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Flores Y, Chaves A, Suzán G. Prediction of edapho-climatic parameters in the incidence of Campylobacter spp. in northwestern Mexico. PLOS GLOBAL PUBLIC HEALTH 2024; 4:e0002812. [PMID: 38662656 PMCID: PMC11045143 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgph.0002812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
Campylobacter spp. is one of the main causes of enteric zoonotic infections worldwide. In Mexico, although a commonly detected pathogen in both children and adults, there is limited surveillance and few studies. The northern part of Mexico stands out for an unnoticed outbreak of Campylobacter jejuni due to contaminated drinking water, which caused an abrupt increase in Guillain-Barré syndrome in the local population. Although it is suggested that its distribution in nature is related to edaphic and climatic factors, this relationship is scarcely known. To understand abiotic factors driving the occurrence and prevalence of Campylobacter spp. in three municipalities from three states in northwestern Mexico (Chihuahua, Sonora, and Baja California), we used the kriging interpolation method of unsampled areas and the correspondence analysis of 23 environmental variables. Of the three municipalities evaluated, Janos in Chihuahua (CHIH), has the highest number of geographic areas classified as high and medium incidence, followed by Santa Cruz, Sonora (SON) and Mexicali, Baja California (BC). Mexicali (BC) edaphic variables limit the potential incidence of the bacterium, mainly due to the lack of soil moisture and its difficulty of surviving on dry surfaces, related to electrical conductivity and salinity. Janos (CHIH) presents limitations in terms of soil water availability, although its presence is more heterogeneous (2 to 8 months). Santa Cruz (SON) has the highest soil water availability (4 to 5 months), and presents pH, texture and low percentage of salinity conditions for the potential incidence of Campylobacter spp. Mexicali (BC) reports a temperature in the warmest month of up to 43°C, which could influence the presence of thermophilic species. The annual precipitation is another limiting factor for the potential incidence of Campylobacter spp. since it does not exceed 509.5 mm, contributing to Janos (CHIH) as the municipality with the highest potential incidence of this bacterium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasiri Flores
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México City, México
| | - Andrea Chaves
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México City, México
- Escuela de Biología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Gerardo Suzán
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México City, México
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Ghielmetti G, Seth-Smith HMB, Roloff T, Cernela N, Biggel M, Stephan R, Egli A. Whole-genome-based characterization of Campylobacter jejuni from human patients with gastroenteritis collected over an 18 year period reveals increasing prevalence of antimicrobial resistance. Microb Genom 2023; 9:mgen000941. [PMID: 36809179 PMCID: PMC9997746 DOI: 10.1099/mgen.0.000941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Campylobacteriosis is the most common cause of acute gastrointestinal bacterial infection in Europe, with most infections linked to the consumption of contaminated food. While previous studies found an increasing rate of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in Campylobacter spp. over the past decades, the investigation of additional clinical isolates is likely to provide novel insights into the population structure and mechanisms of virulence and drug resistance of this important human pathogen. Therefore, we combined whole-genome sequencing and antimicrobial-susceptibility testing of 340 randomly selected Campylobacter jejuni isolates from humans with gastroenteritis, collected in Switzerland over an 18 year period. In our collection, the most common multilocus sequence types (STs) were ST-257 (n=44), ST-21 (n=36) and ST-50 (n=35); the most common clonal complexes (CCs) were CC-21 (n=102), CC-257 (n=49) and CC-48 (n=33). High heterogeneity was observed among STs, with the most abundant STs recurring over the entire study period, while others were observed only sporadically. Source attribution based on ST assigned more than half of the strains to the 'generalist' category (n=188), 25 % as 'poultry specialist' (n=83), and only a few to 'ruminant specialist' (n=11) or 'wild bird' origin (n=9). The isolates displayed an increased frequency of AMR from 2003 to 2020, with the highest rates of resistance observed for ciprofloxacin and nalidixic acid (49.8 %), followed by tetracycline (36.9 %). Quinolone-resistant isolates carried chromosomal gyrA mutations T86I (99.4 %) and T86A (0.6 %), whereas tetracycline-resistant isolates carried tet(O) (79.8 %) or mosaic tetO/32/O (20.2 %) genes. A novel chromosomal cassette carrying several resistance genes, including aph(3')-III, satA and aad(6), and flanked by insertion sequence elements was detected in one isolate. Collectively, our data revealed an increasing prevalence of resistance to quinolones and tetracycline in C. jejuni isolates from Swiss patients over time, linked to clonal expansion of gyrA mutants and acquisition of the tet(O) gene. Investigation of source attribution suggests that infections are most likely related to isolates from poultry or generalist backgrounds. These findings are relevant to guide future infection prevention and control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Ghielmetti
- Institute for Food Safety and Hygiene, Section of Veterinary Bacteriology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Applied Microbiology Research, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Helena M. B. Seth-Smith
- Applied Microbiology Research, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Clinical Bacteriology and Mycology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Swiss Institute for Bioinformatics, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Tim Roloff
- Applied Microbiology Research, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Clinical Bacteriology and Mycology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Swiss Institute for Bioinformatics, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Nicole Cernela
- Institute for Food Safety and Hygiene, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Michael Biggel
- Institute for Food Safety and Hygiene, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Roger Stephan
- Institute for Food Safety and Hygiene, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Adrian Egli
- Applied Microbiology Research, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Clinical Bacteriology and Mycology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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Seasonal Patterns of Enteric Pathogens in Colombian Indigenous People—A More Pronounced Effect on Bacteria Than on Parasites. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11020214. [PMID: 35215157 PMCID: PMC8875320 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11020214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Enteric pathogens, which are frequently food- and waterborne transmitted, are highly abundant in Indigenous people living in remote rural areas of Colombia. As the frequency of gastroenteritis in the tropics shows seasonal differences, we analyzed variations of pathogen patterns in the stool samples of a Colombian Indigenous tribe called Wiwa during the dry (n = 105) and the rainy (n = 227) season, applying real-time PCR from stool samples and statistical analysis based on a multi-variable model. Focusing on bacterial pathogens, increased detection rates could be confirmed for enteropathogenic, enterotoxigenic and enteroaggregative Escherichia coli with a tendency for an increase in Campylobacter jejuni detections during the rainy season, while there was no seasonal effect on the carriage of Tropheryma whipplei. Salmonellae were recorded during the rainy season only. A differentiated pattern was seen for the assessed parasites. Entamoeba histolytica, Necator americanus and Trichuris trichiura were increasingly detected during the rainy season, but not Ascaris lumbricoides, Giardia duodenalis, Hymenolepis nana, Strongyloides stercoralis, and Taenia solium, respectively. Increased detection rates during the dry season were not recorded. Negative associations were found for Campylobacter jejuni and Giardia duodenalis with age and for Tropheryma whipplei with the body mass index, respectively. Positive associations of enteropathogenic Escherichia coli and Taenia solium detections were observed with age. In conclusion, facilitating effects of the tropical rainy season were more pronounced on bacterial enteric pathogens compared to enteropathogenic parasites.
