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Anido-Varela L, Seoane M, Esperanza M, Cid Á, Rioboo C. Cytotoxicity of BP-3 and BP-4: Blockage of extrusion pumps, oxidative damage and programmed cell death on Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2022; 251:106285. [PMID: 36087491 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2022.106285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Revised: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The health concern associated with the dangers related to exposure to UV radiation has led to an increase in the use of sunscreens containing UV-filters that can reach aquatic environments and possibly affect ecosystems. Benzophenone-3 (BP-3) and benzophenone-4 (BP-4) are two of the most used UV-filters. In the present work, the microalga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii was exposed to several concentrations of both chemicals. To evaluate their potential cytotoxicity on microalgal cells, different parameters were analysed including fast response biomarkers (increase in intracellular free Ca2+) as well as biomarkers related with the presence of oxidative stress (lipid peroxidation), energy metabolism (photosynthetic yield and cytoplasmic lipid accumulations), cell division (proliferation and F-actin content), programmed cell death (PCD) (caspase activation and DNA fragmentation) and possible mechanisms of resistance to xenobiotics (operation of extrusion pumps and presence of autophagic vacuoles). Results showed an increment of the percentage of cells with cytosolic free Ca2+ that could act as a secondary messenger in response to the stress. A decrease in photosynthetic yield and an increase in cytoplasmic lipid accumulations and lipid peroxidation levels were also detected. In addition, a decrease in cell proliferation was observed, linked to a decrease in the percentage of cells with F-actin. The increase observed in the microalgal population with caspase activity, together with the DNA fragmentation and the alterations in the cytoskeleton, suggested the induction of processes linked to PCD. Moreover, a blockage of extrusion pumps, which could be related to the toxicity mechanism of these compounds, and an increase in autophagic vacuoles, as an attempt to repair the damage caused by benzophenones, were detected. Overall, these biomarkers indicate that both UV-filters can be a serious threat to non-target photosynthetic microorganisms in aquatic environments, although BP-3 affected C. reinhardtii more markedly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Anido-Varela
- Laboratorio de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidade da Coruña, Campus da Zapateira s/n, 15071 A Coruña, SPAIN
| | - Marta Seoane
- Laboratorio de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidade da Coruña, Campus da Zapateira s/n, 15071 A Coruña, SPAIN
| | - Marta Esperanza
- Laboratorio de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidade da Coruña, Campus da Zapateira s/n, 15071 A Coruña, SPAIN
| | - Ángeles Cid
- Laboratorio de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidade da Coruña, Campus da Zapateira s/n, 15071 A Coruña, SPAIN
| | - Carmen Rioboo
- Laboratorio de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidade da Coruña, Campus da Zapateira s/n, 15071 A Coruña, SPAIN.
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Duis K, Junker T, Coors A. Review of the environmental fate and effects of two UV filter substances used in cosmetic products. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 808:151931. [PMID: 34863752 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.151931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Revised: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Sunscreens containing UV filters, such as octocrylene (OCR) and butyl-methoxydibenzoylmethane (BMDBM), have been increasingly used to protect human skin against UV radiation. Both substances have been detected in monitoring studies in the freshwater and marine environment, and there has been concern about potential effects on aquatic organisms. In the present work, the environmental fate and occurrence, bioaccumulation and ecotoxicity including endocrine effects of OCR and BMDBM are reviewed focusing on the aquatic environment. The two UV filters have low water solubilities and a high sorption potential. The available data indicate that OCR is poorly biodegradable. BMDBM lacks anaerobic and inherent biodegradability. However, it was biodegraded to variable degrees in simulation studies. Measured concentrations in the freshwater and marine environment were found to vary considerably between sites, depending on the extent of recreational activities or wastewater discharges. While the bioconcentration factor of OCR in fish is below the threshold value for bioaccumulation according to EU REACH, the available data for BMDBM do not allow a definitive conclusion on its bioaccumulation potential. Analysis of the aquatic toxicity data showed that data quality was often limited, e.g. in the case of effect concentrations substantially exceeding maximum achievable dissolved concentrations. Up to their limit of water solubility, OCR and BMDBM showed no toxicity to microorganisms, algae, and corals, and no acute toxicity to daphnids and fish. In chronic daphnid tests, OCR was highly toxic, whereas BMDBM lacked toxicity. Reliable water-sediment toxicity tests are required to further evaluate possible effects on benthic invertebrates. The available data do not provide evidence for endocrine effects of the two UV filters on fish. In order to assess potential environmental risks caused by OCR and BMDBM, a validated exposure model for estimating direct emission of UV filters into the aquatic environment and data from systematic, longer-term monitoring studies are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Duis
- ECT Oekotoxikologie GmbH, Böttgerstraße 2-14, 65439 Flörsheim, Germany.
