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Wogram E, Sümpelmann F, Dong W, Rawat E, Fernández Maestre I, Fu D, Braswell B, Khalil A, Buescher JM, Mittler G, Borner GHH, Vlachos A, Tholen S, Schilling O, Bell GW, Rambold AS, Akhtar A, Schnell O, Beck J, Abu-Remaileh M, Prinz M, Jaenisch R. Rapid phagosome isolation enables unbiased multiomic analysis of human microglial phagosomes. Immunity 2024; 57:2216-2231.e11. [PMID: 39151426 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2024.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2023] [Revised: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 07/19/2024] [Indexed: 08/19/2024]
Abstract
Microglia are the resident macrophages of the central nervous system (CNS). Their phagocytic activity is central during brain development and homeostasis-and in a plethora of brain pathologies. However, little is known about the composition, dynamics, and function of human microglial phagosomes under homeostatic and pathological conditions. Here, we developed a method for rapid isolation of pure and intact phagosomes from human pluripotent stem cell-derived microglia under various in vitro conditions, and from human brain biopsies, for unbiased multiomic analysis. Phagosome profiling revealed that microglial phagosomes were equipped to sense minute changes in their environment and were highly dynamic. We detected proteins involved in synapse homeostasis, or implicated in brain pathologies, and identified the phagosome as the site where quinolinic acid was stored and metabolized for de novo nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) generation in the cytoplasm. Our findings highlight the central role of phagosomes in microglial functioning in the healthy and diseased brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emile Wogram
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Institute of Neuropathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Felix Sümpelmann
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Wentao Dong
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; The Institute for Chemistry, Engineering & Medicine for Human Health (Sarafan ChEM-H), Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Eshaan Rawat
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; The Institute for Chemistry, Engineering & Medicine for Human Health (Sarafan ChEM-H), Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | | | - Dongdong Fu
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Brandyn Braswell
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Andrew Khalil
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; The Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Boston, MA 02134, USA
| | - Joerg M Buescher
- Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Stübeweg 51, 79108 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Gerhard Mittler
- Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Stübeweg 51, 79108 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Georg H H Borner
- Department of Proteomics and Signal Transduction, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried 82152, Germany
| | - Andreas Vlachos
- Department of Neuroanatomy, Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Stefan Tholen
- Institute of Surgical Pathology, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Oliver Schilling
- Institute of Surgical Pathology, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - George W Bell
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Angelika S Rambold
- Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Stübeweg 51, 79108 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Asifa Akhtar
- Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Stübeweg 51, 79108 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Oliver Schnell
- Department of Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jürgen Beck
- Department of Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Monther Abu-Remaileh
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; The Institute for Chemistry, Engineering & Medicine for Human Health (Sarafan ChEM-H), Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Marco Prinz
- Institute of Neuropathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany; BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies and Centre for Integrative Biological Signalling Studies (CIBSS), University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Rudolf Jaenisch
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.
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Chen J, Wen P, Tang YH, Li H, Wang Z, Wang X, Zhou X, Gao XD, Fujita M, Yang G. Proteome and Glycoproteome Analyses Reveal Regulation of Protein Glycosylation Site-Specific Occupancy and Lysosomal Hydrolase Maturation by N-Glycan-Dependent ER-Quality Control. J Proteome Res 2024. [PMID: 39235835 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.4c00378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/06/2024]
Abstract
N-Glycan-dependent endoplasmic reticulum quality control (ERQC) primarily mediates protein folding, which determines the fate of the polypeptide. Monoglucose residues on N-glycans determine whether the nascent N-glycosylated proteins enter into and escape from the calnexin (CANX)/calreticulin (CALR) cycle, which is a central system of the ERQC. To reveal the impact of ERQC on glycosylation and protein fate, we performed comprehensive quantitative proteomic and glycoproteomic analyses using cells defective in N-glycan-dependent ERQC. Deficiency of MOGS encoding the ER α-glucosidase I, CANX, or/and CALR broadly affected protein expression and glycosylation. Among the altered glycoproteins, the occupancy of oligomannosidic N-glycans was significantly affected. Besides the expected ER stress, proteins and glycoproteins involved in pathways for lysosome and viral infection are differentially changed in those deficient cells. We demonstrated that lysosomal hydrolases were not correctly modified with mannose-6-phosphates on the N-glycans and were directly secreted to the culture medium in N-glycan-dependent ERQC mutant cells. Overall, the CANX/CALR cycle promotes the correct folding of glycosylated peptides and influences the transport of lysosomal hydrolases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingru Chen
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- Key Laboratory of Biopharmaceutical Preparation and Delivery, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Piaopiao Wen
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Yu-He Tang
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Hanjie Li
