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Silva RBDA, Cruz I, Figueiredo MDELC, Redoan ACM, Shimbori EM, Tavares WDES, Dias AMPM. Natural enemies recovered from Spodoptera frugiperda J.E. Smith (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) larvae infesting the cartridge, ear and stem of corn plants under conventional and organic farming systems in Brazil. AN ACAD BRAS CIENC 2023; 95:e20200042. [PMID: 38088700 DOI: 10.1590/0001-3765202320200042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The corn cropping system can influence the natural enemy identity and the number of Spodoptera frugiperda J.E. Smith, 1797 (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) individuals infesting the cartridge, ear and stem of this plant. The objectives were to identify the S. frugiperda natural enemies and differences in the number of individuals infesting the cartridge, ear and stem of corn plants under conventional and organic cropping systems, in Brazil after an initial collection of adult males through semiochemical traps. We also evaluated key morphometrical parameters of the larva and factors contributing with the viability of S. frugiperda. A total of 16 and 136 adult males was trapped, and 1,124 and 1,112 larvae was recovered from conventional and organic systems with 4.7 and 6.7% of them parasitized by dipteran and hymenopteran, respectively. Most of the parasitoids recovered had occurrence in both cropping systems, except Cremastinae and Ophion flavidus Brullé, 1846 (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae), which were recorded only in organic and Campoletis sp. (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) only in conventional corns. The number of parasitoids recovered was similar in corn plant samples between both cropping systems. A total of 152 and 31 larvae was recovered from corn ears under conventional and organic systems, respectively. Doru luteipes (Scudder, 1876) (Dermaptera: Forficulidae) was recovered from all samples under conventional system. The larva length was overall similar between cropping systems. Parasitism by dipteran and hymenopteran, infection by microorganisms, larva mortality by undetermined causes, and differences in viability of S. frugiperda stages were factors contributing with the supression of this pest. The new associations and parasitoids reported represent possibilities of expanding the biological control strategies to manage S. frugiperda in corn crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael B DA Silva
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia e Gestão da Inovação, Centro Universitário de Sete Lagoas, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Avenida Marechal Castelo Branco, 2765, Santo Antônio, 35701-242 Sete Lagoas, MG, Brazil
| | - Ivan Cruz
- Embrapa Milho e Sorgo, Rodovia MG 424, Km 45, Caixa Postal 151, 35701970 Sete Lagoas, MG, Brazil
| | - Maria DE Lourdes C Figueiredo
- Instituto Mineiro de Agropecuária, Coordenadoria Regional de Patrocínio, Avenida João Alves do Nascimento, 1353, 3º andar, 36740-000 Patrocínio, MG, Brazil
| | - Ana Carolina M Redoan
- Embrapa Milho e Sorgo, Rodovia MG 424, Km 45, Caixa Postal 151, 35701970 Sete Lagoas, MG, Brazil
| | - Eduardo M Shimbori
- Universidade de São Paulo, Escola Superior de Agricultura "Luiz de Queiroz", Departamento de Entomologia e Acarologia, Avenida Pádua Dias, 11, Caixa Postal 9, 13418-900 Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Wagner DE S Tavares
- PT. Itci Hutani Manunggal (IHM), Balikpapan, East Kalimantan, 76134, Indonesia
| | - Angélica Maria P M Dias
- Universidade Federal de São Carlos, Departamento de Ecologia e Biologia Evolutiva, Rodovia Washington Luiz, Km 235, Caixa Postal 676, 13565-905 São Carlos, SP, Brazil
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Chavarín-Gómez LE, Torres-Enciso P, Palmeros-Suárez PA, Ramirez-Romero R. Influence of the number of hosts and the risk of predation on the foraging behavior of the parasitoid Eretmocerus eremicus. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2023; 79:4208-4218. [PMID: 37326586 DOI: 10.1002/ps.7617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Revised: 06/10/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Parasitoids are natural enemies that can modify their behaviors as they search for hosts based on the characteristics of the sites in which they forage. Theoretical models predict that a parasitoid will stay for longer periods in high-quality sites or patches than in those of low quality. In turn, patch quality may be linked to factors such as the number of hosts and the risk of predation. In the present study, we sought to determine if the factors of the number of hosts, risk of predation, and their interaction influence the foraging behavior of the parasitoid Eretmocerus eremicus (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) as theory predicts. To do this, we evaluated different parameters of parasitoid foraging behavior, such as residence time, number of oviposition events, and attacks, in sites of different patch quality. RESULTS Our results show that when the factors, number of hosts, and, risk of predation, were evaluated separately, E. eremicus resided for longer periods and oviposited more frequently in patches with a high number of hosts and low risk of predation than in other patches. However, when both of these factors were combined, only the number of hosts influenced some aspects of the foraging behavior of this parasitoid, such as the number of oviposition events and attacks. CONCLUSION For some parasitoids like E. eremicus, theoretical predictions may be fulfilled when patch quality is linked to the number of hosts but will not be fully satisfied when patch quality is related to the risk of predation. Furthermore, at sites with different combinations of host numbers and risk of predation, host number appears to be more critical than predation risk. These results suggest that the performance of the parasitoid E. eremicus to control whiteflies will be mainly mediated by the levels of whitefly infestation and, to a small extent, by the risk of predation to which the parasitoid is subjected. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Enrique Chavarín-Gómez
- Laboratorio de Control Biológico, Área de Insectos Fitófagos y Enemigos Naturales (LabCB-AIFEN), Departamento de Producción Agrícola, Universidad de Guadalajara, Zapopan, Mexico
| | - Pedro Torres-Enciso
- Laboratorio de Control Biológico, Área de Insectos Fitófagos y Enemigos Naturales (LabCB-AIFEN), Departamento de Producción Agrícola, Universidad de Guadalajara, Zapopan, Mexico
| | - Paola Andrea Palmeros-Suárez
- Laboratorio de Control Biológico, Área de Insectos Fitófagos y Enemigos Naturales (LabCB-AIFEN), Departamento de Producción Agrícola, Universidad de Guadalajara, Zapopan, Mexico
| | - Ricardo Ramirez-Romero
- Laboratorio de Control Biológico, Área de Insectos Fitófagos y Enemigos Naturales (LabCB-AIFEN), Departamento de Producción Agrícola, Universidad de Guadalajara, Zapopan, Mexico
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Kenis M. Prospects for classical biological control of Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in invaded areas using parasitoids from the Americas. JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2023; 116:331-341. [PMID: 36889357 PMCID: PMC10125038 DOI: 10.1093/jee/toad029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith) is a polyphagous agricultural pest threatening food security worldwide. This American species recently invaded most of Africa, many Asian countries, and Oceania, where it mainly damages maize. Classical biological control (CBC) through the introduction of natural enemies from its area of origin is considered as a potential management approach. The paper reviews the prospects and constraints of a CBC programme against S. frugiperda using larval parasitoids, which are considered the most suitable natural enemies for introduction against this pest. The most important larval parasitoids in its native range are presented and discussed for their suitability as CBC agents, based the following criteria: their frequency of occurrence and parasitism levels, specificity, climatic suitability and absence of closely related species parasitizing S. frugiperda in the area of introduction. The ichneumonid Eiphosoma laphygmae Costa-Lima (Hymenoptera: Icheumonidae) is considered as a potential candidate for introduction because of its specificity and its importance as a parasitoid of the pest in most of its native range. The most frequent and important parasitoid of S. frugiperda in the Americas, the braconid Chelonus insularis Cresson (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), would most probably contribute to the control of S. frugiperda if released in invaded areas. However, it is oligophagous and would most certainly parasitize nontarget species. Before introducing C. insularis, or any other parasitoid species, the potential nontarget effects will have to be assessed and the risks will have to be weighed against the benefits of improving the natural control of this important pest.