| | - Thomas Junker
- ECT Oekotoxikologie GmbH, Böttgerstraße 2-14, 65439 Flörsheim, Germany
| | - Anja Coors
- ECT Oekotoxikologie GmbH, Böttgerstraße 2-14, 65439 Flörsheim, Germany
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Prakash V, Jain V, Chauhan SS, Parthasarathi R, Roy SK, Anbumani S. Developmental toxicity assessment of 4-MBC in Danio rerio embryo-larval stages. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 804:149920. [PMID: 34509837 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.149920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2021] [Revised: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Enormous production of cosmetic products and its indiscriminate use tends to discharge into the aquatic environment and might threaten non-target organisms inhabiting aquatic ecosystems. In the present study, developmental toxicity of 4-methylbenzylidene camphor (4-MBC), a widely used organic UV filter in personal care products has been evaluated using zebrafish embryo-larval stages. Waterborne exposure induced developmental toxicity and deduced 2.71 mg/L as 96 h LC50 whereas embryos exposed to sub-lethal concentrations (50 and 500 μg/L) caused a significant delay in hatching rate, heart rate, reduced larval length, and restricted hatchlings motility besides the axial curvature. Chronic exposure to 10 dpf resulted in significant decrease in SOD activity at 500 μg/L with no changes in CAT level besides a significant increase in GST enzyme at 5 μg/L concentration in 5 dpf sampled larvae. However, all the three enzymes were significantly elevated in 10 dpf larvae indicating differential oxidative stress during the stages of development. Similar trend is noticed for acetylcholine esterase enzyme activity. A concentration dependent increase in malondialdehyde content was noted in larvae sampled at 5 and 10 dpf. In addition, multixenobiotic resistance (MXR) activity inhibition, and elevated oxidative tissue damage were noticed at 5 dpf with no significant changes in 10 dpf larvae. Furthermore, immunoblot analysis confirms 4-MBC induced apoptosis in zebrafish larvae with promoted cleaved Caspase-3, Bax and inhibited Bcl-2 proteins expression. Subsequently, docking studies revealed the binding potential of 4-MBC to zebrafish Abcb4 and CYP450 8A1 proteins with the binding energy of -8.1 and -8.5 kcal/mol representing target proteins interaction and toxicity potentiation. Our results showed that 4-MBC exposure triggers oxidative stress at sub-lethal concentrations leading to apoptosis, deformities and locomotion perturbations in developing zebrafish.This is first of its kind in systematically demonstrating developmental toxicity of 4-MBC and the information shall be used for aquatic toxicity risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ved Prakash
- Ecotoxicology Laboratory, Regulatory Toxicology Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, "Vishvigyan Bhawan", 31, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, P.O. Box No.80, Lucknow 226001, Uttar Pradesh, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Veena Jain
- Analytical Chemistry Laboratory, Regulatory Toxicology Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, "Vishvigyan Bhawan", 31, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, P.O. Box No.80, Lucknow 226001, Uttar Pradesh, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Shweta Singh Chauhan
- Computational Toxicology Facility, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, "Vishvigyan Bhawan", 31, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, P.O. Box No.80, Lucknow 226001, Uttar Pradesh, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Ramakrishnan Parthasarathi
- Computational Toxicology Facility, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, "Vishvigyan Bhawan", 31, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, P.O. Box No.80, Lucknow 226001, Uttar Pradesh, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Somendu K Roy
- Analytical Chemistry Laboratory, Regulatory Toxicology Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, "Vishvigyan Bhawan", 31, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, P.O. Box No.80, Lucknow 226001, Uttar Pradesh, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Sadasivam Anbumani
- Ecotoxicology Laboratory, Regulatory Toxicology Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, "Vishvigyan Bhawan", 31, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, P.O. Box No.80, Lucknow 226001, Uttar Pradesh, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India.
