKV RNA-reactive plasma varied between 100 and 1000 international units (IU) of ZIKV RNA. Immunodeficient mice were more sensitive with as low as 32 IU sufficient to infect 50% of mice. 50-5500 IU of RNA led to TT in macaques using dose escalation of three different RNA-positive, seronegative plasma units. In contrast, RNA-reactive units collected postseroconversion were not infectious in macaques, even at a dose of 9 million IU RNA. After A/UVA PRT, transfusion of plasma containing up to 18 million IU was no longer infectious in vitro and did not result in ZIKV TT in macaques. CONCLUSION Significant risks of ZIKV TT are likely confined to a relatively short viremic window before seroconversion, and that sensitive nucleic acid amplification testing likely identifies the majority of infectious plasma. PRT was demonstrated to be effective at preventing ZIKV TT. Considering that there is no approved ZIKV vaccine, these data are relevant to mitigate the risk of TT during the future ZIKV outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koen K.A. Van Rompay
- California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, CA, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, Davis, CA, United States of America
| | - Lark L. Coffey
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, Davis, CA, United States of America
| | - JoAnn L. Yee
- California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, CA, United States of America
| | - Anil Singapuri
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, Davis, CA, United States of America
| | - Jackson Stuart
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, Davis, CA, United States of America
| | | | | | - Kai Lu
- Vitalant Research Institute, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Inderdeep Singh
- Vitalant Research Institute, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Sonia Bakkour
- Vitalant Research Institute, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Mars Stone
- Vitalant Research Institute, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States of America
| | | | - Marcus O. Muench
- Vitalant Research Institute, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States of America
| | - Michael P. Busch
- Vitalant Research Institute, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States of America
| | - Graham Simmons
- Vitalant Research Institute, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States of America
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5
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Muench MO, Fomin ME, Gutierrez AG, López-Terrada D, Gilfanova R, Nosworthy C, Beyer AI, Ostolaza G, Kats D, Matlock KL, Cairo S, Keller C. CD203c is expressed by human fetal hepatoblasts and distinguishes subsets of hepatoblastoma. Front Oncol 2023; 13:927852. [PMID: 36845728 PMCID: PMC9947649 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.927852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Background & Aims Hepatocytic cells found during prenatal development have unique features compared to their adult counterparts, and are believed to be the precursors of pediatric hepatoblastoma. The cell-surface phenotype of hepatoblasts and hepatoblastoma cell lines was evaluated to discover new markers of these cells and gain insight into the development of hepatocytic cells and the phenotypes and origins of hepatoblastoma. Methods Human midgestation livers and four pediatric hepatoblastoma cell lines were screened using flow cytometry. Expression of over 300 antigens was evaluated on hepatoblasts defined by their expression of CD326 (EpCAM) and CD14. Also analyzed were hematopoietic cells, expressing CD45, and liver sinusoidal-endothelial cells (LSECs), expressing CD14 but lacking CD45 expression. Select antigens were further examined by fluorescence immunomicroscopy of fetal liver sections. Antigen expression was also confirmed on cultured cells by both methods. Gene expression analysis by liver cells, 6 hepatoblastoma cell lines, and hepatoblastoma cells was performed. Immunohistochemistry was used to evaluate CD203c, CD326, and cytokeratin-19 expression on three hepatoblastoma tumors. Results Antibody screening identified many cell surface markers commonly or divergently expressed by hematopoietic cells, LSECs, and hepatoblasts. Thirteen novel markers expressed on fetal hepatoblasts were identified including ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase family member 3 (ENPP-3/CD203c), which was found to be expressed by hepatoblasts with widespread expression in the parenchyma of the fetal liver. In culture CD203c+CD326++ cells resembled hepatocytic cells with coexpression of albumin and cytokeratin-19 confirming a hepatoblast phenotype. CD203c expression declined rapidly in culture whereas the loss of CD326 was not as pronounced. CD203c and CD326 were co-expressed on a subset of hepatoblastoma cell lines and hepatoblastomas with an embryonal pattern. Conclusions CD203c is expressed on hepatoblasts and may play a role in purinergic signaling in the developing liver. Hepatoblastoma cell lines were found to consist of two broad phenotypes consisting of a cholangiocyte-like phenotype that expressed CD203c and CD326 and a hepatocyte-like phenotype with diminished expression of these markers. CD203c was expressed by some hepatoblastoma tumors and may represent a marker of a less differentiated embryonal component.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus O. Muench
- Vitalant Research Institute, San Francisco, CA, United States,Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States,*Correspondence: Marcus O. Muench,
| | - Marina E. Fomin
- Vitalant Research Institute, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | | | - Dolores López-Terrada
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States,Texas Children’s Cancer Center, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX, United States
| | | | | | - Ashley I. Beyer
- Vitalant Research Institute, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | | | - Dina Kats
- Pediatric Cancer Biology, Children’s Cancer Therapy Development Institute, Beaverton, OR, United States
| | | | - Stefano Cairo
- Research and Development Unit, XenTech, Evry, France
| | - Charles Keller
- Pediatric Cancer Biology, Children’s Cancer Therapy Development Institute, Beaverton, OR, United States
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Muench MO, Nosworthy C. Antibody screening data of human midgestation liver cells with a focus on hematopoietic, liver sinusoidal endothelial, and hepatoblast cell-populations. BMC Res Notes 2022; 15:358. [PMID: 36474299 PMCID: PMC9724407 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-022-06229-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2022] [Revised: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Cell-surface antigen screening was performed on human fetal liver cells using flow cytometry. The goal was to provide proteomic expression data on a number of human fetal liver cell populations that can inform studies on developmental hepatology and hematology. DATA DESCRIPTION A 21 weeks' gestation liver was depleted of erythrocytes prior to antibody staining. Screening was performed using phycoerythrin-labelled antibodies against 332 antigens. In addition to these antibodies, all samples were stained for CD14, CD45, CD235a, and CD326 (epithelial cell adhesion molecule - EpCAM). Subpopulations of fetal liver cells were identified using the co-stained antigens. Hematopoietic cells were identified by their expression of CD45 and CD235a; non-hematopoietic cells were further subdivided based on CD14 and CD326 expression. CD326++CD14low hepatoblasts and CD14++ liver sinusoidal endothelial cells were analyzed for the frequency and intensity of antigen expression. Analyzed flow cytometry data are presented for the expression of the antigens on hematopoietic cells and on non-hematopoietic cells in the context of CD14 and CD326 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus O. Muench
- grid.418404.d0000 0004 0395 5996Vitalant Research Institute, 360 Spear Street, Suite 200, 94105 San Francisco, CA USA ,grid.266102.10000 0001 2297 6811Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, 94141 San Francisco, CA USA
| | - Christopher Nosworthy
- grid.418404.d0000 0004 0395 5996Vitalant Research Institute, 360 Spear Street, Suite 200, 94105 San Francisco, CA USA
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Saá P, Fink RV, Bakkour S, Jin J, Simmons G, Muench MO, Dawar H, Di Germanio C, Hui AJ, Wright DJ, Krysztof DE, Kleinman SH, Cheung A, Nester T, Kessler DA, Townsend RL, Spencer BR, Kamel H, Vannoy JM, Dave H, Busch MP, Stramer SL, Stone M, Jackman RP, Norris PJ. Frequent detection but lack of infectivity of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in pre-symptomatic, infected blood donor plasma. J Clin Invest 2022; 132:159876. [PMID: 35834347 PMCID: PMC9435642 DOI: 10.1172/jci159876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory viruses such as influenza do not typically cause viremia; however, SARS-CoV-2 has been detected in the blood of COVID-19 patients with mild and severe symptoms. Detection of SARS-CoV-2 in blood raises questions about its role in pathogenesis as well as transfusion safety concerns. Blood donor reports of symptoms or a diagnosis of COVID-19 after donation (post-donation information, PDI) preceded or coincided with increased general population COVID-19 mortality. Plasma samples from 2,250 blood donors who reported possible COVID-19–related PDI were tested for the presence of SARS-CoV-2 RNA. Detection of RNAemia peaked at 9%–15% of PDI donors in late 2020 to early 2021 and fell to approximately 4% after implementation of widespread vaccination in the population. RNAemic donors were 1.2- to 1.4-fold more likely to report cough or shortness of breath and 1.8-fold more likely to report change in taste or smell compared with infected donors without detectable RNAemia. No infectious virus was detected in plasma from RNAemic donors; inoculation of permissive cell lines produced less than 0.7–7 plaque-forming units (PFU)/mL and in susceptible mice less than 100 PFU/mL in RNA-positive plasma based on limits of detection in these models. These findings suggest that blood transfusions are highly unlikely to transmit SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Saá
- Scientific Affairs, American Red Cross, Gaithersburg, United States of America
| | | | - Sonia Bakkour
- Vitalant Research Institute, San Francisco, United States of America
| | - Jing Jin
- Department of Virology, Vitalant Research Institute, San Francisco, United States of America
| | - Graham Simmons
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Vitalant Research Institute, San Francisco, United States of America
| | - Marcus O Muench
- Vitalant Research Institute, San Francisco, United States of America
| | - Hina Dawar
- Vitalant Research Institute, San Francisco, United States of America
| | - Clara Di Germanio
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Vitalant Research Institute, San Francisco, United States of America
| | - Alvin J Hui
- Vitalant Research Institute, San Francisco, United States of America
| | | | - David E Krysztof
- Scientific Affairs, American Red Cross, Gaithersburg, United States of America
| | | | | | | | - Debra A Kessler
- Special Services, New York Blood Center, New York, United States of America
| | - Rebecca L Townsend
- Scientific Affairs, American Red Cross, Gaithersburg, United States of America
| | | | - Hany Kamel
- Central Office, Vitalant, Scottsdale, United States of America
| | | | - Honey Dave
- Vitalant Research Institute, San Francisco, United States of America
| | - Michael P Busch
- Vitalant Research Institute, San Francisco, United States of America
| | - Susan L Stramer
- Scientific Affairs, American Red Cross, Gaithersburg, United States of America
| | - Mars Stone
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Vitalant Research Institute, San Francisco, United States of America
| | - Rachael P Jackman
- Vitalant Research Institute, San Francisco, United States of America
| | - Philip J Norris
- Vitalant Research Institute, San Francisco, United States of America
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Gilfanova R, Auclair KM, Hui A, Norris PJ, Muench MO. Reduced dimethyl sulfoxide concentrations successfully cryopreserve human hematopoietic stem cells with multi-lineage long-term engraftment ability in mice. Cytotherapy 2021; 23:1053-1059. [PMID: 34454842 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcyt.2021.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Revised: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AIMS The cryopreservation of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) is used widely, but DMSO toxicity in transplant patients and the effects of DMSO on the normal function of cryopreserved cells are concerns. To address these issues, in vitro and clinical studies have explored using reduced concentrations of DMSO for cryopreservation. However, the effect of reducing DMSO concentration on the efficient cryopreservation of HSCs has not been directly measured. METHODS Cryopreservation of human bone marrow using 10%, 7.5% and 5% DMSO concentrations was examined. Cell counting, flow cytometry and colony assays were used to analyze different cell populations. The recovery of stem cells was enumerated using extreme limiting dilution analysis of long-term multi-lineage engraftment in immunodeficient mice. Four different methods of analyzing human engraftment were compared to ascertain stem cell engraftment: (i) engraftment of CD33+ myeloid, CD19+ B-lymphoid, CD235a+ erythroid and CD34+ progenitors; (ii) engraftment of the same four populations plus CD41+CD42b+ platelets; (iii) engraftment of CD34++CD133+ cells; and (iv) engraftment of CD34++CD38- cells. RESULTS Hematopoietic colony-forming, CD34++/+, CD34++CD133+ and CD34++CD38- cells were as well preserved with 5% DMSO as they were with the higher concentrations tested. The estimates of stem cell frequencies made in the xenogeneic transplant model did not show any significant detrimental effect of using lower concentrations of DMSO. Comparison of the different methods of gauging stem cell engraftment in mice led to different estimates of stem cell numbers, but overall, all measures found that reduced concentrations of DMSO supported the cryopreservation of HSCs. CONCLUSION Cryopreservation of HSCs in DMSO concentrations as low as 5% is effective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata Gilfanova
- Vitalant Research Institute, San Francisco, California, USA; Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | | | - Alvin Hui
- Vitalant Research Institute, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Philip J Norris
- Vitalant Research Institute, San Francisco, California, USA; Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Marcus O Muench
- Vitalant Research Institute, San Francisco, California, USA; Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA.
