Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Current Imaging Modalities for Diagnosis and Prognosis

Clinical impact of MRI on indeterminate findings on contrast-enhanced CT suspicious of HCC

OBJECTIVES

In patients evaluated for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is often used secondarily when multiphase contrast-enhanced computed tomography (ceCT) is inconclusive. We investigated the clinical impact of adding MRI.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

This single-institution retrospective study included 48 MRI scans (44 patients) conducted from May 2016 to July 2023 due to suspicion of HCC on a multiphase ceCT scan. Data included medical history, preceding and subsequent imaging, histology when available, and decisions made at multidisciplinary team meetings.

RESULTS

In case of possible HCC recurrence, 63% of the MRI scans were diagnostic of HCC. For 80% of the negative MRI scans, the patients were diagnosed with HCC within a median of 165 days in the suspicious area of the liver. In case of possible de-novo HCC in patients with cirrhosis, 22% of the scans were diagnostic of HCC and 33% of the negative MRI scans were of patients diagnosed with HCC within a median of 109 days. None of the non-cirrhotic patients with possible de-novo HCC and negative MRI scans (64%) were later diagnosed with HCC, but 3/5 of the indeterminate scans were of patients diagnosed with HCC in a biopsy.

CONCLUSIONS

Secondary MRI to a multiphase ceCT scan suspicious of HCC is highly valuable in ruling out HCC in non-cirrhotic patients and in diagnosing HCC non-invasively in cirrhotic patients and patients with prior HCC. Patients with cirrhosis or prior HCC are still at high risk of having HCC if MRI results are inconclusive or negative.

Multimode Ultrasound Model for Predicting the Early Treatment Response of Anti-VEGF Agents Plus Anti-PD-1 Antibody in Patients with Unresectable Hepatocellular Carcinoma

OBJECTIVE

The purpose of the study described was to establish prediction models to initially screen the beneficiary patients with unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in the treatment of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) agents plus anti-programmed cell death-1 (PD-1) antibody.

METHODS

A total of 62 patients were enrolled in this study. All patients underwent ultrasound (US), color ddoppler flowing imaging (CDFI), contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) and laboratory examinations within 2 wk before the treatment. Tumor response was assessed according to mRECIST criteria. Univariate and multivariate analyses were used to select the independent predictors. US + CDFI, CEUS and FULL models were established. Three models were displayed by nomography. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) and calibration curves were drawn to evaluate the predictive ability of models. Decision curve analysis (DCA) was used to assess the clinical utility of models.

RESULTS

On univariate and multivariate analysis, the US boundary (p = 0.037), halo (p = 0.002) and CDFI (p = 0.024) were included in the US + CDFI model. CEUS boundary (p = 0.001) and washout time (p < 0.001) were included in the CEUS model. The number of lesions (p = 0.104), halo on US (p = 0.014), CDFI (p = 0.057) and washout time on CEUS (p = 0.015) were incorporated into the FULL model. The C indices of the US + CDFI, CEUS and FULL models were 0.918, 0.920 and 0.973. CEUS and FULL models yielded a good net benefit for almost all threshold probabilities.

CONCLUSION

Nomograms based on US, CDFI, CEUS and clinical characteristics could help to non-invasively predict the response to treatment with anti-PD-1 antibodies plus anti-VEGF agents.

Research progress of nanoparticles in diagnosis and treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is among the most common malignant liver tumors. Despite progress in anticancer drugs and surgical approaches, early detection of HCC remains challenging, often leading to late-stage diagnosis where rapid disease progression precludes surgical intervention, leaving chemotherapy as the only option. However, the systemic toxicity, low bioavailability, and significant adverse effects of chemotherapy drugs often lead to resistance, rendering treatments ineffective for many patients. This article outlines how nanoparticles, following functional modification, offer high sensitivity, reduced drug toxicity, and extended duration of action, enabling precise targeting of drugs to HCC tissues. Combined with other therapeutic modalities and imaging techniques, this significantly enhances the diagnosis, treatment, and long-term prognosis of HCC. The advent of nanomedicine provides new methodologies and strategies for the precise diagnosis and integrated treatment of HCC.

ESR Essentials: diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma-practice recommendations by ESGAR

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common primary hepatic malignancy and a leading cause of cancer related death worldwide. Current guidelines for the noninvasive diagnosis of HCC are provided by the European Association for the Study of the Liver (EASL), the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases (AASLD) which endorsed the Liver Imaging Reporting and Data System (LI-RADS) algorithm, the Korean Liver Cancer Association-National Cancer Center (KLCA-NCC), and the Asian-Pacific Association for the Study of the Liver (APASL). These allow the diagnosis of HCC in high-risk patients in the presence of typical imaging features on contrast-enhanced CT, MRI, or contrast-enhanced ultrasound. Size, non-rim arterial phase hyperenhancement, non-peripheral washout, enhancing capsule, and growth are major imaging features and they should be combined for the diagnosis of HCC. This article provides concise and relevant practice recommendations aimed at general radiologist audience, summarizing the best practice and informing on the essential imaging criteria for the diagnosis of HCC, while also discussing the high-risk population criteria, imaging modalities, and imaging features according to the current guidelines. KEY POINTS: • Noninvasive diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) can be provided only in patients at high risk. • Contrast-enhanced CT or MRI are the first-line imaging exams for the diagnosis of HCC. • Major imaging features should be combined to provide the diagnosis of definitive HCC.

Tackling the Unyielding Challenge of Necrotic Unresectable Hepatocellular Carcinoma: A Liver Necrosectomy Approach for Intratumoral Hemorrhage and Abscess Resolution

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common causes of gastrointestinal and hepatobiliary cancer worldwide. Chronic liver disease and cirrhosis persist as the most common risk factors, typically linked to instances of alcohol abuse or viral infections, notably hepatitis B and hepatitis C infection. Diagnosis can be made using patient history and image studies as there is no need for pathological confirmation. The only curative treatment is surgical resection, and in cases where the tumor is unresectable, as the one presented in this case, and when there are no contraindications, the only option is an orthotopic liver transplantation. This malignancy is not only associated with high mortality but also high morbidity associated with severe complications, such as hemorrhage, necrosis, and infection of the tumor. The significant relevance of this case lies in its capacity to illustrate that despite remaining in non-surgical management for months when an acute complication presented, it was timely identified and surgically treated. The emergence of complications, such as necrosis accompanied by abscess formation and intratumoral hemorrhage, represents an indication for prompt surgical management.

Research on multi-model imaging machine learning for distinguishing early hepatocellular carcinoma

OBJECTIVE

To investigate the value of differential diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and non-hepatocellular carcinoma (non-HCC) based on CT and MR multiphase radiomics combined with different machine learning models and compare the diagnostic efficacy between different radiomics models.