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- Key Laboratory of Biopharmaceutical Preparation and Delivery, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Zibo Wang
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- Key Laboratory of Biopharmaceutical Preparation and Delivery, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Xiuyuan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- Key Laboratory of Biopharmaceutical Preparation and Delivery, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Xiaoman Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Xiao-Dong Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- Key Laboratory of Biopharmaceutical Preparation and Delivery, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Morihisa Fujita
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
- Institute for Glyco-core Research (iGCORE), Gifu University, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
| | - Ganglong Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- Key Laboratory of Biopharmaceutical Preparation and Delivery, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
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3
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Tsakem B, Li G, Teponno RB. Structures, biosynthesis and biological activities of benastatins, anthrabenzoxocinones and fredericamycins. Bioorg Chem 2024; 150:107572. [PMID: 38901281 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2024.107572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2024] [Revised: 06/16/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024]
Abstract
The fast spread of antibiotic resistance results in the requirement for a constant introduction of new candidates. Pentangular polyphenols, a growing family of actinomycetes-derived aromatic type II polyketides, have attracted considerable attention due to their intriguing polycyclic systems and potent antimicrobial activity. Among them, benastatins, anthrabenzoxocinones (ABXs), and fredericamycins, display unique variations in their polycyclic frameworks, yet concurrently share structural commonalities within their substitutions. The present review summarizes advances in the isolation, spectroscopic characteristics, biosynthesis, and biological activities of pentangular polyphenols benastatins (1-16), ABXs (17-39), and fredericamycins (40-42) from actinomycetes. The information presented here thus prompts researchers to further explore and discover additional congeners within these three small classes of pentangular polyphenols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bienvenu Tsakem
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Dschang, P.O. Box 67, Dschang, Cameroon
| | - Gang Li
- China-Cameroon Joint Laboratory on Bioactive Natural Products from Endophytes, Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, People's Republic of China.
| | - Rémy Bertrand Teponno
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Dschang, P.O. Box 67, Dschang, Cameroon.
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Faust TE, Feinberg PA, O'Connor C, Kawaguchi R, Chan A, Strasburger H, Frosch M, Boyle MA, Masuda T, Amann L, Knobeloch KP, Prinz M, Schaefer A, Schafer DP. A comparative analysis of microglial inducible Cre lines. Cell Rep 2023; 42:113031. [PMID: 37635351 PMCID: PMC10591718 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.113031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Revised: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Cre/loxP technology has revolutionized genetic studies and allowed for spatial and temporal control of gene expression in specific cell types. Microglial biology has particularly benefited because microglia historically have been difficult to transduce with virus or electroporation methods for gene delivery. Here, we investigate five of the most widely available microglial inducible Cre lines. We demonstrate varying degrees of recombination efficiency, cell-type specificity, and spontaneous recombination, depending on the Cre line and inter-loxP distance. We also establish best practice guidelines and protocols to measure recombination efficiency, particularly in microglia. There is increasing evidence that microglia are key regulators of neural circuits and major drivers of a broad range of neurological diseases. Reliable manipulation of their function in vivo is of utmost importance. Identifying caveats and benefits of all tools and implementing the most rigorous protocols are crucial to the growth of the field and the development of microglia-based therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Travis E Faust
- Department of Neurobiology, Brudnick Neuropsychiatric Research Institute, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Philip A Feinberg
- Department of Neurobiology, Brudnick Neuropsychiatric Research Institute, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Ciara O'Connor
- Department of Neurobiology, Brudnick Neuropsychiatric Research Institute, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Riki Kawaguchi
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurology, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Andrew Chan
- Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Hayley Strasburger
- Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Maximilian Frosch
- Institute of Neuropathology, Medical Faculty, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Margaret A Boyle
- Department of Neurobiology, Brudnick Neuropsychiatric Research Institute, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Takahiro Masuda
- Institute of Neuropathology, Medical Faculty, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany; Division of Molecular Neuroimmunology, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Lukas Amann
- Institute of Neuropathology, Medical Faculty, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Klaus-Peter Knobeloch
- Institute of Neuropathology, Medical Faculty, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany; Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSS, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Marco Prinz
- Institute of Neuropathology, Medical Faculty, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany; Center for Basics in NeuroModulation (NeuroModulBasics), Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany; Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSS, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Anne Schaefer
- Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Max Planck Institute for Biology of Ageing, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Dorothy P Schafer
- Department of Neurobiology, Brudnick Neuropsychiatric Research Institute, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA.
