1
|
Zhang X, Li Z. Profiling population-wide exposure to environmental chemicals: A case study of naphthalene. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 358:142217. [PMID: 38704043 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.142217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2024] [Revised: 04/20/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 05/06/2024]
Abstract
Long-term exposure to environmental chemicals can detrimentally impact human health, and understanding the relationship between age distribution and levels of external and internal exposure is crucial. Nonetheless, existing methods for assessing population-wide exposure across age groups are limited. To bridge this research gap, we introduced a modeling approach designed to assess both chronic external and internal exposure to chemicals at the population level. The external and internal exposure assessments were quantified in terms of the average daily dose (ADD) and steady-state blood concentration of the environmental chemical, respectively, which were categorized by age and gender groups. The modeling process was presented within a spreadsheet framework, affording users the capability to execute population-wide exposure analyses across a spectrum of chemicals. Our simulation outcomes underscored a salient trend: younger age groups, particularly infants and children, exhibited markedly higher ADD values and blood concentrations of environmental chemicals compared to their older counterparts. This observation is due to the elevated basal metabolic rate per unit of body weight characteristic of younger individuals, coupled with their diminished biotransformation kinetics of xenobiotics within their livers. These factors collectively contribute to increased intake rates of environmental chemicals per unit of body weight through air and food consumption, along with heightened bioaccumulation of these chemicals within their bodies (e.g., blood). Furthermore, we augmented the precision of the external and internal exposure assessment by incorporating the age distribution across the population. The simulation outcomes unveiled that, to estimate the central tendency of the population's exposure levels, employing the baseline value group (age group 21-30) or the surrogate age of 25 serves as a simple yet dependable approach. However, for comprehensive population protection, our recommendation aligns with conducting exposure assessments for the younger age groups (age group 0-11). Future studies should integrate individual-level exposure assessment, analyze vulnerable population groups, and refine population structures within our developed model.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Zhang
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518107, China
| | - Zijian Li
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518107, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Yuan L, Wang H, Gao Y, Ren G, Lu Y, Jing S, Tan W, Zhu L, Shang Y, An J, Huang C. Atmospheric gaseous aromatic hydrocarbons in eastern China based on mobile measurements: Spatial distribution, secondary formation potential and source apportionment. J Environ Sci (China) 2023; 130:102-113. [PMID: 37032027 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2022.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Revised: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Monocyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (MAHs) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are both well known as hazardous air pollutants and also important anthropogenic precursors of tropospheric ozone (O3) and secondary organic aerosols (SOA). In recent years, there have been intensive studies covering MAHs emission from various sources and their behavior under stimulated photochemical conditions. Yet in-situ measurements of PAHs presence and variations in ambient air are sparse. Herein we conducted large geometrical scale mobile measurements for 16 aromatic hydrocarbons (AHs, including 7 MAHs and 9 PAHs) in eastern China between October 27 and November 8, 2019. This unique dataset has allowed for some insights in terms of AHs concentration variations, accompanying chemical composition, source contributions and spatial distributions in eastern China. In general, AHs showed a clear concentration variability between the south and the north of the Yangtze River Delta (YRD). The concentrations of PAHs were approximately 9% of AHs, but contributed 23% of SOA formation potential. Source apportionment via positive matrix factorization (PMF) model revealed that industrial processes as the largest source (44%) of observed AHs, followed by solvent usage (21%), vehicle exhaust (19%), coal combustion (11%) and coking processes (6%). In the perspective of PAHs sources, coal combustion emissions were identified as the dominating factor of a share of 41%-52% in eastern China. Our findings complemented the simultaneously monitoring information of PAHs and MAHs in eastern China, revealed the importance of PAHs to SOA formation and highlighted the necessity of formulating strategies to reduce emissions from anthropogenic sources and reduce risks to human health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lingling Yuan
- Institute of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China; State of Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Formation and Prevention of Urban Air Complex, Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Hongli Wang
- State of Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Formation and Prevention of Urban Air Complex, Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai 200233, China.
| | - Yaqin Gao
- State of Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Formation and Prevention of Urban Air Complex, Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Guofa Ren
- Institute of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China.
