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Bano S, Khan N, Fatima M, Khalique A, Arslan M, Nazir S, Asghar M, Khizar A, Davies SJ, Wan AHL. Enhancing farmed striped catfish (Pangasianodon hypophthalmus) robustness through dietary β-glucan. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0298414. [PMID: 38483918 PMCID: PMC10939287 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0298414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024] Open
Abstract
β-glucan is a well-documented feed additive for its potent immunostimulatory properties in many farmed fish species. This study examined how it can also be a promising growth promoter, modulate antioxidant enzyme activities, and act as an anti-stress agent in striped catfish (Pangasianodon hypophthalmus). A 12-week feeding experiment was untaken to determine the effects of dietary β-glucan supplementation at graded levels (0, 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5 g kg-1). Measured indicators suggest that a dietary inclusion level of 1.5 g kg-1 β-glucan gave the highest positive responses: weight gain (120.10 g fish-1), survival (98.30%), and lower FCR (1.70) (P<0.05). Whole body proximate analysis had only revealed that crude protein was significantly affected by the dietary inclusion of β-glucan (P<0.05), with the highest protein content (19.70%) being in fish that were fed with 1.5 g kg-1 β-glucan. Although other inclusion levels (i.e., 0.5 and 1 g kg-1) of β-glucan did not enhance body protein content (P>0.05). The assessment of fatty acid composition in muscle, liver, and adipose tissues showed modifications with the inclusion of β-glucan. Antioxidative-related enzyme activities (inc. catalase, glutathione peroxidase, and superoxide dismutase) that were measured in the liver had higher levels when fed with β-glucan inclusion diets (P<0.05). Following the feed trial, fish were subjected to crowding stress treatment. It was subsequently found that catfish fed with β-glucan-based diet groups had lower levels of blood stress-related indicators compared to the control group with no dietary β-glucan. The use of 1.5 g kg-1 of dietary β-glucan resulted in the lowest measured levels of cortisol (43.13 ng mL-1) and glucose (50.16 mg dL-1). This study has demonstrated that the dietary inclusion of β-glucan can have functional benefits beyond the immunological enhancements in striped catfish. Furthermore, its use can increase production levels and mitigate the stress associated with intensive farming practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheeza Bano
- Department of Fisheries & Aquaculture, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Noor Khan
- Department of Fisheries & Aquaculture, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Mahroze Fatima
- Department of Fisheries & Aquaculture, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Anjum Khalique
- Department of Animal Nutrition, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Murat Arslan
- Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Fisheries, Ataturk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Sadia Nazir
- Department of Fisheries & Aquaculture, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Asghar
- Department of Fisheries & Aquaculture, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Ayesha Khizar
- Department of Fisheries & Aquaculture, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Simon John Davies
- Aquaculture and Nutrition Research Unit (ANRU), Carna Research Station, Ryan Institute and School of Natural Sciences, University of Galway, Carna, Connemara, Co. Galway, Ireland
| | - Alex H. L. Wan
- Aquaculture and Nutrition Research Unit (ANRU), Carna Research Station, Ryan Institute and School of Natural Sciences, University of Galway, Carna, Connemara, Co. Galway, Ireland
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Lima ECSDE, Souza FPDE, Furlan-Murari PJ, Pandolfi VCF, Leite NG, Mainardi RM, Chideroli RT, Pereira UP, Araújo EJA, Pupim ACE, Koch JFA, Lopera-Barrero NM. Effects of dietary β-glucans on the productive performance, blood parameters, and intestinal microbiota of angelfish (Pterophyllum scalare) juveniles. AN ACAD BRAS CIENC 2024; 96:e20231006. [PMID: 38451599 DOI: 10.1590/0001-3765202420231006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Among the potential feed additives, β-glucans are known to positively affect the growth performance, blood parameters, and intestinal microbiota of fish, even the ornamental species. Therefore, the present study evaluated the effects of the dietary supplementation of different Saccharomyces cerevisiae β-glucans concentrations (0, 0.05, 0.1, and 0.2%) in juvenile angelfish (Pterophyllum scalare) over a 42-day period. Regarding growth performance, no effects were observed on most parameters. However, 0.2% β-glucans supplementation produced higher condition factor values, indicating a better nutritional status. Furthermore, β-glucans supplementation did not affect blood parameters. Regarding intestinal microbiota, β-glucans supplementation increased the abundance of the potentially beneficial bacterial genus Phascolarctobacterium. The high abundance of bacteria from the phylum Bacteroidetes, which can degrade β-glucans, may be attributed to the increased abundance of Phascolarctobacterium spp. In addition, 0.2% β-glucans supplementation produced more operational taxonomic units and higher Sobs (observed species richness), indicating effects on the overall bacterial community structure. These results demonstrate the potential application of β-glucans as a dietary supplement to improve the performance and modulate the intestinal microbiota of angelfish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ed C S DE Lima
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência Animal, Universidade Estadual de Londrina (UEL), Centro de Ciências Agrárias (CCA), Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid, PR 445 Km 380, 86057-970 Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - Felipe P DE Souza
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência Animal, Universidade Estadual de Londrina (UEL), Centro de Ciências Agrárias (CCA), Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid, PR 445 Km 380, 86057-970 Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - Pâmela Juliana Furlan-Murari
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência Animal, Universidade Estadual de Londrina (UEL), Centro de Ciências Agrárias (CCA), Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid, PR 445 Km 380, 86057-970 Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - Victor César F Pandolfi
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência Animal, Universidade Estadual de Londrina (UEL), Centro de Ciências Agrárias (CCA), Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid, PR 445 Km 380, 86057-970 Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - Natália G Leite
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência Animal, Universidade Estadual de Londrina (UEL), Centro de Ciências Agrárias (CCA), Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid, PR 445 Km 380, 86057-970 Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - Raffaella M Mainardi
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência Animal, Universidade Estadual de Londrina (UEL), Centro de Ciências Agrárias (CCA), Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid, PR 445 Km 380, 86057-970 Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - Roberta T Chideroli
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência Animal, Universidade Estadual de Londrina (UEL), Centro de Ciências Agrárias (CCA), Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid, PR 445 Km 380, 86057-970 Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - Ulisses P Pereira
- Universidade Estadual de Londrina (UEL), Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Centro de Ciências Agrárias (CCA), Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid, PR 445 Km 380, 86057-970 Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - Eduardo José A Araújo
- Universidade Estadual de Londrina (UEL), Departamento de Histologia, Centro de Ciência Biológicas (CCB), Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid, PR 445 Km 380, 86057-970 Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - Andréia Carla E Pupim
- Universidade Estadual de Londrina (UEL), Departamento de Histologia, Centro de Ciência Biológicas (CCB), Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid, PR 445 Km 380, 86057-970 Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - João Fernando A Koch
- Biorigin Brasil, Rua Quinze de Novembro, 865, Centro, 18680-900 Lençóis Paulista, SP, Brazil
| | - Nelson Mauricio Lopera-Barrero
- Universidade Estadual de Londrina (UEL), Departamento de Zootecnia, Centro de Ciências Agrárias (CCA), Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid, PR 445 Km 380, 86057-970 Londrina, PR, Brazil
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Wang S, Xu G, Zou J. Soluble non-starch polysaccharides in fish feed: implications for fish metabolism. FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2024; 50:1-22. [PMID: 36219350 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-022-01131-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Because of their unique glycosidic bond structure, non-starch polysaccharides (NSP) are difficult for the stomach to break down. NSP can be classified as insoluble NSP (iNSP, fiber, lignin, etc.) and soluble NSP (sNSP, oligosaccharides, β-glucan, pectin, fermentable fiber, inulin, plant-derived polysaccharides, etc.). sNSP is viscous, fermentable, and soluble. Gut microbiota may catabolize sNSP, which can then control fish lipid, glucose, and protein metabolism and impact development rates. This review examined the most recent studies on the impacts of various forms of sNSP on the nutritional metabolism of various fish in order to comprehend the effects of sNSP on fish. According to certain investigations, sNSP can enhance fish development, boost the activity of digestive enzymes, reduce blood sugar and cholesterol, enhance the colonization of good gut flora, and modify fish nutrition metabolism. In-depth research on the mechanism of action is also lacking in most studies on the effects of sNSP on fish metabolism. It is necessary to have a deeper comprehension of the underlying processes by which sNSP induce host metabolism. This is crucial to address the main issue of the sensible use of carbohydrates in fish feed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaodan Wang
- Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province and Hong Kong Region On Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Guohuan Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510070, China.