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van den Bogaart L, Lang BM, Neofytos D, Egli A, Walti LN, Boggian K, Garzoni C, Berger C, Pascual M, van Delden C, Mueller NJ, Manuel O, Mombelli M. Epidemiology and outcomes of medically attended and microbiologically confirmed bacterial foodborne infections in solid organ transplant recipients. Am J Transplant 2022; 22:199-209. [PMID: 34514688 PMCID: PMC9292857 DOI: 10.1111/ajt.16831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 08/08/2021] [Accepted: 08/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Food-safety measures are recommended to solid organ transplant (SOT) recipients. However, the burden of foodborne infections in SOT recipients has not been established. We describe the epidemiology and outcomes of bacterial foodborne infections in a nationwide cohort including 4405 SOT recipients in Switzerland between 2008 and 2018. Participants were prospectively followed for a median of 4.2 years with systematic collection of data on infections, and patient and graft-related outcomes. We identified 151 episodes of microbiologically confirmed bacterial foodborne infections occurring in median 1.6 years (IQR 0.58-3.40) after transplantation (131 [88%] Campylobacter spp. and 15 [10%] non-typhoidal Salmonella). The cumulative incidence of bacterial foodborne infections was 4% (95% CI 3.4-4.8). Standardized incidence rates were 7.4 (95% CI 6.2-8.7) and 4.6 (95% CI 2.6-7.5) for Campylobacter and Salmonella infections, respectively. Invasive infection was more common with Salmonella (33.3% [5/15]) compared to Campylobacter (3.2% [4/125]; p = .001). Hospital and ICU admission rates were 47.7% (69/145) and 4.1% (6/145), respectively. A composite endpoint of acute rejection, graft loss, or death occurred within 30 days in 3.3% (5/151) of cases. In conclusion, in our cohort bacterial foodborne infections were late post-transplant infections and were associated with significant morbidity, supporting the need for implementation of food-safety recommendations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorena van den Bogaart
- Transplantation CenterLausanne University Hospital and University of LausanneLausanneSwitzerland,Service of Infectious DiseasesLausanne University Hospital and University of LausanneLausanneSwitzerland
| | - Brian M. Lang
- Clinic for Transplantation Immunology and Nephrology (Swiss Transplant Cohort Study)University Hospital of BaselBaselSwitzerland
| | - Dionysios Neofytos
- Transplant Infectious Diseases UnitGeneva University Hospital and Faculty of MedicineGenevaSwitzerland
| | - Adrian Egli
- Division of Clinical Bacteriology and MycologyUniversity Hospital BaselBaselSwitzerland,Applied Microbiology Research, Department of BiomedicineUniversity of BaselBaselSwitzerland
| | - Laura N. Walti
- Department of Infectious Diseases, InselspitalBern University Hospital, University of BernBernSwitzerland
| | - Katia Boggian
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital EpidemiologyCantonal Hospital St. GallenSt. GallenSwitzerland
| | - Christian Garzoni
- Clinic of Internal Medicine and Infectious DiseasesClinica Luganese MoncuccoLuganoSwitzerland
| | - Christoph Berger
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology and Children’s Research CenterUniversity Children’s HospitalZurichSwitzerland
| | - Manuel Pascual
- Transplantation CenterLausanne University Hospital and University of LausanneLausanneSwitzerland
| | - Christian van Delden
- Transplant Infectious Diseases UnitGeneva University Hospital and Faculty of MedicineGenevaSwitzerland
| | - Nicolas J. Mueller
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Hospital EpidemiologyUniversity Hospital and University of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Oriol Manuel
- Transplantation CenterLausanne University Hospital and University of LausanneLausanneSwitzerland,Service of Infectious DiseasesLausanne University Hospital and University of LausanneLausanneSwitzerland
| | - Matteo Mombelli
- Transplantation CenterLausanne University Hospital and University of LausanneLausanneSwitzerland,Service of Infectious DiseasesLausanne University Hospital and University of LausanneLausanneSwitzerland
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Rosner BM, Gassowski M, Albrecht S, Stark K. Investigating the Campylobacter enteritis winter peak in Germany, 2018/2019. Sci Rep 2021; 11:22902. [PMID: 34824349 PMCID: PMC8617151 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-02423-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Surveillance of notified Campylobacter enteritis in Germany revealed a recurrent annual increase of cases with disease onset several days after the Christmas and New Year holidays ("winter peak"). We suspected that handling and consumption of chicken meat during fondue and raclette grill meals on the holidays were associated with winter peak Campylobacter infections. The hypothesis was investigated in a case-control study with a case-case design where notified Campylobacter enteritis cases served as case-patients as well as control-patients, depending on their date of disease onset (case-patients: 25/12/2018 to 08/01/2019; control-patients: any other date between 30/11/2018 and 28/02/2019). The study was conducted as an online survey from 21/01/2019 to 18/03/2019. Adjusted odds ratios (aOR) were determined in single-variable logistic regression analyses adjusted for age group and sex. We analysed 182 data sets from case-patients and 260 from control-patients and found associations of Campylobacter infections after the holidays with meat fondue (aOR 2.2; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.2-3.8) and raclette grill meals with meat (aOR 1.5; 95% CI 1.0-2.4) consumed on the holidays. The associations were stronger when chicken meat was served at these meals (fondue with chicken meat: aOR 2.7; 95% CI 1.4-5.5; raclette grill meal with chicken meat: aOR 2.3; 95% CI 1.3-4.1). The results confirmed our initial hypothesis. To prevent Campylobacter winter peak cases in the future, consumers should be made more aware of the risks of a Campylobacter infection when handling raw meat, in particular chicken, during fondue or raclette grill meals on the holidays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bettina M. Rosner
- grid.13652.330000 0001 0940 3744Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Martyna Gassowski
- grid.13652.330000 0001 0940 3744Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Stefan Albrecht
- grid.13652.330000 0001 0940 3744Department of Epidemiology and Health Monitoring, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Klaus Stark
- grid.13652.330000 0001 0940 3744Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
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Zinsstag J, Crump L, Schelling E, Hattendorf J, Maidane YO, Ali KO, Muhummed A, Umer AA, Aliyi F, Nooh F, Abdikadir MI, Ali SM, Hartinger S, Mäusezahl D, de White MBG, Cordon-Rosales C, Castillo DA, McCracken J, Abakar F, Cercamondi C, Emmenegger S, Maier E, Karanja S, Bolon I, de Castañeda RR, Bonfoh B, Tschopp R, Probst-Hensch N, Cissé G. Climate change and One Health. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2019; 365:4961133. [PMID: 29790983 PMCID: PMC5963300 DOI: 10.1093/femsle/fny085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The journal The Lancet recently published a countdown on health and climate change. Attention was focused solely on humans. However, animals, including wildlife, livestock and pets, may also be impacted by climate change. Complementary to the high relevance of awareness rising for protecting humans against climate change, here we present a One Health approach, which aims at the simultaneous protection of humans, animals and the environment from climate change impacts (climate change adaptation). We postulate that integrated approaches save human and animal lives and reduce costs when compared to public and animal health sectors working separately. A One Health approach to climate change adaptation may significantly contribute to food security with emphasis on animal source foods, extensive livestock systems, particularly ruminant livestock, environmental sanitation, and steps towards regional and global integrated syndromic surveillance and response systems. The cost of outbreaks of emerging vector-borne zoonotic pathogens may be much lower if they are detected early in the vector or in livestock rather than later in humans. Therefore, integrated community-based surveillance of zoonoses is a promising avenue to reduce health effects of climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakob Zinsstag