BACKGROUND

Primary liver cancer is one of the most common clinical malignancies, hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common subtype of primary liver cancer, accounting for approximately 90% of cases. A clear diagnosis of HCC is important for the individualized treatment of patients with HCC. However, more sophisticated diagnostic modalities need to be explored.

METHODS

This retrospective study included 211 patients with liver lesions: 97 HCC and 124 non-hepatocellular carcinoma (non-HCC) who underwent CT and MRI. Imaging data were used to obtain imaging features of lesions and radiomics regions of interest (ROI). The extracted imaging features were combined to construct different radiomics models. The clinical data and imaging features were then combined with radiomics features to construct the combined models. Support Vector Machine (SVM), K-nearest Neighbor (KNN), RandomForest (RF), eXtreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost), Light Gradient Boosting Machine (LightGBM), Multilayer Perceptron (MLP) six machine learning models were used for training. Five-fold cross-validation was used to train the models, and ROC curves were used to analyze the diagnostic efficacy of each model and calculate the accuracy rate. Model training and efficacy test were performed as before.

RESULTS

Statistical analysis showed that some clinical data (gender and concomitant cirrhosis) and imaging features (presence of envelope, marked enhancement in the arterial phase, rapid contouring in the portal phase, uniform density/signal and concomitant steatosis) were statistical differences (P < 0.001). The results of machine learning models showed that KNN had the best diagnostic efficacy. The results of the combined model showed that SVM had the best diagnostic efficacy, indicating that the combined model (accuracy 0.824) had better diagnostic efficacy than the radiomics-only model.

CONCLUSIONS

Our results demonstrate that the radiomic features of CT and MRI combined with machine learning models enable differential diagnosis of HCC and non-HCC (malignant, benign). The diagnostic model with dual radiomic had better diagnostic efficacy. The combined model was superior to the radiomic model alone.

Optimizing LI-RADS: ancillary features screened from LR-3/4 categories can improve the diagnosis of HCC on MRI

OBJECTIVE

To determine the high-efficiency ancillary features (AFs) screened from LR-3/4 lesions and the HCC/non-HCC group and the diagnostic performance of LR3/4 observations.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

We retrospectively analyzed a total of 460 patients (with 473 nodules) classified into LR-3-LR-5 categories, including 311 cases of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), 6 cases of non-HCC malignant tumors, and 156 cases of benign lesions. Two faculty abdominal radiologists with experience in hepatic imaging reviewed and recorded the major features (MFs) and AFs of the Liver Imaging Reporting and Data System (LI-RADS). The frequency of the features and diagnostic performance were calculated with a logistic regression model. After applying the above AFs to LR-3/LR-4 observations, the sensitivity and specificity for HCC were compared.

RESULTS

The average age of all patients was 54.24 ± 11.32 years, and the biochemical indicators ALT (P = 0.044), TBIL (P = 0.000), PLT (P = 0.004), AFP (P = 0.000) and Child‒Pugh class were significantly higher in the HCC group. MFs, mild-moderate T2 hyperintensity, restricted diffusion and AFs favoring HCC in addition to nodule-in-nodule appearance were common in the HCC group and LR-5 category. AFs screened from the HCC/non-HCC group (AF-HCC) were mild-moderate T2 hyperintensity, restricted diffusion, TP hypointensity, marked T2 hyperintensity and HBP isointensity (P = 0.005, < 0.001, = 0. 032, p < 0.001, = 0.013), and the AFs screened from LR-3/4 lesions (AF-LR) were restricted diffusion, mosaic architecture, fat in mass, marked T2 hyperintensity and HBP isointensity (P < 0.001, = 0.020, = 0.036, < 0.001, = 0.016), which were not exactly the same. After applying AF-HCC and AF-LR to LR-3 and LR-4 observations in HCC group and Non-HCC group, After the above grades changed, the diagnostic sensitivity for HCC were 84.96% using AF-HCC and 85.71% using AF-LR, the specificity were 89.26% using AF-HCC and 90.60% using AF-LR, which made a significant difference (P = 0.000). And the kappa value for the two methods of AF-HCC and AF-LR were 0.695, reaching a substantial agreement.

CONCLUSION

When adjusting for LR-3/LR-4 lesions, the screened AFs with high diagnostic ability can be used to optimize LI-RADS v2018; among them, AF-LR is recommended for better diagnostic capabilities.

A Cox Nomogram for Assessing Recurrence Free Survival in Hepatocellular Carcinoma Following Surgical Resection Using Dynamic Contrast-Enhanced MRI Radiomics

BACKGROUND

The prognosis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is difficult to predict and carries high mortality. This study utilized radiomic techniques with clinical examinations to assess recurrence in HCC.

PURPOSE

To develop a Cox nomogram to assess the risk of postoperative recurrence in HCC using radiomic features of three volumes of interest (VOIs) in preoperative dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI (DCE-MRI), along with clinical findings.

STUDY TYPE

Retrospective.

SUBJECTS

249 patients with pathologically proven HCCs undergoing surgical resection at three institutions were selected.

FIELD STRENGTH/SEQUENCE

Fat saturated T2-weighted, Fat saturated T1-weighted, and DCE-MRI performed at 1.5 T and 3.0 T.

ASSESSMENT

Three VOIs were generated; the tumor VOI corresponds to the area from the tumor core to the outer perimeter of the tumor, the tumor +10 mm VOI represents the area from the tumor perimeter to 10 mm distal to the tumor in all directions, finally, the background liver parenchyma VOI represents the hepatic tissue outside the tumor. Three models were generated. The total radiomic model combined information from the three listed VOI's above. The clinical-radiological model combines physical examination findings with imaging characteristics such as tumor size, margin features, and metastasis. The combined radiomic model includes features from both models listed above and showed the highest reliability for assessing 24-month survival for HCC.

STATISTICAL TESTS

The least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) Cox regression, univariable, and multivariable Cox regression, Kmeans clustering, and Kaplan-Meier analysis. The discrimination performance of each model was quantified by the C-index. A P value <0.05 was considered statistically significant.

RESULTS

The combined radiomic model, which included features from the radiomic VOI's and clinical imaging provided the highest performance (C-index: training cohort = 0.893, test cohort = 0.851, external cohort = 0.797) in assessing the survival of HCC.

CONCLUSION

The combined radiomic model provides superior ability to discern the possibility of recurrence-free survival in HCC over the total radiomic and the clinical-radiological models.

EVIDENCE LEVEL

4.

TECHNICAL EFFICACY

Stage 2.