| | - Jixing Zou
- Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province and Hong Kong Region On Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
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Sun J, Li Y, Ren T, Gao Q, Yin L, Liang Y, Liu H. Effects of yeast extract supplemented in diet on growth performance, digestibility, intestinal histology, and the antioxidant capacity of the juvenile turbot ( Scophthalmus maximus). Front Physiol 2024; 15:1329721. [PMID: 38328303 PMCID: PMC10847254 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2024.1329721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024] Open
Abstract
An 8-week feeding experiment was conducted on the juvenile turbot (Scophthalmus maximus) to evaluate the influence of yeast extract (YE) supplementation in the diet on growth performance, feed utilization, body composition, nutrient digestibility, intestinal histology, and antioxidant capacity. Four experimental diets were formulated with graded levels of yeast extract 0 (YE0), 1% (YE1), 3% (YE3), and 5% (YE5) and fed to turbots (initial body weight: 4.2 ± 0.1 g) with three replicates per diet and 200 fish in each replicate, respectively. The results showed that turbots fed with diets YE1 and YE3 displayed a significantly higher specific growth rate and protein efficiency rate than those fed with diets YE0 and YE5, while the feed conversion ratios in YE1 and YE3 groups were lower than those in YE0 and YE5. Fish fed with diets YE3 and YE5 showed higher body crude protein contents than those in groups YE0 and YE1. The highest apparent digestibility coefficients for dry matter and crude protein, digestive enzyme activities (trypsin, lipase, and amylase), and the height of the intestinal fold were observed in the YE3 group. YE3 treatment displayed a significantly higher superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity than the YE0 group, while the malondialdehyde (MDA) content in YE1 was significantly lower than those in YE0 and YE5. No significant difference was observed in serum physiological and biochemical parameters among all treatments. Overall, appropriate dietary supplementation of the yeast extract could improve the growth performance, digestibility, and antioxidant capacity of the juvenile turbot, and the recommended yeast extract level in the feed is 2.47%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingwu Sun
- College of Future Information and Technology, Shijiazhuang University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Yahui Li
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Tiancong Ren
- College of Resource and Environment Sciences, Shijiazhuang University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Qian Gao
- College of Resource and Environment Sciences, Shijiazhuang University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Lingqi Yin
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Yunzhi Liang
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Haiyan Liu
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, China
- Hebei Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-Environment, Shijiazhuang, China
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Tian J, Yang Y, Xu W, Du X, Ye Y, Zhu B, Huang Y, Zhao Y, Li Y. Effects of β-1,3-glucan on growth, immune responses, and intestinal microflora of the river prawn (Macrobrachium nipponense) and its resistance against Vibrio parahaemolyticus. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2023; 142:109142. [PMID: 37805111 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2023.109142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2023] [Revised: 10/01/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/09/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we investigated the impact of β-1,3-glucan on the immune responses and gut microbiota of the river prawn (Macrobrachium nipponense) in the presence of Vibrio parahaemolyticus stress. Shrimps were fed one of the following diets: control (G1), 0.2% curdlan (G2), 0.1% β-1,3-glucan (G3), 0.2% β-1,3-glucan (G4), or 1.0% β-1,3-glucan (G5) for 6 weeks and then challenged with V. parahaemolyticus for 96 h. Under Vibrio stress, shrimps in G4 exhibited the highest length gain rate, weight gain rate, and survival rate. They also showed increased intestinal muscle thickness and villus thickness compared to the control and 0.2% curdlan groups. The apoptosis rate was lower in G4 than in the control group, and the digestive enzyme activities (pepsin, trypsin, amylase, and lipase), immune enzyme activities (acid phosphatase, alkaline phosphatase, lysozyme, and phenoxidase), and energy metabolism (triglyceride, cholesterol, glycogen, and lactate dehydrogenase) were enhanced. Expression levels of growth-related genes (ecdysone receptor, calmodulin-dependent protein kinase I, chitin synthase, and retinoid X receptor) and immune-related genes (toll-like receptor 3, myeloid differentiation primary response 88, mitogen-activated protein kinase 7, and mitogen-activated protein kinase 14) were higher in G4 than in the control. Microbiota analysis indicated higher bacterial abundance in shrimps fed β-1,3-glucan, as evidenced by Sob, Chao1, and ACE indices. Moreover, 0.2% β-1,3-glucan increased the relative abundances of Bacteroidota and Firmicutes while reducing those of Corynebacteriales and Lactobacillales. In summary, β-1,3-glucan enhances immune enzyme activities, alters immune-related gene expression, and impacts gut microbial diversity in shrimp. These findings provide valuable insights into the mechanisms underlying β-1,3 glucan's immune-enhancing effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangtao Tian
- School of Life Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Ying Yang
- School of Life Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Wenyue Xu
- School of Life Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Xinglin Du
- School of Life Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Yucong Ye
- School of Life Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Bihong Zhu
- School of Life Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Yizhou Huang
- School of Life Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Yunlong Zhao
- School of Life Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China.
| | - Yiming Li
- Fishery Machinery and Instrument Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fisheries Sciences, Shanghai, 200092, China.
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Mohammadian T, Momeni H, Kazemi M, Mesbah M, Abedini M, Zare M, Khosravi M, Osroosh E. Eubiotic Effect of a Dietary Bio-Aqua ® and Sodium Diformate (NaDF) on Salmo trutta caspius: Innate Immune System, Biochemical Indices, Antioxidant Defense, and Expression of Immunological and Growth-Related Genes. Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins 2023; 15:1342-1354. [PMID: 36074297 DOI: 10.1007/s12602-022-09965-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
The present study investigated the effects of combined and singular oral administration of Bio-Aqua® with different dosages of sodium diformate (NaDF) on biochemical indices, innate immune responses, antioxidant effects, and expressions of immunological related genes of Caspian brown trout (Salmo trutta caspius). Fingerlings Salmo trutta caspius (n = 1800; initial weight 15 ± 3 g) were randomly allocated into five groups (120 fish group-1 in triplicates). Control diet: without any addition, G1, G2, G3, and G4 received diets containing 0.2 g kg-1 commercial probiotic Bio-Aqua® combined with 0, 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5% NaDF to the basal diet for 60 days according to recommended dosages reported in previous studies. Results indicated that serum bactericidal activity (G3 on day 60 and G1 on day 30) and classic complement in all groups (on day 60) (G1 and G2 on day 30) were significantly elevated (P < 0.05). The serum lysozyme, glucose, globulin, and albumin levels showed no significant differences between all groups compared to the control group (P > 0.05). On days 30 and 60 of the sampling, no significant difference was observed in the amount of superoxide disotase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) between the treatments (P > 0.05) but activity of malondialdehyde (MDA) was lower in G1 than the control (P < 0.05). The expression of the immune-regulating genes IL-10, IL-1β, GTP, FATP, and IGF was significantly improved in all probiotic + acidifier-treated groups (P < 0.05). The current findings showed that mixture of Bio-Aqua® and NaDF (1.5% + pro) is beneficial, as it effectively improves some immune parameters and expression of immunological and growth-related genes in Caspian brown trout.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takavar Mohammadian
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran.