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, PO Box, 4002 Basel, Switzerland.,University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, 4003 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Lisa Crump
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, PO Box, 4002 Basel, Switzerland.,University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, 4003 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Esther Schelling
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, PO Box, 4002 Basel, Switzerland.,University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, 4003 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jan Hattendorf
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, PO Box, 4002 Basel, Switzerland.,University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, 4003 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Yahya Osman Maidane
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, PO Box, 4002 Basel, Switzerland.,University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, 4003 Basel, Switzerland.,University of Jigjiga, Jigjiga University One Health Initiative, PO Box 1020, Jigjiga, Ethiopia
| | - Kadra Osman Ali
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, PO Box, 4002 Basel, Switzerland.,University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, 4003 Basel, Switzerland.,University of Jigjiga, Jigjiga University One Health Initiative, PO Box 1020, Jigjiga, Ethiopia
| | - Abdifatah Muhummed
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, PO Box, 4002 Basel, Switzerland.,University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, 4003 Basel, Switzerland.,University of Jigjiga, Jigjiga University One Health Initiative, PO Box 1020, Jigjiga, Ethiopia
| | - Abdurezak Adem Umer
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, PO Box, 4002 Basel, Switzerland.,University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, 4003 Basel, Switzerland.,University of Jigjiga, Jigjiga University One Health Initiative, PO Box 1020, Jigjiga, Ethiopia
| | - Ferzua Aliyi
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, PO Box, 4002 Basel, Switzerland.,University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, 4003 Basel, Switzerland.,University of Jigjiga, Jigjiga University One Health Initiative, PO Box 1020, Jigjiga, Ethiopia
| | - Faisal Nooh
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, PO Box, 4002 Basel, Switzerland.,University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, 4003 Basel, Switzerland.,University of Jigjiga, Jigjiga University One Health Initiative, PO Box 1020, Jigjiga, Ethiopia
| | - Mohammed Ibrahim Abdikadir
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, PO Box, 4002 Basel, Switzerland.,University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, 4003 Basel, Switzerland.,University of Jigjiga, Jigjiga University One Health Initiative, PO Box 1020, Jigjiga, Ethiopia
| | - Seid Mohammed Ali
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, PO Box, 4002 Basel, Switzerland.,University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, 4003 Basel, Switzerland.,University of Jigjiga, Jigjiga University One Health Initiative, PO Box 1020, Jigjiga, Ethiopia
| | - Stella Hartinger
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, PO Box, 4002 Basel, Switzerland.,University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, 4003 Basel, Switzerland.,Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Public Health School, Lima, Peru, 15102
| | - Daniel Mäusezahl
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, PO Box, 4002 Basel, Switzerland.,University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, 4003 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Monica Berger Gonzalez de White
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, PO Box, 4002 Basel, Switzerland.,University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, 4003 Basel, Switzerland.,Universidad del Valle, Guatemala City, Guatemala, 01015
| | | | | | | | - Fayiz Abakar
- Institut de Recherches en Elevage pour le Développement, BP 433, N'Djaména, Chad
| | - Colin Cercamondi
- Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH), 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Sandro Emmenegger
- University of Applied Sciences, Institute for Information and Process Management, 9000 St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Edith Maier
- University of Applied Sciences, Institute for Information and Process Management, 9000 St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Simon Karanja
- Jomo Kenyatta University, School of Public Health, 00200 Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Isabelle Bolon
- Institute of Global Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, 1202 Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | - Bassirou Bonfoh
- Centre Suisse de Recherches Scientifiques en Côte d'Ivoire, 01 BP 1303 Abidjan 01, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Rea Tschopp
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, PO Box, 4002 Basel, Switzerland.,University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, 4003 Basel, Switzerland.,Armauer Hansen Research Institute, PO Box 1005, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Nicole Probst-Hensch
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, PO Box, 4002 Basel, Switzerland.,University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, 4003 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Guéladio Cissé
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, PO Box, 4002 Basel, Switzerland.,University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, 4003 Basel, Switzerland
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Szosland-Fałtyn A, Bartodziejska B, Królasik J, Paziak-Domańska B, Korsak D, Chmiela M. The Prevalence of Campylobacter spp. in Polish Poultry Meat. Pol J Microbiol 2019; 67:117-120. [PMID: 30015434 DOI: 10.5604/01.3001.0011.6152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The prevalence, count and molecular identification of Campylobacter spp. in Polish poultry meat were analysed. 181 samples of meat from chicken (70), turkey (47), duck (54) and goose (10) were studied. Campylobacter spp. was found in 64% of meat samples. The highest prevalence of this pathogen was detected for duck meat. On average 80% of duck samples were contaminated with Campylobacter spp. The counts of Campylobacter spp. in positive samples remained under ten colony forming units per gram of product in 59% of poultry meat. C. jejuni was more frequently detected in poultry meat than C. coli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Szosland-Fałtyn
- Institute of Agricultural and Food Biotechnology, Department of Food Quality,Lodz,Poland
| | - Beata Bartodziejska
- Institute of Agricultural and Food Biotechnology, Department of Food Quality,Lodz,Poland
| | - Joanna Królasik
- Institute of Agricultural and Food Biotechnology, Department of Food Quality,Lodz,Poland
| | - Beata Paziak-Domańska
- Institute of Agricultural and Food Biotechnology, Department of Food Quality,Lodz,Poland
| | - Dorota Korsak
- Department of Food Safety, National Food and Nutrition Institute,Warsaw,Poland
| | - Magdalena Chmiela
- Division of Gastroimmunology, Department of Immunology and Infectious Biology, Institute of Microbiology, Biotechnology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz,Lodz,Poland
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The European Union summary report on trends and sources of zoonoses, zoonotic agents and food-borne outbreaks in 2017. EFSA J 2018; 16:e05500. [PMID: 32625785 PMCID: PMC7009540 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2018.5500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 517] [Impact Index Per Article: 86.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