Advances in application of novel magnetic resonance imaging technologies in liver disease diagnosis

Liver disease is a major health concern globally, with high morbidity and mor-tality rates. Precise diagnosis and assessment are vital for guiding treatment approaches, predicting outcomes, and improving patient prognosis. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a non-invasive diagnostic technique that has been widely used for detecting liver disease. Recent advancements in MRI technology, such as diffusion weighted imaging, intravoxel incoherent motion, magnetic resonance elastography, chemical exchange saturation transfer, magnetic resonance spectroscopy, hyperpolarized MR, contrast-enhanced MRI, and ra-diomics, have significantly improved the accuracy and effectiveness of liver disease diagnosis. This review aims to discuss the progress in new MRI technologies for liver diagnosis. By summarizing current research findings, we aim to provide a comprehensive reference for researchers and clinicians to optimize the use of MRI in liver disease diagnosis and improve patient prognosis.

Deep Learning Model Based on Contrast-Enhanced Computed Tomography Imaging to Predict Postoperative Early Recurrence after the Curative Resection of a Solitary Hepatocellular Carcinoma

We aimed to develop the deep learning (DL) predictive model for postoperative early recurrence (within 2 years) of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) based on contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CECT) imaging. This study included 543 patients who underwent initial hepatectomy for HCC and were randomly classified into training, validation, and test datasets at a ratio of 8:1:1. Several clinical variables and arterial CECT images were used to create predictive models for early recurrence. Artificial intelligence models were implemented using convolutional neural networks and multilayer perceptron as a classifier. Furthermore, the Youden index was used to discriminate between high- and low-risk groups. The importance values of each explanatory variable for early recurrence were calculated using permutation importance. The DL predictive model for postoperative early recurrence was developed with the area under the curve values of 0.71 (test datasets) and 0.73 (validation datasets). Postoperative early recurrence incidences in the high- and low-risk groups were 73% and 30%, respectively (p = 0.0057). Permutation importance demonstrated that among the explanatory variables, the variable with the highest importance value was CECT imaging analysis. We developed a DL model to predict postoperative early HCC recurrence. DL-based analysis is effective for determining the treatment strategies in patients with HCC.

An integrated analysis of Dynamin 1 Like: A new potential prognostic indicator in hepatocellular carcinoma

Dynamin 1 Like (DNM1L), a member of dynamin superfamily capable of mediating mitochondrial outer membrane division, plays a key role in the progression of different types of tumors. However, the prognostic value, clinical significance of DNM1L and its specific mechanism involved in tumorigenesis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) have not been investigated clearly. In this study, we found that the expression of DNM1L were significantly higher in HCC tissues than adjacent/normal liver tissues based on multiple data sets obtained from TCGA, GEO and ONCOMINE database, also its protein expression form Drp1 is significantly higher in HCC tissues than adjacent tissues, and is related to the degree of differentiation. Kaplan-Meier curves suggested that high DNM1L expression prominently correlated with poorer overall survival, progression-free survival, relapse-free survival and disease-specific survival. Multivariate analysis showed that higher DNM1L expression was independent prognostic factors of shorter overall survival and disease-free survival. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes and Gene set enrichment analysis analysis combined with validation experiments revealed the regulatory role of DNM1L on key molecules in the metabolism of xenobiotics by cytochrome p450 pathway, and DNM1L may also affects invasion and metastasis capability of HCC by mediating extracellular matrix -receptor interaction pathway. Moreover, analysis showed that higher DNM1L, CYP2C9, CYP3A4, CYP1A2 expression were associated with the resistance to sorafenib therapy. TIMER and CIBERSORT analysis indicated that the increase of DNM1L expression may affect the infiltration of immune cells in the tumor microenvironment. Taken together, the above results indicated that DNM1L could be able to serve as a promising independent predictor and therapeutic target for HCC patients.

Diagnostic Values of the Liver Imaging Reporting and Data System in the Detection and Characterization of Hepatocellular Carcinoma: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

This review was undertaken to assess the diagnostic value of the Liver Imaging Reporting and Data System (LI-RADS) in patients with a high risk of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Google Scholar, PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, PROQUEST, and Cochrane Library, as the international databases, were searched with appropriate keywords. Using the binomial distribution formula, the variance of all studies was calculated, and using Stata version 16 (StataCorp LLC, College Station, TX, USA), the obtained data were analyzed. Using a random-effect meta-analysis approach, we determined the pooled sensitivity and specificity. Utilizing the funnel plot and Begg's and Egger's tests, we assessed publication bias. The results exhibited pooled sensitivity and pooled specificity of 0.80% and 0.89%, respectively, with a 95% confidence interval (CI) of 0.76-0.84 and 0.87-0.92, respectively. The 2018 version of LI-RADS showed the greatest sensitivity (0.83%; 95% CI 0.79-0.87; I ² = 80.6%; P < 0.001 for heterogeneity; T ² = 0.001). The maximum pooled specificity was detected in LI-RADS version 2014 (American College of Radiology, Reston, VA, USA; 93.0%; 95% CI 89.0-96.0; I ² = 81.7%; P < 0.001 for heterogeneity; T ² = 0.001). In this review, the results of estimated sensitivity and specificity were satisfactory. Therefore, this strategy can serve as an appropriate tool for identifying HCC.

Pre-operative MRI features predict early post-operative recurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma with different degrees of pathological differentiation

PURPOSE

To investigate the value of pre-operative gadoxetate disodium (Gd-EOB-DTPA) enhanced MRI predicting early post-operative recurrence (< 2 years) of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) with different degrees of pathological differentiation.

METHODS

Retrospective analysis of pre-operative MR imaging features of 177 patients diagnosed as suffering from HCC and that underwent radical resection. Multivariate logistic regression assessment was adopted to assess predictors for HCC recurrence with different degrees of pathological differentiation. The area under the curve (AUC) of receiver operating characteristics (ROC) was utilized to assess the diagnostic efficacy of the predictors.

RESULTS

Among the 177 patients, 155 (87.5%) were males, 22 (12.5%) were females; the mean age was 49.97 ± 10.71 years. Among the predictors of early post-operative recurrence of highly-differentiated HCC were an unsmooth tumor margin and an incomplete/without tumor capsule (p = 0.037 and 0.033, respectively) whereas those of early post-operative recurrence of moderately-differentiated HCC were incomplete/without tumor capsule, peritumoral enhancement along with peritumoral hypointensity (p = 0.006, 0.046 and 0.004, respectively). The predictors of early post-operative recurrence of poorly-differentiated HCC were peritumoral enhancement, peritumoral hypointensity, and tumor thrombosis (p = 0.033, 0.006 and 0.021, respectively). The AUCs of the multi-predictor diagnosis of early post-operative recurrence of highly-, moderately-, and poorly-differentiated HCC were 0.841, 0.873, and 0.875, respectively. The AUCs of the multi-predictor diagnosis were each higher than for those predicted separately.