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Bourne ME, Gloder G, Weldegergis BT, Slingerland M, Ceribelli A, Crauwels S, Lievens B, Jacquemyn H, Dicke M, Poelman EH. Parasitism causes changes in caterpillar odours and associated bacterial communities with consequences for host-location by a hyperparasitoid. PLoS Pathog 2023; 19:e1011262. [PMID: 36947551 PMCID: PMC10069771 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Microorganisms living in and on macroorganisms may produce microbial volatile compounds (mVOCs) that characterise organismal odours. The mVOCs might thereby provide a reliable cue to carnivorous enemies in locating their host or prey. Parasitism by parasitoid wasps might alter the microbiome of their caterpillar host, affecting organismal odours and interactions with insects of higher trophic levels such as hyperparasitoids. Hyperparasitoids parasitise larvae or pupae of parasitoids, which are often concealed or inconspicuous. Odours of parasitised caterpillars aid them to locate their host, but the origin of these odours and its relationship to the caterpillar microbiome are unknown. Here, we analysed the odours and microbiome of the large cabbage white caterpillar Pieris brassicae in relation to parasitism by its endoparasitoid Cotesia glomerata. We identified how bacterial presence in and on the caterpillars is correlated with caterpillar odours and tested the attractiveness of parasitised and unparasitised caterpillars to the hyperparasitoid Baryscapus galactopus. We manipulated the presence of the external microbiome and the transient internal microbiome of caterpillars to identify the microbial origin of odours. We found that parasitism by C. glomerata led to the production of five characteristic volatile products and significantly affected the internal and external microbiome of the caterpillar, which were both found to have a significant correlation with caterpillar odours. The preference of the hyperparasitoid was correlated with the presence of the external microbiome. Likely, the changes in external microbiome and body odour after parasitism were driven by the resident internal microbiome of caterpillars, where the bacterium Wolbachia sp. was only present after parasitism. Micro-injection of Wolbachia in unparasitised caterpillars increased hyperparasitoid attraction to the caterpillars compared to untreated caterpillars, while no differences were found compared to parasitised caterpillars. In conclusion, our results indicate that host-parasite interactions can affect multi-trophic interactions and hyperparasitoid olfaction through alterations of the microbiome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitchel E Bourne
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Gabriele Gloder
- CMPG Laboratory for Process Microbial Ecology and Bioinspirational Management (PME&BIM), Department M2S, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Leuven Plant Institute (LPI), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Berhane T Weldegergis
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Marijn Slingerland
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Andrea Ceribelli
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Sam Crauwels
- CMPG Laboratory for Process Microbial Ecology and Bioinspirational Management (PME&BIM), Department M2S, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Leuven Plant Institute (LPI), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Bart Lievens
- CMPG Laboratory for Process Microbial Ecology and Bioinspirational Management (PME&BIM), Department M2S, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Leuven Plant Institute (LPI), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Hans Jacquemyn
- Leuven Plant Institute (LPI), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Laboratory of Plant Conservation and Population Biology, Biology Department, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Marcel Dicke
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Erik H Poelman
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Otim MH, Adumo Aropet S, Opio M, Kanyesigye D, Nakelet Opolot H, Tek Tay W. Parasitoid Distribution and Parasitism of the Fall Armyworm Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in Different Maize Producing Regions of Uganda. INSECTS 2021; 12:insects12020121. [PMID: 33573080 PMCID: PMC7912086 DOI: 10.3390/insects12020121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The fall armyworm (FAW) Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) has successfully invaded Africa, where it has significantly impacted maize and sorghum production. Management of FAW in Africa predominantly relies on synthetic insecticides, which are expensive, and negatively impact the environment and beneficial insects. We, therefore, conducted field surveys in Uganda in 2017 and 2019 to identify egg and larval parasitoids of FAW for possible use in integrated pest management (IPM) programs. Parasitoids were identified by their mitochondrial DNA cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (mtCOI) gene sequences. We identified 13 parasitoid species belonging to three families of Hymenoptera: Platygastridae, Braconidae and Ichneumonidae, as well as one Dipteran family (Tachinidae). Coccygidium spp. and Chelonus bifoveolatus were the most abundant and widely distributed parasitoids. Overall, parasitism averaged 9.2% and ranged from 3.1% to 50% in 2017, and 0.8% to 33% in 2019. Parasitism by Sturmiopsis parasitica, Diolcogaster sp., and Cotesia flavipes on FAW in maize crops are reported for the first time. Our results suggest high biological diversity of FAW parasitoids, which should be exploited in the IPM of the FAW in Uganda.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Hilary Otim
- National Crops Resources Research Institute (NaCRRI), Kampala P.O. Box 7084, Uganda; (S.A.A.); (M.O.); (D.K.)
- Correspondence: or
| | - Stella Adumo Aropet
- National Crops Resources Research Institute (NaCRRI), Kampala P.O. Box 7084, Uganda; (S.A.A.); (M.O.); (D.K.)
| | - Moses Opio
- National Crops Resources Research Institute (NaCRRI), Kampala P.O. Box 7084, Uganda; (S.A.A.); (M.O.); (D.K.)
| | - Dalton Kanyesigye
- National Crops Resources Research Institute (NaCRRI), Kampala P.O. Box 7084, Uganda; (S.A.A.); (M.O.); (D.K.)