- Member of Excellence Center of Warm Water Fish Health, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran.
| | - Hossien Momeni
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Shahid, Ph.D Student Aquatic Health, Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Mohsen Kazemi
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Shahid, Ph.D Student Aquatic Health, Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Mehrzad Mesbah
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran
- Member of Excellence Center of Warm Water Fish Health, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Melika Abedini
- DVM, Graduated, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Mojtaba Zare
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Shahid, Ph.D Student Aquatic Health, Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Khosravi
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Elham Osroosh
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Shahid, Ph.D Student Aquatic Health, Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran
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Cigarroa-Ruiz LA, Toledo-Solís FJ, Frías-Gómez SA, Guerrero-Zárate R, Camarillo-Coop S, Alvarez-Villagómez CS, Peña-Marín ES, Galaviz MA, Martínez-García R, Álvarez-González CA. Addition of β-glucans in diets for tropical gar (Atractosteus tropicus) larvae: effects on growth, digestive enzymes and gene expression of intestinal epithelial integrity and immune system. FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2023; 49:613-626. [PMID: 37311916 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-023-01207-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The effect of β-glucans 1,3/1,6 from Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast at different inclusion percentages (0.0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, and 0.8%) in the diet for tropical gar (Atractosteus tropicus) larvae was evaluated on growth, digestive enzyme activity and, relative expression of the immune system genes. The bioassay started on the third day after hatching (DAH) and lasted 21 days, using a total of 1500 larvae of 0.055 ± 0.008 g and, a total length of 2.46 ± 0.26 cm. Larviculture was carried out in a recirculation system with 15 tanks of 70 L using a density of 100 organisms per experimental unit. No significant differences in larval growth were observed by the inclusion of β-glucans (p > 0.05). Digestive enzymes showed changes in lipase and trypsin activities, presenting higher values in fish fed 0.6% and 0.8% β-glucans diets compared to the other treatments (p < 0.05). Leucine-aminopeptidase, chymotrypsin, acid phosphatase, and alkaline phosphatase activity showed higher activities in larvae fed with a 0.4% β-glucan diet compared to the control group. The relative expression of intestinal membrane integrity (mucin 2) muc-2, (occludins) occ, (nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain) nod-2, and immune system lys (lysosome) genes showed over-expression in larvae fed the 0.4% β-glucan diet to the rest of the treatments (p < 0.05). The inclusion of β-glucans at 0.4-0.6% in diets for A. tropicus larvae could improve larviculture, as effects on the increase in the activity of several digestive enzymes and the expression of genes of the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- L A Cigarroa-Ruiz
- Laboratorio de Fisiología en Recursos Acuáticos, División Académica de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Juárez Autónoma de Tabasco (UJAT), 0.5 Km Carretera Villahermosa-Cárdenas, 86000, Villahermosa, Tabasco, México
| | - F J Toledo-Solís
- Centro de Investigaciones Costeras, Universidad de Ciencias y Artes de Chiapas (UNICACH), Calle Juan José Calzada S/N, 30500, Tonalá, Chiapas, Mexico.
| | - S A Frías-Gómez
- Laboratorio de Producción Acuícola FES Iztacala, Barrio de los Héroes, Av. De Los Barrios 1, Los Reyes Ixtacala, 54090, Tlalnepantla de Baz, Mexico
| | - R Guerrero-Zárate
- Laboratorio de Fisiología en Recursos Acuáticos, División Académica de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Juárez Autónoma de Tabasco (UJAT), 0.5 Km Carretera Villahermosa-Cárdenas, 86000, Villahermosa, Tabasco, México
| | - S Camarillo-Coop
- Laboratorio de Fisiología en Recursos Acuáticos, División Académica de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Juárez Autónoma de Tabasco (UJAT), 0.5 Km Carretera Villahermosa-Cárdenas, 86000, Villahermosa, Tabasco, México
| | - C S Alvarez-Villagómez
- Laboratorio de Fisiología en Recursos Acuáticos, División Académica de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Juárez Autónoma de Tabasco (UJAT), 0.5 Km Carretera Villahermosa-Cárdenas, 86000, Villahermosa, Tabasco, México
| | - E S Peña-Marín
- Autónoma de Baja California (UABC), Instituto de Investigaciones Oceanológicas, Universidad, Carr. Transpeninsular 3917, 22870, Ensenada, Baja California, Mexico
| | - M A Galaviz
- Facultad de Ciencias Marinas, Autónoma de Baja California (UABC), Universidad, PO Box 76, 22860, Ensenada, Baja California, Mexico
| | - R Martínez-García
- Laboratorio de Fisiología en Recursos Acuáticos, División Académica de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Juárez Autónoma de Tabasco (UJAT), 0.5 Km Carretera Villahermosa-Cárdenas, 86000, Villahermosa, Tabasco, México
| | - C A Álvarez-González
- Laboratorio de Fisiología en Recursos Acuáticos, División Académica de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Juárez Autónoma de Tabasco (UJAT), 0.5 Km Carretera Villahermosa-Cárdenas, 86000, Villahermosa, Tabasco, México.
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Huang W, Xiao X, Hu W, Tang T, Bai J, Zhao S, Ao Z, Wei Z, Gao W, Zhang W. Effects of dietary nucleotide and yeast cell wall on growth performance, feed utilization, anti-oxidative and immune response of grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2023; 134:108574. [PMID: 36731810 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2023.108574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Revised: 12/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
A 70-day feeding trial was conducted to study the effects of dietary nucleotide, yeast cell wall (containing 20% β -glucan) and their combination on growth performance, feed utilization and immune response of grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) with 69.97 ± 0.05 g of initial body weight. Four isonitrogenous (about 38% crude protein) and isolipidic (about 5% crude lipid) diets were established. Based on the control diet (CD), the other three experimental diets were prepared by adding 0.01% of nucleotide (NT), 0.1% of yeast cell wall (YCW) and NT (0.01%) +YCW (0.1%), respectively. Results showed that no significant difference was found in survival of grass carp ranging from 94.44% to 97.78% among all the groups (P > 0.05). Compared with the control group, weight gain rate, muscle crude protein content, serum protein, trypsin and chymotrypsin activities in midgut, lysozyme and immunoglobulin M in serum significantly increased in fish fed the YCW diet (P < 0.05). The significantly highest weight gain rate, villus height and digestive enzyme activities in midgut and innate immune parameters in serum were found in fish fed the NT + YCW diet (P < 0.05). The gene expressions of β-defensin, hepcidin, il-10 and tgf-β1 in the midgut, and tor and s6k1 in liver significantly increased in fish fed the NT + YCW diet. Meanwhile, the gene expressions of il-1β and tnf-α in the midgut decreased significantly (P < 0.05). The liver histology showed the better development in dietary NT and/or YCW supplemented groups than those in the control group. In conclusion, combination of dietary NT and YCW had significantly synergetic improvements on the growth, feed utilization, digestive enzymes, innate immunity and histology of midgut and liver of grass carp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Huang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Waterlogging Disaster and Agricultural Use of Wetland, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434024, China
| | - Xucheng Xiao
- DSM Nutritional Products, Animal Nutrition & Health, DSM Vitamins (Shanghai) Limited, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Wei Hu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Waterlogging Disaster and Agricultural Use of Wetland, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434024, China
| | - Tao Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, 36 Lushan Road, Changsha, 410081, China
| | - Jinhai Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, 36 Lushan Road, Changsha, 410081, China
| | - Shengnan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, 36 Lushan Road, Changsha, 410081, China
| | - Zhipeng Ao
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, 36 Lushan Road, Changsha, 410081, China
| | - Zehong Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, 36 Lushan Road, Changsha, 410081, China
| | - Weihua Gao
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Waterlogging Disaster and Agricultural Use of Wetland, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434024, China.
| | - Wenbing Zhang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Waterlogging Disaster and Agricultural Use of Wetland, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434024, China; The Key Laboratory of Mariculture (Ministry of Education), The Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Nutrition and Feeds (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Fisheries College, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China.