This report of the European Food Safety Authority and the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control presents the results of zoonoses monitoring activities carried out in 2017 in 37 European countries (28 Member States (MS) and nine non-MS). Campylobacteriosis was the commonest reported zoonosis and its EU trend for confirmed human cases increasing since 2008 stabilised during 2013-2017. The decreasing EU trend for confirmed human salmonellosis cases since 2008 ended during 2013-2017, and the proportion of human Salmonella Enteritidis cases increased, mostly due to one MS starting to report serotype data. Sixteen MS met all Salmonella reduction targets for poultry, whereas 12 MS failed meeting at least one. The EU flock prevalence of target Salmonella serovars in breeding hens, laying hens, broilers and fattening turkeys decreased or remained stable compared to 2016, and slightly increased in breeding turkeys. Salmonella results on pig carcases and target Salmonella serovar results for poultry from competent authorities tended to be generally higher compared to those from food business operators. The notification rate of human listeriosis further increased in 2017, despite Listeria seldom exceeding the EU food safety limit in ready-to-eat food. The decreasing EU trend for confirmed yersiniosis cases since 2008 stabilised during 2013-2017. The number of confirmed shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) infections in humans was stable. A total of 5,079 food-borne (including waterborne) outbreaks were reported. Salmonella was the commonest detected agent with S. Enteritidis causing one out of seven outbreaks, followed by other bacteria, bacterial toxins and viruses. The agent was unknown in 37.6% of all outbreaks. Salmonella in eggs and Salmonella in meat and meat products were the highest risk agent/food pairs. The report further summarises trends and sources for bovine tuberculosis, Brucella, Trichinella, Echinococcus, Toxoplasma, rabies, Coxiella burnetii (Q fever), West Nile virus and tularaemia.
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Jans C, Sarno E, Collineau L, Meile L, Stärk KDC, Stephan R. Consumer Exposure to Antimicrobial Resistant Bacteria From Food at Swiss Retail Level. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:362. [PMID: 29559960 PMCID: PMC5845543 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.00362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2017] [Accepted: 02/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in bacteria is an increasing health concern. The spread of AMR bacteria (AMRB) between animals and humans via the food chain and the exchange of AMR genes requires holistic approaches for risk mitigation. The AMRB exposure of humans via food is currently only poorly understood leaving an important gap for intervention design. Method: This study aimed to assess AMRB prevalence in retail food and subsequent exposure of Swiss consumers in a systematic literature review of data published between 1996 and 2016 covering the Swiss agriculture sector and relevant imported food. Results: Data from 313 out of 9,473 collected studies were extracted yielding 122,438 food samples and 38,362 bacteria isolates of which 30,092 samples and 8,799 isolates were AMR positive. A median AMRB prevalence of >50% was observed for meat and seafood harboring Campylobacter, Enterococcus, Salmonella, Escherichia coli, Listeria, and Vibrio spp. and to a lesser prevalence for milk products harboring starter culture bacteria. Gram-negative AMRB featured predominantly AMR against aminoglycosides, cephalosporins, fluoroquinolones, penicillins, sulfonamides, and tetracyclines observed at AMR exposures scores of levels 1 (medium) and 2 (high) for Campylobacter, Salmonella, E. coli in meat as well as Vibrio and E. coli in seafood. Gram-positive AMRB featured AMR against glycoproteins, lincosamides, macrolides and nitrofurans for Staphylococcus and Enterococcus in meat sources, Staphylococcus in seafood as well as Enterococcus and technologically important bacteria (incl. starters) in fermented or processed dairy products. Knowledge gaps were identified for AMR prevalence in dairy, plant, fermented meat and novel food products and for the role of specific indicator bacteria (Staphylococcus, Enterococcus), starter culture bacteria and their mobile genetic elements in AMR gene transfer. Conclusion: Raw meat, milk, seafood, and certain fermented dairy products featured a medium to high potential of AMR exposure for Gram-negative and Gram-positive foodborne pathogens and indicator bacteria. Food at retail, additional food categories including fermented and novel foods as well as technologically important bacteria and AMR genetics are recommended to be better integrated into systematic One Health AMR surveillance and mitigation strategies to close observed knowledge gaps and enable a comprehensive AMR risk assessment for consumers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Jans
- Laboratory of Food Biotechnology, Institute of Food Nutrition and Health, Department of Health Science and Technology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Eleonora Sarno
- Institute for Food Safety and Hygiene, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Leo Meile
- Laboratory of Food Biotechnology, Institute of Food Nutrition and Health, Department of Health Science and Technology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Roger Stephan
- Institute for Food Safety and Hygiene, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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The European Union summary report on trends and sources of zoonoses, zoonotic agents and food-borne outbreaks in 2016. EFSA J 2017; 15:e05077. [PMID: 32625371 PMCID: PMC7009962 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2017.5077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 268] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
This report of the European Food Safety Authority and the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control presents the results of the zoonoses monitoring activities carried out in 2016 in 37 European countries (28 Member States (MS) and nine non-MS). Campylobacteriosis was the most commonly reported zoonosis and the increasing European Union (EU) trend for confirmed human cases since 2008 stabilised during 2012-2016. In food, the occurrence of Campylobacter remained high in broiler meat. The decreasing EU trend for confirmed human salmonellosis cases since 2008 ended during 2012-2016, and the proportion of human Salmonella Enteritidis cases increased. Most MS met their Salmonella reduction targets for poultry, except five MS for laying hens. At primary production level, the EU-level flock prevalence of target Salmonella serovars in breeding hens, broilers, breeding and fattening turkeys decreased or stabilised compared with previous years but the EU prevalence of S. Enteritidis in laying hens significantly increased. In foodstuffs, the EU-level Salmonella non-compliance for minced meat and meat preparations from poultry was low. The number of human listeriosis confirmed cases further increased in 2016, despite the fact that Listeria seldom exceeds the EU food safety limit in ready-to-eat foods. The decreasing EU trend for confirmed yersiniosis cases since 2008 stabilised during 2012-2016, and also the number of confirmed Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) infections in humans was stable. In total, 4,786 food-borne outbreaks, including waterborne outbreaks, were reported. Salmonella was the most commonly detected causative agent - with one out of six outbreaks due to S. Enteritidis - followed by other bacteria, bacterial toxins and viruses. Salmonella in eggs continued to represent the highest risk agent/food combination. The report further summarises trends and sources for bovine tuberculosis, brucellosis, trichinellosis, echinococcosis, toxoplasmosis, rabies, Q fever, West Nile fever and tularaemia.