| | - Henry Nakelet Opolot
- Ministry of Agriculture, Animal Industry and Fisheries, Entebbe P.O. Box 102, Uganda;
| | - Wee Tek Tay
- Black Mountain Laboratories, Clunies Ross Street, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Canberra 2601, Australia;
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Parasitism-mediated prey selectivity in laboratory conditions and implications for biological control. Basic Appl Ecol 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.baae.2016.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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No effect of Bt Cry1Ie toxin on bacterial diversity in the midgut of the Chinese honey bees, Apis cerana cerana (Hymenoptera, Apidae). Sci Rep 2017; 7:41688. [PMID: 28139751 PMCID: PMC5282592 DOI: 10.1038/srep41688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2016] [Accepted: 12/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Cry1Ie protein derived from Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) has been proposed as a promising candidate for the development of a new Bt-maize variety to control maize pests in China. We studied the response of the midgut bacterial community of Apis cerana cerana to Cry1Ie toxin under laboratory conditions. Newly emerged bees were fed one of the following treatments for 15 and 30 days: three concentrations of Cry1Ie toxin (20 ng/mL, 200 ng/mL, and 20 μg/mL) in sugar syrup, pure sugar syrup as a negative control and 48 ng/mL imidacloprid as a positive control. The relative abundance of 16S rRNA genes was measured by Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction and no apparent differences were found among treatments for any of these counts at any time point. Furthermore, the midgut bacterial structure and compositions were determined using high-throughput sequencing targeting the V3-V4 regions of the 16S rDNA. All core honey bee intestinal bacterial genera such as Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium, Snodgrassella, and Gilliamella were detected, and no significant changes were found in the species diversity and richness for any bacterial taxa among treatments at different time points. These results suggest that Cry1Ie toxin may not affect gut bacterial communities of Chinese honey bees.
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Guo Y, Feng Y, Ge Y, Tetreau G, Chen X, Dong X, Shi W. The cultivation of Bt corn producing Cry1Ac toxins does not adversely affect non-target arthropods. PLoS One 2014; 9:e114228. [PMID: 25437213 PMCID: PMC4250226 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0114228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2014] [Accepted: 11/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Transgenic corn producing Cry1Ac toxins from Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) provides effective control of Asian corn borer, Ostrinia furnacalis (Guenée), and thus reduces insecticide applications. However, whether Bt corn exerts undesirable effects on non-target arthropods (NTAs) is still controversial. We conducted a 2-yr study in Shangzhuang Agricultural Experiment Station to assess the potential impact of Bt corn on field population density, biodiversity, community composition and structure of NTAs. On each sampling date, the total abundance, Shannon's diversity index, Pielou's evenness index and Simpson's diversity index were not significantly affected by Bt corn as compared to non-Bt corn. The “sampling dates” had a significant effect on these indices, but no clear tendencies related to “Bt corn” or “sampling dates X corn variety” interaction were recorded. Principal response curve analysis of variance indicated that Bt corn did not alter the distribution of NTAs communities. Bray-Curtis dissimilarity and distance analysis showed that Cry1Ac toxin exposure did not increase community dissimilarities between Bt and non-Bt corn plots and that the evolution of non-target arthropod community was similar on the two corn varieties. The cultivation of Bt corn failed to show any detrimental evidence on the density of non-target herbivores, predators and parasitoids. The composition of herbivores, predators and parasitoids was identical in Bt and non-Bt corn plots. Taken together, results from the present work support that Bt corn producing Cry1Ac toxins does not adversely affect NTAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanyan Guo
- Department of Entomology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Department of Entomology, Cornell University, New York State Agricultural Experiment Station, Geneva, New York, 14456, United States of America
| | - Yanjie Feng
- Department of Entomology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yang Ge
- Department of Entomology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Guillaume Tetreau
- Department of Entomology, Cornell University, New York State Agricultural Experiment Station, Geneva, New York, 14456, United States of America
| | - Xiaowen Chen
- Department of Agriculture Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xuehui Dong
- Department of Agriculture Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Wangpeng Shi
- Department of Entomology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- * E-mail:
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Han P, Niu CY, Desneux N. Identification of top-down forces regulating cotton aphid population growth in transgenic Bt cotton in central China. PLoS One 2014; 9:e102980. [PMID: 25170907 PMCID: PMC4149364 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0102980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2014] [Accepted: 06/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The cotton aphid Aphis gossypii Glover is the main aphid pest in cotton fields in the Yangtze River Valley Cotton-planting Zone (YRZ) in central China. Various natural enemies may attack the cotton aphid in Bt cotton fields but no studies have identified potential specific top-down forces that could help manage this pest in the YRZ in China. In order to identify possibilities for managing the cotton aphid, we monitored cotton aphid population dynamics and identified the effect of natural enemies on cotton aphid population growth using various exclusion cages in transgenic Cry1Ac (Bt)+CpTI (Cowpea trypsin inhibitor) cotton field in 2011. The aphid population growth in the open field (control) was significantly lower than those protected or restricted from exposure to natural enemies in the various exclusion cage types tested. The ladybird predator Propylaea japonica Thunberg represented 65% of Coccinellidae predators, and other predators consisted mainly of syrphids (2.1%) and spiders (1.5%). The aphid parasitoids Aphidiines represented 76.7% of the total count of the natural enemy guild (mainly Lysiphlebia japonica Ashmead and Binodoxys indicus Subba Rao & Sharma). Our results showed that P. japonica can effectively delay the establishment and subsequent population growth of aphids during the cotton growing season. Aphidiines could also reduce aphid density although their impact may be shadowed by the presence of coccinellids in the open field (likely both owing to resource competition and intraguild predation). The implications of these results are discussed in a framework of the compatibility of transgenic crops and top-down forces exerted by natural enemy guild.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Han
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Insect Resources Application and Sustainable Pest Control, Plant Science & Technology College, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- French National Institute for Agricultural Research (INRA), Sophia-Antipolis, France
| | - Chang-ying Niu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Insect Resources Application and Sustainable Pest Control, Plant Science & Technology College, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Nicolas Desneux
- French National Institute for Agricultural Research (INRA), Sophia-Antipolis, France
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Wu H, Zhang Y, Liu P, Xie J, He Y, Deng C, De Clercq P, Pang H. Effects of transgenic Cry1Ac + CpTI cotton on non-target mealybug pest Ferrisia virgata and its predator Cryptolaemus montrouzieri. PLoS One 2014; 9:e95537. [PMID: 24751821 PMCID: PMC3994093 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0095537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2013] [Accepted: 03/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, several invasive mealybugs (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) have rapidly spread to Asia and have become a serious threat to the production of cotton including transgenic cotton. Thus far, studies have mainly focused on the effects of mealybugs on non-transgenic cotton, without fully considering their effects on transgenic cotton and trophic interactions. Therefore, investigating the potential effects of mealybugs on transgenic cotton and their key natural enemies is vitally important. A first study on the effects of transgenic cotton on a non-target mealybug, Ferrisia virgata (Cockerell) (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) was performed by comparing its development, survival and body weight on transgenic cotton leaves expressing Cry1Ac (Bt toxin) + CpTI (Cowpea Trypsin Inhibitor) with those on its near-isogenic non-transgenic line. Furthermore, the development, survival, body weight, fecundity, adult longevity and feeding preference of the mealybug predator Cryptolaemus montrouzieri Mulsant (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) was assessed when fed F. virgata maintained on transgenic cotton. In order to investigate potential transfer of Cry1Ac and CpTI proteins via the food chain, protein levels in cotton leaves, mealybugs and ladybirds were quantified. Experimental results showed that F. virgata could infest this bivalent transgenic cotton. No significant differences were observed in the physiological parameters of the predator C. montrouzieri offered F. virgata reared on transgenic cotton or its near-isogenic line. Cry1Ac and CpTI proteins were detected in transgenic cotton leaves, but no detectable levels of both proteins were present in the mealybug or its predator when reared on transgenic cotton leaves. Our bioassays indicated that transgenic cotton poses a negligible risk to the predatory coccinellid C. montrouzieri via its prey, the mealybug F. virgata.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongsheng Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Crop Protection, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Yuhong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ping Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiaqin Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yunyu He
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Congshuang Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Patrick De Clercq
- Department of Crop Protection, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- * E-mail: (HP); (PDC)
| | - Hong Pang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- * E-mail: (HP); (PDC)
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11
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Liu X, Chen M, Collins HL, Onstad DW, Roush RT, Zhang Q, Earle ED, Shelton AM. Natural enemies delay insect resistance to Bt crops. PLoS One 2014; 9:e90366. [PMID: 24595158 PMCID: PMC3940876 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0090366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2013] [Accepted: 01/30/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