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Gilfanova R, Callegari A, Childs A, Yang G, Luarca M, Gutierrez AG, Medina KI, Mai J, Hui A, Kline M, Wei X, Norris PJ, Muench MO. A bioinspired and chemically defined alternative to dimethyl sulfoxide for the cryopreservation of human hematopoietic stem cells. Bone Marrow Transplant 2021; 56:2644-2650. [PMID: 34155359 PMCID: PMC8563414 DOI: 10.1038/s41409-021-01368-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Revised: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The cryopreservation of hematopoietic cells using dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and serum is a common procedure used in transplantation. However, DMSO has clinical and biological side effects due to its toxicity, and serum introduces variation and safety risks. Inspired by natural antifreeze proteins, a novel class of ice-interactive cryoprotectants was developed. The corresponding DMSO-, protein-, and serum-free cryopreservation media candidates were screened through a series of biological assays using human cell lines, peripheral blood cells, and bone marrow cells. XT-Thrive-A and XT-Thrive-B were identified as lead candidates to rival cryopreservation with 10% DMSO in serum based on post-thaw cell survival and short-term proliferation assays. The effectiveness of the novel cryopreservation media in freezing hematopoietic stem cells from human whole bone marrow was assessed by extreme limiting dilution analysis in immunodeficient mice. Stem cell frequencies were measured 12 weeks after transplant based on bone marrow engraftment of erythroid, myeloid, B-lymphoid, and CD34+ progenitors measured by flow cytometry. The recovered numbers of cryopreserved stem cells were similar among XT-Thrive A, XT-Thrive B, and DMSO with serum groups. These findings show that cryoprotectants developed through biomimicry of natural antifreeze proteins offers a substitute for DMSO-based media for the cryopreservation of hematopoietic stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Justin Mai
- Vitalant Research Institute, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Alvin Hui
- Vitalant Research Institute, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Philip J Norris
- Vitalant Research Institute, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Marcus O Muench
- Vitalant Research Institute, San Francisco, CA, USA. .,Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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10
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Keating SM, Mizrahi RA, Adams MS, Asensio MA, Benzie E, Carter KP, Chiang Y, Edgar RC, Gautam BK, Gras A, Leong J, Leong R, Lim YW, Manickam VA, Medina-Cucurella AV, Niedecken AR, Saini J, Simons JF, Spindler MJ, Stadtmiller K, Tinsley B, Wagner EK, Wayham N, Tracy L, Lundberg CV, Büscher D, Terencio JV, Roalfe L, Pearce E, Richardson H, Goldblatt D, Ramjag AT, Carrington CVF, Simmons G, Muench MO, Chamow SM, Monroe B, Olson C, Oguin TH, Lynch H, Jeanfreau R, Mosher RA, Walch MJ, Bartley CR, Ross CA, Meyer EH, Adler AS, Johnson DS. Generation of recombinant hyperimmune globulins from diverse B-cell repertoires. Nat Biotechnol 2021; 39:989-999. [PMID: 33859400 PMCID: PMC8355030 DOI: 10.1038/s41587-021-00894-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Plasma-derived polyclonal antibody therapeutics, such as intravenous immunoglobulin, have multiple drawbacks, including low potency, impurities, insufficient supply, and batch-to-batch variation. Here we describe a microfluidics and molecular genomics strategy for capturing diverse mammalian antibody repertoires to create recombinant multivalent hyperimmune globulins. Our method generates thousands-diverse mixtures of recombinant antibodies, enriched for specificity and activity against therapeutic targets. Each hyperimmune globulin product comprised thousands to tens of thousands of antibodies derived from convalescent or vaccinated human donors, or immunized mice. Using this approach, we generated hyperimmune globulins with potent neutralizing activity against Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) in under three months, Fc-engineered hyperimmune globulins specific for Zika virus that lacked antibody-dependent enhancement of disease, and hyperimmune globulins specific for lung pathogens present in patients with primary immune deficiency. To address the limitations of rabbit-derived anti-thymocyte globulin (ATG), we generated a recombinant human version and demonstrated its efficacy in mice against graft-versus-host disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Matthew S Adams
- GigaGen Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA.,Department of Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
| | | | | | | | - Yao Chiang
- GigaGen Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Lucy Roalfe
- Immunobiology Section, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, England
| | - Emma Pearce
- Immunobiology Section, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, England
| | - Hayley Richardson
- Immunobiology Section, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, England
| | - David Goldblatt
- Immunobiology Section, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, England
| | - Anushka T Ramjag
- Department of Preclinical Sciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences, The University of the West Indies, St. Augustine Campus, St. Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago
| | - Christine V F Carrington
- Department of Preclinical Sciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences, The University of the West Indies, St. Augustine Campus, St. Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Thomas H Oguin
- Regional Biocontainment Laboratory, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Heather Lynch
- Regional Biocontainment Laboratory, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | | | - Rachel A Mosher
- Waisman Biomanufacturing, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Matthew J Walch
- Waisman Biomanufacturing, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | | | - Carl A Ross
- Waisman Biomanufacturing, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Everett H Meyer
- Stanford Diabetes Research Center, Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, CA, USA.,Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, CA, USA
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11
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Hazegh K, Fang F, Bravo MD, Tran JQ, Muench MO, Jackman RP, Roubinian N, Bertolone L, D’Alessandro A, Dumont L, Page GP, Kanias T. Blood donor obesity is associated with changes in red blood cell metabolism and susceptibility to hemolysis in cold storage and in response to osmotic and oxidative stress. Transfusion 2021; 61:435-448. [PMID: 33146433 PMCID: PMC7902376 DOI: 10.1111/trf.16168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obesity is a global pandemic characterized by multiple comorbidities, including cardiovascular and metabolic diseases. The aim of this study was to define the associations between blood donor body mass index (BMI) and RBC measurements of metabolic stress and hemolysis. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS The associations between donor BMI (<25 kg/m2 , normal weight; 25-29.9 kg/m2 , overweight; and ≥30 kg/m2 , obese) and hemolysis (storage, osmotic, and oxidative; n = 18 donors) or posttransfusion recovery (n = 14 donors) in immunodeficient mice were determined in stored leukocyte-reduced RBC units. Further evaluations were conducted using the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute RBC-Omics blood donor databases of hemolysis (n = 13 317) and metabolomics (n = 203). RESULTS Evaluations in 18 donors revealed that BMI was significantly (P < 0.05) and positively associated with storage and osmotic hemolysis. A BMI of 30 kg/m2 or greater was also associated with lower posttransfusion recovery in mice 10 minutes after transfusion (P = 0.026). Multivariable linear regression analyses in RBC-Omics revealed that BMI was a significant modifier for all hemolysis measurements, explaining 4.5%, 4.2%, and 0.2% of the variance in osmotic, oxidative, and storage hemolysis, respectively. In this cohort, obesity was positively associated (P < 0.001) with plasma ferritin (inflammation marker). Metabolomic analyses on RBCs from obese donors (44.1 ± 5.1 kg/m2 ) had altered membrane lipid composition, dysregulation of antioxidant pathways (eg, increased oxidized lipids, methionine sulfoxide, and xanthine), and dysregulation of nitric oxide metabolism, as compared to RBCs from nonobese (20.5 ± 1.0 kg/m2 ) donors. CONCLUSIONS Obesity is associated with significant changes in RBC metabolism and increased susceptibility to hemolysis under routine storage of RBC units. The impact on transfusion efficacy warrants further evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fang Fang
- RTI International, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | | | | | - Marcus O. Muench
- Vitalant Research Institute, San Francisco, California
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Rachael P. Jackman
- Vitalant Research Institute, San Francisco, California
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Nareg Roubinian
- Vitalant Research Institute, San Francisco, California
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
- Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Division of Research, Oakland, California
| | - Lorenzo Bertolone
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Angelo D’Alessandro
- Vitalant Research Institute, Denver, Colorado
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
- Department of Medicine Division of Hematology, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Larry Dumont
- Vitalant Research Institute, Denver, Colorado
- Department of Pathology, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire
| | | | - Tamir Kanias
- Vitalant Research Institute, Denver, Colorado
- Department of Pathology, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
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12
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Sperber HS, Togarrati PP, Raymond KA, Bouzidi MS, Gilfanova R, Gutierrez AG, Muench MO, Pillai SK. μ-Lat: A mouse model to evaluate human immunodeficiency virus eradication strategies. FASEB J 2020; 34:14615-14630. [PMID: 32901981 PMCID: PMC8787083 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202001612rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
A critical barrier to the development of a human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) cure is the lack of a scalable animal model that enables robust evaluation of eradication approaches prior to testing in humans. We established a humanized mouse model of latent HIV infection by transplanting "J-Lat" cells, Jurkat cells harboring a latent HIV provirus encoding an enhanced green fluorescent protein (GFP) reporter, into irradiated adult NOD.Cg-Prkdcscid Il2rgtm1Wjl /SzJ (NSG) mice. J-Lat cells exhibited successful engraftment in several tissues including spleen, bone barrow, peripheral blood, and lung, in line with the diverse natural tissue tropism of HIV. Administration of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, an established HIV latency reversal agent, significantly induced GFP expression in engrafted cells across tissues, reflecting viral reactivation. These data suggest that our murine latency ("μ-Lat") model enables efficient determination of how effectively viral eradication agents, including latency reversal agents, penetrate, and function in diverse anatomical sites harboring HIV in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah S. Sperber
- Vitalant Research Institute, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Free University of Berlin, Institute of Biochemistry, Berlin, Germany
- University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | | | - Kyle A. Raymond
- Vitalant Research Institute, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Mohamed S. Bouzidi
- Vitalant Research Institute, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Renata Gilfanova
- Vitalant Research Institute, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Alan G. Gutierrez
- Vitalant Research Institute, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Marcus O. Muench
- Vitalant Research Institute, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Satish K. Pillai
- Vitalant Research Institute, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
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13
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Blessinger SA, Tran JQ, Jackman RP, Gilfanova R, Rittenhouse J, Gutierrez AG, Heitman JW, Hazegh K, Kanias T, Muench MO. Immunodeficient mice are better for modeling the transfusion of human blood components than wild-type mice. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0237106. [PMID: 32735605 PMCID: PMC7394438 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0237106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Animal models are vital to the study of transfusion and development of new blood products. Post-transfusion recovery of human blood components can be studied in mice, however, there is a need to identify strains that can best tolerate xenogeneic transfusions, as well as to optimize such protocols. Specifically, the importance of using immunodeficient mice, such as NOD.Cg-Prkdcscid Il2rgtm1Wjl/SzJ (NSG) mice, to study human transfusion has been questioned. In this study, strains of wild-type and NSG mice were compared as hosts for human transfusions with outcomes quantified by flow cytometric analyses of CD235a+ erythrocytes, CD45+ leukocytes, and CD41+CD42b+ platelets. Complete blood counts were evaluated as well as serum cytokines by multiplexing methods. Circulating human blood cells were maintained better in NSG than in wild-type mice. Lethargy and hemoglobinuria were observed in the first hours in wild-type mice along with increased pro-inflammatory cytokines/chemokines such as monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, tumor necrosis factor α, keratinocyte-derived chemokine (KC or CXCL1), and interleukin-6, whereas NSG mice were less severely affected. Whole blood transfusion resulted in rapid sequestration and then release of human cells back into the circulation within several hours. This rebound effect diminished when only erythrocytes were transfused. Nonetheless, human erythrocytes were found in excess of mouse erythrocytes in the liver and lungs and had a shorter half-life in circulation. Variables affecting the outcomes of transfused erythrocytes were cell dose and mouse weight; recipient sex did not affect outcomes. The sensitivity and utility of this xenogeneic model were shown by measuring the effects of erythrocyte damage due to exposure to the oxidizer diamide on post-transfusion recovery. Overall, immunodeficient mice are superior models for xenotransfusion as they maintain improved post-transfusion recovery with negligible immune-associated side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Johnson Q. Tran
- Vitalant Research Institute, San Francisco, CA, United States of America
| | - Rachael P. Jackman
- Vitalant Research Institute, San Francisco, CA, United States of America
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States of America
| | - Renata Gilfanova
- Vitalant Research Institute, San Francisco, CA, United States of America
| | | | - Alan G. Gutierrez
- Vitalant Research Institute, San Francisco, CA, United States of America
| | - John W. Heitman
- Vitalant Research Institute, San Francisco, CA, United States of America
| | - Kelsey Hazegh
- Vitalant Research Institute, Denver, CO, United States of America
| | - Tamir Kanias
- Vitalant Research Institute, Denver, CO, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States of America
| | - Marcus O. Muench
- Vitalant Research Institute, San Francisco, CA, United States of America
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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14