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Schmutz C, Bless PJ, Mäusezahl D, Jost M, Mäusezahl-Feuz M. Acute gastroenteritis in primary care: a longitudinal study in the Swiss Sentinel Surveillance Network, Sentinella. Infection 2017; 45:811-824. [PMID: 28779435 PMCID: PMC5696444 DOI: 10.1007/s15010-017-1049-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2017] [Accepted: 07/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Acute gastroenteritis (AG) leads to considerable burden of disease, health care costs and socio-economic impact worldwide. We assessed the frequency of medical consultations and work absenteeism due to AG at primary care level, and physicians' case management using the Swiss Sentinel Surveillance Network "Sentinella". METHODS During the 1-year, longitudinal study in 2014, 172 physicians participating in "Sentinella" reported consultations due to AG including information on clinical presentation, stool diagnostics, treatment, and work absenteeism. RESULTS An incidence of 2146 first consultations due to AG at primary care level per 100,000 inhabitants in Switzerland was calculated for 2014 based on reported 3.9 thousand cases. Physicians classified patients' general condition at first consultation with a median score of 7 (1 = poor, 10 = good). The majority (92%) of patients received dietary recommendations and/or medical prescriptions; antibiotics were prescribed in 8.5%. Stool testing was initiated in 12.3% of cases; more frequently in patients reporting recent travel. Among employees (15-64 years), 86.3% were on sick leave. Median duration of sick leave was 4 days. CONCLUSIONS The burden of AG in primary care is high and comparable with that of influenza-like illness (ILI) in Switzerland. Work absenteeism is substantial, leading to considerable socio-economic impact. Mandatory infectious disease surveillance underestimates the burden of AG considering that stool testing is not conducted routinely. While a national strategy to reduce the burden of ILI exists, similar comprehensive prevention efforts should be considered for AG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Schmutz
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Socinstrasse 57, 4002, Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, 4001, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Philipp Justus Bless
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Socinstrasse 57, 4002, Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, 4001, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Mäusezahl
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Socinstrasse 57, 4002, Basel, Switzerland.
- University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, 4001, Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Marianne Jost
- Federal Office of Public Health, Schwarzenburgstrasse 157, 3003, Bern, Switzerland
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Bless PJ, Schmutz C, Mäusezahl D. The recurrent campylobacteriosis epidemic over Christmas and New Year in European countries, 2006-2014. BMC Res Notes 2017; 10:266. [PMID: 28693589 PMCID: PMC5504853 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-017-2587-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2017] [Accepted: 06/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Campylobacteriosis is the most frequently reported foodborne disease in Europe with a notification rate of 71 per 100,000 population in the European Union in 2014. Surveillance data show a clear seasonality whereby case numbers peak during summer months in entire Europe and at the turn of the year, especially in Germany and Switzerland. A detailed description of European surveillance data by country at the turn of the year was missing so far. The objectives of the presented work were to describe national surveillance data of The European Surveillance System for 14 countries during winter times and to generate hypotheses for the observed seasonality of campylobacteriosis cases. RESULTS The analysis included 317,986 cases notified between calendar weeks 45 and 8 of winter seasons 2006/2007-2013/2014. Winter peaks in weekly case notifications and notification rates were observed for Austria, Belgium, Finland, Germany, Luxembourg, The Netherlands, Switzerland and Sweden while for Denmark, France, Ireland, Italy, Norway and the United Kingdom no unusual increase was observed. Generally, weekly notification rates peaked in calendar week 1 or 2 after a strong decline in the last week of December and reached values of a multiple of the observed notification rates in the weeks before or after the peak e.g. up to 6.5 notifications per 100,000 population per week in Luxembourg. Disease onset of cases notified during winter peaks occurred predominantly in calendar weeks 52 and 1 and point towards risk exposures around Christmas and New Year. The consumption of meat fondue or table top grilling poses such a risk and is popular in many countries with an observed winter peak. Additionally, increased travel activities over the festive season could foster campylobacteriosis transmission. Surveillance artefacts (e.g. reporting delays due to public holidays) should be excluded as causes for country-specific winter peaks before investigating risk exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Justus Bless
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Socinstrasse 57, P. O. Box 4002, Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, P. O. Box 4001, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Claudia Schmutz
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Socinstrasse 57, P. O. Box 4002, Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, P. O. Box 4001, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Mäusezahl
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Socinstrasse 57, P. O. Box 4002, Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, P. O. Box 4001, Basel, Switzerland
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BABO MARTINS S, RUSHTON J, STÄRK KDC. Economics of zoonoses surveillance in a 'One Health' context: an assessment of Campylobacter surveillance in Switzerland. Epidemiol Infect 2017; 145:1148-1158. [PMID: 28112074 PMCID: PMC9507842 DOI: 10.1017/s0950268816003320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2015] [Revised: 11/13/2016] [Accepted: 12/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cross-sectorial surveillance and general collaboration between the animal and the public health sectors are increasingly recognized as needed to better manage the impacts of zoonoses. From 2009, the Swiss established a Campylobacter mitigation system that includes human and poultry surveillance data-sharing within a multi-sectorial platform, in a 'One Health' approach. The objective of this study was to explore the economics of this cross-sectorial approach, including surveillance and triggered interventions. Costs and benefits of the One Health and of the uni-sectorial approach to Campylobacter surveillance were identified using an economic assessment framework developed earlier. Cost information of surveillance activities and interventions was gathered and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) associated with the disease estimated for 2008 and 2013. In the first 5 years of this One Health approach to Campylobacter mitigation, surveillance contributed with information mainly used to perform risk assessments, monitor trends and shape research efforts on Campylobacter. There was an increase in costs associated with the mitigation activities following integration, due mainly to the allocation of additional resources to research and implementation of poultry surveillance. The overall burden of campylobacteriosis increased by 3·4-8·8% to 1751-2852 DALYs in 2013. In the timing of the analysis, added value associated with this cross-sectorial approach to surveillance of Campylobacter in the country was likely generated through non-measurable benefits such as intellectual capital and social capital.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. BABO MARTINS