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Zhang KK, Zhang P, Kodur A, Erturk I, Burns CM, Kenyon C, Miller RA, Endicott SJ. LAMP2A, and other chaperone-mediated autophagy related proteins, do not decline with age in genetically heterogeneous UM-HET3 mice. Aging (Albany NY) 2023; 15:204796. [PMID: 37315291 DOI: 10.18632/aging.204796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Chaperone-mediated autophagy (CMA) selectively degrades proteins that are crucial for glycolysis, fatty acid metabolism, and the progression of several age-associated diseases. Several previous studies, each of which evaluated males of a single inbred mouse or rat strain, have reported that CMA declines with age in many tissues, attributed to an age-related loss of LAMP2A, the primary and indispensable component of the CMA translocation complex. This has led to a paradigm in the field of CMA research, stating that the age-associated decline in LAMP2A in turn decreases CMA, contributing to the pathogenesis of late-life disease. We assessed LAMP2A levels and CMA substrate uptake in both sexes of the genetically heterogeneous UM-HET3 mouse stock, which is the current global standard for the evaluation of anti-aging interventions. We found no evidence for age-related changes in LAMP2A levels, CMA substrate uptake, or whole liver levels of CMA degradation targets, despite identifying sex differences in CMA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine K Zhang
- University of Michigan, College of Literature, Science, and The Arts, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Peichuan Zhang
- Calico Life Sciences, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
- Current Affiliation: WuXi AppTec, Shanghai, China
| | - Anagha Kodur
- University of Michigan, College of Literature, Science, and The Arts, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Ilkim Erturk
- University of Michigan, Department of Pathology, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Calvin M Burns
- University of Michigan, Department of Pathology, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Cynthia Kenyon
- Calico Life Sciences, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Richard A Miller
- University of Michigan, Department of Pathology, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- University of Michigan Geriatrics Center, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - S Joseph Endicott
- University of Michigan, Department of Pathology, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- University of Michigan Geriatrics Center, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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Ibrahim DMA, Ali OSM, Nasr H, Fateen E, AbdelAleem A. Biochemical and mutational analyses of HEXA in a cohort of Egyptian patients with infantile Tay-Sachs disease. Expansion of the mutation spectrum. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2023; 18:52. [PMID: 36907859 PMCID: PMC10009996 DOI: 10.1186/s13023-023-02637-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tay-Sachs disease (TSD), an autosomal recessively inherited neurodegenerative lysosomal storage disease, reported worldwide with a high incidence among population of Eastern European and Ashkenazi Jewish descent. Mutations in the alpha subunit of HEXA that encodes for the β-hexosaminidase-A lead to deficient enzyme activity and TSD phenotype. This study is the first to highlight the HEXA sequence variations spectrum in a cohort of Egyptian patients with infantile TSD. RESULTS This study involved 13 Egyptian infant/children patients presented with the infantile form of TSD, ten of the 13 patients were born to consanguineous marriages. β-hexosaminidase-A enzyme activity was markedly reduced in the 13 patients with a mean activity of 3 µmol/L/h ± 1.56. Sanger sequencing of the HEXA' coding regions and splicing junctions enabled a detection rate of ~ 62% (8/13) in our patients revealing the molecular defects in eight patients; six homozygous-mutant children (five of them were the product of consanguineous marriages) and two patients showed their mutant alleles in heterozygous genotypes, while no disease-causing mutation was identified in the remaining patients. Regulatory intragenic mutations or del/dup may underlie the molecular defect in those patients showing no relevant pathogenic sequencing variants or in the two patients with a heterozygous genotype of the mutant allele. This research identified three novel, likely pathogenic variants in association with the TSD phenotype; two missense, c.920A > C (E307A) and c.952C > G (H318D) in exon 8, and a single base deletion c.484delG causing a frameshift E162Rfs*37 (p.Glu162ArgfsTer37) in exon 5. Three recurrent disease-causing missense mutations; c.1495C > T (R499C), c.1511G > A(R504H), and c.1510C > T(R504C) in exon 13 were identified in five of the eight patients. None of the variants was detected in 50 healthy Egyptians' DNA. Five variants, likely