We investigated whether development of resistance to a Bt crop in the presence of a natural enemy would be slower than without the natural enemy and whether biological control, in conjunction with a Bt crop, could effectively suppress the pest population. Additionally, we investigated whether insecticide-sprayed refuges of non-Bt crops would delay or accelerate resistance to the Bt crop. We used a system of Bt broccoli expressing Cry1Ac, a population of the pest Plutella xylostella with a low frequency of individuals resistant to Cry1Ac and the insecticide spinosad, and a natural enemy, Coleomegilla maculata, to conduct experiments over multiple generations. The results demonstrated that after 6 generations P. xylostella populations were very low in the treatment containing C. maculata and unsprayed non-Bt refuge plants. Furthermore, resistance to Bt plants evolved significantly slower in this treatment. In contrast, Bt plants with no refuge were completely defoliated in treatments without C. maculata after 4-5 generations. In the treatment containing sprayed non-Bt refuge plants and C. maculata, the P. xylostella population was low, although the speed of resistance selection to Cry1Ac was significantly increased. These data demonstrate that natural enemies can delay resistance to Bt plants and have significant implications for integrated pest management (IPM) with Bt crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxia Liu
- Department of Entomology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Department of Entomology, Cornell University, New York State Agricultural Experiment Station, Geneva, New York, United States of America
| | - Mao Chen
- Department of Entomology, Cornell University, New York State Agricultural Experiment Station, Geneva, New York, United States of America
| | - Hilda L. Collins
- Department of Entomology, Cornell University, New York State Agricultural Experiment Station, Geneva, New York, United States of America
| | - David W. Onstad
- Department of Entomology, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Richard T. Roush
- Melbourne School of Land and Environment, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Qingwen Zhang
- Department of Entomology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Elizabeth D. Earle
- Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Anthony M. Shelton
- Department of Entomology, Cornell University, New York State Agricultural Experiment Station, Geneva, New York, United States of America
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Sun X, Zhou W, Liu H, Zhang A, Ai CR, Zhou SS, Zhou CX, Wang MQ. Transgenic Bt rice does not challenge host preference of the target pest of rice leaffolder, Cnaphalocrocis medinalis (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). PLoS One 2013; 8:e79032. [PMID: 24244410 PMCID: PMC3823965 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0079032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2013] [Accepted: 09/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Transgenic Bt rice line T2A-1 expresses a synthesized cry2A gene that shows high resistance to Lepidoptera pests, including Cnaphalocrocis medinalis (Guenée) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). Plant volatile orientation cues and the physical characteristics of the leaf surface play key roles in host location or host-plant acceptance of phytophagous insects. These volatile compounds and physical traits may become altered in Bt rice and it is not known whether this influences the behavior of C. medinalis when searching for oviposition sites. Results The results of electronic nose analysis showed that the Radar map of Bt rice cultivars was analogous to the non- Bt rice cultivars at each growing stage. PCA analysis was able to partly discriminate between some of the Bt vs. non-Bt rice sensors, but could not to separate Bt cultivars from non-Bt cultivars. The total ion chromatogram between Bt and non-Bt rice cultivars at the seedling, booting and tillering stages were similar and 25 main compounds were identified by GC-MS. For most compounds, there was no significant difference in compound quantities between Bt and non-Bt rice cultivars at equivalent growth stages. The densities of the tubercle papicles and the trichomes on the upper and lower surfaces were statistically equal in Bt and non-Bt rice. The target pest, C. medinalis, was attracted to host rice plants, but it could not distinguish between the transgenic and the isogenic rice lines. Conclusions There were no significant differences between the Bt rice line, T2A-1 and the non-Bt rice for volatiles produced or in its physical characteristics and there were no negative impacts on C. medinalis oviposition behavior. These results add to the mounting evidence that Bt rice has no negative impact on the target insect oviposition behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Sun
- Hubei Insect Resources Utilization and Sustainable Pest Management Key Laboratory, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, P. R. China
| | - Wen Zhou
- Hubei Insect Resources Utilization and Sustainable Pest Management Key Laboratory, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, P. R. China
| | - Hao Liu
- Hubei Insect Resources Utilization and Sustainable Pest Management Key Laboratory, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, P. R. China
| | - Aijun Zhang
- Invasive Insect Biocontrol and Behavior Laboratory, United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Chao-Ren Ai
- Hubei Insect Resources Utilization and Sustainable Pest Management Key Laboratory, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, P. R. China
| | - Shuang-Shuang Zhou
- Hubei Insect Resources Utilization and Sustainable Pest Management Key Laboratory, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, P. R. China
| | - Chang-Xiang Zhou
- Hubei Insect Resources Utilization and Sustainable Pest Management Key Laboratory, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, P. R. China
| | - Man-Qun Wang
- Hubei Insect Resources Utilization and Sustainable Pest Management Key Laboratory, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, P. R. China