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Jackman RP, Heitman JW, Muench MO. A small allelic variant in donor class I MHC is sufficient to induce alloantibodies following transfusion of standard or pathogen-reduced platelets in mice. Vox Sang 2020; 115:367-376. [PMID: 32201962 DOI: 10.1111/vox.12897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Revised: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 01/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Alloimmunization targeting major histocompatibility (MHC) antigens is common following platelet transfusion. Pathogen reduction of platelets can block alloimmunization to MHC in mice and induce partial antigen-specific tolerance to subsequent transfusions. This study utilized small allelic variants to evaluate the relative contributions of class I and class II MHC to the alloresponse against untreated or pathogen-reduced platelets. MATERIALS AND METHODS C57BL/6 (B6) Kbm1 and B6 IAbm12 mice with small variants in the class I Kb and class II IAb alleles, respectively, were used as platelet donors for wild-type B6 recipients. Both untreated and pathogen-reduced platelet-rich plasma (PRP) transfusions were evaluated for immunogenicity by measuring antibody responses and ex vivo cytokine production. RESULTS Both the Kbm1 and IAbm12 alleles induced antibody responses, though the response to Kbm1 was greater. Pathogen reduction blocked the antibody responses to IAbm12 , but not to Kbm1 . Both the Kbm1 and IAbm12 alleles primed ex vivo cytokine responses that were blocked with pathogen reduction, though responses to IAbm12 were broader and larger (Kbm1 responses: IFN-γ, TNFα, and MIP-1β; IAbm12 responses: IFN-γ, TNFα, IL-1β, IL-10, IL-13, and GM-CSF). Pathogen-reduced Kbm1 PRP did not appear to induce any tolerance to subsequent untreated Kbm1 PRP transfusions. CONCLUSION Minor allelic variants in both the class I and class II MHC are capable of inducing an alloresponse to transfusion. The Kbm1 PRP induced alloantibodies even with pathogen reduction and did not show signs of inducing the partial tolerance to subsequent transfusions observed with a larger MHC mismatch.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachael P Jackman
- Vitalant Research Institute, San Francisco, California, USA.,University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - John W Heitman
- Vitalant Research Institute, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Marcus O Muench
- Vitalant Research Institute, San Francisco, California, USA.,University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
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15
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Tran JQ, Muench MO, Heitman JW, Jackman RP. Pathogen reduction with riboflavin and ultraviolet light induces a quasi-apoptotic state in blood leukocytes. Transfusion 2019; 59:3501-3510. [PMID: 31599981 DOI: 10.1111/trf.15516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Revised: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alloimmunization to platelet-rich plasma (PRP) transfusions can cause adverse reactions such as platelet refractoriness or transplant rejection. Pathogen reduction treatment with ultraviolet light and riboflavin (UV + R) of allogeneic PRP was shown to reduce allogeneic antibody responses and confer partial antigen-specific immune tolerance to subsequent transfusions in mice. Studies have shown that UV + R was effective at both rapidly killing donor white blood cells (WBCs) and reducing their ability to stimulate an allogeneic response in vitro. However, the manner in which UV + R induces WBC death and its associated role in the immune response to treated PRP is unknown. METHODS AND MATERIALS This study evaluates whether UV + R causes WBC apoptosis by examining phosphatidylserine exposure on the plasma membrane, membrane asymmetry, caspase activity, and chromatin condensation by flow cytometry. The immunogenicity of WBCs killed with UV + R versus apoptotic or necrotic pathways was also examined in vivo. RESULTS WBCs after UV + R exhibited early apoptotic-like characteristics including phosphatidylserine exposure on the outer leaflet of the plasma membrane and loss of membrane asymmetry, but unlike canonical apoptotic cells, caspase activity and chromatin condensation were not apparent. However, in vivo studies demonstrated, unlike untreated or necrotic WBCs, both apoptotic WBCs and UV + R-treated WBCs failed to prime alloantibody responses to subsequent untreated transfusions. CONCLUSION Overall, the mechanism of WBC death following UV + R treatment shares some membrane characteristics of early apoptosis but is distinct from classic apoptosis. Despite these differences, UV + R-treated and apoptotic WBCs both offer some protection from alloimmunization.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marcus O Muench
- Vitalant Research Institute, San Francisco, California.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | | | - Rachael P Jackman
- Vitalant Research Institute, San Francisco, California.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California
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16
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Tran JQ, Muench MO, Heitman JW, Jackman RP. Allogeneic major histocompatibility complex antigens are necessary and sufficient for partial tolerance induced by transfusion of pathogen reduced platelets in mice. Vox Sang 2019; 114:207-215. [PMID: 30734299 DOI: 10.1111/vox.12756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Alloimmunization is common following transfusion with platelet-rich plasma (PRP) and can cause complications such as platelet refractoriness or transplant rejection. It has previously been shown that pathogen reduction of PRP with riboflavin and UV light (UV+R) can protect against alloimmunization in mice and induce partial tolerance to subsequent transfusions. MATERIALS AND METHODS Using B6 H2d congenic mice, this study evaluated the relative contributions of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) antigens and minor antigens to both the alloresponse to PRP transfusion and the partial tolerance induced by UV+R treatment. RESULTS Both total and MHC-specific alloantibody responses were highest when both MHC and minor antigens were mismatched, with lower alloantibody responses observed with MHC mismatch alone, demonstrating that allogeneic minor antigens can enhance the response to allogeneic MHC. There was a weak, but significant alloantibody response to minor antigens only. UV+R treatment protected against both major and minor antigen alloimmunization. Both allogeneic MHC and minor antigens primed an enhanced cytokine response ex vivo, though this was weaker with minor antigens, and both responses were blocked with UV+R treatment. CONCLUSION Allogeneic MHC is both necessary and sufficient to induce the partial tolerance associated with UV+R treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marcus O Muench
- Vitalant Research Institute, San Francisco, CA, USA.,University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Rachael P Jackman
- Vitalant Research Institute, San Francisco, CA, USA.,University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
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17
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May AJ, Cruz-Pacheco N, Emmerson E, Gaylord EA, Seidel K, Nathan S, Muench MO, Klein OD, Knox SM. Diverse progenitor cells preserve salivary gland ductal architecture after radiation-induced damage. Development 2018; 145:dev.166363. [PMID: 30305288 DOI: 10.1242/dev.166363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2018] [Accepted: 10/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The ductal system of the salivary gland has long been postulated to be resistant to radiation-induced damage, a common side effect incurred by head and neck cancer patients receiving radiotherapy. Yet, whether the ducts are capable of regenerating after genotoxic injury, or whether damage to ductal cells induces lineage plasticity, as has been reported in other organ systems, remains unknown. Here, using the murine salivary gland, we show that two ductal progenitor populations, marked exclusively by KRT14 and KIT, maintain non-overlapping ductal compartments after radiation exposure but do so through distinct cellular mechanisms. KRT14+ progenitor cells are fast-cycling cells that proliferate in response to radiation-induced damage in a sustained manner and divide asymmetrically to produce differentiated cells of the larger granulated ducts. Conversely, KIT+ intercalated duct cells are long-lived progenitors for the intercalated ducts that undergo few cell divisions either during homeostasis or after gamma radiation, thus maintaining ductal architecture with slow rates of cell turnover. Together, these data illustrate the regenerative capacity of the salivary ducts and highlight the heterogeneity in the damage responses used by salivary progenitor cells to maintain tissue architecture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison J May
- Program in Craniofacial Biology, University of California, 513 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.,Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California, 513 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Noel Cruz-Pacheco
- Program in Craniofacial Biology, University of California, 513 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.,Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California, 513 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Elaine Emmerson
- Program in Craniofacial Biology, University of California, 513 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.,Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California, 513 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Eliza A Gaylord
- Program in Craniofacial Biology, University of California, 513 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.,Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California, 513 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Kerstin Seidel
- Program in Craniofacial Biology, University of California, 513 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.,Department of Orofacial Sciences, University of California, 513 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Sara Nathan
- Program in Craniofacial Biology, University of California, 513 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.,Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California, 513 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Marcus O Muench
- Blood Systems Research Institute, San Francisco, CA 94118, USA
| | - Ophir D Klein
- Program in Craniofacial Biology, University of California, 513 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.,Department of Orofacial Sciences, University of California, 513 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.,Department of Pediatrics and Institute for Human Genetics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Sarah M Knox
- Program in Craniofacial Biology, University of California, 513 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA .,Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California, 513 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
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18
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Bakkour S, Chafets DM, Wen L, Muench MO, Telford SR, Erwin JL, Levin AE, Self D, Brès V, Linnen JM, Lee TH, Busch MP. Minimal infectious dose and dynamics of Babesia microti
parasitemia in a murine model. Transfusion 2018; 58:2903-2910. [DOI: 10.1111/trf.14889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2017] [Revised: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 05/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Bakkour
- Blood Systems Research Institute; San Francisco California
- Department of Laboratory Medicine; University of California; San Francisco California
| | | | - Li Wen
- Blood Systems Research Institute; San Francisco California
| | - Marcus O. Muench
- Blood Systems Research Institute; San Francisco California
- Department of Laboratory Medicine; University of California; San Francisco California
| | - Sam R. Telford
- Tufts University Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine; North Grafton Massachusetts
| | | | | | - Deanna Self
- Grifols Diagnostic Solutions, Inc.; San Diego California
| | - Vanessa Brès
- Grifols Diagnostic Solutions, Inc.; San Diego California
| | | | - Tzong-Hae Lee
- Blood Systems Research Institute; San Francisco California
| | - Michael P. Busch
- Blood Systems Research Institute; San Francisco California
- Department of Laboratory Medicine; University of California; San Francisco California
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19
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Fomin ME, Beyer AI, Muench MO. Human fetal liver cultures support multiple cell lineages that can engraft immunodeficient mice. Open Biol 2018; 7:rsob.170108. [PMID: 29237808 PMCID: PMC5746544 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.170108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2017] [Accepted: 11/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
During prenatal development the liver is composed of multiple cell types with unique properties compared to their adult counterparts. We aimed to establish multilineage cultures of human fetal liver cells that could maintain stem cell and progenitor populations found in the developing liver. An aim of this study was to test if maturation of fetal hepatocytes in short-term cultures supported by epidermal growth factor and oncostatin M can improve their ability to engraft immunodeficient mice. Fetal liver cultures supported a mixture of albumin+ cytokertin-19+ hepatoblasts, hepatocytes, cholangiocytes, CD14++CD32+ liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSECs) and CD34+CD133+ haematopoietic stem cells. Transplantation of cultured cells into uPA-NOG or TK-NOG mice yielded long-term engraftment of hepatocytes, abundant LSEC engraftment and multilineage haematopoiesis. Haematopoietic engraftment included reconstitution of B-, T- and NK-lymphocytes. Colonies of polarized human hepatocytes were observed surrounded by human LSECs in contact with human CD45+ blood cells in the liver sinusoids. Thus, fetal liver cultures support multiple cell lineages including LSECs and haematopoietic stem cells while also promoting the ability of fetal hepatocytes to engraft adult mouse livers. Fetal liver cultures and liver-humanized mice created from these cultures can provide useful model systems to study liver development, function and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina E Fomin
- Blood Systems Research Institute, 270 Masonic Avenue, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Ashley I Beyer
- Blood Systems Research Institute, 270 Masonic Avenue, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Marcus O Muench
- Blood Systems Research Institute, 270 Masonic Avenue, San Francisco, CA, USA .,Liver Center and Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
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Jin J, Sherman MB, Chafets D, Dinglasan N, Lu K, Lee TH, Carlson LA, Muench MO, Simmons G. An attenuated replication-competent chikungunya virus with a fluorescently tagged envelope. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2018; 12:e0006693. [PMID: 30063703 PMCID: PMC6086482 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0006693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2018] [Revised: 08/10/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is the most common alphavirus infecting humans worldwide, causing acute and chronically debilitating arthralgia at a great economic expense. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS To facilitate our study of CHIKV, we generated a mCherry tagged replication-competent chimeric virus, CHIKV 37997-mCherry. Single particle cryoEM demonstrated icosahedral organization of the chimeric virus and the display of mCherry proteins on virus surface. CHIKV 37997-mCherry is attenuated in both IFNαR knockout and wild-type mice. Strong anti-CHIKV and anti-mCherry antibody responses were induced in CHIKV 37997-mCherry infected mice. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE Our work suggests that chimeric alphaviruses displaying foreign antigen can serve as vaccines against both aphaviruses and other pathogens and diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Jin
- Blood Systems Research Institute, San Francisco, CA, United States of America
- University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States of America
| | - Michael B. Sherman
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States of America
| | - Daniel Chafets
- Blood Systems Research Institute, San Francisco, CA, United States of America
| | - Nuntana Dinglasan
- Blood Systems Research Institute, San Francisco, CA, United States of America
| | - Kai Lu
- Blood Systems Research Institute, San Francisco, CA, United States of America
| | - Tzong-Hae Lee