| | - Yiqun Lu
- State of Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Formation and Prevention of Urban Air Complex, Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Shengao Jing
- State of Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Formation and Prevention of Urban Air Complex, Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Wen Tan
- Tofwerk China, Nanjing 210000, China
| | - Liang Zhu
- Tofwerk China, Nanjing 210000, China
| | - Yu Shang
- Institute of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Jing An
- Institute of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Cheng Huang
- State of Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Formation and Prevention of Urban Air Complex, Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai 200233, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Deng QX, Feng JR, Gao PP, Ni HG. Combined effects of vehicles and waste incineration on urban air halogenated and parent polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2023; 171:107720. [PMID: 36580736 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2022.107720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Revised: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Traffic emissions and waste incineration are the main sources of PAHs in urban atmosphere, but their spatially superimposed effects are currently unclear. This study assessed the spatial distribution of PAHs and HPAHs concentrations in the atmosphere of Shenzhen by simulating the spatial and temporal dispersion of PAHs and HPAHs emissions from on-road vehicles and municipal solid waste incinerators (MSWIs). Generally, the concentrations of PAHs and HPAHs were higher on workdays than on weekends due to higher traffic volumes, while the prevailing wind direction of the northeast could cause more widespread dispersion of PAHs and HPAHs within Shenzhen's atmosphere. After superimposing the spatial distribution of pollutants emitted by vehicles and MSWIs, PAHs within 1000 m downwind of MSWIs are mainly contributed by MSWIs and beyond 1000 m by vehicles. The cancer risk values induced by exposure to PAHs and HPAHs via inhalation in Shenzhen were below the acceptable risk level for males and females in each age group, while adults faced the highest cancer risk, followed by adolescents and children. However, spatially, the cancer risk values were above the priority risk level for adult males in localized high-traffic areas in Futian and Luohu districts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qing-Xin Deng
- School of Urban Planning and Design, Shenzhen Graduate School, Peking University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Jin-Ru Feng
- School of Urban Planning and Design, Shenzhen Graduate School, Peking University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Pan-Pan Gao
- School of Urban Planning and Design, Shenzhen Graduate School, Peking University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Hong-Gang Ni
- School of Urban Planning and Design, Shenzhen Graduate School, Peking University, Shenzhen 518055, China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Rurale G, Gentile I, Carbonero C, Persani L, Marelli F. Short-Term Exposure Effects of the Environmental Endocrine Disruptor Benzo(a)Pyrene on Thyroid Axis Function in Zebrafish. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23105833. [PMID: 35628645 PMCID: PMC9148134 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23105833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Revised: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Benzo(a)Pyrene (BaP) is one of the most widespread polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) with endocrine disrupting properties and carcinogenic effects. In the present study, we tested the effect of BaP on thyroid development and function, using zebrafish as a model system. Zebrafish embryos were treated with 50 nM BaP from 2.5 to 72 h post fertilization (hpf) and compared to 1.2% DMSO controls. The expression profiles of markers of thyroid primordium specification, thyroid hormone (TH) synthesis, hypothalamus-pituitary-thyroid (HPT) axis, TH transport and metabolism, and TH action were analyzed in pools of treated and control embryos at different developmental stages. BaP treatment did not affect early markers of thyroid differentiation but resulted in a significant decrease of markers of TH synthesis (tg and nis) likely secondary to defective expression of the central stimulatory hormones of thyroid axis (trh, tshba) and of TH metabolism (dio2). Consequently, immunofluorescence of BaP treated larvae showed a low number of follicles immunoreactive to T4. In conclusion, our results revealed that the short-term exposure to BaP significantly affects thyroid function in zebrafish, but the primary toxic effects would be exerted at the hypothalamic-pituitary level thus creating a model of central hypothyroidism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giuditta Rurale
- Lab of Endocrine and Metabolic Research, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, 20100 Milan, Italy;
| | - Ilaria Gentile
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, 20100 Milan, Italy; (I.G.); (C.C.)
| | - Camilla Carbonero
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, 20100 Milan, Italy; (I.G.); (C.C.)
| | - Luca Persani
- Lab of Endocrine and Metabolic Research, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, 20100 Milan, Italy;
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, 20100 Milan, Italy; (I.G.); (C.C.)
- Correspondence: (L.P.); (F.M.); Tel.: +39-02-61911-2432 (F.M.)
| | - Federica Marelli
- Lab of Endocrine and Metabolic Research, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, 20100 Milan, Italy;
- Correspondence: (L.P.); (F.M.); Tel.: +39-02-61911-2432 (F.M.)