CONCLUSIONS

The imaging parameters for predicting early post-operative recurrence of HCC with different degrees of pathological differentiation were different and combining these predictors can improve the diagnostic efficacy of early post-operative HCC recurrence.

3.0-T closed MR-guided microwave ablation for HCC located under the hepatic dome: a single-center experience

PURPOSE

To analyze the clinical safety and efficacy of 3.0-T closed MR-guided microwave ablation (MWA) for the treatment of HCC located under the hepatic dome.

METHODS

From May 2018 to October 2020, 49 patients with 74 HCCs located under the hepatic dome underwent MWA using 3.0-T closed MR guidance. The technical success rate, operative time, complete ablation (CA) rate, complications, local tumor progression (LTP), tumor-free survival (TFS) and overall survival (OS) were examined. Routine blood analysis, liver/kidney function and alpha fetoprotein (AFP) and protein induced by vitamin k absent or antagonist (PIVKA) levels were compared before and 2 months after MWA.

RESULTS

All patients underwent MWA successfully, including 10 patients who underwent general anesthesia. The technical success rate was 100% without major complications. The CA rate was 95.9% (71/74) at the 2-month evaluation. The LTP rate was 2.7% during the median follow-up of 17.8 months (range: 4-43 months); the 6-, 12-, 18-month TFS rates were 97.8, 90.6, 68.1%, respectively, and the 6-, 12-, 18-month OS rates were 100, 97.6, 92.1%, respectively. There were no significant changes in routine blood tests and liver/kidney function (p > 0.05), while the AFP and PIVKA level decreased significantly at 2 months (p < 0.05).

CONCLUSION

3.0-T MR-guided MWA is safe and feasible for HCC lesions located under the hepatic dome.

New Liver MR Imaging Hallmarks for Small Hepatocellular Carcinoma Screening and Diagnosing in High-Risk Patients

Objective

Early detection and diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is essential for prognosis; however, the imaging hallmarks for tumor detection and diagnosis has remained the same for years despite the use of many new immerging imaging methods. This study aimed to evaluate the detection performance of hepatic nodules in high risk patients using either hepatobiliary specific contrast (HBSC) agent or extracellular contrast agent (ECA), and further to compare the diagnostic performances for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) using different diagnostic criteria with the histopathological results as reference standard.

Methods

This prospective study included 247 nodules in 222 patients (mean age, 53.32 ± 10.84 years; range, 22–79 years). The detection performance and imaging features of each nodule were evaluated in all MR sequences by three experienced abdominal radiologists. The detection performance of each nodule on all MR sequences were compared and further the diagnostic performance of various diagnostic criteria were evaluated.

Results

For those patients who underwent ECA-MRI, the conventional imaging hallmark of “AP + PVP and/or DP” was recommended, as 60.19% diagnostic sensitivity, 80.95% specificity and 100% lesion detection rate. Additionally, for those patients who underwent HBSC-MRI, the diagnostic criteria of “DWI + HBP” was recommended. This diagnostic criteria demonstrated, both in all tumor size and for nodules ≤2 cm, higher sensitivity (93.07 and 90.16%, all p <0.05, respectively) and slightly lower specificity (64.71 and 87.50%, all p >0.05, respectively) than that of the European Association for the Study of the Liver (EASL) criteria.

Conclusions

Different abbreviated MR protocols were recommended for patients using either ECA or HBSC. These provided imaging settings demonstrated high lesion detection rate and diagnostic performance for HCC.

Clinical utility of serum fucosylated fraction of alpha-fetoprotein in the diagnostic of hepatocellular carcinoma: a comprehensive analysis with large sample size

We conducted a comprehensive meta-analysis of the utility of AFP-L3 for the diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma, to provide a more accurate estimation for the clinical utility of AFP-L3. We performed online searches in five databases (PubMed, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, Wanfang, Web of Science, and Embase), from inception to December 31, 2021. Pooled sensitivity, specificity, and area under the curve (AUC) with the matching 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) were calculated to estimate the diagnostic value of AFP-L3. Thirty-four studies were included in the meta-analysis. The pooled sensitivity was 0.70 [95% confidence interval (CI): 0.63-0.77], and the specificity was 0.91 (95% CI: 0.88-0.94). The estimated area under the curve (AUC) was 0.90 (95% CI: 0.87-0.92). The positive likelihood ratio and negative likelihood ratio were 7.78 (95% CI: 5.7-10.7) and 0.33 (95% CI: 0.26-0.41), respectively. The diagnostic odds ratio was 24 (95% CI: 16-37). The subgroup analysis indicated moderate sensitivity (0.79) and high specificity (0.89) for the Asian population (AUC = 0.89), and similar specificity (0.95) but lower sensitivity (0.35) for Caucasians (AUC = 0.80). Deeks' funnel plot asymmetry test detected no publication bias (P = 0.460). The sensitivity analysis showed that the pooled results were stable. Taken together, our results indicated that AFP-L3 demonstrates high diagnostic ability for HCC, especially among Asian populations. AFP-L3 is a useful means for high-volume screening, which can help doctors optimize diagnosis workflow, reduce workload, and improve detection sensitivity. The combination of multiple biomarkers may provide more accurate diagnostic tools for HCC in the future.

circRNA_PTPRA functions as a sponge of miR-582-3p to regulate hepatocellular carcinoma cell proliferation, migration, invasion and apoptosis

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a lethal disease and one of the most common types of cancer. HCC is associated with exponentially increasing morbidity and mortality rates. Accumulating evidence has identified circular RNAs (circRNAs) to be regulators of cancer progression. However, to the best of our knowledge, the potential effect of circRNA protein tyrosine phosphatase receptor type A (circRNA_PTPRA) in HCC and its mechanism remain unknown. The present study aimed to assess the effects and underlying mechanism of circRNA_PTPRA in a HCC Huh-7 cells model. The sites of interaction between circRNA_PTPRA and microRNA (miR)-582-3p were predicted using the StarBase software and verified using dual luciferase reporter and RNA immunoprecipitation (RIP) assays in Huh-7 cells. HCC cell viability, apoptosis, migration and invasion were measured using MTT, flow cytometry and Transwell assays, respectively. The expression levels of circRNA_PTPRA, miR-582-3p, cyclin D1, MMP-9, Bcl-2 and Bax were analyzed using reverse transcription-quantitative PCR and western blotting. The results of the dual luciferase reporter and RIP assays demonstrated that miR-582-3p directly targeted circRNA_PTPRA. Compared with the human normal hepatocyte cell line, THLE-2, the expression levels of circRNA_PTPRA were upregulated, which were found to be inversely correlated with those of miR-582-3p expression in Huh-7 and HCCLM3 cells. miR-582-3p overexpression using mimics suppressed cell proliferation, migration and invasion, whilst downregulating cyclin D1 and MMP-9 expression in Huh-7 cells. In addition, transfection of HCC cells with the miR-582-3p mimic promoted apoptosis by downregulating Bcl-2 expression and upregulating Bax expression in Huh-7 cells. Knocking down circRNA_PTPRA expression using small interfering RNA (siRNA) markedly downregulated circRNA_PTPRA expression levels and upregulated miR-582-3p expression, but was reversed by co-transfection with the miR-582-3p inhibitor. Furthermore, reduced HCC cell proliferation, migration and invasion, increased levels of cell apoptosis, upregulated Bax expression and downregulated cyclin D1, MMP-9 and Bcl-2 expression were all observed after knocking down circRNA_PTPRA. All these effects aforementioned were reversed by co-transfection with the miR-582-3p inhibitor. In conclusion, findings from the present study suggested that circRNA_PTPRA may regulate HCC cell proliferation, invasion, apoptosis and migration by sponging miR-582-3p. This indicates that the circRNA_PTPRA/miR-582-3p axis may represent a potential target for HCC diagnosis and treatment.