- Blood Systems Research Institute, San Francisco, CA, United States of America
| | - Lars-Anders Carlson
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Marcus O. Muench
- Blood Systems Research Institute, San Francisco, CA, United States of America
- University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States of America
| | - Graham Simmons
- Blood Systems Research Institute, San Francisco, CA, United States of America
- University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States of America
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Togarrati PP, Dinglasan N, Desai S, Ryan WR, Muench MO. Cover Image. Oral Dis 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/odi.12865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Togarrati PP, Dinglasan N, Desai S, Ryan WR, Muench MO. CD29 is highly expressed on epithelial, myoepithelial, and mesenchymal stromal cells of human salivary glands. Oral Dis 2018; 24:561-572. [PMID: 29197149 DOI: 10.1111/odi.12812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2017] [Revised: 11/09/2017] [Accepted: 11/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The phenotype of the cells present in the ductal region of salivary glands has been well characterized. However, it is imperative to identify novel biomarkers that can identify different cell types present in other glandular components for the development of therapeutic strategies and diagnostics of salivary gland disorders and malignancies. Our study aimed at the characterization of the expression and distribution of various cell surface markers, especially with a focus on CD29 in human fetal as well as adult glands. MATERIALS AND METHODS Paired human midgestation fetal and adult parotid, sublingual, and submandibular glands were collected. Phenotypic expression of various lineage-specific cell surface markers including CD29 was investigated in freshly collected glands. The findings were further corroborated by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS Enriched expression of CD29 was found on acinar and ductal epithelial, mesenchymal stromal, and myoepithelial cells; CD29+ cells co-expressed epithelial (CD324, CD326, NKCC1, and CD44), mesenchymal (CD73, CD90, vimentin, and CD34), and myoepithelial (α-SMA) cell-specific progenitor markers in both fetal as well as adult salivary glands. CONCLUSION CD29 is widely expressed in human salivary glands, and it could serve as a potential biomarker for devising novel cellular therapeutic and diagnostic strategies for salivary gland disorders and malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- P P Togarrati
- Blood Systems Research Institute, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - N Dinglasan
- Blood Systems Research Institute, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - S Desai
- Blood Systems Research Institute, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - W R Ryan
- Division of Head and Neck Oncologic/Endocrine/Salivary Surgery, Department of Otolaryngology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - M O Muench
- Blood Systems Research Institute, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
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Abstract
BACKGROUND In utero transplantation (IUT) of hematopoietic stem cells has the potential to treat a large number of hematologic and metabolic diseases amenable to partial replacement of the hematopoietic system. METHODS A review of the literature was conducted that focused on the clinical and experimental experience with IUT and, in this context, the development of the hematopoietic and immune systems. RESULTS Successful application of IUT has been limited to the treatment of various types of immunodeficiencies that affect lymphocyte development and function. Other congenital defects such as the thalassemias have not resulted in clinically significant engraftment. Recent efforts at understanding and overcoming the barriers to engraftment in the fetus have focused on providing a selective advantage to donor stem cells and fostering immune tolerance toward the donor cells. The critical cellular components of the graft that promote engraftment and tolerance induction are being evaluated in animal models. Improvements in engraftment have resulted from the inclusion of T cells and/or dendritic cells in the graft, as well as a strategy of combined prenatal and postnatal transplantation. CONCLUSIONS The advantages, necessity, and benefits of early treatment will continue to encourage development of IUT as a means to treat hematopoietic and other types of birth defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus O Muench
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
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24
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Suskind DL, Kong D, Stevens A, Wahbeh G, Christie D, Baxter-Lowe LA, Muench MO. Maternal microchimerism in pediatric inflammatory bowel disease. Chimerism 2017; 2:50-4. [PMID: 21912719 DOI: 10.4161/chim.2.2.16556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2011] [Revised: 06/05/2011] [Accepted: 06/05/2011] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) shares many immunologic and clinical characteristics with graft versus host disease caused by allogeneic T lymphocytes after hematopoietic cell transplantation. Since maternal cells are known to enter the fetal circulation in a high proportion of pregnancies, we hypothesized that maternal engraftment in the fetus results in immune sequelae that can lead to IBD. METHOD The presence and extent of maternal microchimerism in tissues and blood samples from patients with Crohn's, Ulcerative colitis (UC), and control groups were determined using kinetic Polymerase Chain Reaction (kPCR) to detect maternal- and patient-specific HLA types. In addition, fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) was employed to detect maternal cells in biopsies from patients with IBD. RESULTS Using kPCR, maternal microchimerism was observed in 9 of the 16 (56%) patients with IBD and 6 out of 15 of the control group (40%) (P=NS). Five of 10 Crohn's patients had evidence of maternal microchimerism (50%) (P=NS). Four of six UC patients had evidence of maternal microchimerism in gut tissues (67%) (P=NS). There was no correlation between maternal michrochimerism and disease activity, disease location or granulomas in patients with IBD. Using FISH, five male Crohn's and five male UC patient's intestinal biopsies were analyzed for maternal microchimerism. No maternal cells were identified. CONCLUSION There is nothing in the data to suggest that patients with IBD differ from disease controls in their frequency of maternal microchimerism in either blood or gut mucosal tissues. These data suggest that maternal microchimerism in blood and biopsies is a relatively common phenomenon that has neither positive nor negative impact on IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- David L Suskind
- Department of Pediatrics; Seattle Children's Hospital; University of Washington; Seattle, WA USA
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25
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Emmerson E, May AJ, Nathan S, Cruz-Pacheco N, Lizama CO, Maliskova L, Zovein AC, Shen Y, Muench MO, Knox SM. SOX2 regulates acinar cell development in the salivary gland. eLife 2017. [PMID: 28623666 PMCID: PMC5498133 DOI: 10.7554/elife.26620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Acinar cells play an essential role in the secretory function of exocrine organs. Despite this requirement, how acinar cells are generated during organogenesis is unclear. Using the acini-ductal network of the developing human and murine salivary gland, we demonstrate an unexpected role for SOX2 and parasympathetic nerves in generating the acinar lineage that has broad implications for epithelial morphogenesis. Despite SOX2 being expressed by progenitors that give rise to both acinar and duct cells, genetic ablation of SOX2 results in a failure to establish acini but not ducts. Furthermore, we show that SOX2 targets acinar-specific genes and is essential for the survival of acinar but not ductal cells. Finally, we illustrate an unexpected and novel role for peripheral nerves in the creation of acini throughout development via regulation of SOX2. Thus, SOX2 is a master regulator of the acinar cell lineage essential to the establishment of a functional organ. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.26620.001 The salivary glands produce fluid that contains enzymes to help us to digest our food. These glands contain a tree-like network of cells – known as acinar cells – that produce the fluid, and cells that form ducts to transport the fluid out of the glands. Both types of cells form from stem cells as animal embryos develop. Like all developing organs, the salivary glands receive many different signals that guide how they grow. However, the identity of the cues that instruct a stem cell to produce a new acinar cell or duct cell are not known. Emmerson et al. studied how the salivary glands develop in mouse embryos. The experiments show that a protein called SOX2 – which is an essential regulator of stem cells in embryos – is required for acinar cells to form. Loss of SOX2 inhibited the production of acinar but not duct cells. Furthermore, nerves that surround the gland provide support to cells that produce SOX2 and promote the formation of acinar cells. Further experiments suggest that the nerves also play the same role in humans. Adult organs often use developmental signals to repair or regenerate tissue. As such, understanding how an organ develops may lead to new therapies that can stimulate salivary glands and other organs to regenerate after they have been damaged in adults. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.26620.002
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Affiliation(s)
- Elaine Emmerson
- Program in Craniofacial Biology, Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
| | - Alison J May
- Program in Craniofacial Biology, Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
| | - Sara Nathan
- Program in Craniofacial Biology, Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
| | - Noel Cruz-Pacheco
- Program in Craniofacial Biology, Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
| | - Carlos O Lizama
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
| | - Lenka Maliskova
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
| | - Ann C Zovein
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
| | - Yin Shen
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
| | - Marcus O Muench
- Blood Systems Research Institute, San Francisco, United States
| | - Sarah M Knox
- Program in Craniofacial Biology, Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
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Togarrati PP, Sasaki RT, Abdel-Mohsen M, Dinglasan N, Deng X, Desai S, Emmerson E, Yee E, Ryan WR, da Silva MCP, Knox SM, Pillai SK, Muench MO. Identification and characterization of a rich population of CD34 + mesenchymal stem/stromal cells in human parotid, sublingual and submandibular glands. Sci Rep 2017; 7:3484. [PMID: 28615711 PMCID: PMC5471181 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-03681-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2016] [Accepted: 05/03/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs) play crucial roles in maintaining tissue homeostasis during physiological turnovers and injuries. Very little is known about the phenotype, distribution and molecular nature of MSCs in freshly isolated human salivary glands (SGs) as most reports have focused on the analysis of cultured MSCs. Our results demonstrate that the cell adhesion molecule CD34 was widely expressed by the MSCs of human major SGs, namely parotid (PAG), sublingual (SLG) and submandibular (SMG) glands. Further, gene expression analysis of CD34+ cells derived from fetal SMGs showed significant upregulation of genes involved in cellular adhesion, proliferation, branching, extracellular matrix remodeling and organ development. Moreover, CD34+ SMG cells exhibited elevated expression of genes encoding extracellular matrix, basement membrane proteins, and members of ERK, FGF and PDGF signaling pathways, which play key roles in glandular development, branching and homeostasis. In vitro CD34+ cell derived SG-MSCs revealed multilineage differentiation potential. Intraglandular transplantation of cultured MSCs in immunodeficient mice led to their engraftment in the injected and uninjected contralateral and ipsilateral glands. Engrafted cells could be localized to the stroma surrounding acini and ducts. In summary, our data show that CD34+ derived SG-MSCs could be a promising cell source for adoptive cell-based SG therapies, and bioengineering of artificial SGs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Robson T Sasaki
- Department of Morphology and Genetics - Discipline of Descriptive and Topographic Anatomy, Federal University of São Paulo, Brazil, CEP, USA
| | - Mohamed Abdel-Mohsen
- Blood Systems Research Institute, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.,The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | - Xutao Deng
- Blood Systems Research Institute, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Shivani Desai
- Blood Systems Research Institute, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Elaine Emmerson
- Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Elizabeth Yee
- Blood Systems Research Institute, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - William R Ryan
- Division of Head and Neck Oncologic/Endocrine/Salivary Surgery, Department of Otolaryngology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Marcelo C P da Silva
- Department of Morphology and Genetics - Discipline of Descriptive and Topographic Anatomy, Federal University of São Paulo, Brazil, CEP, USA
| | - Sarah M Knox
- Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Satish K Pillai
- Blood Systems Research Institute, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Marcus O Muench
- Blood Systems Research Institute, San Francisco, CA, USA. .,Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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27
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Muench MO, Kapidzic M, Gormley M, Gutierrez AG, Ponder KL, Fomin ME, Beyer AI, Stolp H, Qi Z, Fisher SJ, Bárcena A. The human chorion contains definitive hematopoietic stem cells from the fifteenth week of gestation. Development 2017; 144:1399-1411. [PMID: 28255007 DOI: 10.1242/dev.138438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2016] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
We examined the contribution of the fetal membranes, amnion and chorion, to human embryonic and fetal hematopoiesis. A population of cells displaying a hematopoietic progenitor phenotype (CD34++ CD45low) of fetal origin was present in the chorion at all gestational ages, associated with stromal cells or near blood vessels, but was absent in the amnion. Prior to 15 weeks of gestation, these cells lacked hematopoietic in vivo engraftment potential. Differences in the chemokine receptor and β1 integrin expression profiles of progenitors between the first and second trimesters suggest that these cells had gestationally regulated responses to homing signals and/or adhesion mechanisms that influenced their ability to colonize the stem cell niche. Definitive hematopoietic stem cells, capable of multilineage and long-term reconstitution when transplanted in immunodeficient mice, were present in the chorion from 15-24 weeks gestation, but were absent at term. The second trimester cells also engrafted secondary recipients in serial transplantation experiments. Thus, the human chorion contains functionally mature hematopoietic stem cells at mid-gestation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus O Muench
- Blood Systems Research Institute, San Francisco, CA 94118, USA.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Mirhan Kapidzic
- The Ely and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.,Center of Reproductive Sciences, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology & Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Matthew Gormley
- The Ely and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.,Center of Reproductive Sciences, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology & Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Alan G Gutierrez
- The Ely and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.,Center of Reproductive Sciences, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology & Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Kathryn L Ponder