- * E-mail:
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Scientific Opinion on an application from Pioneer Hi‐Bred International and Dow AgroSciences LLC (EFSA‐GMO‐NL‐2005‐23) for placing on the market of genetically modified maize 59122 for food and feed uses, import, processing and cultivation under Regulation (EC) No 1829/2003. EFSA J 2013. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2013.3135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
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14
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Han P, Niu CY, Biondi A, Desneux N. Does transgenic Cry1Ac + CpTI cotton pollen affect hypopharyngeal gland development and midgut proteolytic enzyme activity in the honey bee Apis mellifera L. (Hymenoptera, Apidae)? ECOTOXICOLOGY (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2012; 21:2214-2221. [PMID: 22868904 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-012-0976-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/05/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The transgenic Cry1Ac (Bt toxin) + CpTI (Cowpea Trypsin Inhibitor) cotton cultivar CCRI41 is increasingly used in China and potential side effects on the honey bee Apis mellifera L. have been documented recently. Two studies have assessed potential lethal and sublethal effects in young bees fed with CCRI41 cotton pollen but no effect was observed on learning capacities, although lower feeding activity in exposed honey bees was noted (antifeedant effect). The present study aimed at providing further insights into potential side effects of CCRI41 cotton on honey bees. Emerging honey bees were exposed to different pollen diets using no-choice feeding protocols (chronic exposure) in controlled laboratory conditions and we aimed at documenting potential mechanisms underneath the CCRI41 antifeedant effect previously reported. Activity of midgut proteolytic enzyme of young adult honey bees fed on CCRI41 cotton pollen were not significantly affected, i.e. previously observed antifeedant effect was not linked to disturbed activity of the proteolytic enzymes in bees' midgut. Hypopharyngeal gland development was assessed by quantifying total extractable proteins from the glands. Results suggested that CCRI41 cotton pollen carries no risk to hypopharyngeal gland development of young adult honey bees. In the two bioassays, honey bees exposed to 1 % soybean trypsin inhibitor were used as positive controls for both midgut proteolytic enzymes and hypopharyngeal gland proteins quantification, and bees exposed to 48 ppb (part per billion) (i.e. 48 ng g(-1)) imidacloprid were used as controls for exposure to a sublethal concentration of toxic product. The results show that the previously reported antifeedant effect of CCRI41 cotton pollen on honey bees is not linked to effects on their midgut proteolytic enzymes or on the development of their hypopharyngeal glands. The results of the study are discussed in the framework of risk assessment of transgenic crops on honey bees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Han
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Utilization of Insect Resources and Sustainable Control of Pests, College of Plant Science & Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Shizi Mountain Road, Wuhan, 430070, China
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15
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Scientific Opinion on an application (EFSA‐GMO‐NL‐2005‐24) for the placing on the market of the herbicide tolerant genetically modified soybean 40‐3‐2 for cultivation under Regulation (EC) No 1829/2003 from Monsanto. EFSA J 2012. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2012.2753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
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16
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Scientific Opinion on application (EFSA-GMO-UK-2008-60) for placing on the market of genetically modified herbicide tolerant maize GA21 for food and feed uses, import, processing and cultivation under Regulation (EC) No 1829/2003 from Syngenta Seeds. EFSA J 2011. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2011.2480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
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17
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Scientific Opinion on application (EFSA-GMO-CZ-2008-54) for placing on the market of genetically modified insect resistant and herbicide tolerant maize MON 88017 for cultivation under Regulation (EC) No 1829/2003 from Monsanto. EFSA J 2011. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2011.2428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
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18
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Li K, Tian J, Wang Q, Chen Q, Chen M, Wang H, Zhou Y, Peng Y, Xiao J, Ye G. Application of a novel method PCR-ligase detection reaction for tracking predator-prey trophic links in insect-resistant GM rice ecosystem. ECOTOXICOLOGY (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2011; 20:2090-2100. [PMID: 21915734 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-011-0789-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/02/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Insect-resistant genetically modified (IRGM) rice is on the verge of commercial release in China, however, its potential non-target effect on non-target insect natural enemies remains controversial. Tracking trophic interactions between predators and preys in IRGM rice ecosystem can provide new insights into better understanding of the ecological risks of IRGM rice. In the present study, a novel method based on ligase detection reaction (LDR), PCR-LDR was introduced to track 15 prey species in the gut of a predaceous spider Pirata subpiraticus, a