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Sunscreens’ UV Filters Risk for Coastal Marine Environment Biodiversity: A Review. DIVERSITY 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/d13080374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Considering the rapid growth of tourism in recent years and the acknowledgement that exposure to solar UV radiation may cause skin cancer, sunscreens have been widely used by beachgoers in recent decades. UV filters contained in sunscreens, however, were recently identified as emerging pollutants in coastal waters since they accumulate in the marine environment with different adverse effects. In fact, exposure to these components was proven to be toxic to most invertebrate and vertebrate marine species. Some UV filters are linked to the production of significant amounts of reactive oxygen species (ROS), such as hydrogen peroxide, and the release of inorganic micronutrients that may alter the status of coastal habitats. Bioaccumulation and biomagnification have not yet been fully addressed. This review highlights recent progress in research and provides a comprehensive overview of the toxicological and ecotoxicological effects of the most used UV filters both on the abiotic and biotic compartments in different types of coastal areas, to gain a better understanding of the impacts on coastal biodiversity.
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Gong L, Ding W, Chen Y, Yu K, Guo C, Zhou B. Inhibition of Mitochondrial ATP Synthesis and Regulation of Oxidative Stress Based on {SbW
8
O
30
} Determined by Single‐Cell Proteomics Analysis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202100297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lige Gong
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Cytogenetics and Genetic Breeding of Heilongjiang Province College of Life Science and Technology Harbin Normal University Harbin 150025 China
- Key Laboratory for Photonic and Electronic Bandgap Materials Ministry of Education Harbin Normal University Harbin 150025 P. R. China
| | - Wenqiao Ding
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Cytogenetics and Genetic Breeding of Heilongjiang Province College of Life Science and Technology Harbin Normal University Harbin 150025 China
| | - Ying Chen
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Cytogenetics and Genetic Breeding of Heilongjiang Province College of Life Science and Technology Harbin Normal University Harbin 150025 China
| | - Kai Yu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Cytogenetics and Genetic Breeding of Heilongjiang Province College of Life Science and Technology Harbin Normal University Harbin 150025 China
- Key Laboratory for Photonic and Electronic Bandgap Materials Ministry of Education Harbin Normal University Harbin 150025 P. R. China
| | - Changhong Guo
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Cytogenetics and Genetic Breeding of Heilongjiang Province College of Life Science and Technology Harbin Normal University Harbin 150025 China
| | - Baibin Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Cytogenetics and Genetic Breeding of Heilongjiang Province College of Life Science and Technology Harbin Normal University Harbin 150025 China
- Key Laboratory for Photonic and Electronic Bandgap Materials Ministry of Education Harbin Normal University Harbin 150025 P. R. China
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Gong L, Ding W, Chen Y, Yu K, Guo C, Zhou B. Inhibition of Mitochondrial ATP Synthesis and Regulation of Oxidative Stress Based on {SbW 8 O 30 } Determined by Single-Cell Proteomics Analysis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:8344-8351. [PMID: 33491871 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202100297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The 10-nuclear heteroatom cluster modified {SbW8 O30 } was successfully synthesized and exhibited inhibitory activity (IC50 =0.29 μM). Based on proteomics analysis, Na4 Ni2 Sb2 W2 -SbW8 inhibited ATP production by affecting the expression of 16 related proteins, hindering metabolic functions in vivo and cell proliferation due to reactive oxygen species (ROS) stress. In particular, the low expression of FAD/FMN-binding redox enzymes (relative expression ratio of the experimental group to the control=0.43843) could be attributed to the redox mechanism of Na4 Ni2 Sb2 W2 -SbW8 , which was consistent with the effect of polyoxometalates (POMs) and FMN-binding proteins on ATP formation. An electrochemical study showed that Na4 Ni2 Sb2 W2 -SbW8 combined with FMN to form Na4 Ni2 Sb2 W2 -SbW8 -2FMN complex through a one-electron process of the W atoms. Na4 Ni2 Sb2 W2 -SbW8 acted as catalase and glutathione peroxidase to protect the cell from ROS stress, and the inhibition rates were 63.3 % at 1.77 μM of NADPH and 86.06 % at 10.62 μM of 2-hydroxyterephthalic acid. Overall, our results showed that POMs can be specific oxidative/antioxidant regulatory agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lige Gong
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Cytogenetics and Genetic Breeding of Heilongjiang Province, College of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Normal University, Harbin, 150025, China.,Key Laboratory for Photonic and Electronic Bandgap Materials, Ministry of Education, Harbin Normal University, Harbin, 150025, P. R. China