- Department of Production and Population Health, Veterinary Epidemiology, Economics and Public Health Group, Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, UK
- SAFOSO AG, Bern-Liebefeld, Switzerland
| | - J. RUSHTON
- Department of Production and Population Health, Veterinary Epidemiology, Economics and Public Health Group, Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, UK
| | - K. D. C. STÄRK
- Department of Production and Population Health, Veterinary Epidemiology, Economics and Public Health Group, Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, UK
- SAFOSO AG, Bern-Liebefeld, Switzerland
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SCHMUTZ C, MÄUSEZAHL D, BLESS PJ, HATZ C, SCHWENKGLENKS M, URBINELLO D. Estimating healthcare costs of acute gastroenteritis and human campylobacteriosis in Switzerland. Epidemiol Infect 2017; 145:627-641. [PMID: 27513710 PMCID: PMC5426335 DOI: 10.1017/s0950268816001618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2015] [Revised: 06/19/2016] [Accepted: 07/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Rising numbers of campylobacteriosis case notifications in Switzerland resulted in an increased attention to acute gastroenteritis (AG) in general. Patients with a laboratory-confirmed Campylobacter infection perceive their disease as severe and around 15% of these patients are hospitalized. This study aimed at estimating healthcare costs due to AG and campylobacteriosis in Switzerland. We used official health statistics, data from different studies and expert opinion for estimating individual treatment costs for patients with different illness severity and for extrapolating overall costs due to AG and campylobacteriosis. We estimated that total Swiss healthcare costs resulting from these diseases amount to €29-45 million annually. Data suggest that patients with AG consulting a physician without a stool diagnostic test account for €9·0-24·2 million, patients with a negative stool test result for Campylobacter spp. for €12·3 million, patients testing positive for Campylobacter spp. for €1·8 million and hospitalized campylobacteriosis patients for €6·5 million/year. Healthcare costs of campylobacteriosis are high and most likely increasing in Switzerland considering that campylobacteriosis case notifications steadily increased in the past decade. Costs and potential cost savings for the healthcare system should be considered when designing sectorial and cross-sectorial interventions to reduce the burden of human campylobacteriosis in Switzerland.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. SCHMUTZ
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - D. MÄUSEZAHL
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - P. J. BLESS
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - C. HATZ
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Prevention Institute, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - M. SCHWENKGLENKS
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Prevention Institute, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Medicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - D. URBINELLO
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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15
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The European Union summary report on trends and sources of zoonoses, zoonotic agents and food‐borne outbreaks in 2015. EFSA J 2016. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2016.4634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
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Bless PJ, Muela Ribera J, Schmutz C, Zeller A, Mäusezahl D. Acute Gastroenteritis and Campylobacteriosis in Swiss Primary Care: The Viewpoint of General Practitioners. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0161650. [PMID: 27603141 PMCID: PMC5014335 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0161650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2016] [Accepted: 08/09/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute gastroenteritis (AG) is frequently caused by infectious intestinal diseases (IID) including food- and waterborne pathogens of public health importance. Among these pathogens, Campylobacter spp. plays a major role. Many European countries monitor selected IIDs within disease surveillance systems. In Switzerland, the information on IIDs is restricted to limited surveillance data, while no data is available for AG. We conducted a qualitative study among Swiss general practitioners (GPs) to investigate the case management of AG and campylobacteriosis patients, the associated disease burden and the determinants leading to registration in the National Notification System for Infectious Diseases (NNSID). Interviews were conducted with a semi-structured questionnaire and underwent inductive content analysis based on Grounded Theory. The questionnaire was repeatedly adapted to capture emerging themes until the point of theoretical saturation. GPs perceived AG and campylobacteriosis of little relevance to their daily work and public health in general. According to GP self-estimates each consults about two cases of AG per week and diagnoses a median of five campylobacteriosis cases per year. A large proportion of AG cases receives telephone consultations only and gets medical advice from the practice nurse. Antibiotic therapy is considered useful and stool diagnostics are performed for about a fifth of consulting AG patients. Stool diagnostics ("test") and antibiotic therapy ("treat") are interrelated and follow four strategies: "Wait & See", "Treat & See", "Treat & Test", and "Test & See". AG case management is diverse and includes different triage steps. A small proportion of AG patients have stool diagnostics performed and only positive tested patients are reported to the NNSID. As a result severe cases and cases with a history of travel abroad are overrepresented in the NNSID. The use of multiplex PCR panels in routine diagnostics likely leads to improved case management and higher case numbers in surveillance systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp J. Bless
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Joan Muela Ribera
- Partners for Applied Social Sciences (PASS) Suisse, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Claudia Schmutz
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Andreas Zeller
- Centre for Primary Health Care, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Mäusezahl
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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Schmutz C, Mäusezahl D, Jost M, Baumgartner A, Mäusezahl-Feuz M. Inverse trends of Campylobacter and Salmonella in Swiss surveillance data, 1988-2013. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 21:30130. [PMID: 26898102 DOI: 10.2807/1560-7917.es.2016.21.6.30130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2015] [Accepted: 08/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Clinical isolates of Campylobacter spp. and Salmonella spp. are notifiable in Switzerland. In 1995, Campylobacter replaced Salmonella as the most frequently reported food-borne pathogen. We analysed notification data (1988-2013) for these two bacterial, gastrointestinal pathogens of public health importance in Switzerland. Notification rates were calculated using data for the average resident population. Between 1988 and 2013, notified campylobacteriosis cases doubled from 3,127 to 7,499, while Salmonella case notifications decreased, from 4,291 to 1,267. Case notifications for both pathogens peaked during summer months. Campylobacter infections showed a distinct winter peak, particularly in the 2011/12, 2012/13 and 2013/14 winter seasons. Campylobacter case notifications showed more frequent infection in males than females in all but 20-24 year-olds. Among reported cases, patients' average age increased for campylobacteriosis but not for salmonellosis. The inverse trends observed in case notifications for the two pathogens indicate an increase in campylobacteriosis cases. It appears unlikely that changes in patients' health-seeking or physicians' testing behaviour would affect Campylobacter and Salmonella case notifications differently. The implementation of legal microbiological criteria for foodstuff was likely an effective means of controlling human salmonellosis. Such criteria should be decreed for Campylobacter, creating incentives for producers to lower Campylobacter prevalence in poultry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Schmutz