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Huang F, Zhang Y, Lou Y, Li X, Zhang T, Yu H, Yuan C, Tong Q, Qi F, Shao F. Characterization, Sources and Excessive Cancer Risk of PM 2.5-Bound Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Different Green Spaces in Lin'an, Hangzhou, China. BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2021; 107:519-529. [PMID: 34230988 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-021-03304-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
PM2.5 samples were collected from residential, commercial, plaza and public green spaces in Lin'an, Hangzhou, in spring (March and April) and winter (February and December) in 2017. PAHs were detected by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), and their sources were identified using the diagnostic ratio (DR) and principal component analysis-multiple linear regression (PCA-MLR). The average PAH concentration in winter was 1.3 times that in spring (p < 0.01). The PAH concentrations in the green spaces decreased as commercial > residential > plaza > public green space (p < 0.05). The sources of PAHs were vehicle emissions and coal combustion pollution transported by northern Chinese air masses. Slightly higher excessive cancer risks were determined in the commercial and residential green spaces than in the plaza and public green spaces. Green coverage, pedestrian volume, traffic flow and building density greatly influenced the decrease in the PAH concentration in the green spaces. Among the 4 types of green spaces, public green space had the most ecological benefits and should be fully utilized in urban green space planning to improve public health in urban spaces.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fang Huang
- College of Landscape Architecture, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University, Hangzhou, 311300, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yinke Zhang
- Hangzhou Botanical Garden (Hangzhou West Lake Academy of Landscape Science), Hangzhou, 310012, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yilei Lou
- College of Landscape Architecture, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University, Hangzhou, 311300, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiaolu Li
- College of Landscape Architecture, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University, Hangzhou, 311300, Zhejiang, China
| | - Tianran Zhang
- College of Landscape Architecture, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University, Hangzhou, 311300, Zhejiang, China
| | - Hui Yu
- College of Landscape Architecture, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University, Hangzhou, 311300, Zhejiang, China
| | - Chuyang Yuan
- College of Landscape Architecture, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University, Hangzhou, 311300, Zhejiang, China
| | - Qun Tong
- Hangzhou Lin'an District Environmental Monitoring Station, Hangzhou, 311300, Zhejiang, China
| | - Feng Qi
- College of Landscape Architecture, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University, Hangzhou, 311300, Zhejiang, China
| | - Feng Shao
- College of Landscape Architecture, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University, Hangzhou, 311300, Zhejiang, China.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Peng M, Lu S, Yu Y, Liu S, Zhao Y, Li C, Ma S. Urinary monohydroxylated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in primiparas from Shenzhen, South China: Levels, risk factors, and oxidative stress. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 259:113854. [PMID: 31918135 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.113854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2019] [Revised: 12/07/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The main objectives of the present study were to investigate urinary monohydroxylated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (OH-PAHs) in 77 primiparas who live in Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China, and their association with 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) and human health risks. High detection frequencies of OH-PAHs demonstrated the wide occurrence of chemicals in the human exposure to PAHs. The urinary concentrations of Σ7OH-PAHs ranged from 1.37 to 45.5 ng/mL, and the median concentrations of 1-hydroxynaphthalene (1-OHN), 2-hydroxynaphthalene (2-OHN), 2-hydoxyfluorene (2-OHF), ΣOHPhe (the sum of 1-, 2+ 3-hydroxyphenanthrene), and 1-hydroxypyrene (1-OHP) were 3.00, 2.58, 0.31, 0.44, and 0.51 ng/mL, respectively. In the sum concentration of seven OH-PAHs, 1-OHN accounted for the largest proportion (43.7% of Σ7OH-PAHs), followed by 2-OHN (37.1%), 2-OHF (4.94%), 1-OHP (8.01%), 1-OHPhe (4.79%), and 2+3-OHPhe (1.46%). The present results showed that vehicle exhaust and petrochemical emission are the main sources of PAHs in primiparas in Shenzhen, and inhalation is the most important exposure route. The living conditions have a significant influence on human exposure to PAHs. The concentrations of 8-OHdG were positively correlated with OH-PAH concentrations in urine because evidence suggested that urinary 8-OHdG levels can be considered as a biomarker of oxidative DNA damage. Hazard quotient was used to assess the human health risks from exposure to single compound, and hazard index was used to assess the cumulative risks of the compounds, which demonstrated that the exposure risks from PAHs in primiparas were relatively low.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mengmeng Peng
- Institute of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Shaoyou Lu
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China.
| | - Yingxin Yu
- Institute of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Shan Liu
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Yang Zhao
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Chun Li
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Shengtao Ma
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Kumar A, Sankar TK, Sethi SS, Ambade B. Characteristics, toxicity, source identification and seasonal variation of atmospheric polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons over East India. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:678-690. [PMID: 31808094 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-06882-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric PM2.5-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were analyzed over urban and rural sites during January to December 2018. Total annual average concentration of PM2.5 was 74.41 ± 24.96 μg/m3 over urban and 52.03 ± 13.11 μg/m3 over rural site during study time. The annual average concentration of PM2.5 over urban and rural atmospheres were found approximately twice in urban and found also higher over rural site, with respect to National Ambient Air Quality (NAAQ) standard of 40 μg/m3 for PM2.5 concentration. The annual concentration of PAHs was 750.80 ± 19.49 ng/m3 over urban, and, over rural, it was 559.59 ± 17.56 ng/m3. The seasonal variation of concentration of PAHs was in order of winter > post-monsoon > summer > monsoon. The most predominant PAHs were IcP (17.21%), B(ghi) P(15.22%), BkF (11.60%), DBahA (11.34%) and BbF (10.91%) to the total PAH concentration over urban site; over rural site, most predominant PAHs were IcP (16.02%), B(ghi)P, (15.63%), BkF (11.46%), DBahA (11.12%) and BbF (8.99%) of total PAHs. DBahA concentration was contributed approximately 46% carcinogenicity over both urban and rural sites, and BaP contributes 33.56% carcinogenicity over urban site and 34.62% carcinogenicity over rural site of total PAH samples. The Excess Life Time Cancer Risk (ELCR) values over urban were found at acceptable limit 10-6-10-4 given by the United States Environmental Protection Agency. Over rural site, the ELCR value was found near about acceptable limit. Diagnostic ratio analysis demonstrated that major sources of PAHs were pyrogenic sources and vehicular emission over study. Air parcel through trajectories over study site also contributed in PAH concentration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amit Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology Jamshedpur, Jharkhand, 831014, India
| | - Tapan Kumar Sankar
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology Jamshedpur, Jharkhand, 831014, India
| | | | - Balram Ambade
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology Jamshedpur, Jharkhand, 831014, India.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Brines M, Dall'Osto M, Amato F, Minguillón MC, Karanasiou A, Grimalt JO, Alastuey A, Querol X, van Drooge BL. Source apportionment of urban PM 1 in Barcelona during SAPUSS using organic and inorganic components. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 26:32114-32127. [PMID: 31494852 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-06199-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Source apportionment of atmospheric PM1 is important for air quality control, especially in urban areas where high mass concentrations are often observed. Chemical analysis of molecular inorganic and organic tracer compounds and subsequently data analysis with receptor models give insight on the origin of the PM1 sources. In the present study, four source apportionment approaches were compared with an extended database containing inorganic and organic compounds that were measured during an intensive sampling campaign at urban traffic and urban background sites in Barcelona. Source apportionment of the combined database, containing both inorganic and organic compounds, was compared with more conventional approaches using inorganic and organic databases separately. Traffic emission sources were identified in all models for the two sites. The combined inorganic and organic databases provided higher discrimination capacity of emission sources. It identified aerosols generated by regional recirculation of biomass burning, secondary biogenic organic aerosols, harbor emissions, and specific industrial emissions. In this respect, this approach identified a relevant industrial source situated at NE Barcelona in which a waste incinerator plant, a combined-cycle power plant, and an industrial glass complex are located. Models using both inorganic and organic molecular tracer compounds improve the source apportionment of urban PM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mariola Brines
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDÆA) Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), C/ Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Astronomy and Meteorology, Faculty of Physics, University of Barcelona, C/ Martí i Franquès 1, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Manuel Dall'Osto
- Institute of Marine Sciences (ICM) Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Pg. Marítim de la Barceloneta 37-49, 08003, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Fulvio Amato
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDÆA) Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), C/ Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034, Barcelona, Spain
| | - María Cruz Minguillón
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDÆA) Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), C/ Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Angeliki Karanasiou
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDÆA) Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), C/ Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joan O Grimalt
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDÆA) Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), C/ Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Andrés Alastuey
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDÆA) Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), C/ Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Xavier Querol
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDÆA) Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), C/ Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Barend L van Drooge
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDÆA) Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), C/ Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034, Barcelona, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Day-Night Differences, Seasonal Variations and Source Apportionment of PM10-Bound PAHs over Xi’an, Northwest China. ATMOSPHERE 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos9020062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
|
10
|
Luo J, Qi S, Xie X, Gu XWS, Wang J. The assessment of source attribution of soil pollution in a typical e-waste recycling town and its surrounding regions using the combined organic and inorganic dataset. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 24:3131-3141. [PMID: 27858274 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-8072-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Guiyu is a well-known electronic waste dismantling and recycling town in south China. Concentrations and distribution of the 21 mineral elements and 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) collected there were evaluated. Principal component analyses (PCA) applied to the data matrix of PAHs in the soil extracted three major factors explaining 85.7% of the total variability identified as traffic emission, coal combustion, and an unidentified source. By using metallic or metalloid element concentrations as variables, five principal components (PCs) were identified and accounted for 70.4% of the information included in the initial data matrix, which can be denoted as e-waste dismantling-related contamination, two different geological origins, anthropogenic influenced source, and marine aerosols. Combining the 21 metallic and metalloid element datasets with the 16 PAH concentrations can narrow down the coarse source and decrease the unidentified contribution to soil in the present study and therefore effectively assists the source identification process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jie Luo
- China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China.
- Guangdong Hydrogeology Battalion, Guangzhou, 510510, China.