- The Ely and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Marina E Fomin
- Blood Systems Research Institute, San Francisco, CA 94118, USA
| | - Ashley I Beyer
- Blood Systems Research Institute, San Francisco, CA 94118, USA
| | - Haley Stolp
- The Ely and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.,Center of Reproductive Sciences, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology & Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Zhongxia Qi
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Cytogenetics Laboratory, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94107, USA
| | - Susan J Fisher
- The Ely and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.,Center of Reproductive Sciences, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology & Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Alicia Bárcena
- The Ely and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA .,Center of Reproductive Sciences, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology & Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
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28
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus O Muench
- Blood Systems Research Institute, San Francisco, CA, and the Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA
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29
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Fomin ME, Beyer AI, Publicover J, Lu K, Bakkour S, Simmons G, Muench MO. Higher Serum Alanine Transaminase Levels in Male Urokinase-Type Plasminogen Activator-Transgenic Mice Are Associated With Improved Engraftment of Hepatocytes but not Liver Sinusoidal Endothelial Cells. Cell Med 2016; 9:117-125. [PMID: 28713641 DOI: 10.3727/215517916x693375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The effects of sex on the degree of liver damage and human cell engraftment were investigated in immunodeficient urokinase-type plasminogen activator-transgenic (uPA-NOG) mice. Liver damage, measured by serum alanine transaminase (ALT) levels, was compared in male and female uPA-NOG mice of different ages. Male mice had significantly higher ALT levels than females with a median of 334 versus 158 U/L in transgenic homozygous mice, respectively. Mice were transplanted with human adult hepatocytes or fetal liver cells and analyzed for any correlation of engraftment of hepatocytes, liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSECs), and hematopoietic cells with the degree of liver damage. Hepatocyte engraftment was measured by human albumin levels in the mouse serum. Higher ALT levels correlated with higher hepatocyte engraftment, resulting in albumin levels in male mice that were 9.6 times higher than in females. LSEC and hematopoietic cell engraftment were measured by flow cytometric analysis of the mouse liver and bone marrow. LSEC and hematopoietic engraftment did not differ between male and female transplant recipients. Thus, the sex of uPA-NOG mice affects the degree of liver damage, which is reflected in the levels of human hepatocyte engraftment. However, the high levels of LSEC engraftment observed in uPA-NOG mice are not further improved among male mice, suggesting that a lower threshold of liver damage is sufficient to enhance endothelial cell engraftment. Previously described sex differences in human hematopoietic stem cell engraftment in immunodeficient mice were not observed in this model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina E Fomin
- Blood Systems Research Institute, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Ashley I Beyer
- Blood Systems Research Institute, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jean Publicover
- †Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Kai Lu
- Blood Systems Research Institute, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Sonia Bakkour
- Blood Systems Research Institute, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Graham Simmons
- Blood Systems Research Institute, San Francisco, CA, USA.,‡Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Marcus O Muench
- Blood Systems Research Institute, San Francisco, CA, USA.,‡Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
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Jackman RP, Muench MO, Inglis H, Heitman JW, Marschner S, Goodrich RP, Norris PJ. Reduced MHC alloimmunization and partial tolerance protection with pathogen reduction of whole blood. Transfusion 2016; 57:337-348. [PMID: 27859333 DOI: 10.1111/trf.13895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2016] [Revised: 09/08/2016] [Accepted: 09/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Allogeneic blood transfusion can result in an immune response against major histocompatibility complex (MHC) antigens, potentially complicating future transfusions or transplants. We previously demonstrated that pathogen reduction of platelet-rich plasma (PRP) with riboflavin and ultraviolet light (UV+R) can prevent alloimmunization in mice. A similar pathogen-reduction treatment is currently under development for the treatment of whole blood using riboflavin and a higher dose of UV light. We sought to determine the effectiveness of this treatment in the prevention of alloimmunization. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS BALB/cJ mice were transfused with untreated or UV+R-treated, allogeneic C57Bl/6J whole blood with or without leukoreduction. Mice were evaluated for donor-specific antibodies, ex vivo splenocyte cytokine responses, and changes in the frequency of regulatory T (Treg ) cells. RESULTS UV+R treatment blocked cytokine priming and reduced anti-MHC alloantibody responses to transfused whole blood. Leukoreduction reduced alloantibody levels in both the untreated and UV+R-treated groups. Mice transfused with UV+R-treated whole blood had reduced alloantibody and cytokine responses when subsequently transfused with untreated blood from the same donor type. This reduction in responses was not associated with increased Treg cells. CONCLUSIONS Pathogen reduction of whole blood with UV+R significantly reduces, but does not eliminate, the alloimmune response. Exposure to UV+R-treated whole blood transfusion does appear to induce tolerance to alloantigens, resulting in reduced anti-MHC alloantibody and cytokine responses to subsequent exposures to the same alloantigens. This tolerance does not appear to be driven by an increase in Treg cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marcus O Muench
- Blood Systems Research Institute.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | | | | | | | | | - Philip J Norris
- Blood Systems Research Institute.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco, California
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Abstract
Immunodeficient mice play a critical role in hematology research as in vivo models of hematopoiesis and immunology. Multiple strains have been developed, but hematopoietic stem cell engraftment and immune reconstitution have not been methodically compared among them. Four mouse strains were transplanted with human fetal bone marrow or adult peripheral blood CD34+ cells: NSG, NSG-3GS, hSCF-Tg-NSG, and hSIRPα-DKO. Hematopoietic engraftment in the bone marrow, blood, spleen, and liver was evaluated by flow cytometry 12 weeks after transplant. The highest levels of human engraftment were observed in the liver, spleen, and bone marrow, whereas peripheral blood cell chimerism was notably less. The highest levels of tissue engraftment were in hSCF-Tg-NSG mice, but NSG mice exhibited the highest blood leukocyte engraftment. hSCF-Tg-NSG mice also exhibited the highest levels of CD133+CD34++ stem cells. hSIRPα-DKO engrafted poorly and exhibited poor breeding. Myelopoiesis was greatest in NSG-3GS mice, followed by hSCF-Tg-NSG and NSG mice, whereas B cell engraftment exhibited the opposite pattern. Engraftment of CD3+ T cells, CD3+CD161+ T cells, and CD3-CD56+ NK cells was greatest in NSG-3GS mice. Mast cell engraftment was highest in hSCF-Tg-NSG mice, but was also elevated in spleen and livers of NSG-3GS mice. Basophils were most abundant in NSG-3GS mice. Overall, hSCF-Tg-NSG mice are the best recipient mice for studies requiring high levels of human hematopoiesis, stem cell engraftment, and an intermediate level of myelopoiesis, whereas NSG and NSG-3GS mice offer select advantages in the engraftment of certain blood cell lineages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley I Beyer
- 1 Blood Systems Research Institute , San Francisco, California
| | - Marcus O Muench
- 1 Blood Systems Research Institute , San Francisco, California.,2 Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California , San Francisco, California
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32
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Baimukanova G, Miyazawa B, Potter DR, Gibb SL, Keating S, Danesh A, Beyer A, Dayter Y, Bruhn R, Muench MO, Cap AP, Norris PJ, Spinella P, Cohen M, Pati S. The effects of 22°C and 4°C storage of platelets on vascular endothelial integrity and function. Transfusion 2016; 56 Suppl 1:S52-64. [PMID: 27001362 DOI: 10.1111/trf.13455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although a majority of the studies conducted to date on platelet (PLT) storage have been focused on PLT hemostatic function, the effects of 4°C PLTs on regulation of endothelial barrier permeability are still not known. In this study, we compared the effects of room temperature (22°C) stored and (4°C) stored PLTs on the regulation of vascular endothelial cell (EC) permeability in vitro and in vivo. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS Day 1, Day 5, and Day 7 leukoreduced apheresis PLTs stored at 4 or 22°C were studied in vitro and in vivo. In vitro, PLT effects on EC permeability and barrier function, adhesion, and impedance aggregometry were investigated. In vivo, using a mouse model of vascular leak, attenuation of vascular leak and circulating PLT numbers were measured. RESULTS Treatment of EC monolayers with Day 5 or Day 7 PLTs, stored at both 22°C and 4°C, resulted in similar decreases in EC permeability on average. However, analysis of individual samples revealed significant variation that was donor dependent. Additional in vitro measurements revealed a decrease in inflammatory mediators, nonspecific PLT-endothelial aggregation and attenuated loss of aggregation over time to TRAP, ASPI, ADP, and collagen with 4°C storage. In mice, while 22°C and 4°C PLTs both demonstrated significant protection against vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF-A)-induced vascular leak 22°C PLTs exhibited increased protection compared to 4°C PLTs. Systemic circulating levels of 4°C PLTs were decreased compared to 22°C PLTs. CONCLUSIONS In vitro, 4°C-stored PLTs exhibit a greater capacity to inhibit EC permeability than 22°C-stored PLTs. In vivo, 22°C PLTs provide superior control of vascular leak induced by VEGF-A. This discrepancy may be due to increased clearance of 4°C PLTs from the systemic circulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gyulnar Baimukanova
- Blood Systems Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Byron Miyazawa
- Department of Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Daniel R Potter
- Blood Systems Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Stuart L Gibb
- Blood Systems Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Sheila Keating
- Blood Systems Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Ali Danesh
- Blood Systems Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, California.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Ashley Beyer
- Blood Systems Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Yelena Dayter
- Blood Systems Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Roberta Bruhn
- Blood Systems Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Marcus O Muench
- Blood Systems Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Andrew P Cap
- Coagulation and Blood Research Program, US Army Institute of Surgical Research, JBSA-FT Sam Houston, Texas
| | - Philip J Norris
- Blood Systems Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, California.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Philip Spinella
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, Missouri
| | - Mitchell Cohen
- Department of Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Shibani Pati
- Blood Systems Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, California.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California
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Baimukanova G, Miyazawa B, Potter DR, Muench MO, Bruhn R, Gibb SL, Spinella PC, Cap AP, Cohen MJ, Pati S. Platelets regulate vascular endothelial stability: assessing the storage lesion and donor variability of apheresis platelets. Transfusion 2016; 56 Suppl 1:S65-75. [PMID: 27001364 DOI: 10.1111/trf.13532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2015] [Revised: 01/09/2016] [Accepted: 01/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In current blood banking practices, platelets (PLTs) are stored in plasma at 22°C, with gentle agitation for up to 5 days. To date, the effects of storage and donor variability on PLT regulation of vascular integrity are not known. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS In this study, we examined the donor variability of leukoreduced fresh (Day 1) or stored (Day 5) PLTs on vascular endothelial barrier function in vitro and in vivo. In vitro, PLT effects on endothelial cell (EC) monolayer permeability were assessed by analyzing transendothelial electrical resistances (TEER). PLT aggregation, a measure of hemostatic potential, was analyzed by impedance aggregometry. In vivo, PLTs were investigated in a vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF-A)-induced vascular permeability model in NSG mice, and PLT circulation was measured by flow cytometry. RESULTS Treatment of endothelial monolayers with fresh Day 1 PLTs resulted in an increase in EC barrier resistance and decreased permeability in a dose-dependent manner. Subsequent treatment of EC monolayers with Day 5 PLTs demonstrated diminished vasculoprotective effects. Donor variability was noted in all measures of PLT function. Day 1 PLT donors were more variable in their effects on TEER than Day 5 PLTs. In mice, while all PLTs regardless of storage time demonstrated significant protection against VEGF-A-induced vascular leakage, Day 5 PLTs exhibited reduced protection when compared to Day 1 PLTs. Day 1 PLTs demonstrated significant donor variability against VEGF-A-challenged vascular leakage in vivo. Systemic circulating levels of Day 1 PLTs were higher than those of Day 5 PLTs CONCLUSIONS In vitro and in vivo, Day 1 PLTs are protective in measures of vascular endothelial permeability. Donor variability is most prominent in Day 1 PLTs. A decrease in the protective effects is found with storage of the PLT units between Day 1 and Day 5 at 22°C, thereby suggesting that Day 5 PLTs are diminished in their ability to attenuate vascular endothelial permeability.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Byron Miyazawa
- Department of Surgery, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | | | | | - Roberta Bruhn
- Blood Systems Research Institute, San Francisco, California
| | - Stuart L Gibb
- Blood Systems Research Institute, San Francisco, California
| | - Philip C Spinella
- Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine in St Louis, St Louis, Missouri
| | - Andrew P Cap
- US Army Institute of Surgical Research (USAISR), JBSA-FT Sam Houston, Texas
| | - Mitchell J Cohen
- Department of Surgery, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Shibani Pati
- Blood Systems Research Institute, San Francisco, California.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California
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34