| | - Wenqiao Ding
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Cytogenetics and Genetic Breeding of Heilongjiang Province, College of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Normal University, Harbin, 150025, China
| | - Ying Chen
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Cytogenetics and Genetic Breeding of Heilongjiang Province, College of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Normal University, Harbin, 150025, China
| | - Kai Yu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Cytogenetics and Genetic Breeding of Heilongjiang Province, College of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Normal University, Harbin, 150025, China.,Key Laboratory for Photonic and Electronic Bandgap Materials, Ministry of Education, Harbin Normal University, Harbin, 150025, P. R. China
| | - Changhong Guo
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Cytogenetics and Genetic Breeding of Heilongjiang Province, College of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Normal University, Harbin, 150025, China
| | - Baibin Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Cytogenetics and Genetic Breeding of Heilongjiang Province, College of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Normal University, Harbin, 150025, China.,Key Laboratory for Photonic and Electronic Bandgap Materials, Ministry of Education, Harbin Normal University, Harbin, 150025, P. R. China
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UV-B Filter Octylmethoxycinnamate Alters the Vascular Contractility Patterns in Pregnant Women with Hypothyroidism. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9020115. [PMID: 33530401 PMCID: PMC7912698 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9020115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence relating the exposure and/or bioaccumulation of endocrine-disrupting compounds (EDCs) with cardiovascular system are arising. Octylmethoxycinnamate (OMC) is the most widely used UV-B filter and as EDC interacts with TH receptors. However, their effects on thyroid diseases during pregnancy remain unknown. The purpose of this work was to assess the short- and long-term effects of OMC on arterial tonus of pregnant women with hypothyroidism. To elucidate this, human umbilical artery (HUA) rings without endothelium were used to explore the vascular effects of OMC by arterial and cellular experiments. The binding energy and the modes of interaction of the OMC into the active center of the TSHR and THRα were analyzed by molecular docking studies. Our results indicated that OMC altered the contractility patterns of HUA contracted with serotonin, histamine and KCl, possibly due to an interference with serotonin and histamine receptors or an involvement of the Ca2+ channels. The molecular docking analysis show that OMC compete with T3 for the binding center of THRα. Taken together, these findings pointed out to alterations in HUA reactivity as result of OMC-exposure, which may be involved in the development and increased risk of cardiovascular diseases.
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Prakash V, Anbumani S. A Systematic Review on Occurrence and Ecotoxicity of Organic UV Filters in Aquatic Organisms. REVIEWS OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2021; 257:121-161. [PMID: 34554327 DOI: 10.1007/398_2021_68] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The growing production of cosmetic products such as organic UV filters (OUVFs) in recent years has raised concern regarding their safety to human and environmental health. The inability of wastewater treatment plants in removing these chemical entities and their high octanol-water partition coefficient values tend to result in the persistence of OUVFs in several environmental matrices, leading these to be categorized as "emerging environmental contaminants" because of their unknown risk. Besides aquatic ecosystem contamination, the application of sludge disposal equally threatens terrestrial biota. Besides, the available reviews focusing on levels of OUVFs in aqueous systems (freshwater and marine), instrumental analysis from various samples, and specific toxicity effects, compiled information on the ecotoxicity of OUVFs is currently lacking. Hence, the present manuscript systematically reviews the ecotoxicity of OUVFs in freshwater and marine organisms occupying lower to higher trophic levels, including the underlying mechanisms of action and current knowledge gaps. The available scientific evidence suggests that OUVFs are a prime candidate for environmental concern due to their potential toxic effects. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first document detailing the toxicological effects of OUVFs in aquatic organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ved Prakash
- Ecotoxicology Laboratory, Regulatory Toxicology Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Lucknow, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
| | - Sadasivam Anbumani
- Ecotoxicology Laboratory, Regulatory Toxicology Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Lucknow, India.