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland
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18
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Yun J, Greiner M, Höller C, Messelhäusser U, Rampp A, Klein G. Association between the ambient temperature and the occurrence of human Salmonella and Campylobacter infections. Sci Rep 2016; 6:28442. [PMID: 27324200 PMCID: PMC4914963 DOI: 10.1038/srep28442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2016] [Accepted: 06/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella spp. and thermotolerant Campylobacter spp. are the most important causes of human bacterial diarrheal infections worldwide. These bacterial species are influenced by several factors like behaviour of the host, shedding, environment incl. directly or indirectly through ambient temperature, and the infections show seasonality. Therefore, the aim of our study was to investigate the association between the occurrence of human campylobacteriosis and salmonellosis and the ambient temperature. The number of campylobacteriosis and salmonellosis cases in two German metropolises, Munich and Berlin, and three rural regions was analysed with simultaneous consideration of the ambient temperature over a period of four years (2001 to 2004) using regression, time series, and cross-correlation analysis. The statistical analysis showed that an increase in the ambient temperature correlated positively with an increase in human Salmonella and Campylobacter cases. The correlation occurred with a delay of approximately five weeks. The seasonal rise in ambient temperature correlated with increased incidence of bacterial diarrheal infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josef Yun
- Institute of Food Quality and Food Safety, University of Veterinary Medicine of Hannover Foundation, Bischofsholer Damm 15, D-30173 Hannover, Germany
- Government of Lower Bavaria, Regierungsplatz 540, D-84028 Landshut, Germany
| | - Matthias Greiner
- Institute of Food Quality and Food Safety, University of Veterinary Medicine of Hannover Foundation, Bischofsholer Damm 15, D-30173 Hannover, Germany
- Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR) and University of Veterinary Medicine of Hannover Foundation, Max-Dohrn-Str 8-10, D-10589 Berlin, Germany
| | - Christiane Höller
- Bavarian Health and Food Safety Authority, Veterinärstr. 2, D-85764 Oberschleissheim, Germany
| | - Ute Messelhäusser
- Bavarian Health and Food Safety Authority, Veterinärstr. 2, D-85764 Oberschleissheim, Germany
| | - Albert Rampp
- Bavarian Health and Food Safety Authority, Veterinärstr. 2, D-85764 Oberschleissheim, Germany
| | - Günter Klein
- Institute of Food Quality and Food Safety, University of Veterinary Medicine of Hannover Foundation, Bischofsholer Damm 15, D-30173 Hannover, Germany
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Evaluation of a Multiplex Real-Time PCR Assay for Detecting Major Bacterial Enteric Pathogens in Fecal Specimens: Intestinal Inflammation and Bacterial Load Are Correlated in Campylobacter Infections. J Clin Microbiol 2016; 54:2262-6. [PMID: 27307458 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.00558-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2016] [Accepted: 06/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A total of 1,056 native or Cary-Blair-preserved stool specimens were simultaneously tested by conventional stool culturing and by enteric bacterial panel (EBP) multiplex real-time PCR for Campylobacter jejuni, Campylobacter coli, Salmonella spp., and shigellosis disease-causing agents (Shigella spp. and enteroinvasive Escherichia coli [EIEC]). Overall, 143 (13.5%) specimens tested positive by PCR for the targets named above; 3 coinfections and 109 (10.4%) Campylobacter spp., 17 (1.6%) Salmonella spp., and 20 (1.9%) Shigella spp./EIEC infections were detected. The respective positive stool culture rates were 75 (7.1%), 14 (1.3%), and 7 (0.7%). The median threshold cycle (CT) values of culture-positive specimens were significantly lower than those of culture-negative ones (CT values, 24.3 versus 28.7; P < 0.001), indicating that the relative bacterial load per fecal specimen was significantly associated with the culture results. In Campylobacter infections, the respective median fecal calprotectin concentrations in PCR-negative/culture-negative (n = 40), PCR-positive/culture-negative (n = 14), and PCR-positive/culture-positive (n = 15) specimens were 134 mg/kg (interquartile range [IQR], 30 to 1,374 mg/kg), 1,913 mg/kg (IQR, 165 to 3,813 mg/kg), and 5,327 mg/kg (IQR, 1,836 to 18,213 mg/kg). Significant differences were observed among the three groups (P < 0.001), and a significant linear trend was identified (P < 0.001). Furthermore, the fecal calprotectin concentrations and CT values were found to be correlated (r = -0.658). Our results demonstrate that molecular screening of Campylobacter spp., Salmonella spp., and Shigella spp./EIEC using the BD Max EBP assay will result in timely diagnosis and improved sensitivity. The determination of inflammatory markers, such as calprotectin, in fecal specimens may aid in the interpretation of PCR results, particularly for enteric pathogens associated with mucosal damage and colonic inflammation.
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Risk Factors for Sporadic Infection With Campylobacter Spp. Among Children in Israel: A Case-control Study. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2016; 35:249-52. [PMID: 26569191 DOI: 10.1097/inf.0000000000000989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Campylobacter spp. has been identified as one of the leading causes of bacterial gastroenteritis in the world. In recent years, an increase in the incidence of campylobacteriosis in several countries, including Israel, was demonstrated. The incidence rate of campylobacteriosis in Israel increased from 22.3 per 100,000 in 1997 to 77.4 per 100,000 in 2009. The aim of this study was to explore risk factors for sporadic infection with Campylobacter among young children in Israel. METHODS A matched case-control study was performed to investigate risk factors for sporadic Campylobacter infection among 113 affected children of 1-5 years of age and 113 age-matched, gender-matched and neighborhood-matched controls. Information about exposure to potential risk factors was obtained via telephone interview and was evaluated by conditional logistic regression analysis. RESULTS In the multivariable model, for each additional chicken meal consumed during the week before the onset of illness, the odds for Campylobacter infection increased by 32% [adjusted matched odds ratios (aMOR): 1.32; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.01-1.72; P = 0.04], whereas consumption of fruits and vegetables decreased the odds for Campylobacter infection by 97% (aMOR: 0.03; 95% CI: 0.00-0.28; P < 0.01), and for each additional child living in the household, the odds for infection decreased by 48% (aMOR: 0.52; 95% CI: 0.33-0.83; P < 0.01). Using diaper increased the odds for campylobacteriosis (aMOR: 7.36; 95% CI: 1.66-32.70; P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS Interventions that focus on proper handling of chicken and chicken products, hand washing and encouraging consumption of fruits and vegetables could help in controlling Campylobacter infections.