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Muench MO, Heitman JW, Inglis H, Fomin ME, Marschner S, Goodrich RP, Norris PJ, Jackman RP. Reduced alloimmunization in mice following repeated transfusion with pathogen-reduced platelets. Transfusion 2016; 56:1419-29. [PMID: 27028210 DOI: 10.1111/trf.13579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2015] [Revised: 01/06/2016] [Accepted: 02/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Allogeneic transfusion can result in alloimmunization, leading to platelet (PLT) refractoriness and rejection of solid organ transplants. Previously we demonstrated that pathogen reduction using UV light and riboflavin (UV + R) eliminates the immunogenicity of white blood cells (WBCs) in vitro, blocks alloimmunization from transfusion in mice, and results in reduced ex vivo cytokine responses to subsequent untreated transfusions. We sought to determine if repeated transfusion with pathogen-reduced PLT-rich plasma (PRP) would eventually cause breakthrough alloimmunization or enhanced tolerance. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS BALB/cJ mice were transfused weekly for 2, 4, or 8 weeks with C57Bl/6J PRP that was either untreated or pathogen reduced with UV + R and leukoreduced or not. Alloimmunization was determined by measuring donor antibody levels, ex vivo cytokine responses, and 24-hour donor PLT recovery. The role of donor antibodies in PLT refractoriness was also assessed by transfer of diluted immune sera into naïve recipients. RESULTS Donor antibody levels increased with the number of transfusions, but levels were significantly reduced using either UV + R or leukoreduction, and combining UV + R and leukoreduction gave the best protection. Priming of ex vivo cytokine responses required WBCs and remained suppressed with repeated UV + R-treated transfusion. PLT recovery was reduced with UV + R in naïve mice, and multiply transfused mice had poor PLT recovery even when antibody levels were relatively low. Approximately 1/100 dose of serum from a multiply transfused mouse was sufficient for complete rejection of donor PLTs. CONCLUSIONS Pathogen reduction significantly reduces alloimmunization in repeatedly transfused mice and combined with leukoreduction provides a high level of protection from alloimmunization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus O Muench
- Blood Systems Research Institute.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | | | | | | | - Susanne Marschner
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Raymond P Goodrich
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Philip J Norris
- Blood Systems Research Institute.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California.,Terumo BCT Biotechnologies, Lakewood, Colorado
| | - Rachael P Jackman
- Blood Systems Research Institute.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California
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Suzuki S, Sargent RG, Illek B, Fischer H, Esmaeili-Shandiz A, Yezzi MJ, Lee A, Yang Y, Kim S, Renz P, Qi Z, Yu J, Muench MO, Beyer AI, Guimarães AO, Ye L, Chang J, Fine EJ, Cradick TJ, Bao G, Rahdar M, Porteus MH, Shuto T, Kai H, Kan YW, Gruenert DC. TALENs Facilitate Single-step Seamless SDF Correction of F508del CFTR in Airway Epithelial Submucosal Gland Cell-derived CF-iPSCs. Mol Ther Nucleic Acids 2016; 5:e273. [PMID: 26730810 PMCID: PMC5012545 DOI: 10.1038/mtna.2015.43] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2015] [Accepted: 10/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a recessive inherited disease associated with multiorgan damage that compromises epithelial and inflammatory cell function. Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) have significantly advanced the potential of developing a personalized cell-based therapy for diseases like CF by generating patient-specific stem cells that can be differentiated into cells that repair tissues damaged by disease pathology. The F508del mutation in airway epithelial cell-derived CF-iPSCs was corrected with small/short DNA fragments (SDFs) and sequence-specific TALENs. An allele-specific PCR, cyclic enrichment strategy gave ~100-fold enrichment of the corrected CF-iPSCs after six enrichment cycles that facilitated isolation of corrected clones. The seamless SDF-based gene modification strategy used to correct the CF-iPSCs resulted in pluripotent cells that, when differentiated into endoderm/airway-like epithelial cells showed wild-type (wt) airway epithelial cell cAMP-dependent Cl ion transport or showed the appropriate cell-type characteristics when differentiated along mesoderm/hematopoietic inflammatory cell lineage pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shingo Suzuki
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.,Department of Molecular Medicine, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - R Geoffrey Sargent
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.,California Pacific Medical Center Research Institute, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Beate Illek
- Childrens Hospital Oakland Research Institute, Oakland, California, USA
| | - Horst Fischer
- Childrens Hospital Oakland Research Institute, Oakland, California, USA
| | - Alaleh Esmaeili-Shandiz
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Michael J Yezzi
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.,California Pacific Medical Center Research Institute, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Albert Lee
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.,Present address: Graduate Program in Biochemistry, Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of California-Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Yanu Yang
- California Pacific Medical Center Research Institute, San Francisco, California, USA.,Present address: Molecular Department, Hunter Laboratories, Campbell, California, USA
| | - Soya Kim
- Liver Center, University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.,Present address: Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Institut für Genetik, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Peter Renz
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.,California Pacific Medical Center Research Institute, San Francisco, California, USA.,Present address: Graduate Program in the Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Zhongxia Qi
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Jingwei Yu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Marcus O Muench
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.,Liver Center, University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.,Blood Systems Research Institute, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Ashley I Beyer
- Blood Systems Research Institute, San Francisco, California, USA
| | | | - Lin Ye
- Department of Medicine, University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Judy Chang
- Department of Medicine, University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Eli J Fine
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Thomas J Cradick
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Gang Bao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Meghdad Rahdar
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Matthew H Porteus
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Tsuyoshi Shuto
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Kai
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Yuet W Kan
- Department of Medicine, University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.,Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, Institute for Human Genetics, Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Dieter C Gruenert
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.,California Pacific Medical Center Research Institute, San Francisco, California, USA.,Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, Institute for Human Genetics, Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, Vermont, USA
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36
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Ng TFF, Zhang W, Sachsenröder J, Kondov NO, da Costa AC, Vega E, Holtz LR, Wu G, Wang D, Stine CO, Antonio M, Mulvaney US, Muench MO, Deng X, Ambert-Balay K, Pothier P, Vinjé J, Delwart E. A diverse group of small circular ssDNA viral genomes in human and non-human primate stools. Virus Evol 2015; 1:vev017. [PMID: 27774288 PMCID: PMC5014484 DOI: 10.1093/ve/vev017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Viral metagenomics sequencing of fecal samples from outbreaks of acute gastroenteritis from the US revealed the presence of small circular ssDNA viral genomes encoding a replication initiator protein (Rep). Viral genomes were ∼2.5 kb in length, with bi-directionally oriented Rep and capsid (Cap) encoding genes and a stem loop structure downstream of Rep. Several genomes showed evidence of recombination. By digital screening of an in-house virome database (1.04 billion reads) using BLAST, we identified closely related sequences from cases of unexplained diarrhea in France. Deep sequencing and PCR detected such genomes in 7 of 25 US (28 percent) and 14 of 21 French outbreaks (67 percent). One of eighty-five sporadic diarrhea cases in the Gambia was positive by PCR. Twenty-two complete genomes were characterized showing that viruses from patients in the same outbreaks were closely related suggesting common origins. Similar genomes were also characterized from the stools of captive chimpanzees, a gorilla, a black howler monkey, and a lemur that were more diverse than the human stool-associated genomes. The name smacovirus is proposed for this monophyletic viral clade. Possible tropism include mammalian enteric cells or ingested food components such as infected plants. No evidence of viral amplification was found in immunodeficient mice orally inoculated with smacovirus-positive stool supernatants. A role for smacoviruses in diarrhea, if any, remains to be demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terry Fei Fan Ng
- Blood Systems Research Institute, San Francisco, 270 Masonic Ave, San Francisco, CA 94118, USA, ; Department of laboratory Medicine, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Wen Zhang
- Blood Systems Research Institute, San Francisco, 270 Masonic Ave, San Francisco, CA 94118, USA, ; Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Jiangsu, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Jana Sachsenröder
- Blood Systems Research Institute, San Francisco, 270 Masonic Ave, San Francisco, CA 94118, USA, ; Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Berlin, Germany
| | - Nikola O Kondov
- Blood Systems Research Institute, San Francisco, 270 Masonic Ave, San Francisco, CA 94118, USA
| | - Antonio Charlys da Costa
- Blood Systems Research Institute, San Francisco, 270 Masonic Ave, San Francisco, CA 94118, USA, ; Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Everardo Vega
- NCIRD, Polio and Picornavirus Laboratory Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | - Guang Wu
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, and
| | - David Wang
- Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Pathology & Immunology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Colin O Stine
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | - Usha S Mulvaney
- Blood Systems Research Institute, San Francisco, 270 Masonic Ave, San Francisco, CA 94118, USA
| | - Marcus O Muench
- Blood Systems Research Institute, San Francisco, 270 Masonic Ave, San Francisco, CA 94118, USA, ; Department of laboratory Medicine, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Xutao Deng
- Blood Systems Research Institute, San Francisco, 270 Masonic Ave, San Francisco, CA 94118, USA, ; Department of laboratory Medicine, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Katia Ambert-Balay
- National Reference Centre for enteric viruses, Dijon University Hospital, Dijon, France and
| | - Pierre Pothier
- National Reference Centre for enteric viruses, Dijon University Hospital, Dijon, France and
| | - Jan Vinjé
- NCIRD, National Calicivirus Laboratory, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Eric Delwart
- Blood Systems Research Institute, San Francisco, 270 Masonic Ave, San Francisco, CA 94118, USA, ; Department of laboratory Medicine, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
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Jin J, Liss NM, Chen DH, Liao M, Fox JM, Shimak RM, Fong RH, Chafets D, Bakkour S, Keating S, Fomin ME, Muench MO, Sherman MB, Doranz BJ, Diamond MS, Simmons G. Neutralizing Monoclonal Antibodies Block Chikungunya Virus Entry and Release by Targeting an Epitope Critical to Viral Pathogenesis. Cell Rep 2015; 13:2553-2564. [PMID: 26686638 PMCID: PMC4720387 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2015.11.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2015] [Revised: 10/15/2015] [Accepted: 11/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
We evaluated the mechanism by which neutralizing human monoclonal antibodies inhibit chikungunya virus (CHIKV) infection. Potently neutralizing antibodies (NAbs) blocked infection at multiple steps of the virus life cycle, including entry and release. Cryo-electron microscopy structures of Fab fragments of two human NAbs and chikungunya virus-like particles showed a binding footprint that spanned independent domains on neighboring E2 subunits within one viral spike, suggesting a mechanism for inhibiting low-pH-dependent membrane fusion. Detailed epitope mapping identified amino acid E2-W64 as a critical interaction residue. An escape mutation (E2-W64G) at this residue rendered CHIKV attenuated in mice. Consistent with these data, CHIKV-E2-W64G failed to emerge in vivo under the selection pressure of one of the NAbs, IM-CKV063. As our study suggests that antibodies engaging the residue E2-W64 can potently inhibit CHIKV at multiple stages of infection, antibody-based therapies or immunogens that target this region might have protective value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Jin
- Blood Systems Research Institute, San Francisco, CA 94118, USA; Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Nathan M Liss
- Blood Systems Research Institute, San Francisco, CA 94118, USA; Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Dong-Hua Chen
- Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Maofu Liao
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Julie M Fox
- Departments of Medicine, Molecular Microbiology, Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Raeann M Shimak
- Departments of Medicine, Molecular Microbiology, Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Rachel H Fong
- Integral Molecular Inc., Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Daniel Chafets
- Blood Systems Research Institute, San Francisco, CA 94118, USA; Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Sonia Bakkour
- Blood Systems Research Institute, San Francisco, CA 94118, USA; Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Sheila Keating
- Blood Systems Research Institute, San Francisco, CA 94118, USA; Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Marina E Fomin
- Blood Systems Research Institute, San Francisco, CA 94118, USA; Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Marcus O Muench
- Blood Systems Research Institute, San Francisco, CA 94118, USA; Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Michael B Sherman
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | | | - Michael S Diamond
- Departments of Medicine, Molecular Microbiology, Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Graham Simmons
- Blood Systems Research Institute, San Francisco, CA 94118, USA; Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
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38
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Mahajan MM, Cheng B, Beyer AI, Mulvaney US, Wilkinson MB, Fomin ME, Muench MO. A quantitative assessment of the content of hematopoietic stem cells in mouse and human endosteal-bone marrow: a simple and rapid method for the isolation of mouse central bone marrow. BMC Hematol 2015; 15:9. [PMID: 26161262 PMCID: PMC4496931 DOI: 10.1186/s12878-015-0031-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2015] [Accepted: 06/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Isolation of bone marrow cells, including hematopoietic stem cells, is a commonly used technique in both the research and clinical settings. A quantitative and qualitative assessment of cell populations isolated from mouse and human bone marrow was undertaken with a focus on the distribution of hematopoietic cells between the central bone marrow (cBM) and endosteal bone marrow (eBM). METHODS Two approaches to cBM isolation from the hind legs were compared using the C57BL/6J and BALB/cJ strains of laboratory mice. The content of hematopoietic stem cells in eBM was compared to cBM from mice and human fetal bone marrow using flow cytometry. Enzymatic digestion was used to isolate eBM and its effects on antigen expression was evaluated using flow cytometry. Humanized immunodeficient mice were used to evaluate the engraftment of human precursors in the cBM and eBM and the effects of in vivo maturation on the fetal stem cell phenotype were determined. RESULTS The two methods of mouse cBM isolation yielded similar numbers of cells from the femur, but the faster single-cut method recovered more cells from the tibia. Isolation of eBM increased the yield of mouse and human stem cells. Enzymatic digestion used to isolate eBM did, however, have a detrimental effect on detecting the expression of the human HSC-antigens CD4, CD90 and CD93, whereas CD34, CD38, CD133 and HLA-DR were unaffected. Human fetal HSCs were capable of engrafting the eBM of immunodeficient mice and their pattern of CD13, CD33 and HLA-DR expression partially changed to an adult pattern of expression about 1 year after transplantation. CONCLUSIONS A simple, rapid and efficient method for the isolation of cBM from the femora and tibiae of mice is detailed. Harvest of tibial cBM yielded about half as many cells as from the femora, representing 6.4 % and 13 %, respectively, of the total cBM of a mouse based on our analysis and a review of the literature. HSC populations were enriched within the eBM and the yield of HSCs from the mouse and human long bones was increased notably by harvest of eBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maya M Mahajan