| | - Shihua Qi
- China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Xianming Xie
- Guangdong Hydrogeology Battalion, Guangzhou, 510510, China
| | - X W Sophie Gu
- The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Jinji Wang
- Guangdong Hydrogeology Battalion, Guangzhou, 510510, China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Liu L, Liu A, Li Y, Zhang L, Zhang G, Guan Y. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons associated with road deposited solid and their ecological risk: Implications for road stormwater reuse. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 563-564:190-198. [PMID: 27135582 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.04.114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2016] [Revised: 04/16/2016] [Accepted: 04/16/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Reusing stormwater is becoming popular worldwide. However, urban road stormwater commonly contains toxic pollutants, such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), which could undermine reuse safety. This study investigated pollution level of PAHs and their composition build-up on urban roads in a typical megacity in South China. The potential ecological risk posed by PAHs associated with road deposited solid (RDS) was also assessed. Results showed that ecological risk levels varied based on different land use types, which could be significantly influenced by the composition of PAHs and characteristics of RDS. A higher percentage of high-ring PAHs, such as more than four rings, could pose higher ecological risk and are more likely to undermine stormwater reuse safety. Additionally, the degree of traffic congestion rather than traffic volume was found to exert a more significant influence on the generation of high-ring PAH generation. Therefore, stormwater from more congested roads might need proper treatment (particularly for removing high-ring PAHs) before reuse or could be suitable for purposes requiring low-water-quality. The findings of this study are expected to contribute to adequate stormwater reuse strategy development and to enhance the safety of urban road stormwater reuse.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liang Liu
- Graduate school at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - An Liu
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Yang Li
- Graduate school at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control (MARC), Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, Guangdong, China
| | - Lixun Zhang
- Graduate school at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control (MARC), Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, Guangdong, China
| | - Guijuan Zhang
- Graduate school at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control (MARC), Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, Guangdong, China
| | - Yuntao Guan
- Graduate school at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control (MARC), Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, Guangdong, China.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Liu J, Man R, Ma S, Li J, Wu Q, Peng J. Atmospheric levels and health risk of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) bound to PM2.5 in Guangzhou, China. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2015; 100:134-143. [PMID: 26392374 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2015.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2015] [Revised: 08/20/2015] [Accepted: 09/08/2015] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in PM2.5 contribute significantly to health risk. The objectives of this study were to assess the occurrence and variation in the concentrations and sources of PM2.5-bound PAHs sampled from the atmosphere of a typical southeastern Chinese city (Guangzhou) from June 2012 to May 2013, with the potential risks being investigated. The annual average concentration of PM2.5 was 64.88μgm(-3). The annual average concentration of PAHs in PM2.5 was 33.89ngm(-3). Benzo(a)pyrene (BaP) was found to be the predominant PAH in all PM2.5 samples throughout the year, constituting approximately 8.78% of the total PAH content. The significant meteorological parameters for most of the PAHs were sunshine time, air pressure, and humidity, together representing 10.7-52.4% of the variance in atmospheric PAH concentrations. Motor-vehicle exhaust and coal combustion were probably the main sources of PAHs in PM2.5 in Guangzhou. The average inhalation cancer risk (ICR) for a lifetime of 70years was 5.98×10(-4) (ranging from 8.39×10(-5) to 1.95×10(-3)).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Liu
- School of Chemistry Engineering, Central South University, Changsha City, Hunan Province, China; Changsha Environmental Protection College, Changsha City, Hunan Province, China; Key Laboratory of Nonferrous Metal Resource Chemistry, Central South University, Changsha City, Hunan Province, China
| | - Ruilin Man
- School of Chemistry Engineering, Central South University, Changsha City, Hunan Province, China; Key Laboratory of Nonferrous Metal Resource Chemistry, Central South University, Changsha City, Hunan Province, China.
| | - Shexia Ma
- South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, MEP, Guangzhou City, China.
| | - Juansheng Li
- Changsha Environmental Protection College, Changsha City, Hunan Province, China
| | - Qi Wu
- School of Chemistry Engineering, Central South University, Changsha City, Hunan Province, China; Key Laboratory of Nonferrous Metal Resource Chemistry, Central South University, Changsha City, Hunan Province, China
| | - Juanying Peng
- Changsha Environmental Protection College, Changsha City, Hunan Province, China
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Li Y, Duan X. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in sediments of China Sea. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 22:15432-15442. [PMID: 26341340 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-015-5333-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2015] [Accepted: 08/27/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Increasing pollution pressures were placed in the coastal and estuarine ecosystems in China because of the elevated pollutants discharged from various sources. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the environment were closely linked to human activities, which have been intensively studied for their geochemical interest as markers. In this review, the status of PAH contamination in China Sea was assessed by comprehensive reviews of the concentrations, sources, and fates of PAHs in sediments of China Sea. PAH concentrations in China Sea sediments decreased from north to south due to the higher emissions in North China. Atmosphere was probably the main carrier of PAHs in the north due to the higher contents of atmospheric fine particles and higher wind speeds. However, riverine inputs were probably the most important sources of PAHs in the coastal sediments of South China due to higher rainfall.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yanxia Li
- Weifang University, Weifang, 261061, China
| | - Xiaoyong Duan
- Key Laboratory of Marine Hydrocarbon Resources and Environmental Geology, Ministry of Land and Resources, Qingdao, 266071, China.