benign or of uncertain significance, S3T, I436V, E506E, and T2T, in exons 1, 11,13, & 1 were detected in our study. CONCLUSIONS For the proper diagnostics, genetic counseling, and primary prevention, our study stresses the important role of Next Generation Sequencing approaches in delineating the molecular defect in TSD-candidate patients that showed negative Sanger sequencing or a heterozygous mutant allele in their genetic testing results. Interestingly, the three recurrent TSD associated mutations were clustered on chromosome 13 and accounted for 38% of the HEXA mutations detected in this study. This suggested exon 13 as the first candidate for sequencing screening in Egyptian patients with infantile TSD. Larger studies involving our regional population are recommended, hence unique disease associated pathogenic variations could be identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doaa M A Ibrahim
- Department of Medical Molecular Genetics, Human Genetics and Genome Research Institute, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ola S M Ali
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy (Girls), Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Hala Nasr
- Department of Medical Molecular Genetics, Human Genetics and Genome Research Institute, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ekram Fateen
- Department of Biochemical Genetics, Human Genetics and Genome Research Institute, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Alice AbdelAleem
- Department of Medical Molecular Genetics, Human Genetics and Genome Research Institute, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt.
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7
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Singh J, Elhabashy H, Muthukottiappan P, Stepath M, Eisenacher M, Kohlbacher O, Gieselmann V, Winter D. Cross-linking of the endolysosomal system reveals potential flotillin structures and cargo. Nat Commun 2022; 13:6212. [PMID: 36266287 PMCID: PMC9584938 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-33951-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Lysosomes are well-established as the main cellular organelles for the degradation of macromolecules and emerging as regulatory centers of metabolism. They are of crucial importance for cellular homeostasis, which is exemplified by a plethora of disorders related to alterations in lysosomal function. In this context, protein complexes play a decisive role, regulating not only metabolic lysosomal processes but also lysosome biogenesis, transport, and interaction with other organelles. Using cross-linking mass spectrometry, we analyze lysosomes and early endosomes. Based on the identification of 5376 cross-links, we investigate protein-protein interactions and structures of lysosome- and endosome-related proteins. In particular, we present evidence for a tetrameric assembly of the lysosomal hydrolase PPT1 and a heterodimeric structure of FLOT1/FLOT2 at lysosomes and early endosomes. For FLOT1-/FLOT2-positive early endosomes, we identify >300 putative cargo proteins and confirm eleven substrates for flotillin-dependent endocytosis, including the latrophilin family of adhesion G protein-coupled receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasjot Singh
- Institute for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, 53115, Bonn, Germany
| | - Hadeer Elhabashy
- Department of Protein Evolution, Max-Planck-Institute for Developmental Biology, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
- Institute for Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics, University of Tübingen, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
- Department of Computer Science, University of Tübingen, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Pathma Muthukottiappan
- Institute for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, 53115, Bonn, Germany
| | - Markus Stepath
- Medical Proteome-Center, Medical Faculty, Ruhr-University Bochum, 48801, Bochum, Germany
- Medical Proteome Analysis, Center for Protein Diagnostics, Ruhr-University Bochum, 48801, Bochum, Germany
| | - Martin Eisenacher
- Medical Proteome-Center, Medical Faculty, Ruhr-University Bochum, 48801, Bochum, Germany
- Medical Proteome Analysis, Center for Protein Diagnostics, Ruhr-University Bochum, 48801, Bochum, Germany
| | - Oliver Kohlbacher
- Institute for Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics, University of Tübingen, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
- Department of Computer Science, University of Tübingen, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
- Institute for Translational Bioinformatics, University Hospital Tübingen, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Volkmar Gieselmann
- Institute for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, 53115, Bonn, Germany
| | - Dominic Winter
- Institute for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, 53115, Bonn, Germany.