- Blood Systems Research Institute, 270 Masonic Ave., San Francisco, CA USA
| | - Betty Cheng
- Blood Systems Research Institute, 270 Masonic Ave., San Francisco, CA USA
| | - Ashley I Beyer
- Blood Systems Research Institute, 270 Masonic Ave., San Francisco, CA USA
| | - Usha S Mulvaney
- Blood Systems Research Institute, 270 Masonic Ave., San Francisco, CA USA
| | - Matt B Wilkinson
- Blood Systems Research Institute, 270 Masonic Ave., San Francisco, CA USA
| | - Marina E Fomin
- Blood Systems Research Institute, 270 Masonic Ave., San Francisco, CA USA
| | - Marcus O Muench
- Blood Systems Research Institute, 270 Masonic Ave., San Francisco, CA USA.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA USA
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Lee ST, Muench MO, Fomin ME, Xiao J, Zhou M, de Smith A, Martín-Subero JI, Heath S, Houseman EA, Roy R, Wrensch M, Wiencke J, Metayer C, Wiemels JL. Epigenetic remodeling in B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia occurs in two tracks and employs embryonic stem cell-like signatures. Nucleic Acids Res 2015; 43:2590-602. [PMID: 25690899 PMCID: PMC4357708 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkv103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
We investigated DNA methylomes of pediatric B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemias (B-ALLs) using whole-genome bisulfite sequencing and high-definition microarrays, along with RNA expression profiles. Epigenetic alteration of B-ALLs occurred in two tracks: de novo methylation of small functional compartments and demethylation of large inter-compartmental backbones. The deviations were exaggerated in lamina-associated domains, with differences corresponding to methylation clusters and/or cytogenetic groups. Our data also suggested a pivotal role of polycomb and CTBP2 in de novo methylation, which may be traced back to bivalency status of embryonic stem cells. Driven by these potent epigenetic modulations, suppression of polycomb target genes was observed along with disruption of developmental fate and cell cycle and mismatch repair pathways and altered activities of key upstream regulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung-Tae Lee
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 120752, Republic of Korea
| | - Marcus O Muench
- Blood Systems Research Institute, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA Liver Center and Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Marina E Fomin
- Blood Systems Research Institute, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Jianqiao Xiao
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Mi Zhou
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Adam de Smith
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - José I Martín-Subero
- Unidad de Hematopatología, Servicio de Anatomía Patológica, Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona 08036, Spain
| | - Simon Heath
- Centro Nacional de Análisis Genómico, Parc Científic de Barcelona, Barcelona 08036, Spain
| | - E Andres Houseman
- Department of Public Health, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331 USA
| | - Ritu Roy
- Cancer Research Institute, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Margaret Wrensch
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - John Wiencke
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Catherine Metayer
- Division of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Joseph L Wiemels
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
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40
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Abstract
Hemophilia A results from an insufficiency of factor VIII (FVIII). Although replacement therapy with plasma-derived or recombinant FVIII is a life-saving therapy for hemophilia A patients, such therapy is a life-long treatment rather than a cure for the disease. In this review, we discuss the possibilities, progress, and challenges that remain in the development of a cell-based cure for hemophilia A. The success of cell therapy depends on the type and availability of donor cells, the age of the host and method of transplantation, and the levels of engraftment and production of FVIII by the graft. Early therapy, possibly even prenatal transplantation, may yield the highest levels of engraftment by avoiding immunological rejection of the graft. Potential cell sources of FVIII include a specialized subset of endothelial cells known as liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSECs) present in the adult and fetal liver, or patient-specific endothelial cells derived from induced pluripotent stem cells that have undergone gene editing to produce FVIII. Achieving sufficient engraftment of transplanted LSECs is one of the obstacles to successful cell therapy for hemophilia A. We discuss recent results from transplants performed in animals that show production of functional and clinically relevant levels of FVIII obtained from donor LSECs. Hence, the possibility of treating hemophilia A can be envisioned through persistent production of FVIII from transplanted donor cells derived from a number of potential cell sources or through creation of donor endothelial cells from patient-specific induced pluripotent stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina E. Fomin
- Cell Therapy Core, Blood Systems Research Institute, San Francisco, CA
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA
| | - Padma Priya Togarrati
- Cell Therapy Core, Blood Systems Research Institute, San Francisco, CA
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA
| | - Marcus O. Muench
- Cell Therapy Core, Blood Systems Research Institute, San Francisco, CA
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA
- Liver Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA
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Xie F, Ye L, Chang JC, Beyer AI, Wang J, Muench MO, Kan YW. Seamless gene correction of β-thalassemia mutations in patient-specific iPSCs using CRISPR/Cas9 and piggyBac. Genome Res 2014; 24:1526-33. [PMID: 25096406 PMCID: PMC4158758 DOI: 10.1101/gr.173427.114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 296] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
β-thalassemia, one of the most common genetic diseases worldwide, is caused by mutations in the human hemoglobin beta (HBB) gene. Creation of human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) from β-thalassemia patients could offer an approach to cure this disease. Correction of the disease-causing mutations in iPSCs could restore normal function and provide a rich source of cells for transplantation. In this study, we used the latest gene-editing tool, CRISPR/Cas9 technology, combined with the piggyBac transposon to efficiently correct the HBB mutations in patient-derived iPSCs without leaving any residual footprint. No off-target effects were detected in the corrected iPSCs, and the cells retain full pluripotency and exhibit normal karyotypes. When differentiated into erythroblasts using a monolayer culture, gene-corrected iPSCs restored expression of HBB compared to the parental iPSCs line. Our study provides an effective approach to correct HBB mutations without leaving any genetic footprint in patient-derived iPSCs, thereby demonstrating a critical step toward the future application of stem cell-based gene therapy to monogenic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Xie
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143, USA
| | - Lin Ye
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143, USA
| | - Judy C Chang
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143, USA
| | - Ashley I Beyer
- Blood Systems Research Institute, San Francisco, California 94118, USA
| | - Jiaming Wang
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143, USA; Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143, USA
| | - Marcus O Muench
- Blood Systems Research Institute, San Francisco, California 94118, USA; Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143, USA
| | - Yuet Wai Kan
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143, USA; Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143, USA; Institute for Human Genetics, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143, USA
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Muench MO, Beyer AI, Fomin ME, Thakker R, Mulvaney US, Nakamura M, Suemizu H, Bárcena A. The adult livers of immunodeficient mice support human hematopoiesis: evidence for a hepatic mast cell population that develops early in human ontogeny. PLoS One 2014; 9:e97312. [PMID: 24819392 PMCID: PMC4018295 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0097312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2013] [Accepted: 04/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The liver plays a vital role in hematopoiesis during mammalian prenatal development but its hematopoietic output declines during the perinatal period. Nonetheless, hepatic hematopoiesis is believed to persist into adulthood. We sought to model human adult-liver hematopoiesis by transplantation of fetal and neonatal hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) into adult immunodeficient mice. Livers were found to be engrafted with human cells consisting primarily of monocytes and B-cells with lesser contributions by erythrocytes, T-cells, NK-cells and mast-cells. A resident population of CD117(++)CD203c(+) mast cells was also documented in human midgestation liver, indicating that these cells comprise part of the liver's resident immune cell repertoire throughout human ontogeny. The murine liver was shown to support human multilineage hematopoiesis up to 321 days after transplant. Evidence of murine hepatic hematopoiesis was also found in common mouse strains as old as 2 years. Human HSC engraftment of the murine liver was demonstrated by detection of high proliferative-potential colony-forming cells in clonal cultures, observation of CD38-CD34(++) and CD133(+)CD34(++) cells by flow cytometry, and hematopoietic reconstitution of secondary transplant recipients of chimeric liver cells. Additionally, chimeric mice with both hematopoietic and endothelial reconstitution were generated by intrasplenic injection of immunodeficient mice with liver specific expression of the urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) transgene. In conclusion, the murine liver is shown to be a hematopoietic organ throughout adult life that can also support human hematopoiesis in severely immunodeficient strains. Further humanization of the murine liver can be achieved in mice harboring an uPA transgene, which support engraftment of non-hematopoietic cells types. Thus, offering a model system to study the interaction of diverse human liver cell types that regulate hematopoiesis and immune function in the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus O. Muench
- Blood Systems Research Institute, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Laboratory Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Liver Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Ashley I. Beyer
- Blood Systems Research Institute, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Marina E. Fomin
- Blood Systems Research Institute, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Laboratory Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Rahul Thakker
- Blood Systems Research Institute, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Usha S. Mulvaney
- Blood Systems Research Institute, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Masato Nakamura
- Biomedical Research Department, Central Institute for Experimental Animals, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Suemizu
- Biomedical Research Department, Central Institute for Experimental Animals, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Alicia Bárcena
- Blood Systems Research Institute, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Institute for Regeneration Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
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Fomin ME, Zhou Y, Beyer AI, Publicover J, Baron JL, Muench MO. Production of factor VIII by human liver sinusoidal endothelial cells transplanted in immunodeficient uPA mice. PLoS One 2013; 8:e77255. [PMID: 24167566 PMCID: PMC3805584 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0077255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2013] [Accepted: 09/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSECs) form a semi-permeable barrier between parenchymal hepatocytes and the blood. LSECs participate in liver metabolism, clearance of pathological agents, immunological responses, architectural maintenance of the liver and synthesis of growth factors and cytokines. LSECs also play an important role in coagulation through the synthesis of Factor VIII (FVIII). Herein, we phenotypically define human LSECs isolated from fetal liver using flow cytometry and immunofluorescence microscopy. Isolated LSECs were cultured and shown to express endothelial markers and markers specific for the LSEC lineage. LSECs were also shown to engraft the liver when human fetal liver cells were transplanted into immunodeficient mice with liver specific expression of the urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) transgene (uPA-NOG mice). Engrafted cells expressed human Factor VIII at levels approaching those found in human plasma. We also demonstrate engraftment of adult LSECs, as well as hepatocytes, transplanted into uPA-NOG mice. We propose that overexpression of uPA provides beneficial conditions for LSEC engraftment due to elevated expression of the angiogenic cytokine, vascular endothelial growth factor. This work provides a detailed characterization of human midgestation LSECs, thereby providing the means for their purification and culture based on their expression of CD14 and CD32 as well as a lack of CD45 expression. The uPA-NOG mouse is shown to be a permissive host for human LSECs and adult hepatocytes, but not fetal hepatoblasts. Thus, these mice provide a useful model system to study these cell types in vivo. Demonstration of human FVIII production by transplanted LSECs encourages further pursuit of LSEC transplantation as a cellular therapy for the treatment of hemophilia A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina E. Fomin
- Blood Systems Research Institute, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Yanchen Zhou
- Blood Systems Research Institute, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Ashley I. Beyer
- Blood Systems Research Institute, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Jean Publicover
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Liver Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Jody L. Baron
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Liver Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Marcus O. Muench