- Qingdao Institute of Marine Geology, China Geological Survey, Qingdao, 266071, China.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Singh DK, Sharma S, Habib G, Gupta T. Speciation of atmospheric polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) present during fog time collected submicron particles. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 22:12458-12468. [PMID: 25903173 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-015-4413-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2014] [Accepted: 03/19/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Airborne submicron particles (PM1) were collected using PM1 sampler during the fog-dominated days (December 2013-January 2014). PM1 values varied between 58.12 μg/m(3) and 198.75 μg/m(3), and average mass concentration was 162.33 ± 38.25 μg/m(3) while total average concentration of particle-associated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAHs) determined was 616.31 ± 30.31 ng/m(3). This is a signal for an alarming high pollution level at this site situated in the Indo-Gangetic Plain (IGP). PAHs were extracted from filters using toluene and acetonitrile. Quantitative measurements of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were carried out using the high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) technique. The extracts were analyzed for 16 target polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) including carcinogenic compound benzo(a)pyrene (19.86 ± 38.98 ng/m(3)). Fluoranthene, benzo(a)anthracene, anthracene, and fluorene were the predominant compounds found in the samples collected during foggy days. Based on number of rings, four-ring PAH compounds had maximum contribution (43%) in this fog time collected submicron particles followed by three-ring (21%), five-ring (20%), six-ring (13%), and two-ring (3%), respectively. In winter and foggy days, wood and coal combustion and biomass burning also significantly contribute to the PAH levels. However, diagnostic ratio suggests diesel emissions as the prime source of PAHs at this sampling site.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dharmendra Kumar Singh
- Department of Civil Engineering & Atmospheric Particles Technology Laboratory at Center for Environmental Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, 208016, India
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Birgul A, Tasdemir Y. Concentrations, gas-particle partitioning, and seasonal variations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons at four sites in Turkey. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2015; 68:46-63. [PMID: 25480127 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-014-0105-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2014] [Accepted: 11/10/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Ambient air polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) samples were collected at traffic, residential, coastal, and semiurban sites in Bursa, Turkey, between June 2008 and June 2009. For the traffic, residential, coastal, and semiurban sites, the average gas phase total PAH (∑12PAH) concentrations were 113 ± 131, 142 ± 204, 53 ± 73, and 19 ± 34 ng/m(3), respectively, whereas the average particle phase total PAH concentrations were 28 ± 36, 56 ± 85, 24 ± 40, and 11 ± 23 ng/m(3), respectively. Phenanthrene and fluoranthene had the highest concentrations of all of the sampling sites in the gas phase. The PAH concentrations in the heating period were 5-7 times greater than the nonheating period concentrations. Principal component analysis (PCA) was used to investigate the relationship between the levels of PAHs determined in ambient samples and their possible sources. The PCA model shows that coal combustion and vehicle emissions affected PAH emissions. Moreover, the molecular diagnostic ratios indicated that coal-burning and traffic emissions were the dominant PAH sources. The multiple linear regression analysis indicated that the meteorological parameters also affected the ambient PAH concentrations. The sampling site characteristics, meteorological conditions, dispersion, and local sources all affected the concentration levels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Askin Birgul
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Uludag University, 16059, Nilufer, Bursa/Turkey,
| | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Shao Y, Wang Y, Xu X, Wu X, Jiang Z, He S, Qian K. Occurrence and source apportionment of PAHs in highly vulnerable karst system. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2014; 490:153-160. [PMID: 24852613 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.04.128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2014] [Revised: 04/29/2014] [Accepted: 04/29/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The concentration and spatial distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in topsoil, groundwater and groundwater suspended solids (SS) at Guozhuang karst water system of northern China were investigated. The total concentration of PAHs ranged from 622 to 87,880 ng/g dry weight in topsoil, from 4739 to 59,314 ng/g dry weight in SS, and from 2137 to 9037 ng/L in groundwater, with mean values of 17,174 ng/g, 11,990 ng/g and 5020 ng/L, respectively. High concentrations of PAHs were mainly observed in the coal mining industrial area and the discharge area. The composition of PAHs indicated that low molecular weight PAHs were predominant in groundwater samples, the content of medium molecular weight PAHs was elevated in SS, and carcinogenic high molecular weight PAHs were frequently detected in topsoil. The high contents of low-medium molecular weight PAHs in groundwater and SS suggested relatively recent local sources of PAHs that were transported into the aquifer via leakage of contaminated surface water and/or infiltration of PAH-containing precipitation. The results of evaluating sources of PAHs using ratios of specific PAH compounds showed that PAHs mainly originated from coal and wood combustion. Furthermore, five sources were identified by positive matrix factorization (PMF) model, and the contribution to the total loadings of groundwater PAHs were: 2% for unburnt oil, 32% for coal combustion, 22% for vehicle emission, 27% for biomass combustion and 18% for coke production, respectively. Furthermore, strong correlations of total PAHs with total organic carbon (TOC) in topsoil indicated co-emission of PAHs and TOC. Poor correlations of PAHs with dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in groundwater indicated that other factors exert stronger influences. Therefore, PAHs might have posed a major threat to the quality of potable groundwater in Guozhuang karst water system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yixian Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, PR China; Geological Research Center for Agricultural Applications, China Geological Survey, Zhejiang 311203, PR China.