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India.
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Carve M, Nugegoda D, Allinson G, Shimeta J. A systematic review and ecological risk assessment for organic ultraviolet filters in aquatic environments. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 268:115894. [PMID: 33120145 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Organic ultraviolet filters (OUVFs) are used in a wide range of manufactured products including personal care (e.g. sunscreens) and plastic items. This review summarizes the available data regarding the toxic effects of OUVFs on marine and freshwater organisms and generates the predicted no-effect concentration (PNEC) values necessary for assessing ecological risk. Through a systematic search of the literature, 89 studies were identified and ecotoxicological data extracted. Collectively, these studies described toxicity testing with 39 OUVF from 10 structural classes, with derivatives of benzophenones (49%) and camphors (16%) most studied. There was a bias towards selecting freshwater species (61%), and evaluating single OUVF effects (87%) rather than OUVF mixtures. Short-term (acute) experimentation (58%) was marginally more common than long-term (chronic) testing (42%). Reproductive, developmental, genetic, and neurological toxicity were the most commonly identified effects in aquatic organism, and were associated with molecular interactions with steroid receptors, DNA, or the production of reactive oxygen species. Species sensitivity distribution and/or assessment factors were used to calculate PNECs for 22 OUVFs and the risk quotients for 12 OUVFs. When using maximum concentrations, high risk was observed for six OUVFs in marine environments (4-methylbenzylidene-camphor, octocrylene, padimate-O, benzophenone-1, and oxybenzone, ethylhexyl-4-methoxycinnamate), and for four OUVFs in freshwater environments (ethylhexyl-4-methoxycinnamate, octocrylene, avobenzone and oxybenzone). When using median concentrations, a risk to marine environments was observed for oxybenzone. The results of this review underline that there is limited knowledge of the pathological effects of OUVFs and their metabolites in aquatic environments, and this inhibits the development of informed water-quality guidelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan Carve
- Centre for Environmental Sustainability and Remediation (EnSuRe), School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria, 3000, Australia.
| | - Dayanthi Nugegoda
- Centre for Environmental Sustainability and Remediation (EnSuRe), School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria, 3000, Australia
| | - Graeme Allinson
- Centre for Environmental Sustainability and Remediation (EnSuRe), School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria, 3000, Australia
| | - Jeff Shimeta
- Centre for Environmental Sustainability and Remediation (EnSuRe), School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria, 3000, Australia
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Xu H, Lu G, Xue C. Effects of Sulfamethoxazole and 2-Ethylhexyl-4-Methoxycinnamate on the Dissimilatory Nitrate Reduction Processes and N 2O Release in Sediments in the Yarlung Zangbo River. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17061822. [PMID: 32168922 PMCID: PMC7143930 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17061822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Revised: 03/08/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The nitrogen pollution of rivers as a global environmental problem has received great attentions in recent years. The occurrence of emerging pollutants in high-altitude rivers will inevitably affect the dissimilatory nitrate reduction processes. In this study, sediment slurry experiments combined with 15N tracer techniques were conducted to investigate the influence of pharmaceutical and personal care products (alone and in combination) on denitrification and the anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox) process and the resulting N2O release in the sediments of the Yarlung Zangbo River. The results showed that the denitrification rates were inhibited by sulfamethoxazole (SMX) treatments (1-100 μg L-1) and the anammox rates decreased as the SMX concentrations increased, which may be due to the inhibitory effect of this antibiotic on nitrate reducing microbes. 2-Ethylhexyl-4-methoxycinnamate (EHMC) impacted nitrogen transformation mainly though the inhibition of the anammox processes. SMX and EHMC showed a superposition effect on the denitrification processes. The expression levels of the denitrifying functional genes nirS and nosZ were decreased and N2O release was stimulated due to the presence of SMX and/or EHMC in the sediments. To the best of our knowledge, this study is the first to report the effects of EHMC and its mixtures on the dissimilatory nitrate reduction processes and N2O releases in river sediments. Our results indicated that the widespread occurrence of emerging pollutants in high-altitude rivers may disturb the nitrogen transformation processes and increase the pressure of global warming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiping Xu