- Blood Systems Research Institute, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Liver Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Selvarajah S, Sexton NR, Kahle KM, Fong RH, Mattia KA, Gardner J, Lu K, Liss NM, Salvador B, Tucker DF, Barnes T, Mabila M, Zhou X, Rossini G, Rucker JB, Sanders DA, Suhrbier A, Sambri V, Michault A, Muench MO, Doranz BJ, Simmons G. A neutralizing monoclonal antibody targeting the acid-sensitive region in chikungunya virus E2 protects from disease. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2013; 7:e2423. [PMID: 24069479 PMCID: PMC3772074 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0002423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2013] [Accepted: 07/30/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The mosquito-borne alphavirus, chikungunya virus (CHIKV), has recently reemerged, producing the largest epidemic ever recorded for this virus, with up to 6.5 million cases of acute and chronic rheumatic disease. There are currently no licensed vaccines for CHIKV and current anti-inflammatory drug treatment is often inadequate. Here we describe the isolation and characterization of two human monoclonal antibodies, C9 and E8, from CHIKV infected and recovered individuals. C9 was determined to be a potent virus neutralizing antibody and a biosensor antibody binding study demonstrated it recognized residues on intact CHIKV VLPs. Shotgun mutagenesis alanine scanning of 98 percent of the residues in the E1 and E2 glycoproteins of CHIKV envelope showed that the epitope bound by C9 included amino-acid 162 in the acid-sensitive region (ASR) of the CHIKV E2 glycoprotein. The ASR is critical for the rearrangement of CHIKV E2 during fusion and viral entry into host cells, and we predict that C9 prevents these events from occurring. When used prophylactically in a CHIKV mouse model, C9 completely protected against CHIKV viremia and arthritis. We also observed that when administered therapeutically at 8 or 18 hours post-CHIKV challenge, C9 gave 100% protection in a pathogenic mouse model. Given that targeting this novel neutralizing epitope in E2 can potently protect both in vitro and in vivo, it is likely to be an important region both for future antibody and vaccine-based interventions against CHIKV. CHIKV is characterized by acute and chronic polyarthritis/polyarthralgia that can be debilitating and protracted. Currently there are no FDA-approved vaccines or specific antiviral treatments for CHIKV. We thus identified and characterized human monoclonal antibodies directed against CHIKV that could be utilized in prophylactic and immediate post-exposure settings. Such patient derived monoclonal antibodies could also provide useful information on critical antigens and epitopes for development of future vaccines and other biologics. We describe here the identification of two monoclonal antibodies (C9 and E8) isolated from recovered patients. C9 potently inhibited CHIKV infection in cells and prevented viremia and arthritis in a mouse model of CHIKV disease. The epitope for this antibody includes an amino-acid residue in a key acid-sensitive region of the E2 glycoprotein of CHIKV. Rearrangement of this region following exposure to low pH is critical for uncovering portions of the companion E1 glycoprotein, required for successful entry of CHIKV into cells. We hypothesize that binding of antibodies to this region stabilizes the native complex and thus prevents such rearrangements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suganya Selvarajah
- Blood Systems Research Institute, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Nicole R. Sexton
- Blood Systems Research Institute, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Kristen M. Kahle
- Integral Molecular, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Rachel H. Fong
- Integral Molecular, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | | | - Joy Gardner
- Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Kai Lu
- Blood Systems Research Institute, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Nathan M. Liss
- Blood Systems Research Institute, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Beatriz Salvador
- Blood Systems Research Institute, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - David F. Tucker
- Integral Molecular, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Trevor Barnes
- Integral Molecular, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Manu Mabila
- Integral Molecular, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Xiangdong Zhou
- Integral Molecular, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Giada Rossini
- DIMES, Microbiology, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Joseph B. Rucker
- Integral Molecular, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | | | - Andreas Suhrbier
- Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | | | - Alain Michault
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Groupe Hospitalier Sud-Réunion, La Reunion, France
| | - Marcus O. Muench
- Blood Systems Research Institute, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Benjamin J. Doranz
- Integral Molecular, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Graham Simmons
- Blood Systems Research Institute, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Publicover J, Gaggar A, Nishimura S, Van Horn CM, Goodsell A, Muench MO, Reinhardt RL, van Rooijen N, Wakil AE, Peters M, Cyster JG, Erle DJ, Rosenthal P, Cooper S, Baron JL. Age-dependent hepatic lymphoid organization directs successful immunity to hepatitis B. J Clin Invest 2013; 123:3728-39. [PMID: 23925290 DOI: 10.1172/jci68182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2012] [Accepted: 06/06/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a major human pathogen that causes immune-mediated hepatitis. Successful immunity to HBV is age dependent: viral clearance occurs in most adults, whereas neonates and young children usually develop chronic infection. Using a mouse model of HBV infection, we sought mechanisms underpinning the age-dependent outcome of HBV and demonstrated that hepatic macrophages facilitate lymphoid organization and immune priming within the adult liver and promote successful immunity. In contrast, lymphoid organization and immune priming was greatly diminished in the livers of young mice, and of macrophage-depleted adult mice, leading to abrogated HBV immunity. Furthermore, we found that CXCL13, which is involved in B lymphocyte trafficking and lymphoid architecture and development, is expressed in an age-dependent manner in both adult mouse and human hepatic macrophages and plays an integral role in facilitating an effective immune response against HBV. Taken together, these results identify some of the immunological mechanisms necessary for effective control of HBV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean Publicover
- Department of Medicine, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA
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Ye L, Muench MO, Fusaki N, Beyer AI, Wang J, Qi Z, Yu J, Kan YW. Blood cell-derived induced pluripotent stem cells free of reprogramming factors generated by Sendai viral vectors. Stem Cells Transl Med 2013; 2:558-66. [PMID: 23847002 DOI: 10.5966/sctm.2013-0006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The discovery of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) holds great promise for regenerative medicine since it is possible to produce patient-specific pluripotent stem cells from affected individuals for potential autologous treatment. Using nonintegrating cytoplasmic Sendai viral vectors, we generated iPSCs efficiently from adult mobilized CD34⁺ and peripheral blood mononuclear cells. After 5-8 passages, the Sendai viral genome could not be detected by real-time quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. Using the spin embryoid body method, we showed that these blood cell-derived iPSCs could efficiently be differentiated into hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells without the need of coculture with either mouse or human stromal cells. We obtained up to 40% CD34⁺ of which ~25% were CD34⁺/CD43⁺ hematopoietic precursors that could readily be differentiated into mature blood cells. Our study demonstrated a reproducible protocol for reprogramming blood cells into transgene-free iPSCs by the Sendai viral vector method. Maintenance of the genomic integrity of iPSCs without integration of exogenous DNA should allow the development of therapeutic-grade stem cells for regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Ye
- Department of Medicine and Institute for Human Genetics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
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Jackman RP, Muench MO, Heitman JW, Inglis HC, Law JP, Marschner S, Goodrich RP, Norris PJ. Immune modulation and lack of alloimmunization following transfusion with pathogen-reduced platelets in mice. Transfusion 2013; 53:2697-709. [PMID: 23451715 DOI: 10.1111/trf.12133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2012] [Revised: 11/16/2012] [Accepted: 12/03/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Transfusion of allogeneic blood products can lead to alloimmunization, impacting success of subsequent transfusions and solid organ transplants. Pathogen reduction using riboflavin and ultraviolet B (UVB) light has been shown to eliminate the immunogenicity of white blood cells (WBCs) in vitro through down regulation of surface adhesion molecules, effectively blocking cell-cell conjugation and direct presentation. We sought to determine if this loss of immunogenicity is extended in vivo where indirect presentation of allogeneic antigens can occur. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS BALB/cJ mice were transfused with either untreated or riboflavin and UVB-treated C57Bl/6J platelet-rich plasma (PRP) containing WBCs. Circulating alloantibody and allospecific splenocyte cytokine responses were measured. RESULTS Pathogen reduction of allogeneic WBC-enriched PRP using riboflavin and UVB light before transfusion prevented alloimmunization, with a loss of both alloantibody generation and priming of secondary cytokine responses ex vivo. When mice given treated transfusions were subsequently given untreated transfusions, they produced normal levels of alloantibodies but had reduced secondary cytokine responses ex vivo. This immune modulation was antigen specific and was dependent on the presence of WBCs in the treated product. CONCLUSIONS UVB plus riboflavin treatment of WBC-enriched PRP effectively blocks alloimmunization and modulates immune responses to subsequent exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachael P Jackman
- Blood Systems Research Institute, San Francisco, California; Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California; Terumo BCT Biotechnologies, Lakewood, Colorado; Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California
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Lee ST, Xiao Y, Muench MO, Xiao J, Fomin ME, Wiencke JK, Zheng S, Dou X, de Smith A, Chokkalingam A, Buffler P, Ma X, Wiemels JL. A global DNA methylation and gene expression analysis of early human B-cell development reveals a demethylation signature and transcription factor network. Nucleic Acids Res 2012; 40:11339-51. [PMID: 23074194 PMCID: PMC3526268 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gks957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The epigenetic changes during B-cell development relevant to both normal function and hematologic malignancy are incompletely understood. We examined DNA methylation and RNA expression status during early B-cell development by sorting multiple replicates of four separate stages of pre-B cells derived from normal human fetal bone marrow and applied high-dimension DNA methylation scanning and expression arrays. Features of promoter and gene body DNA methylation were strongly correlated with RNA expression in multipotent progenitors (MPPs) both in a static state and throughout differentiation. As MPPs commit to pre-B cells, a predominantly demethylating phenotype ensues, with 79% of the 2966 differentially methylated regions observed involving demethylation. Demethylation events were more often gene body associated rather than promoter associated; predominantly located outside of CpG islands; and closely associated with EBF1, E2F, PAX5 and other functional transcription factor (TF) sites related to B-cell development. Such demethylation events were accompanied by TF occupancy. After commitment, DNA methylation changes appeared to play a smaller role in B-cell development. We identified a distinct development-dependent demethylation signature which has gene expression regulatory properties for pre-B cells, and provide a catalog reference for the epigenetic changes that occur in pre-B-cell leukemia and other B-cell-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung-Tae Lee
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
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Abstract
P450c17 catalyzes steroid 17α-hydroxylase and 17,20 lyase activities. P450c17 is expressed in human fetal and postnatal adrenals and gonads and in the developing mouse nervous system, but little is known about its expression in the human nervous system. We obtained portions of 9-, 10-, and 11-wk gestation human fetuses and delineated the pattern of expression of P450c17 in their peripheral nervous systems by immunocytochemistry using the P450c17 antiserum previously used to characterize P450c17 in the mouse brain. P450c17 was readily detected in the dorsal root ganglia (DRG) and spinal cord. Neural structures were identified with antisera to the cytoskeletal protein neural cell adhesion molecule; DRG were identified with antisera to the neuronal transcription factor BRN3A and neurotrophin receptor tropomyosin-receptor-kinase B. The identification of P450c17 was confirmed using commercial antisera directed against different domains of P450c17 and by using antisera immunodepleted with authentic human P450c17. We also found expression of the P450 cholesterol side-chain cleavage enzyme (P450scc) in the spinal cord and DRG. Expression of P450scc is limited to cell bodies; unlike P450c17, we never detected P450scc in fiber tracts. Catalysis by P450c17 requires electron donation from P450 oxidoreductase (POR). Dual-label immunohistochemistry detected P450c17 and POR colocalized in DRG bundles, but some fibers containing P450c17 lacked POR. These data suggest that neurosteroids synthesized via these two enzymes may act in the developing human nervous system. The expression of P450c17 in structures lacking POR means that P450c17 may not be steroidogenic in those locations, suggesting that P450c17 may have additional functions that do not require POR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus D Schonemann
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Science, University of California, San Francisco, 513 Parnassus Avenue, Box 0556, San Francisco, California 94143-0556, USA
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50
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Jackman RP, Utter GH, Muench MO, Heitman JW, Munz MM, Jackman RW, Biswas HH, Rivers RM, Tobler LH, Busch MP, Norris PJ. Distinct roles of trauma and transfusion in induction of immune modulation after injury. Transfusion 2012; 52:2533-50. [PMID: 22452342 DOI: 10.1111/j.1537-2995.2012.03618.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Trauma and transfusion can both alter immunity, and while transfusions are common among traumatically injured patients, few studies have examined their combined effects on immunity. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS We tracked the plasma levels of 41 immunomodulatory proteins in 56 trauma patients from time of injury up to 1 year later. In addition, a murine model was developed to distinguish between the effects of transfusion and underlying injury and blood loss. RESULTS Thirty-one of the proteins had a significant change over time after traumatic injury, with a mixed early response that was predominantly anti-inflammatory followed by a later increase in proteins involved in wound healing and homeostasis. Results from the murine model revealed similar cytokine responses to humans. In mice, trauma and hemorrhage caused early perturbations in a number of the pro- and anti-inflammatory mediators measured, and transfusion blunted early elevations in interleukin (IL)-6, IL-10, matrix metalloproteinase-9, and interferon-γ. Transfusion caused or exacerbated changes in monocyte chemotactic protein-1, IL-1α, IL-5, IL-15, and soluble E-selectin. Finally, trauma and hemorrhage alone increased CXCL1 and IL-13. CONCLUSIONS This work provides a detailed characterization of the major shift in the immunologic environment in response to trauma and transfusion and clarifies which immune mediators are affected by trauma and hemorrhage and which by transfusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachael P Jackman
- Blood Systems Research Institute, San Francisco, California 94118, USA.
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