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9
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Machuca C, Méndez-Martínez Y, Reyes-Becerril M, Angulo C. Yeast β-Glucans as Fish Immunomodulators: A Review. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12162154. [PMID: 36009745 PMCID: PMC9405025 DOI: 10.3390/ani12162154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2022] [Revised: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The β-glucan obtained from yeast—a very important molecule for fish production—activates the immune system of fish by different mechanisms and induces protection against pathogens. However, most previous related studies have focused on the use of commercial β-glucan from the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae to understand the activation pathways. Experimental β-glucans extracted from other yeasts show other interesting biological activities even at lower doses. This review article analyzes the current information and suggests perspectives on yeast β-glucans. Abstract Administration of immunostimulants in fish is a preventive method to combat infections. A wide variety of these biological molecules exist, among which one of the yeast wall compounds stands out for its different biological activities. The β-glucan that forms the structural part of yeast is capable of generating immune activity in fish by cell receptor recognition. The most frequently used β-glucans for the study of mechanisms of action are those of commercial origin, with doses recommended by the manufacturer. Nevertheless, their immune activity is inefficient in some fish species, and increasing the dose may show adverse effects, including immunosuppression. Conversely, experimental β-glucans from other yeast species show different activities, such as antibacterial, antioxidant, healing, and stress tolerance properties. Therefore, this review analyses the most recent scientific reports on the use of yeast β-glucans in freshwater and marine fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristian Machuca
- Immunology & Vaccinology Group, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste (CIBNOR), Instituto Politécnico Nacional 195, Playa Palo de Santa Rita Sur, La Paz 23096, Mexico
| | - Yuniel Méndez-Martínez
- Facultad de Ciencias Pecuarias, Universidad Técnica Estatal de Quevedo (UTEQ), Quevedo 120301, Ecuador
| | - Martha Reyes-Becerril
- Immunology & Vaccinology Group, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste (CIBNOR), Instituto Politécnico Nacional 195, Playa Palo de Santa Rita Sur, La Paz 23096, Mexico
| | - Carlos Angulo
- Immunology & Vaccinology Group, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste (CIBNOR), Instituto Politécnico Nacional 195, Playa Palo de Santa Rita Sur, La Paz 23096, Mexico
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +52-612-123-8484; Fax: +52-612-125-3625
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10
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Wang XX, Zhou ZK, Chen CG. In vitro digestion of a mixed gel of pork muscle and resistant starch: Salt-soluble protein perspective. Food Chem 2022; 394:133478. [PMID: 35716500 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.133478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 06/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
The in vitro digestion of a mixed gel (MS) of pork muscle and resistant starch (RS) was investigated and the role of the salt-soluble protein (SSP) in the function promotion of the mixed gel was clarified. The results showed that the mixed muscle gel (MS) and the addition of RS to muscle gel (M + S) presented an improved protein digestion, as indicated by a reduced particle size of the hydrolysates, more degradation of proteins with large molecular weight and more generation of free amino acids compared with the RS-free muscle gel (M). Meanwhile, the hydrolysates of the M + S and MS showed intensified DPPH radical scavenging activities. Specifically, the MS exerted preferable properties in protein digestion and antioxidant activity. Similar digestion characteristics were noticed in mixed SSP gels.The current study revealed that the reinforced functionality of the mixed muscle gel was associated with the binding relationships between SSP and RS during cooking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi-Xi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, College of Food Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, People's Republic of China; School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, Anhui Province, People's Republic of China.
| | - Zhong-Kai Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, College of Food Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, People's Republic of China.
| | - Cong-Gui Chen
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, Anhui Province, People's Republic of China.
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11
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Costantini D. A meta-analysis of impacts of immune response and infection on oxidative status in vertebrates. CONSERVATION PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 10:coac018. [PMID: 35492421 PMCID: PMC9040321 DOI: 10.1093/conphys/coac018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Inferring from patterns observed in biomedical research, ecoimmunological theory predicts that oxidative stress is a ubiquitous physiological cost that contributes to generating variation in immune function between individuals or species. This prediction is, however, often challenged by empirical studies testing the relationship between immune response or infection and oxidative status markers. This points out the importance of combining ecological immunology and oxidative stress ecology to further our understanding of the proximate causes and fitness consequences of individual variation in health, and adaptability to natural and anthropogenic environmental changes. I reviewed evidence and performed phylogenetic meta-analyses of changes in oxidative status markers owing to either injection of an antigen or infection in captive and free-living vertebrates (141 studies, 1262 effect sizes, 97 species). The dataset was dominated by studies on fish, birds and mammals, which provided 95.8% of effect sizes. Both antigen injection and parasite exposure were associated with changes of oxidative status. There were significant effects of taxonomic class and experimental environment (captivity vs. wild). In contrast with my predictions, age category (young vs. adult), study design (correlational vs. experimental) and proxies of pace of life (clutch size, litter size, and body mass; for birds and mammals only) were negligible in this dataset. Several methodological aspects (type of immunostimulant, laboratory assay, tissue analysed) showed significant effects on both strength and direction of effect. My results suggest that alterations of oxidative status are a widespread consequence of immune function across vertebrates. However, this work also identified heterogeneity in strength and direction of effect sizes, which suggests that immune function does not necessarily result in oxidative stress. Finally, this work identifies methodological caveats that might be relevant for the interpretation and comparability of results and for the application in conservation programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Costantini
- Unité Physiologie Moléculaire et Adaptation, UMR 7221, Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, CNRS, CP32, 57 rue Cuvier 75005 Paris, France
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12
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Sousa C, Fernandes SA, Cardoso JCR, Wang Y, Zhai W, Guerreiro PM, Chen L, Canário AVM, Power DM. Toll-Like Receptor Evolution: Does Temperature Matter? Front Immunol 2022; 13:812890. [PMID: 35237266 PMCID: PMC8882821 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.812890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) recognize conserved pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and are an ancient and well-conserved group of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs). The isolation of the Antarctic continent and its unique teleost fish and microbiota prompted the present investigation into Tlr evolution. Gene homologues of tlr members in teleosts from temperate regions were present in the genome of Antarctic Nototheniidae and the non-Antarctic sister lineage Bovichtidae. Overall, in Nototheniidae apart from D. mawsoni, no major tlr gene family expansion or contraction occurred. Instead, lineage and species-specific changes in the ectodomain and LRR of Tlrs occurred, particularly in the Tlr11 superfamily that is well represented in fish. Positive selective pressure and associated sequence modifications in the TLR ectodomain and within the leucine-rich repeats (LRR), important for pathogen recognition, occurred in Tlr5, Tlr8, Tlr13, Tlr21, Tlr22, and Tlr23 presumably associated with the unique Antarctic microbiota. Exposure to lipopolysaccharide (Escherichia coli O111:B4) Gram negative bacteria did not modify tlr gene expression in N. rossii head–kidney or anterior intestine, although increased water temperature (+4°C) had a significant effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cármen Sousa