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8
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CRISPR/nCas9-Based Genome Editing on GM2 Gangliosidoses Fibroblasts via Non-Viral Vectors. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231810672. [PMID: 36142595 PMCID: PMC9505638 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231810672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Revised: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The gangliosidoses GM2 are a group of pathologies mainly affecting the central nervous system due to the impaired GM2 ganglioside degradation inside the lysosome. Under physiological conditions, GM2 ganglioside is catabolized by the β-hexosaminidase A in a GM2 activator protein-dependent mechanism. In contrast, uncharged substrates such as globosides and some glycosaminoglycans can be hydrolyzed by the β-hexosaminidase B. Monogenic mutations on HEXA, HEXB, or GM2A genes arise in the Tay–Sachs (TSD), Sandhoff (SD), and AB variant diseases, respectively. In this work, we validated a CRISPR/Cas9-based gene editing strategy that relies on a Cas9 nickase (nCas9) as a potential approach for treating GM2 gangliosidoses using in vitro models for TSD and SD. The nCas9 contains a mutation in the catalytic RuvC domain but maintains the active HNH domain, which reduces potential off-target effects. Liposomes (LPs)- and novel magnetoliposomes (MLPs)-based vectors were used to deliver the CRISPR/nCas9 system. When LPs were used as a vector, positive outcomes were observed for the β-hexosaminidase activity, glycosaminoglycans levels, lysosome mass, and oxidative stress. In the case of MLPs, a high cytocompatibility and transfection ratio was observed, with a slight increase in the β-hexosaminidase activity and significant oxidative stress recovery in both TSD and SD cells. These results show the remarkable potential of CRISPR/nCas9 as a new alternative for treating GM2 gangliosidoses, as well as the superior performance of non-viral vectors in enhancing the potency of this therapeutic approach.
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9
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Effect of Dried Apple Pomace (DAP) as a Feed Additive on Antioxidant System in the Rumen Fluid. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231810475. [PMID: 36142387 PMCID: PMC9499518 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231810475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Revised: 09/03/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The study aimed to evaluate the effect of dried apple pomace (DAP) as a feed additive on the enzymatic activity and non-enzymatic compounds belonging to the antioxidant system in cattle rumen fluid. The experiment included 4 Polish Holstein−Friesian cannulated dairy cows and lasted 52 days. The control group was fed with the standard diet, while in the experimental group, 6% of the feedstuff was replaced by dried apple pomace. After the feeding period, ruminal fluid was collected. The spectrophotometric technique for the activity of lysosomal enzymes, the content of vitamin C, polyphenols, and the potential to scavenge the free DPPH radical was used. The enzyme immunoassay tests (ELISA) were used to establish the activity of antioxidants enzymes and MDA. Among the rumen aminopeptidases, a significant reduction (p < 0.01) from 164.00 to 142.00 was observed for leucyl-aminopeptidase. The activity of glycosidases was decreased for HEX (from 231.00 to 194.00) and β-Glu (from 1294.00 to 1136.00), while a significant statistically increase was noticed for BGRD (from 31.10 to 42.40), α-Glu (from 245.00 to 327.00), and MAN (from 29.70 to 36.70). Furthermore, the activity of catalase and GSH (p < 0.01) was inhibited. In turn, the level of vitamin C (from 22.90 to 24.10) and MDA (from 0.36 to 0.45) was statistically higher (p < 0.01). The most positive correlations were observed between AlaAP and LeuAP (r = 0.897) in the aminopeptidases group and between β-Gal and MAN (r = 0.880) in the glycosidases group. Furthermore, one of the most significant correlations were perceived between SOD and AlaAP (r = 0.505) and AcP (r = 0.450). The most negative correlation was noticed between α-Gal and DPPH (r = −0.533) based on these observations. Apple pomace as a feed additive has an influence on lysosomal degradation processes and modifies oxidation−reduction potential in the rumen fluid. Polyphenols and other low-weight antioxidant compounds are sufficient to maintain redox balance in the rumen.