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China;
| | - Guanghua Lu
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China;
- Water Conservancy Project & Civil Engineering College, Tibet Agriculture & Animal Husbandry University, Linzhi 860000, China;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-25-8378-7894
| | - Chenwang Xue
- Water Conservancy Project & Civil Engineering College, Tibet Agriculture & Animal Husbandry University, Linzhi 860000, China;
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Sendra M, Pintado-Herrera MG, Aguirre-Martínez GV, Moreno-Garrido I, Martin-Díaz LM, Lara-Martín PA, J B. Are the TiO 2 NPs a "Trojan horse" for personal care products (PCPs) in the clam Ruditapes philippinarum? CHEMOSPHERE 2017; 185:192-204. [PMID: 28697425 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Revised: 06/21/2017] [Accepted: 07/02/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, increasing quantities of personal care products (PCPs) are being released into the environment. However, data about bioaccumulation and toxicity are scarce; and extraction and analytical approaches are not well developed. In this work, the marine clam Ruditapes philippinarum, selected as model organism, has been employed to investigate bioaccumulation, antioxidant enzyme activities and DNA damage due to exposure to TiO2 nanoparticles and bulk TiO2 (inorganic compounds that are frequent components of PCPs, plastics, paints and coatings, foods and disinfectant water treatments). We have also studied the joint effect of both forms of inorganic TiO2 combined with four organic compounds (mixture exposures) commonly used in PCPs: an antimicrobial (triclosan), a fragrance (OTNE) and two UV filters (benzophenone-3 and octocrylene). Bioaccumulation of the inorganic compound, TiO2, was almost immediate and constant over exposure time. With respect to the organic compounds in mixtures, they were mediated by TiO2 and bioaccumulation is driven by reduced size of the particles. In fact, nanoparticles can be considered as a vector to organic compounds, such as triclosan and benzophenone-3. After a week of depuration, TiO2 NPs and TiO2 bulk in clams showed similar levels of concentration. Some organic compounds with bioactivity (Log Kow >3), like OTNE, showed low depuration after one week. The joint action of the organic compound mixture and either of the two forms of TiO2 provoked changes in enzyme activity responses. However, for the mixtures, DNA damage was found only after the depuration period.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Sendra
- Department of Ecology and Coastal Management, Institute of Marine Sciences of Andalusia (CSIC), Campus Río S. Pedro.11510, Puerto Real, Cádiz, 11510, Spain.
| | - M G Pintado-Herrera
- Physical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Marine and Environmental Sciences, University of Cadiz, Campus de Excelencia Internacional del Mar (CEI-MAR), Cádiz, 11510, Spain
| | - G V Aguirre-Martínez
- Andalusian Center for Marine Science and Technology (CACYTMAR), Campus Río S. Pedro.11510, Puerto Real, Cádiz, 11510, Spain; Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Arturo Prat, Casilla 121, 1110939, Iquique, Chile
| | - I Moreno-Garrido
- Department of Ecology and Coastal Management, Institute of Marine Sciences of Andalusia (CSIC), Campus Río S. Pedro.11510, Puerto Real, Cádiz, 11510, Spain
| | - L M Martin-Díaz
- Physical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Marine and Environmental Sciences, University of Cadiz, Campus de Excelencia Internacional del Mar (CEI-MAR), Cádiz, 11510, Spain; Andalusian Center for Marine Science and Technology (CACYTMAR), Campus Río S. Pedro.11510, Puerto Real, Cádiz, 11510, Spain
| | - P A Lara-Martín
- Physical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Marine and Environmental Sciences, University of Cadiz, Campus de Excelencia Internacional del Mar (CEI-MAR), Cádiz, 11510, Spain
| | - Blasco J
- Department of Ecology and Coastal Management, Institute of Marine Sciences of Andalusia (CSIC), Campus Río S. Pedro.11510, Puerto Real, Cádiz, 11510, Spain
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