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Mossong J, Mughini-Gras L, Penny C, Devaux A, Olinger C, Losch S, Cauchie HM, van Pelt W, Ragimbeau C. Human Campylobacteriosis in Luxembourg, 2010-2013: A Case-Control Study Combined with Multilocus Sequence Typing for Source Attribution and Risk Factor Analysis. Sci Rep 2016; 6:20939. [PMID: 26860258 PMCID: PMC4748240 DOI: 10.1038/srep20939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2015] [Accepted: 01/14/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Campylobacteriosis has increased markedly in Luxembourg during recent years. We sought to determine which Campylobacter genotypes infect humans, where they may originate from, and how they may infect humans. Multilocus sequence typing was performed on 1153 Campylobacter jejuni and 136 C. coli human strains to be attributed to three putative animal reservoirs (poultry, ruminants, pigs) and to environmental water using the asymmetric island model. A nationwide case-control study (2010-2013) for domestic campylobacteriosis was also conducted, including 367 C. jejuni and 48 C. coli cases, and 624 controls. Risk factors were investigated by Campylobacter species, and for strains attributed to different sources using a combined case-control and source attribution analysis. 282 sequence types (STs) were identified: ST-21, ST-48, ST-572, ST-50 and ST-257 were prevailing. Most cases were attributed to poultry (61.2%) and ruminants (33.3%). Consuming chicken outside the home was the dominant risk factor for both Campylobacter species. Newly identified risk factors included contact with garden soil for either species, and consuming beef specifically for C. coli. Poultry-associated campylobacteriosis was linked to poultry consumption in wintertime, and ruminant-associated campylobacteriosis to tap-water provider type. Besides confirming chicken as campylobacteriosis primary source, additional evidence was found for other reservoirs and transmission routes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joël Mossong
- National Health Laboratory (LNS), Surveillance and Epidemiology of Infectious Diseases, 1 rue Louis Rech, Dudelange L-3555, Luxembourg
| | - Lapo Mughini-Gras
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Centre for Infectious Disease Control (CIb). PO Box 1 - 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands
- Utrecht University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Yalelaan 1, De Uithof - 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Christian Penny
- Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology, Environmental Research and Innovation, 41 rue du Brill, L-4422 Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | - Anthony Devaux
- National Health Laboratory (LNS), Surveillance and Epidemiology of Infectious Diseases, 1 rue Louis Rech, Dudelange L-3555, Luxembourg
| | - Christophe Olinger
- National Health Laboratory (LNS), Surveillance and Epidemiology of Infectious Diseases, 1 rue Louis Rech, Dudelange L-3555, Luxembourg
| | - Serge Losch
- Veterinary Services Administration, Laboratory of Veterinary Medicine, 54 av. Gaston Diderich, L-1420 Luxembourg
| | - Henry-Michel Cauchie
- Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology, Environmental Research and Innovation, 41 rue du Brill, L-4422 Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | - Wilfrid van Pelt
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Centre for Infectious Disease Control (CIb). PO Box 1 - 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Catherine Ragimbeau
- National Health Laboratory (LNS), Surveillance and Epidemiology of Infectious Diseases, 1 rue Louis Rech, Dudelange L-3555, Luxembourg
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Abstract
The Rotterdam Study is a prospective cohort study ongoing since 1990 in the city of Rotterdam in The Netherlands. The study targets cardiovascular, endocrine, hepatic, neurological, ophthalmic, psychiatric, dermatological, otolaryngological, locomotor, and respiratory diseases. As of 2008, 14,926 subjects aged 45 years or over comprise the Rotterdam Study cohort. The findings of the Rotterdam Study have been presented in over 1200 research articles and reports (see www.erasmus-epidemiology.nl/rotterdamstudy ). This article gives the rationale of the study and its design. It also presents a summary of the major findings and an update of the objectives and methods.
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Phan TG, da Costa AC, Zhang W, Pothier P, Ambert-Balay K, Deng X, Delwart E. A new gyrovirus in human feces. Virus Genes 2015; 51:132-5. [PMID: 26013257 PMCID: PMC4519424 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-015-1210-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2015] [Accepted: 05/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
A novel gyrovirus genome found in the feces of an adult with diarrhea is described. The genome shows the three expected main ORFs encoding a structural protein (VP1), nonstructural protein (VP2), and Apoptin protein (VP3), which shared identities of 41, 42, and 38 % with those of the most closely related gyrovirus proteins, respectively. Given the high divergence in its genome, this gyrovirus may be considered the prototype for a new viral species (GyV9) in the Gyrovirus genus. Because the closest relatives of this gyrovirus infect chicken, a possible dietary origin for the presence of this virus in human feces is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tung Gia Phan
- Blood Systems Research Institute, San Francisco, CA 94118, USA
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94118, USA
| | - Antonio Charlys da Costa
- Blood Systems Research Institute, San Francisco, CA 94118, USA
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Wen Zhang
- Blood Systems Research Institute, San Francisco, CA 94118, USA
- School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu, China
| | - Pierre Pothier
- National Reference Centre for Enteric Viruses, University Hospital of Dijon, Dijon, France
| | - Katia Ambert-Balay
- National Reference Centre for Enteric Viruses, University Hospital of Dijon, Dijon, France
| | - Xutao Deng
- Blood Systems Research Institute, San Francisco, CA 94118, USA
| | - Eric Delwart
- Blood Systems Research Institute, San Francisco, CA 94118, USA
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94118, USA
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Abstract
Campylobacteriosis has been the most common food-associated notifiable infectious disease in Switzerland since 1995. Contact with and ingestion of raw or undercooked broilers are considered the dominant risk factors for infection. In this study, we investigated the temporal relationship between the disease incidence in humans and the prevalence of Campylobacter in broilers in Switzerland from 2008 to 2012. We use a time-series approach to describe the pattern of the disease by incorporating seasonal effects and autocorrelation. The analysis shows that prevalence of Campylobacter in broilers, with a 2-week lag, has a significant impact on disease incidence in humans. Therefore Campylobacter cases in humans can be partly explained by contagion through broiler meat. We also found a strong autoregressive effect in human illness, and a significant increase of illness during Christmas and New Year's holidays. In a final analysis, we corrected for the sampling error of prevalence in broilers and the results gave similar conclusions.
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