- Centro de Ciências do Mar (CCMAR), Universidade do Algarve, Faro, Portugal
| | | | - João C. R. Cardoso
- Centro de Ciências do Mar (CCMAR), Universidade do Algarve, Faro, Portugal
| | - Ying Wang
- International Research Center for Marine Biosciences, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University (SHOU), Shanghai, China
| | - Wanying Zhai
- International Research Center for Marine Biosciences, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University (SHOU), Shanghai, China
| | - Pedro M. Guerreiro
- Centro de Ciências do Mar (CCMAR), Universidade do Algarve, Faro, Portugal
| | - Liangbiao Chen
- International Research Center for Marine Biosciences, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University (SHOU), Shanghai, China
| | - Adelino V. M. Canário
- Centro de Ciências do Mar (CCMAR), Universidade do Algarve, Faro, Portugal
- International Research Center for Marine Biosciences, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University (SHOU), Shanghai, China
| | - Deborah M. Power
- Centro de Ciências do Mar (CCMAR), Universidade do Algarve, Faro, Portugal
- International Research Center for Marine Biosciences, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University (SHOU), Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Deborah M. Power,
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13
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Anjugam M, Iswarya A, Sibiya A, Selvaraj C, Singh SK, Govindarajan M, Alharbi NS, Kadaikunnan S, Khaled JM, Sivakamavalli J, Vaseeharan B. Molecular interaction analysis of β-1, 3 glucan binding protein with Bacillus licheniformis and evaluation of its immunostimulant property in Oreochromis mossambicus. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 121:183-196. [PMID: 34971736 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2021.12.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Revised: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Analyzing the health benefits of any two immunostimulants (synbiotics) in combined form and information on their interactions gain more visibility in the usage of synbiotics in aquafarms. With this intention, the current work explores the immunostimulant effect and structural interaction of synbiotic (β-1, 3 glucan binding protein from marine crab, Portunus pelagicus (Ppβ-GBP) and Bacillus licheniformis) on Oreochromis mossambicus. The experimental diet was prepared with Ppβ-GBP and B. licheniformis, and nourished to the fingerlings of O. mossambicus for 30 days. After the experimental trial, a higher growth rate and immune reactions (lysozyme, protease, myeloperoxidase and alkaline phosphatase activity) were noticed in the fish nourished with synbiotic (B. licheniformis and Ppβ-GBP) enriched diet. Moreover, the synbiotic enriched diet elevated the antioxidant responses like glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) and catalase (CAT) activity in the experimental diet-nurtured fish. At the end of the feed trial, synbiotic diet nourished fish shows an increased survival rate during Aeromonas hydrophila infection, reflecting the disease resistance potential of experimental fish. Also, the interaction between Ppβ-GBP and Bacillus licheniformis was analyzed through computational approaches. The results evidenced that, Ppβ-GBP interacts with the B. licheniformis through sugar-based ligand, β-glucan through a hydrogen bond with a good docking score. Thus, the synbiotic diet would be an effective immunostimulant to strengthen the fish immune system for better productivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahalingam Anjugam
- Crustacean Molecular Biology and Genomics Division, Biomaterials and Biotechnology in Animal Health Lab, Department of Animal Health and Management, Alagappa University, Science Block, 6th floor, Burma colony, Karaikudi, 630004, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Arokiadhas Iswarya
- Crustacean Molecular Biology and Genomics Division, Biomaterials and Biotechnology in Animal Health Lab, Department of Animal Health and Management, Alagappa University, Science Block, 6th floor, Burma colony, Karaikudi, 630004, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Ashokkumar Sibiya
- Crustacean Molecular Biology and Genomics Division, Biomaterials and Biotechnology in Animal Health Lab, Department of Animal Health and Management, Alagappa University, Science Block, 6th floor, Burma colony, Karaikudi, 630004, Tamil Nadu, India; Centre for Animal Science Research and Extension Service, Foundation for Innovative Research in Science and Technology, Kelavannanvilai, NGO Colony Road, Nagercoil, 629002, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Chandrabose Selvaraj
- Department of Bioinformatics, Alagappa University, Science Block, 4th floor, Burma colony, Karaikudi, 630004, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Sanjeev Kumar Singh
- Department of Bioinformatics, Alagappa University, Science Block, 4th floor, Burma colony, Karaikudi, 630004, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Marimuthu Govindarajan
- Unit of Vector Control, Phytochemistry and Nanotechnology, Department of Zoology, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar, 608 002, Tamil Nadu, India; Department of Zoology, Government College for Women (Autonomous), Kumbakonam, 612 001, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Naiyf S Alharbi
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shine Kadaikunnan
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jamal M Khaled
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Baskaralingam Vaseeharan
- Crustacean Molecular Biology and Genomics Division, Biomaterials and Biotechnology in Animal Health Lab, Department of Animal Health and Management, Alagappa University, Science Block, 6th floor, Burma colony, Karaikudi, 630004, Tamil Nadu, India.
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14
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β-glucan as a promising food additive and immunostimulant in aquaculture industry. ANNALS OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.2478/aoas-2021-0083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The use of antibiotics in aquatic feed reduces the incidence of disease and enhances growth performance, although it presents harmful effects, such as development of resistant bacteria and accumulation in the natural environment. A variety of immune stimulants including probiotics, prebiotics, synbiotics, phytobiotics, organic acids, nucleotides, antioxidants, microalgae, yeast and enzymes have been used in the aquaculture industry. In recent decades, much attention has been paid on finding a variety of immunostimulants with lower cost which also affect specific and non-specific immunity and improve fish resistance against a wide range of pathogens. These stimulants strengthen the fish’s immune system by increasing the number of phagocytes, lysozyme activity and level of immunoglobulin. The use of immune stimulants as an effective tool to overcome diseases and strengthen the immune system of farmed species, leads to the promotion of cellular and humoral defense mechanisms and increases resistance to infectious diseases. Among these immunostimulants used in aquaculture, β-glucans are of particular importance. Glucans are complex polysaccharide compounds extracted from the cell wall of yeasts and fungi. These compounds can stimulate fish growth, survival, and immune function. Therefore, this review discusses the role and importance of β-glucan as a food additive in aquaculture and examines the impact of these compounds on the growth performance, immunity and biochemical parameters of farmed species.
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15
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Wang XX, Yu X, Wang Y, Li PJ, Xu BC, Cai KZ, Chen CG. Gastrointestinal digestion and cecal fermentation of a mixed gel of lean pork meat and resistant starch in mice. Food Funct 2020; 11:6834-6842. [PMID: 32691810 DOI: 10.1039/d0fo01204a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The sensitivity of meat gel to digestive enzymes and the overall digestion pattern of the meat product is vital, and exerts an important influence on the growth and metabolism of mice. In order to provide a comprehensive understanding for better usage of resistant starch (RS) in functional meat products, the effects of a mixed gel (MS, a cooked mixture) of lean pork meat and RS on the gastrointestinal digestion and cecal fermentation of mice were investigated via comparing with those of RS-free meat gel (M) and the addition of RS to meat gel (M + S). The results showed that both M + S and MS promoted gastrointestinal digestion and cecal fermentation in mice. Specifically, the MS diet contributed to the hydrolysis of proteins, the formation of beneficial amino acids, and cecal health in spite of the larger particle size for digestion than that of the M + S group. Collectively, mixed gels of meat and RS are prospective for developing healthier meat products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi-Xi Wang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, Anhui Province, People's Republic of China.