Liver Transplantation in Malignancies: A Comprehensive and Systematic Review on Oncological Outcome

Introduction

Liver transplantation (LT) is today's standard treatment for both end-stage liver disease and tumors; however, suitable grafts for LT are a scarce resource and outcome after LT is highly dependent on its underlying indication. Thus, patients must be carefully selected to optimize the number of life years gained per graft. This comprehensive and systematic review critically reflects the most recently published oncological outcome data after LT in malignancies based on the preoperative radiological findings.

Methods

A systematic literature search was conducted to detect preferentially most recent high-volume series or large database analysis on oncological outcomes after LT for both primary liver cancer and liver metastases between January 1, 2019, and November 14, 2020. A comprehensive review on the radiological assessment of the reviewed liver malignancies is included and its preoperative value for an outcome-driven indication reflected.

Results

Twenty most recent high-volume or relevant studies including a total number of 2,521 patients were identified including 4, 4, 4, 4, 3, and 1 publications on oncological outcome after LT for hepatocellular carcinoma, cholangiocellular carcinoma, hepatic epitheloid hemangioendothelioma, hepatoblastoma, and both metastatic neuroendocrine tumors and colorectal cancer, respectively. The overall survival is comparable to patients without tumors if patients with malignancies are well selected for LT; however, this is highly dependent on tumor entity, tumor stage, and both neoadjuvant and concomitant treatment.

Discussion/Conclusion

LT is a promising option for better survival in patients with malignant liver tumors in selected patients; however, the indication must be critically discussed prior to LT in every single case in the context of organ shortage.

A study of 3013 cases of hepatocellular carcinoma: Etiology and therapy before and during the current decade

BACKGROUND AND AIM

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a significant global problem. With advances in HCC diagnosis and therapy, our hypothesis is that there are significant differences in the clinical characteristics and treatment of HCC over the years.

METHODS

Patients with HCC between 1980 and 2018 from three major tertiary hospitals in Singapore were enrolled into a Research Electronic Data Capture database. Clinical characteristics and treatment of HCC were compared between those diagnosed before 2008 (cohort A) and during the current decade (ie from 2008 onwards) (cohort B).

RESULTS

There were 3013 patients. Mean age of HCC diagnosis was significantly older in cohort B (68.6 vs 61.2 years, P < 0.001). The most common etiology remained as chronic hepatitis B infection but the proportion due to hepatitis B was significantly lower in cohort B (46.6% vs 57.2%, P < 0.0001). The prevalence of cryptogenic/non-alcoholic steatohepatitis was significantly higher in cohort B than cohort A (27.1% vs 18.6%, P < 0.0001). More patients received curative therapy in cohort B (43.7% vs 27.1%, P < 0.0001.

CONCLUSION

In this largest collection of HCC patients in Singapore, patients are diagnosed with HCC at an older age and cryptogenic/non-alcoholic steatohepatitis is becoming more important as an etiology of HCC in the current decade. More patients also received curative therapy in the current decade.

Clinical Trials of Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors in Hepatocellular Carcinoma

Introduction: Several immune checkpoint inhibitors (CPIs) are under clinical development in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and the field is advancing rapidly. In this comprehensive review, we discuss published results and report on ongoing clinical trials. Methods: A literature search was carried out using PubMed and EMBASE; data reported at international meetings and clinicaltrials.gov were included as well. The search was updated 5 March 2021. We evaluated studies with monotherapy CPI's, combinations of CPI's and combinations of CPI's with other treatment modalities separately. Only studies with at least 10 included patients were considered. Results: We identified 2649 records published in the English language literature. After review, 29 studies remained, including 12 studies with preliminary data only. The obtained overall response rate of PD-1/PDL-1 monotherapy in phase II studies in the second-line setting was 15-20% with disease control in approximately 60% of patients. The responses were of long duration in a subset of patients. Furthermore, the safety profiles were manageable. However, a phase III study comparing nivolumab with sorafenib in the first-line setting and a phase III study evaluating pembrolizumab versus best supportive care in the second-line setting did not meet their prespecified endpoints. More recently, a phase I/II study of nivolumab and ipilimumab has resulted in a response rate of approximately 30% with a median OS of 22 months in the second-line setting. Multiple trials have been initiated to evaluate CPIs in combination with molecularly targeted drugs, especially anti-angiogenic drugs or local therapy. A phase III study investigating atezolizumab plus bevacizumab versus sorafenib in the first-line setting showed significantly increased survival in the combination arm. Conclusions: The combination of atezolizumab and bevacizumab represents a new standard of care in the first-line setting for fit patients with preserved liver function. CPIs can produce durable tumor remission and induce long-standing anti-tumor immunity in a subgroup of patients with advanced HCC. Although phase III trials of CPI monotherapy have been negative, the combination of PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors with other anti-angiogenic drugs, CTLA-4 inhibitors or other modalities may result in new treatment options for patients with HCC. Research on predictive biomarkers is crucial for further development of CPIs in HCC.

Atypical magnetic resonance imaging features and differential diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma

Objective

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common primary malignant tumor of the liver. We aimed to summarize and analyze the atypical magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) features of HCC to improve its diagnostic accuracy.

Methods

We retrospectively analyzed MRI data for 66 patients with HCC with atypical MRI features confirmed by operation and pathology.