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10
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González-Cuesta M, Herrera-González I, García-Moreno MI, Ashmus RA, Vocadlo DJ, García Fernández JM, Nanba E, Higaki K, Ortiz Mellet C. sp 2-Iminosugars targeting human lysosomal β-hexosaminidase as pharmacological chaperone candidates for late-onset Tay-Sachs disease. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2022; 37:1364-1374. [PMID: 35575117 PMCID: PMC9126592 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2022.2073444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
The late-onset form of Tay-Sachs disease displays when the activity levels of human β-hexosaminidase A (HexA) fall below 10% of normal, due to mutations that destabilise the native folded form of the enzyme and impair its trafficking to the lysosome. Competitive inhibitors of HexA can rescue disease-causative mutant HexA, bearing potential as pharmacological chaperones, but often also inhibit the enzyme O-glucosaminidase (GlcNAcase; OGA), a serious drawback for translation into the clinic. We have designed sp2-iminosugar glycomimetics related to GalNAc that feature a neutral piperidine-derived thiourea or a basic piperidine-thiazolidine bicyclic core and behave as selective nanomolar competitive inhibitors of human Hex A at pH 7 with a ten-fold lower inhibitory potency at pH 5, a good indication for pharmacological chaperoning. They increased the levels of lysosomal HexA activity in Tay-Sachs patient fibroblasts having the G269S mutation, the highest prevalent in late-onset Tay-Sachs disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel González-Cuesta
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Seville, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Irene Herrera-González
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Seville, Sevilla, Spain
| | - M Isabel García-Moreno
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Seville, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Roger A Ashmus
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, Canada
| | - David J Vocadlo
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, Canada
| | - José M García Fernández
- Instituto de Investigaciones Químicas (IIQ), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC) - Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Eiji Nanba
- Organization for Research Initiative and Promotion, Tottori University, Yonago, Japan
| | - Katsumi Higaki
- Organization for Research Initiative and Promotion, Tottori University, Yonago, Japan
| | - Carmen Ortiz Mellet
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Seville, Sevilla, Spain
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11
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Flotte TR, Cataltepe O, Puri A, Batista AR, Moser R, McKenna-Yasek D, Douthwright C, Gernoux G, Blackwood M, Mueller C, Tai PWL, Jiang X, Bateman S, Spanakis SG, Parzych J, Keeler AM, Abayazeed A, Rohatgi S, Gibson L, Finberg R, Barton BA, Vardar Z, Shazeeb MS, Gounis M, Tifft CJ, Eichler FS, Brown RH, Martin DR, Gray-Edwards HL, Sena-Esteves M. AAV gene therapy for Tay-Sachs disease. Nat Med 2022; 28:251-259. [PMID: 35145305 PMCID: PMC10786171 DOI: 10.1038/s41591-021-01664-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Tay-Sachs disease (TSD) is an inherited neurological disorder caused by deficiency of hexosaminidase A (HexA). Here, we describe an adeno-associated virus (AAV) gene therapy expanded-access trial in two patients with infantile TSD (IND 18225) with safety as the primary endpoint and no secondary endpoints. Patient TSD-001 was treated at 30 months with an equimolar mix of AAVrh8-HEXA and AAVrh8-HEXB administered intrathecally (i.t.), with 75% of the total dose (1 × 1014 vector genomes (vg)) in the cisterna magna and 25% at the thoracolumbar junction. Patient TSD-002 was treated at 7 months by combined bilateral thalamic (1.5 × 1012 vg per thalamus) and i.t. infusion (3.9 × 1013 vg). Both patients were immunosuppressed. Injection procedures were well tolerated, with no vector-related adverse events (AEs) to date. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) HexA activity increased from baseline and remained stable in both patients. TSD-002 showed disease stabilization by 3 months after injection with ongoing myelination, a temporary deviation from the natural history of infantile TSD, but disease progression was evident at 6 months after treatment. TSD-001 remains seizure-free at 5 years of age on the same anticonvulsant therapy as before therapy. TSD-002 developed anticonvulsant-responsive seizures at 2 years of age. This study provides early safety and proof-of-concept data in humans for treatment of patients with TSD by AAV gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terence R Flotte
- Department of Pediatrics, UMass Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA.