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16
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Martínez DP, Sousa C, Oyarzún R, Pontigo JP, Canario AVM, Power DM, Vargas-Chacoff L, Guerreiro PM. LPS Modulates the Expression of Iron-Related Immune Genes in Two Antarctic Notothenoids. Front Physiol 2020; 11:102. [PMID: 32116802 PMCID: PMC7033475 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The non-specific immunity can induce iron deprivation as a defense mechanism against potential bacterial pathogens, but little information is available as to its role in Antarctic fish. In this study the response of iron metabolism related genes was evaluated in liver and head kidney of the Antarctic notothenoids Notothenia coriiceps and Notothenia rossii 7 days after lipopolysaccharide (LPS) injection. Average plasma Fe2+ concentration was unaffected by treatment in any of the species. The gene expression response to LPS varied between tissues and species, being stronger in N. coriiceps and more prominent in the head kidney than liver. The reaction to LPS was marked by increased individual variability in most genes analyzed, even when the change in expression was not statistically significant, suggesting different individual sensitivity and coping responses in these wild fish. We found that iron related genes had an attenuated and homogenous response to LPS but there was no detectable relationship between plasma Fe2+ and gene expression. However, overall in both tissues and species LPS exposure set a multilevel response that concur to promote intracellular accumulation of iron, an indication that Antarctic Notothenoids use innate nutritional immunity as a resistance mechanism against pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danixa Pamela Martínez
- Instituto de Ciencias Marinas y Limnológicas, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile.,Centro Fondap de Investigación de Altas Latitudes (IDEAL), Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Carmen Sousa
- Centro de Ciências do Mar (CCMAR), Universidade do Algarve, Faro, Portugal
| | - Ricardo Oyarzún
- Instituto de Ciencias Marinas y Limnológicas, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile.,Centro Fondap de Investigación de Altas Latitudes (IDEAL), Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile.,Escuela de Graduados, Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias de la Acuicultura, Universidad Austral de Chile, Puerto Montt, Chile
| | - Juan Pablo Pontigo
- Instituto de Ciencias Marinas y Limnológicas, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | | | - Deborah Mary Power
- Centro de Ciências do Mar (CCMAR), Universidade do Algarve, Faro, Portugal
| | - Luis Vargas-Chacoff
- Instituto de Ciencias Marinas y Limnológicas, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile.,Centro Fondap de Investigación de Altas Latitudes (IDEAL), Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
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17
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Abdelhamid FM, Elshopakey GE, Aziza AE. Ameliorative effects of dietary Chlorella vulgaris and β-glucan against diazinon-induced toxicity in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 96:213-222. [PMID: 31821844 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2019.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2019] [Revised: 11/30/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The present study was carried out to investigate the toxic effects of diazinon on growth performance, hepato-renal function, antioxidant system, innate immune response and comparing the protective role of dietary Chlorella vulgaris (CV) algae and β-glucan in intoxicated Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). One hundred and eighty healthy Nile tilapia (20 ± 6.1 g) were distributed equally into four groups; control group, DZN group (0.28 mg/L), DZN-CV group (5% CV) and DZN-β-glucan group (0.1% β-glucan) and treatments conducted for about 60 days. The results revealed that administration of DZN significantly increased serum liver enzymes, uric acid, creatinine, and malondialdehyde (MDA) in different tissues. Meanwhile, glutathione (GSH) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) in different tissues, as well as IgM, C-reactive protein (CRP), respiratory burst, lysozyme and bactericidal activities were significantly decreased in DZN group. In addition, expression of TNF-α gene was up-regulated and IL-10 was down-regulated in spleen of DZN intoxicated fish. The treatment of DZN exposed fish with CV and β-glucan supplemented diets ameliorated hepatic damage and enhanced antioxidant activity and innate immune responses. Furthermore, dietary Chlorella vulgaris and β-glucan have a potent anti-inflammatory effect as they remarkably increased the expression of IL-10 and decreased TNF-α gene expression. The results also revealed that fish in DZN-CV group had the highest survival rate, final body weight (FBW) and body weight gain (BWG). On the other hand, feed conversion ratio (FCR), specific growth rate (SGR), and protein efficiency ratio (PER) of control, DZN-CV, and DZN- β-glucan were higher than DZN group. However, the hepatosomatic index (HSI) and spleen-somatic index (SSI) were higher in DZN group than other experimental groups. Overall, CV and β-glucan can be recommended as a feed supplement to improve immunosuppression, oxidative damage, growth performance and hemato-biochemical alterations induced by DZN toxicity in Nile tilapia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatma M Abdelhamid
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura, University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Gehad E Elshopakey
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura, University, Mansoura, Egypt.
| | - Abeer E Aziza
- Department of Nutrition and Nutritional Deficiency Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
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18
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Devi G, Harikrishnan R, Paray BA, Al-Sadoon MK, Hoseinifar SH, Balasundaram C. Effect of symbiotic supplemented diet on innate-adaptive immune response, cytokine gene regulation and antioxidant property in Labeo rohita against Aeromonas hydrophila. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 89:687-700. [PMID: 31002929 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2019.04.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Revised: 04/06/2019] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Administration of probiotic, prebiotic or symbiotic supplemented diets boosts the antioxidant property, pro and/or anti-inflammatory cytokine gene transcription, innate-adaptive immunity, growth rate and feed digestibility with very low or no mortality in healthy and infected (both groups) in Labeo rohita against Aeromonas hydrophila is reported. The probiotic diet increased the white blood cell (WBC) count and globulin (GB) level significantly on or after 6th week whereas with the symbiotic diet the increase was noted two weeks earlier in both groups; the total protein (TP) level also increased significantly when fed with probiotic diet on weeks 6 and 8, whereas with symbiotic diet the significant increase manifested earlier at 4th week itself. The serum phagocytic activity (PA), respiratory burst activity (RBA), complement C3 (CC3) level, alternative complement pathway (ACP), lysozyme activity (LA), and immunoglobulin M (IgM) levels in head kidney (HK) leucocytes increased significantly (P < 0.05) in both groups fed with probiotic diet on weeks 6 and 8; with symbiotic diet from weeks 2-8; but with prebiotic diet only on 8th week. With probiotic diet the superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activities increased significantly (P < 0.05) on weeks 6 and 8; with symbiotic diet from weeks 4-8 but the prebiotics diet only on 8th week. However, glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activity increased significantly (P < 0.05) with probiotic diet on weeks 6 and 8 and with symbiotic diet from weeks 4-8. When healthy fish fed with any supplementation diet for a period of 30 days there was no mortality while 5%, 10%, and 10% mortality was observed in infected group fed with symbiotic, probiotic, and prebiotic supplementation diets. In head kidney (HK) leucocytes, the IL-1β, IL-8, TNF-α, and NF-κB gene transcriptions were significantly up-regulation in both groups when fed with probiotic diet on weeks 6 and 8, symbiotic diet from weeks 4-8 while the prebiotic diet only on 8th week. The iNOS expression was up-regulation significantly in both groups fed with probiotic and symbiotic diets on weeks 6 and 8; however, with any diet, the relative IL-10 and TGF-β gene expressions were down-regulated. The present study suggested that dietary administration of symbiotic diet elicited earlier antioxidant activity, innate-adaptive immune response, immune related cytokine gene modulation, and disease protection earlier i.e. on 4th week than with probiotic or prebiotic diets in L. rohita against A. hydrophila.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gunapathy Devi