dominant natural enemy in rice field. Our results indicated that PCR-LDR could provide high specificity and sensitivity in tracking prey-predator interactions in rice ecosystems. PCR-LDR could detect as little as 1,000 th of DNA mixture. Reliable detection of DNA samples of prey species using PCR-LDR could be significantly affected by digestion time and prey species. In the analysis of 200 field-collected P. subpiraticus and 105 field-collected Tetragnatha maxillosa individuals using PCR-LDR, prey remains were identified in 78.3 and 74.3% of the individuals, respectively, from which significant predation differences between the two spider species were observed. Predation behavior of the spider species was not significantly different between Bt and non-Bt control rice lines. These results indicated that PCR-LDR can be used as an important tool for ecological studies, especially on the interactions between predators and preys in IRGM rice or other similar ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Li
- Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, China
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Kim J, Quaghebeur H, Felton GW. Reiterative and interruptive signaling in induced plant resistance to chewing insects. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2011; 72:1624-1634. [PMID: 21549401 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2011.03.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2010] [Revised: 03/29/2011] [Accepted: 03/30/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Our understanding of induced resistance against herbivores has grown immeasurably during the last several decades. Based upon the emerging literature, we argue that induced resistance represents a continuum of phenotypes that is determined by the plant's ability to integrate multiple suites of signals of plant and herbivore origin. We present a model that illustrates the range of signals arising from early detection through herbivore feeding, and then through subsequent plant generations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinwon Kim
- Department of Entomology and Center for Chemical Ecology, Penn State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
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Desneux N, Bernal JS. Genetically modified crops deserve greater ecotoxicological scrutiny. ECOTOXICOLOGY (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2010; 19:1642-1644. [PMID: 20882339 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-010-0550-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/15/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Desneux
- Unité de Recherches Intégrées en Horticulture, INRA, 400 route des chappes, 06903 Sophia-Antipolis, France.
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Han P, Niu CY, Lei CL, Cui JJ, Desneux N. Use of an innovative T-tube maze assay and the proboscis extension response assay to assess sublethal effects of GM products and pesticides on learning capacity of the honey bee Apis mellifera L. ECOTOXICOLOGY (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2010; 19:1612-9. [PMID: 20872243 PMCID: PMC2987206 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-010-0546-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/10/2010] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Transgenic Cry1Ac+CpTI cotton (CCRI41) is a promising cotton cultivar throughout China but side effects and especially sublethal effects of this transgenic cultivar on beneficial insects remain poorly studied. More specifically potential sublethal effects on behavioural traits of the honey bee Apis mellifera L. have not been formally assessed despite the importance of honey bees for pollination. The goal of our study was to assess potential effects of CCRI41 cotton pollen on visual and olfactory learning by honey bees. After a 7-day oral chronic exposure to honey mixed with either CCRI41 pollen, imidacloprid-treated conventional pollen (used as positive sublethal control) or conventional pollen (control), learning performance was evaluated by the classical proboscis extension reflex (PER) procedure as well as a T-tube maze test. The latter assay was designed as a new device to assess potential side effects of pesticides on visual associative learning of honey bees. These two procedures were complementary because the former focused on olfactory learning while the latter was involved in visual learning based on visual orientation ability. Oral exposure to CCRI41 pollen did not affect learning capacities of honey bees in both the T-tube maze and PER tests. However, exposure to imidacloprid resulted in reduced visual learning capacities in T-tube maze evaluation and decreased olfactory learning performances measured with PER. The implications of these results are discussed in terms of risks of transgenic CCRI41 cotton crops for honey bees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Han
- College of Plant Science & Technology, Hubei Key Laboratory of Utilization of Insect Resources and Sustainable Control of Pests, Huazhong Agricultural University, Shizi Mountain Road, Wuhan, 430070 China
| | - Chang-Ying Niu
- College of Plant Science & Technology, Hubei Key Laboratory of Utilization of Insect Resources and Sustainable Control of Pests, Huazhong Agricultural University, Shizi Mountain Road, Wuhan, 430070 China
| | - Chao-Liang Lei
- College of Plant Science & Technology, Hubei Key Laboratory of Utilization of Insect Resources and Sustainable Control of Pests, Huazhong Agricultural University, Shizi Mountain Road, Wuhan, 430070 China
| | - Jin-Jie Cui
- Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Huanghe Road, Anyang, China
| | - Nicolas Desneux
- Unité de Recherches Intégrées en Horticulture, French National Institute for Agricultural Research (INRA), 400 Route des chappes, Sophia-Antipolis, France
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