Results

Twelve patients had high signals and 18 patients had significant decreases in opposed phase signals in T1WI plain scans. Nine patients had high signals and six patients had large cystic lesions in apparent diffusion coefficient images. Dynamic enhancement showed progressive enhancement in 15 patients, ring enhancement in three, irregular patchy enhancement in three, ‘nodule-in-nodule’ enhancement in six, delayed central patchy enhancement in six, delayed central ‘star-like aristate scars’ (T2WI revealed high signal intensity) in 21, and poor blood supply in three patients.

Conclusions

MRI can make a clear diagnosis of typical HCC, and atypical cases can also be distinguished from other tumors or tumor-like lesions by MRI. The analysis of atypical signs may improve the diagnostic accuracy of MRI for HCC.

Albumin-Bilirubin (ALBI) Grade-Based Nomogram for Patients with Hepatocellular Carcinoma Undergoing Transarterial Chemoembolization

BACKGROUND/AIM

The prognosis of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) undergoing transarterial chemoembolization (TACE) is highly heterogeneous because of variable characteristics of tumor burden and liver dysfunction. We aimed to propose and validate an albumin-bilirubin (ALBI) grade-based prognostic nomogram for HCC patients undergoing TACE.

METHODS

A total of 1051 patients with HCC undergoing TACE were randomly assigned to derivation (n = 525) and validation (n = 526) set in this retrospective study based on prospective data. The multivariate Cox proportional hazards model in derivation set was used to generate the nomogram. The predictive accuracy of the nomogram was evaluated by discrimination and calibration tests.

RESULTS

In multivariate analysis, presence of ascites, ALBI grade 2-3, serum ɑ-fetoprotein level ≥ 400 ng/mL, total tumor volume ≥ 396 cm³, presence of vascular invasion, and poor performance status were independently associated with decreased survival of patients in the derivation set. Each patient had an individualized score from 0 to 41 by adding up the points from these six prognostic predictors. The nomogram generated from the derivation set had a concordance index of 0.72 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.63-0.82). Discrimination test in the validation set provided a good concordance index 0.72 (95% CI 0.62-0.81), and the calibration plots consistently matched the ideal 45-degree reference line for 3- and 5-year survival prediction.

CONCLUSIONS

The ALBI grade-based prognostic model can well discriminate the survival in HCC patients undergoing TACE. The proposed easy-to-use nomogram may accurately predict the survival at 3 and 5 years for individual HCC patient in the precision medicine era.

Radiomics Analysis Based on Contrast-Enhanced MRI for Prediction of Therapeutic Response to Transarterial Chemoembolization in Hepatocellular Carcinoma

Purpose

To investigate the role of contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (CE-MRI) radiomics for pretherapeutic prediction of the response to transarterial chemoembolization (TACE) in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).

Methods

One hundred and twenty-two HCC patients (objective response, n = 63; non-response, n = 59) who received CE-MRI examination before initial TACE were retrospectively recruited and randomly divided into a training cohort (n = 85) and a validation cohort (n = 37). All HCCs were manually segmented on arterial, venous and delayed phases of CE-MRI, and total 2367 radiomics features were extracted. Radiomics models were constructed based on each phase and their combination using logistic regression algorithm. A clinical-radiological model was built based on independent risk factors identified by univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses. A combined model incorporating the radiomics score and selected clinical-radiological predictors was constructed, and the combined model was presented as a nomogram. Prediction models were evaluated by receiver operating characteristic curves, calibration curves, and decision curve analysis.

Results

Among all radiomics models, the three-phase radiomics model exhibited better performance in the training cohort with an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.838 (95% confidence interval (CI), 0.753 - 0.922), which was verified in the validation cohort (AUC, 0.833; 95% CI, 0.691 - 0.975). The combined model that integrated the three-phase radiomics score and clinical-radiological risk factors (total bilirubin, tumor shape, and tumor encapsulation) showed excellent calibration and predictive capability in the training and validation cohorts with AUCs of 0.878 (95% CI, 0.806 - 0.950) and 0.833 (95% CI, 0.687 - 0.979), respectively, and showed better predictive ability (P = 0.003) compared with the clinical-radiological model (AUC, 0.744; 95% CI, 0.642 - 0.846) in the training cohort. A nomogram based on the combined model achieved good clinical utility in predicting the treatment efficacy of TACE.

Conclusion

CE-MRI radiomics analysis may serve as a promising and noninvasive tool to predict therapeutic response to TACE in HCC, which will facilitate the individualized follow-up and further therapeutic strategies guidance in HCC patients.

LI-RADS v2018 major criteria: Do hepatocellular carcinomas in non-alcoholic steatohepatitis differ from those in virus-induced chronic liver disease on MRI?

PURPOSE

LI-RADS v2018 diagnostic system is used to diagnose hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in at risk patients. However, its applicability to HCC in non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) has not been specifically studied. The purpose of this study was to assess the applicability of LI-RADS v2018 diagnostic system for HCC in patients with NASH.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The MRI examinations of 41 patients with HCC and NASH (NASH group) were reviewed and compared to those obtained in 41 patients with HCC and virus-induced chronic liver disease (Virus group). MRI examinations of the two groups were compared for imaging presentation, LI-RADS major criteria and LI-RADS categorization. Qualitative variables were compared using Fisher exact test and quantitative variables using Mann-Whitney U test Interreader agreement was assessed using kappa statistic.

RESULTS

No significant differences in qualitative and quantitative variables were observed between the two groups. Most common findings in the two groups were hyperenhancement during the arterial phase and visibility on T2-weighted images (93 % vs. 98 %, P = 0.616 and 85 % vs. 88 %, P = 1.000 for NASH group and Virus group, respectively). No differences in prevalence between the two groups were found for any major LI-RADS v2018 criterion. Interreader agreement for LI-RADS categorization was strong for the NASH group (kappa = 0.802) and moderate for the virus group (kappa = 0.720). No differences were found between the two groups for LI-RADS categories (P =  0.303).

CONCLUSIONS

The LI-RADS v2018 diagnostic algorithm can be applied in patients with NASH.

Risk factors for intraocular metastasis of primary liver cancer in diabetic patients: Alpha-fetoprotein and cancer antigen 125

BACKGROUND

In rare instances, primary liver cancer can be associated with intraocular metastasis (IOM).

AIM

To investigate the correlation between a diverse range of clinical characteristics and IOM in diabetic patients with primary liver cancer, and to determine potential risk factors in predicting IOM.

METHODS

We recruited a total of 722 diabetic patients with primary liver cancer. The differences between the IOM and non-intraocular metastasis (NIOM) groups in these patients were assessed using the chi-squared test and Student’s t-test. Binary logistic regression analysis was subsequently used to determine risk factors. Finally, the diagnostic value of IOM in this cohort with primary liver cancer was analyzed by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis.