- Department of Zoology, Nehru Memorial College, Puthanampatti, 621 007, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Ramasamy Harikrishnan
- Department of Zoology, Pachaiyappa's College for Men, Kanchipuram, 631 501, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Bilal Ahmad Paray
- Zoology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, PO Box 2455, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Mohammad K Al-Sadoon
- Zoology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, PO Box 2455, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Seyed Hossein Hoseinifar
- Department of Fisheries, Faculty of Fisheries and Environmental Sciences, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Chellam Balasundaram
- Department of Herbal and Environmental Science, Tamil University, Thanjavur, 613 005, Tamil Nadu, India
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19
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The Effects of a Synbiotic Mixture of Galacto-Oligosaccharides and Bacillus Strains in Caspian Salmon, Salmo trutta caspius Fingerlings. Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins 2018; 11:1300-1308. [DOI: 10.1007/s12602-018-9498-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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20
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Velazquez-Carriles C, Macias-Rodríguez ME, Carbajal-Arizaga GG, Silva-Jara J, Angulo C, Reyes-Becerril M. Immobilizing yeast β-glucan on zinc-layered hydroxide nanoparticle improves innate immune response in fish leukocytes. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 82:504-513. [PMID: 30170109 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2018.08.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2018] [Revised: 08/26/2018] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Nanoparticle-based delivery technologies have played a central role in a wide variety of applications, including cell therapy, gene transformation, and cellular delivery of molecular dyes. This work synthesized via ionic exchange a nanoparticle consisting of zinc-layered hydroxychloride coupled with yeast β-glucan (ZG), whose cellular immune response was evaluated using fish spleen leukocytes. Leukocytes from the marine Pacific red snapper (Lutjanus peru) were stimulated with zinc-layered hydroxychloride (ZHC) coupled with yeast β-glucan (GLU) and challenged with live Vibrio parahaemolyticus after 24 h. Structural characterization of this yeast glucan by proton nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) indicated structures containing (1-6)-branched (1-3)-β-D-glucan. The ZHC and ZG were characterized with X-ray diffraction, infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy and thermogravimetric analysis. The results of the immunological study showed that ZHC, GLU or ZG were safe for leukocytes because cell viability was higher than 80% compared with DMSO or V. parahaemolyticus exposure. The ZG or GLU treatments enhanced nitric oxide production, superoxide dismutase, catalase and peroxidase activities. Induction of anti- and pro-inflammatory cytokine (IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12 and IL-17) genes was more pronounced in ZG or GLU treatments compared to the other groups. Based on the results, ZHC nanoparticles can be used as a delivery carrier of yeast β-glucan for enhancing immunity in fish and have great potential application in the aquaculture industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Velazquez-Carriles
- Centro Universitario de Ciencias Exactas e Ingenierías, Universidad de Guadalajara, Marcelino Garcìa Barragán 1421, CP 44430, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Maria Esther Macias-Rodríguez
- Centro Universitario de Ciencias Exactas e Ingenierías, Universidad de Guadalajara, Marcelino Garcìa Barragán 1421, CP 44430, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Gregorio G Carbajal-Arizaga
- Centro Universitario de Ciencias Exactas e Ingenierías, Universidad de Guadalajara, Marcelino Garcìa Barragán 1421, CP 44430, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Jorge Silva-Jara
- Laboratorio Integral de Investigación en Alimentos (LIIA), Tecnológico Nacional de México/Instituto Tecnológico de Tepic, Avenida Tecnológico 2595, Lagos del Country, Tepic, Nayarit, 63175, Mexico
| | - Carlos Angulo
- Immunology & Vaccinology Group, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste (CIBNOR), Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional 195, Playa Palo de Santa Rita Sur, La Paz B.C.S., 23096, Mexico
| | - Martha Reyes-Becerril
- Immunology & Vaccinology Group, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste (CIBNOR), Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional 195, Playa Palo de Santa Rita Sur, La Paz B.C.S., 23096, Mexico.
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21
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Effect of β-Glucans in Diets on Growth, Survival, Digestive Enzyme Activity, and Immune System and Intestinal Barrier Gene Expression for Tropical Gar (Atractosteus tropicus) Juveniles. FISHES 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/fishes3030027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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22
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Reyes-Becerril M, Guardiola FA, Sanchez V, Maldonado M, Angulo C. Sterigmatomyces halophilus β-glucan improves the immune response and bacterial resistance in Pacific red snapper (Lutjanus peru) peripheral blood leucocytes: In vitro study. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 78:392-403. [PMID: 29684606 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2018.04.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2018] [Revised: 04/08/2018] [Accepted: 04/19/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
β-Glucans are naturally occurring polysaccharides that are produced by bacteria, fungi and yeast. They are considered immunostimulants in fish acting on non-specific defense mechanism. Yeast-derived glucans from cell wall (Sterigmatomyces halophilus, β-Gluc/Sh) have been used for this purpose in this study. Therefore, an in vitro assay using peripheral blood leucocytes (PBLs) from Pacific red snapper was performed to evaluate the stimulant effects of β-Gluc/Sh and zymosan A (positive control) for 12 and 24 h and after bacterial challenge with Aeromonas hydrophila at 24 h. In addition, structural characterization of this marine yeast glucan was performed by proton nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) revealing structures containing (1-6)-branched (1-3)-β-D-glucan. PBLs responded positively to β-Gluc/Sh where cell viability was higher than 80%. After challenge, β-Gluc/Sh was able to inhibit cytotoxicity caused by A. hydrophila, highlighting that the PBLs incubated with β-Gluc/Sh significantly increased the non-specific immune response, such as phagocytic activity, respiratory burst, nitric oxide and peroxidase activities followed by an increase in superoxide dismutase and catalase activities after 12 and 24 h post-stimulation and after challenge with the pathogen. Regarding induction of antioxidant gene expression, it was more pronounced in stimulated β-Gluc/Sh leucocytes compared to other groups at all experimental times of the trial and after bacterial challenge. Indeed, our results clearly showed the ability of leucocytes to strongly react to β-Gluc/Sh with an increase in cytokine gene expression, particularly the IL-1β, IL-10 and IL-17 genes. These results confirm that S. halophilus yeast-derived β-glucan, isolated from an extreme marine environment, is beneficial for increasing innate immune response and enhancing resistance against A. hydrophila in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martha Reyes-Becerril
- Immunology & Vaccinology Group, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste (CIBNOR), Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional 195, Playa Palo de Santa Rita, La Paz, B.C.S. 23096, Mexico
| | - Francisco A Guardiola
- Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental (CIIMAR), University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, 4450-208 Porto, Portugal
| | - Veronica Sanchez
- Immunology & Vaccinology Group, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste (CIBNOR), Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional 195, Playa Palo de Santa Rita, La Paz, B.C.S. 23096, Mexico
| | - Minerva Maldonado
- Immunology & Vaccinology Group, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste (CIBNOR), Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional 195, Playa Palo de Santa Rita, La Paz, B.C.S. 23096, Mexico
| | - Carlos Angulo
- Immunology & Vaccinology Group, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste (CIBNOR), Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional 195, Playa Palo de Santa Rita, La Paz, B.C.S. 23096, Mexico.