- Horae Gene Therapy Center and The Li Weibo Institute for Rare Diseases Research, UMass Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA.
| | - Oguz Cataltepe
- Department of Pediatrics, UMass Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, UMass Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Ajit Puri
- Department of Radiology, UMass Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Ana Rita Batista
- Horae Gene Therapy Center and The Li Weibo Institute for Rare Diseases Research, UMass Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
- Department of Neurology, UMass Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Richard Moser
- Department of Neurosurgery, UMass Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | | | | | - Gwladys Gernoux
- Department of Pediatrics, UMass Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
- Horae Gene Therapy Center and The Li Weibo Institute for Rare Diseases Research, UMass Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Meghan Blackwood
- Department of Pediatrics, UMass Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
- Horae Gene Therapy Center and The Li Weibo Institute for Rare Diseases Research, UMass Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Christian Mueller
- Department of Pediatrics, UMass Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
- Horae Gene Therapy Center and The Li Weibo Institute for Rare Diseases Research, UMass Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Phillip W L Tai
- Horae Gene Therapy Center and The Li Weibo Institute for Rare Diseases Research, UMass Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Xuntian Jiang
- Department of Medicine and Cardiovascular Division, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Scot Bateman
- Department of Pediatrics, UMass Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Spiro G Spanakis
- Departments of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, UMass Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Julia Parzych
- Departments of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, UMass Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Allison M Keeler
- Department of Pediatrics, UMass Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
- Horae Gene Therapy Center and The Li Weibo Institute for Rare Diseases Research, UMass Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Aly Abayazeed
- Department of Radiology, UMass Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Saurabh Rohatgi
- Department of Radiology, UMass Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Laura Gibson
- Department of Pediatrics, UMass Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, UMass Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Robert Finberg
- Department of Internal Medicine, UMass Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Bruce A Barton
- Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, UMass Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Zeynep Vardar
- Department of Radiology, UMass Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | | | - Matthew Gounis
- Department of Radiology, UMass Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Cynthia J Tifft
- National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Florian S Eichler
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Robert H Brown
- Horae Gene Therapy Center and The Li Weibo Institute for Rare Diseases Research, UMass Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
- Department of Neurology, UMass Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Douglas R Martin
- Scott-Ritchey Research Center, Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - Heather L Gray-Edwards
- Horae Gene Therapy Center and The Li Weibo Institute for Rare Diseases Research, UMass Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
- Department of Radiology, UMass Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Miguel Sena-Esteves
- Horae Gene Therapy Center and The Li Weibo Institute for Rare Diseases Research, UMass Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA.
- Department of Neurology, UMass Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA.
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12
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Ugonotti J, Kawahara R, Loke I, Zhu Y, Chatterjee S, Tjondro HC, Sumer-Bayraktar Z, Neelamegham S, Thaysen-Andersen M. N-acetyl-β-D-hexosaminidases mediate the generation of paucimannosidic proteins via a putative noncanonical truncation pathway in human neutrophils. Glycobiology 2021; 32:218-229. [PMID: 34939086 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwab108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Revised: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
We recently discovered that human neutrophils express immunomodulatory glycoproteins carrying unusual and highly truncated paucimannosidic N-glycans (Man1-3GlcNAc2Fuc0-1), but their biosynthesis remains elusive. Guided by the well-characterized truncation pathway in invertebrates and plants in which the N-acetyl-β-D-hexosaminidase (Hex) isoenzymes catalyze paucimannosidic protein (PMP) formation, we here set out to test if the homologous human Hex α and β subunits encoded by HEXA and HEXB drive a similar truncation pathway in human neutrophils. To this end, we performed quantitative glycomics and glycoproteomics of several CRISPR-Cas9-edited Hex-disrupted neutrophil-like HL-60 mutants (HEXA-KO and HEXB-KO) and matching unedited cell lines. Hex disruption was validated using next-generation sequencing, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), quantitative proteomics and Hex activity assays. Excitingly, all Hex-disrupted mutants displayed significantly reduced levels of paucimannosylation, particularly Man2-3GlcNAc2Fuc1, relative to unedited HL-60 suggesting that both HEXA and HEXB contribute to PMP formation via a hitherto unexplored truncation pathway in neutrophils. Quantitative N-glycomics indeed demonstrated reduced utilization of a putative noncanonical truncation pathway in favor of the canonical elongation pathway in all Hex-disrupted mutants relative to unedited controls. Quantitative glycoproteomics recapitulated the truncation-to-elongation switch in all Hex-disrupted mutants and showed a greater switch for N-glycoproteins cotrafficking with Hex to the azurophilic granules of neutrophils such as myeloperoxidase. Finally, we supported the Hex-PMP relationship by documenting that primary neutrophils isolated from an early-onset Sandhoff disease patient (HEXB-/-) displayed dramatically reduced paucimannosylation relative to neutrophils from an age-matched unaffected donor. We conclude that both human Hex α and β mediate PMP formation via a putative noncanonical truncation pathway in neutrophils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian Ugonotti