RESULTS

In all, 13 patients had IOM. There were no remarkable intergroup differences with respect to age, sex, histopathological sub-types, or blood biochemical parameters. However, the IOM group had significantly higher alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) and cancer antigen 125 (CA125) values than the NIOM group. Binary logistic regression identified AFP and CA125 to be significant risk factors for IOM in diabetic patients with primary liver cancer. ROC curve analysis showed that the area under the curve values for AFP and CA125 were 0.727 and 0.796, with the cut-off values of 994.20 ng/mL and 120.23 U/mL, respectively. The sensitivity and specificity for AFP were 92.3% and 59.9%, while those for CA125 were 84.6% and 70.1%, respectively.

CONCLUSION

Elevated AFP and CA125 represent significant risk factors for IOM in diabetic patients with primary liver cancer.

Radiolabelled PSMA PET/CT or PET/MRI in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC): a systematic review

Introduction

Radiolabelled prostate-specific membrane antigen PSMA-based PET/CT or PET/MRI is a whole-body imaging technique usually performed for the detection of prostate cancer lesions. PSMA has been also demonstrated to be expressed by the neovasculature of many other solid tumors. The aim of this review is to evaluate the possible diagnostic role of radiolabelled PSMA PET/CT or PET/MRI in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma, by summarizing the available literature data.

Methods

A wide literature search of the PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, Embase and Cochrane library databases was made to find relevant published articles about the diagnostic performance of radiolabelled PSMA binding agents in PET/CT or PET/MRI imaging of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma.

Results

Ten case reports and three studies showed that hepatocellular carcinoma is PSMA-avid.

Conclusion

Radiolabelled PSMA imaging seems to be useful in analyzing hepatocellular carcinoma. Further studies enrolling a wider population are needed to clarify the real clinical and diagnostic role of radiolabelled PSMA in this setting.

A meta-analysis of the added value of diffusion weighted imaging in combination with contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging for the diagnosis of small hepatocellular carcinoma lesser or equal to 2 cm

Diffusion weighted imaging (DWI) has been found to increase the sensitivity in the diagnosis of small hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), although additional studies are required to confirm its value. The aim of the present study was to explore the diagnostic performance of DWI combined with contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for small HCC by performing a meta-analysis. Literature databases (PubMed, Embase, Web of Science and Cochrane Library databases) were searched to identify studies reporting the sensitivity and specificity of MRI with DWI for the diagnosis of small HCCs. Pooled sensitivity and specificity were generated using a bivariate random effect model. Multilevel mixed-effects logistic regression analysis was used to examine the value of DWI combined with conventional MRI. A total of 837 small HCCs and 545 benign liver lesions from 10 studies were included. The overall sensitivity and specificity of DWI combined with contrast-enhanced MRI was 0.88 (95% CI, 0.80-0.93) and 0.90 (95% CI, 0.81-0.95), respectively. Compared with that in contrast-enhanced MRI, DWI with contrast-enhanced MRI had a significantly higher sensitivity for the diagnosis of small HCC (P=0.01) while there was no significant difference in the specificity (P=0.603). The present meta-analysis suggests that DWI combined with contrast-enhanced MRI may increase the sensitivity, whilst maintaining high specificity for the diagnosis of small HCCs with a diameter ≤2 cm.

Application of Gd-EOB-DTPA-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in hepatocellular carcinoma

BACKGROUND

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common malignant tumor of the liver, and its morbidity and mortality have been increasing in recent years. The early diagnosis and prompt treatment of small HCC are crucial to improve the prognosis and quality of life of patients. In China, hepatitis B virus infection is the main cause. HCC with a single tumor nodule of ≤ 3 cm in diameter, or HCC with a number of nodules, in which each nodule is ≤ 2 cm in diameter, with a total diameter of ≤ 3 cm, is considered as small HCC. The MRI liver-specific contrast agent can detect small HCC at the early stage. This has important clinical implications for improving the survival rate of patients.

MAIN BODY

Gd-EOB-DTPA-enhanced MRI can significantly improve the sensitivity and specificity of the detection of HBV-related small hepatocellular carcinoma, providing an important basis for the clinical selection of appropriate personalized treatment. Gd-EOB-DTPA-enhanced MRI can reflect the degree of HCC differentiation, and the evaluation of HCC on Gd-EOB-DTPA-enhanced MRI would be helpful for the selection of the treatment and prognosis of HCC patients. The present study reviews the progress of the application of Gd-EOB-DTPA in the early diagnosis of small HCC, its clinical treatment, the prediction of the degree of differentiation, and the assessment of recurrence and prognosis of HCC, including the pharmacoeconomics and application limitations of Gd-EOB-DTPA. The value of the application of HCC with the Gd-EOB-DTPA was summarized to provide information for improving the quality of life and prolonging the survival of patients.

CONCLUSION

Gd-EOB-DTPA-enhanced MRI has the diagnostic capability for small HCC with a diameter of ≤ 2 cm. This will have a broader application prospect in the early diagnosis of small liver cancer with a diameter of ≤ 1 cm in the future. The relationship between GD-EOB-DTPA-MRI and the degree of HCC differentiation has a large research space, and Gd-EOB-DTPA is expected to become a potential tool for the preoperative prediction and postoperative evaluation of HCC, which would be beneficial for more appropriate treatments for HCC patients.

miR-186 Represses Proliferation, Migration, Invasion, and EMT of Hepatocellular Carcinoma via Directly Targeting CDK6

The present study aimed to investigate the effect of miR-186 on proliferation, migration, invasion, and epithelialmesenchymal transition (EMT) of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). In this work, miR-186 was downregulated in HCC tissues and cells, and low miR-186 level helped predict the occurrence of vascular invasion and poor prognosis in patients with HCC. miR-186 overexpression inhibited cell proliferation and tumor growth in nude mice, repressed migration and invasion abilities, and enhanced apoptosis in HCC cells. miR-186 also retarded progression of EMT. miR-186 directly bound to the 3-untranslated regions of cyclin-dependent kinase 6 (CDK6) to inhibit its expression. Overexpression of CDK6 markedly reversed inhibitory effects of miR-186 on proliferation, apoptosis, migration, and invasion of HCC cells. Conversely, inhibition of CDK6 exerted synergic effect on the biological functions of miR-186. In conclusion, miR-186 represses proliferation, migration, invasion, and EMT, and induces apoptosis through targeting CDK6 in HCC, which may provide a new therapeutic target for HCC.

Circulating MicroRNA-122 for the Diagnosis of Hepatocellular Carcinoma: A Meta-Analysis

Background

Circulating microRNA-122 (miR-122) has been recognized as a marker of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The current meta-analysis was performed to quantitatively evaluate the diagnostic performance of circulating miR-122 for HCC.