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Immunostimulant effects and potential application of β-glucans derived from marine yeast Debaryomyces hansenii in goat peripheral blood leucocytes. Int J Biol Macromol 2018; 116:599-606. [PMID: 29763702 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.05.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2018] [Revised: 04/25/2018] [Accepted: 05/12/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Debaryomyces hansenii has been described to be effective probiotic and immunostimulatory marine yeast in fish. Nonetheless, to the best of our knowledge, it has been not assayed in ruminants. This study attempts to describe the immunostimulatory effects of its β-glucan content through in vitro assays using goat peripheral blood leukocytes at 24 h of stimulation. The structural characterization of yeast glucans by proton nuclear magnetic resonance indicated structures containing (1-6)-branched (1-3)-β-D-glucan. In vitro assays using peripheral blood leukocytes stimulated with β-glucans derived from three D. hansenii strains and zymosan revealed that β-glucans significantly increased cell immune parameters, such as phagocytic ability, reactive oxygen species production (respiratory burst), peroxidase activity and nitric oxide production. Antioxidant enzymes revealed an increase in superoxide dismutase and catalase activities in leukocytes stimulated with yeast β-glucans. This study revealed that yeast β-glucans were able to activate dectin-1 mRNA gene expression in leukocytes. The TLR4 gene expression was up-regulated in leukocytes after stimulation with yeast β-glucans. In conclusion, β-glucans were able to modulate the immune system by promoting cell viability, phagocytic activity, antioxidant immune response and immune-related gene expression in leukocytes. Therefore, β-glucans derived from Debaryomyces hansenii should be considered a potential immunostimulant for goat production systems.
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24
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Domenico JD, Canova R, Soveral LDF, Nied CO, Costa MM, Frandoloso R, Kreutz LC. Immunomodulatory effects of dietary β-glucan in silver catfish (Rhamdia quelen). PESQUISA VETERINARIA BRASILEIRA 2017. [DOI: 10.1590/s0100-736x2017000100012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT: The immunomodulatory effects of dietary β-glucan were evaluated in silver catfish. β-glucan was added to the diet (0.01%, and 0.1%) and fed to the fish for 21 days, to evaluate effects on blood and some innate immune parameter, or fed for 42 days, to evaluate growth rate and resistance to challenge with pathogenic Aeromonas hydrophila. We found that adding β-glucan to the diet had no effect on fish growth and no effect on blood cells, or serum bacterial agglutination and serum myeloperoxidase activity. However, fish that received β-glucan in the diet had the natural hemolytic activity of complement significantly higher compared to control fish. Furthermore, fish fed with β-glucan and challenged with A. hydrophila had fewer bacteria in blood and presented a significantly higher survival rate compared to control fish. Thus, we concluded that β-glucan might be explored as feed additive aiming to improve silver catfish innate immunity and resistance to specific pathogen.
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Hirabayashi K, Kondo N, Hayashi S. Characterization and enzymatic hydrolysis of hydrothermally treated β-1,3–1,6-glucan from Aureobasidium pullulans. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2016; 32:206. [DOI: 10.1007/s11274-016-2167-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2016] [Accepted: 10/27/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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26
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Zeng L, Wang YH, Ai CX, Zheng JL, Wu CW, Cai R. Effects of β-glucan on ROS production and energy metabolism in yellow croaker (Pseudosciaena crocea) under acute hypoxic stress. FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2016; 42:1395-405. [PMID: 27052424 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-016-0227-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2016] [Accepted: 03/31/2016] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of β-glucan on acute hypoxia-induced oxidative stress and the changes in energy metabolism by determining ROS production, activities and mRNA levels of energy metabolism enzyme (PK, F-ATPase, SDH and MDH), and in gene expression of HIF-1α in the liver of large yellow croaker. Fish were injected with β-glucan at a dose of 0 or 5 mg kg(-1) body weight on 6, 4 and 2 days before exposed to 1.5 and 7.0 mg DO L(-1) for 48 h. The results showed that β-glucan enhanced survival rate and reduced ROS during the lethal hypoxic stress, indicating that β-glucan could ameliorate hypoxia-induced oxidative stress. Obtained results also showed that β-glucan could up-regulate activities and mRNA levels of PK, demonstrating that β-glucan increased anaerobic glycolysis capacity. Furthermore, a coordinated transcriptional regulation of energy metabolism enzyme genes was observed, suggesting that HIF-1α is required for regulating these genes. In conclusion, β-glucan could alleviate cute hypoxia-induced oxidative stress in large yellow croker by enhancing anaerobic glycolysis capacity, emphasizing a central role of transcription factor HIF-1α in the process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Zeng
- National Engineering Research Center for Marine Aquaculture, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, 316000, China
| | - Yong-Hong Wang
- National Engineering Research Center for Marine Aquaculture, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, 316000, China
| | - Chun-Xiang Ai
- College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Jia-Lang Zheng
- National Engineering Research Center for Marine Aquaculture, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, 316000, China
| | - Chang-Wen Wu
- National Engineering Research Center for Marine Aquaculture, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, 316000, China.
| | - Rong Cai
- National Engineering Research Center for Marine Aquaculture, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, 316000, China
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27
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Miest JJ, Arndt C, Adamek M, Steinhagen D, Reusch TBH. Dietary β-glucan (MacroGard®) enhances survival of first feeding turbot (Scophthalmus maximus) larvae by altering immunity, metabolism and microbiota. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 48:94-104. [PMID: 26564474 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2015.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2015] [Revised: 11/04/2015] [Accepted: 11/05/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Reflecting the natural biology of mass spawning fish aquaculture production of fish larvae is often hampered by high and unpredictable mortality rates. The present study aimed to enhance larval performance and immunity via the oral administration of an immunomodulator, β-glucan (MacroGard(®)) in turbot (Scophthalmus maximus). Rotifers (Brachionus plicatilis) were incubated with or without yeast β-1,3/1,6-glucan in form of MacroGard(®) at a concentration of 0.5 g/L. Rotifers were fed to first feeding turbot larvae once a day. From day 13 dph onwards all tanks were additionally fed untreated Artemia sp. nauplii (1 nauplius ml/L). Daily mortality was monitored and larvae were sampled at 11 and 24 dph for expression of 30 genes, microbiota analysis, trypsin activity and size measurements. Along with the feeding of β-glucan daily mortality was significantly reduced by ca. 15% and an alteration of the larval microbiota was observed. At 11 dph gene expression of trypsin and chymotrypsin was elevated in the MacroGard(®) fed fish, which resulted in heightened tryptic enzyme activity. No effect on genes encoding antioxidative proteins was observed, whilst the immune response was clearly modulated by β-glucan. At 11 dph complement component c3 was elevated whilst cytokines, antimicrobial peptides, toll like receptor 3 and heat shock protein 70 were not affected. At the later time point (24 dph) an anti-inflammatory effect in form of a down-regulation of hsp 70, tnf-α and il-1β was observed. We conclude that the administration of MacroGard(®) induced an immunomodulatory response and could be used as an effective measure to increase survival in rearing of turbot.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna J Miest
- Evolutionary Ecology of Marine Fishes, GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, Kiel, Germany.
| | - Carmen Arndt
- Experimental Ecology, GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, Kiel, Germany.
| | - Mikolaj Adamek
- Fish Disease Research Unit, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hanover, Germany.
| | - Dieter Steinhagen
- Fish Disease Research Unit, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hanover, Germany.
| | - Thorsten B H Reusch
- Evolutionary Ecology of Marine Fishes, GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, Kiel, Germany.
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