| | - Yanxin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, PR China.
| | - Xiaoqing Xu
- North China Power Engineering Co., Ltd. of China Power Engineering Consulting Group, Beijing 100120, PR China.
| | - Xiao Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, PR China.
| | - Zhou Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, PR China.
| | - Shanshan He
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, PR China.
| | - Kun Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
El-Mubarak AH, Rushdi AI, Al-Mutlaq KF, Bazeyad AY, Simonich SLM, Simoneit BRT. Identification and source apportionment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in ambient air particulate matter of Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 21:558-67. [PMID: 23812790 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-013-1946-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2013] [Accepted: 06/17/2013] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
In an effort to assess the occurrence and sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the ambient air of Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, PM10 samples were collected during December 2010. Diagnostic PAH concentration ratios were used as a tool to identify and characterize the PAH sources. The results reflect high PM10 and PAH concentrations (particulate matter (PM) = 270-1,270 μg/m(3)). The corresponding average PAH concentrations were in the range of 18 ± 8 to 1,003 ± 597 ng/m(3) and the total concentrations (total PAHs (TPAHs) of 17 compounds) varied from 1,383 to 13,470 ng/m(3) with an average of 5,871 ± 2,830 ng/m(3). The detection and quantification limits were 1-3 and 1-10 ng/ml, respectively, with a recovery range of 42-80%. The ratio of the sum of the concentrations of the nine major non-alkylated compounds to the total (CPAHs/TPAHs) was 0.87 ± 0.10, and other ratios were determined to apportion the PM sources. The PAHs found are characteristic for emissions from traffic with diesel being a predominant source.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aarif H El-Mubarak
- Department of Plant Protection and Chair of Green Energy Research, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, P. O. Box 2460, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia,
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Devi NL, Shihua Q, Yadav IC. Atmospheric Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAH) in Manipur of the Northeast India: Monitoring on Urban, Rural, and Mountain Sites. Polycycl Aromat Compd 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/10406638.2013.839455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
|
19
|
Arruti A, Fernández-Olmo I, Irabien Á. Evaluation of the urban/rural particle-bound PAH and PCB levels in the northern Spain (Cantabria region). ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2012; 184:6513-26. [PMID: 22210123 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-011-2437-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2011] [Accepted: 11/02/2011] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to evaluate the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) and polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) levels in PM(10) and PM(2.5), at one rural and three urban sites in the Cantabria region (northern Spain). From all of these pollutants, benzo(a)pyrene is regulated by the EU air quality directives; its target value (1 ng/m(3)) was not exceeded. The concentration values of the studied organic pollutants at the studied sites are in the range of those obtained at other European sites. A comparison between the rural-urban stations was developed: (a) PAH concentration values were lower in the rural site (except for fluorene). Therefore, the contribution of local sources to the urban levels of PAHs seems relevant. Results from the coefficient of divergence show that the urban PAH levels are influenced by different local emission sources. (b) PCB rural concentration values were higher than those found at urban sites. Because no local sources of PCBs were identified in the rural site, the contribution of more distant emission sources (about 40 km) to the PCB levels is considered to be the most important; the long-range transport of PCBs does not seem to be significant. Additionally, local PAH tracers were identified by a triangular diagram: higher molecular weight PAHs in Reinosa, naphthalene in Santander and anthracene/pyrene in Castro Urdiales. A preliminary PAH source apportionment study in the urban sites was conducted by means of diagnostic ratios. The ratios are similar to those reported in areas affected by traffic emissions; they also suggest an industrial emission source at Reinosa.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Axel Arruti
- Dep. Ingeniería Química y Química Inorgánica, Universidad de Cantabria, Avda. Los Castros s/n, 39005 Santander, Cantabria, Spain.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Sun JL, Ni HG, Zeng H. Ecological risk assessment of parent and halogenated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in surface sediments from an urban river in south China. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2012; 31:1867-1873. [PMID: 22619089 DOI: 10.1002/etc.1890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2012] [Revised: 03/02/2012] [Accepted: 04/12/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, 16 priority polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (Σ(16) PAHs), including seven carcinogenic PAHs (Σ(7) PAHs) designated by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, in surface sediment from an urban river (Shenzhen, south China) were measured. The concentrations of Σ(16) PAHs and Σ(7) PAHs ranged from 27.92 to 7409 ng/g and 0.53 to 2326 ng/g, respectively. Source appointments indicated that the PAHs in surface sediments were mainly derived from coal combustion (36.6%), oil spills (22.2%), vehicle emission (19.5%), and waste incineration (12.1%). The ecological risks posed by PAHs and several halogenated PAHs in these sediment samples were assessed using two redefined guidelines incorporating the toxic equivalency quotients (TEQs) of individual PAH congeners: (1) TEQs effect range-low, and (2) TEQs effect range-median. The authors' results suggested that the PAHs they measured in most of the sediments in this urban river would not cause acute biological effects. On the contrary, the ecological risk posed by some halogenated PAHs was much higher than that of their corresponding parent PAHs. Finally, the relationships between PAH levels and catchment urbanization processes were examined. The results indicated that rapid urbanization has led to an obvious increase in PAH contamination in surface sediments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Lin Sun