Methods

Related studies that evaluated the diagnostic performance of circulating miR-122 determined from pathophysiological examination for HCC were obtained by systematic searches of the PubMed and Embase databases. A randomized fixed effects model was applied according to the heterogeneity among studies. The pooled sensitivity, specificity, and area under the summary receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) were calculated to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy. Publication bias was detected by Deeks' funnel plot asymmetry test.

Results

Thirteen studies providing data for 920 HCC patients and 1217 controls were included in the meta-analysis. The pooled sensitivities, specificities, and AUCs of serum miR-122 were 0.76, 0.75, and 0.82, respectively, for discriminating HCC patients from overall controls; 0.85, 0.83, and 0.91, respectively, for discriminating HCC patients from healthy controls; 0.79, 0.82, and 0.87, respectively, for discriminating HCC from HBV or HCV infection; and 0.65, 0.75, and 0.74, respectively, for discriminating HCC from liver cirrhosis or dysplastic nodule formation. No significant publication bias was detected.

Conclusions

Serum miR-122 confers moderate efficacy for discriminating HCC patients from healthy controls or patients with HBV or HCV infection, but not for discriminating HCC patients from those with liver cirrhosis or dysplastic nodule formation.

Can the lower rate of CT- or MRI-related adverse drug reactions to contrast media due to stricter limitations on patients undergoing contrast-enhanced CT or MRI?

OBJECTIVE

The aim of this study was to examine whether a decreased occurrence rate of adverse drug reactions (ADRs) to contrast media in contrast-enhanced CT and MRI was attributable to appropriate criteria for patients with some diseases. A secondary aim was to elucidate safety profiles for contrast media and factors influencing the occurrence of ADRs.

METHODS

Clinical data of patients who underwent contrast-enhanced CT (5576 cases) or MRI (3357 cases) were retrospectively analyzed to evaluate rates of ADRs to contrast media, symptoms of ADRs, treatments for ADRs, and differences in medical history, blood test results, and other factors between patients with and without ADRs in a dental hospital.

RESULTS

The rate of ADRs to contrast media was 0.54% for CT and 0.09% for MRI. The most frequent ADRs in contrast-enhanced CT or MRI were nausea and vomiting as physiologic reactions. Two serious reactions were seen for CT, but none for MRI. Significant differences between patients with and without ADRs were seen in liver function according to blood tests for CT, and in digestive disorders elicited from medical interviews for MRI.

CONCLUSION

The lower occurrence rate of ADRs to contrast media in dental hospitals could be due to the adoption of appropriate criteria for patients with some diseases undergoing enhanced CT or MRI. Complete suppression of ADRs to contrast media for CT or MRI is unrealistic, so attention is warranted for patients with decreased liver function when performing enhanced CT, and for patients with digestive disorders when performing enhanced MRI.

A New Prognostic Model Based on Albumin-Bilirubin Grade for Hepatocellular Carcinoma Beyond the Milan Criteria

BACKGROUND

The survival of patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is highly variable due to heterogeneous tumoral characteristics. We proposed and validated an albumin-bilirubin (ALBI)-based model for HCC beyond Milan criteria, the ALBI-HOME, for these patients.

METHODS

A total of 2186 patients were enrolled and randomly assigned to the derivation cohort (n = 1093) and validation cohort (n = 1093). Multivariate Cox proportional hazards model was used to determine significant prognostic factors in the derivation cohort. The performance of ALBI-HOME was evaluated in the validation cohort.

RESULTS

In the Cox model, six factors were identified as independent predictors of poor survival: ALBI grade 2 [hazard ratio (HR) 1.848, 95% confidence incidence (CI) 1.556-2.195, p < 0.001], ALBI grade 3 (HR 3.266, 95% CI 2.531-4.215, p < 0.001), serum AFP ≥ 100 ng/ml (HR 1.482, 95% CI 1.279-1.717, p < 0.001), total tumor volume ≥ 250 cm³ (HR 1.503, 95% CI 1.294-1.746, p < 0.001), ascites (HR 1.400, 95% CI 1.187-1.561, p < 0.001), performance status 0-1 (HR 1.756, 95% CI 1.485-2.076 p < 0.001), and vascular invasion or metastasis (HR 2.110, 95% CI 1.809-2.0, p < 0.001). The ALBI-HOME is based on these six parameters, and the score ranges from 0 to 7. This model was associated with the best prognostic ability among different HCC staging systems to predict survival in patients beyond Milan criteria; its ability remained consistently stable in different treatment subgroups and viral etiologies.

CONCLUSIONS

The proposed ALBI-HOME is a simple and feasible predictive model for HCC beyond Milan criteria. It demonstrates superior prognostic performance among the currently used staging systems and may help identify at-risk patients to undergo more aggressive treatments.

Long Noncoding RNA GATA3-AS1 Promotes Cell Proliferation and Metastasis in Hepatocellular Carcinoma by Suppression of PTEN, CDKN1A, and TP53

BACKGROUND

Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) have been known to play important roles in the progression of various types of human cancer. LncRNA GATA3 antisense RNA 1, GATA3-AS1, has been reported to be associated with T-cell development and differentiation. However, the expression pattern and function of GATA3-AS1 in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remain unknown.

METHODS

Real-time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) assay was conducted to detect GATA3-AS1 expression levels in 80 cases of pairs HCC tissues and matched normal tissues. Chi-squared (χ ²) test was used to analyze the correlation between GATA3-AS1 expression and clinicopathologic variables. Survival curves were plotted using the Kaplan-Meier method and were compared via the log-rank test. The cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8) and wound scratch assays were applied to detect the effect of GATA3-AS1 knockdown and overexpression on cell growth and migration of HCC. RT-qPCR was performed for the detection of the phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN), cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1A (CDKN1A), and tumor protein p53 (TP53) expression in HCC cells after GATA3-AS1 knockdown and overexpression.

RESULTS

GATA3-AS1 was significantly upregulated in HCC tissues compared with matched normal tissues. The high expression of GATA3-AS1 was significantly correlated with larger tumor size, advanced TNM stage, and more lymph node metastasis. High GATA3-AS1 expression was markedly correlated with shorter overall survival times of HCC patients. Furthermore, knockdown of GATA3-AS1 obviously inhibited Hep3B and HCCLM3 cell growth and migration, whereas overexpression of GATA3-AS1 had the opposite effects. In addition, GATA3-AS1 knockdown resulted in upregulated expression levels of tumor-suppressive genes, PTEN, CDKN1A, and TP53, in Hep3B and HCCLM3 cells, while restoration of GATA3-AS1 decreased PTEN, CDKN1A, and TP53 expression levels.

CONCLUSION

Our data suggested that GATA3-AS1 promotes cell proliferation and metastasis of HCC by suppression of PTEN, CDKN1A, and TP53.