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Circular Economy, Shenzhen Graduate School, Peking University, Shenzhen, PR China
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Li X, Li P, Yan L, Chen J, Cheng T, Xu S. Characterization of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in fog-rain events. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 13:2988-93. [PMID: 22009260 DOI: 10.1039/c1em10543d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Atmospheric polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) mainly originate from incomplete combustion or pyrolysis of materials containing carbon and hydrogen. They exist in gas and particle phases, as well as dissolved or suspended in precipitation (fog or rain). Current studies in atmospheric PAHs are predominantly focused on fog and rainwater samples. Some sampling difficulties are associated with fog samples. This study presented the first observation of the characteristics of PAHs in fog samples using a solid phase microextraction (SPME) technique. Eighteen fog samples were collected during ten fog events from March to December 2009 in the Shanghai area. PAHs were extracted by SPME and analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). As the compounds were partially soluble in water, with solubility decreasing with increasing molecular weight, low molecular weight (LMW) PAH compounds were universally found in the fog water samples. Naphthalene (NaP), phenanthrene (Phe), anthracene (Ant) and fluoranthene (Flo) were dominant compounds in fog water. The total PAH concentration in fog water ranged from 0.03 to 6.67 μg L(-1) (mean of 1.06 μg L(-1)), and was much higher in winter than in summer. The concentration of PAHs in fog or rain water decreased after undergoing a pre-rain or pre-fog wash. The average concentration of PAHs was higher in fog than in rain. Diagnostic ratio analysis suggested that petroleum and combustion were the dominant contributors to PAHs in urban Shanghai. Backward trajectories were calculated to determine the origin of the air masses, showing that air masses were mostly from the northeast territory.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Li
- Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Mohanraj R, Solaraj G, Dhanakumar S. Fine particulate phase PAHs in ambient atmosphere of Chennai metropolitan city, India. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2011; 18:764-771. [PMID: 21136188 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-010-0423-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2010] [Accepted: 11/23/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Airborne fine particulates (PM 2.5) and its associated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are reportedly hazardous in urban environment due to the presence of multiple emission sources. METHODS In this study, fine particulates collected from fourth largest metropolitan city of India, Chennai, were extracted and analyzed for 11 PAHs by high-performance liquid chromatography equipped with a fluorescence detector. RESULTS PM 2.5 values varied between 27.2 and 190.2 μg/m(3), while average concentration of particle-associated PAHs determined was in the range from 325.7 to 790.8 ng/m(3), which signaled an alarming pollution level in Chennai. CONCLUSIONS Factor analysis suggested vehicular emissions inclusive of petrol- and diesel-driven engines as probable sources.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rangaswamy Mohanraj
- Department of Environmental Management, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, 620024, Tamil, Nadu, India.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Ni HG, Qin PH, Cao SP, Zeng H. Fate estimation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in soils in a rapid urbanization region, Shenzhen of China. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 13:313-8. [PMID: 21125118 DOI: 10.1039/c0em00470g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Our previous study indicated that the current level of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Shenzhen soil is in the low-end of world soil PAH pollution. In this study, the fate of PAHs in the soil of Shenzhen was investigated. The mass inventories of Σ(27)PAHs and Σ(15)PAHs (defined as the sum of the 27 or 15 PAH compounds sought) in topsoil of Shenzhen were ∼204 and ∼152 metric tons, respectively. Fate estimation of Σ(15)PAHs shows that air-soil gaseous exchange is the primary environmental process with ∼10,076 kg/year diffusing from soil to air. Rain washing (∼1131 kg/year from air to soil) is the most important input pathway followed by wet (∼17 kg/year) and dry deposition (∼8 kg/year) to soils in Shenzhen. The transport of Σ(15)PAHs by soil erosion is a crucial loss process for soil PAHs in Shenzhen (1918 kg/year for water runoff and 657 kg/year for solid runoff from soil). Moreover, degradation is not ignorable at present (95 kg/year). Comparison of inventory and residue (defined as Σ(15)PAHs left in topsoils after all environmental loss processes) suggested that input and loss of high molecular weight PAHs for Shenzhen's soil reached apparent equilibrium. Soil PAH pollution in Shenzhen will stay in a quasi-steady state for a long period and the natural environmental processes can not significantly reduce the pollution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Gang Ni
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Circular Economy, Shenzhen Graduate School, Peking University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Cao SP, Ni HG, Qin PH, Zeng H. Occurrence and human non-dietary exposure of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in soils from Shenzhen, China. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 12:1445-50. [DOI: 10.1039/c000549e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|