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Macquarie University, Balaclava Road, Macquarie Park, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - Rebeca Kawahara
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Macquarie University, Balaclava Road, Macquarie Park, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - Ian Loke
- Cordlife Group Limited, 1 Yishun Industrial Street, Singapore 768160, Singapore
| | - Yuqi Zhu
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, 906 Furnas Hall, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA
| | - Sayantani Chatterjee
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Macquarie University, Balaclava Road, Macquarie Park, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - Harry C Tjondro
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Macquarie University, Balaclava Road, Macquarie Park, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - Zeynep Sumer-Bayraktar
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Macquarie University, Balaclava Road, Macquarie Park, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - Sriram Neelamegham
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, 906 Furnas Hall, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA
| | - Morten Thaysen-Andersen
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Macquarie University, Balaclava Road, Macquarie Park, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia.,Biomolecular Discovery Research Centre, Macquarie University, Balaclava Road, Macquarie Park, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia
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13
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Liu X, Zhao F, Liu H, Xie Y, Zhao D, Li C. Transcriptomics and metabolomics reveal the adaption of Akkermansia muciniphila to high mucin by regulating energy homeostasis. Sci Rep 2021; 11:9073. [PMID: 33907216 PMCID: PMC8079684 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-88397-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
In gut, Akkermansia muciniphila (A. muciniphila) probably exerts its probiotic activities by the positive modulation of mucus thickness and gut barrier integrity. However, the potential mechanisms between A. muciniphila and mucin balance have not been fully elucidated. In this study, we cultured the bacterium in a BHI medium containing 0% to 0.5% mucin, and transcriptome and gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analyses were performed. We found that 0.5% (m/v) mucin in a BHI medium induced 1191 microbial genes to be differentially expressed, and 49 metabolites to be changed. The metabolites of sorbose, mannose, 2,7-anhydro-β-sedoheptulose, fructose, phenylalanine, threonine, lysine, ornithine, asparagine, alanine and glutamic acid were decreased by 0.5% mucin, while the metabolites of leucine, valine and N-acetylneuraminic acid were increased. The association analysis between transcriptome and metabolome revealed that A. muciniphila gave strong responses to energy metabolism, amino sugar and nucleotide sugar metabolism, and galactose metabolism pathways to adapt to high mucin in the medium. This finding showed that only when mucin reached a certain concentration in a BHI medium, A. muciniphila could respond to the culture environment significantly at the level of genes and metabolites, and changed its metabolic characteristics by altering the effect on carbohydrates and amino acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyue Liu
- Key Laboratory of Meat Processing and Quality Control, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Meat Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Centre of Meat Production and Processing, Quality and Safety Control, Meat Production, College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Weigang 1#, Nanjing, 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Fan Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Meat Processing and Quality Control, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Meat Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Centre of Meat Production and Processing, Quality and Safety Control, Meat Production, College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Weigang 1#, Nanjing, 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Liu
- Key Laboratory of Meat Processing and Quality Control, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Meat Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Centre of Meat Production and Processing, Quality and Safety Control, Meat Production, College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Weigang 1#, Nanjing, 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Yunting Xie
- Key Laboratory of Meat Processing and Quality Control, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Meat Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Centre of Meat Production and Processing, Quality and Safety Control, Meat Production, College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Weigang 1#, Nanjing, 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Di Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Meat Processing and Quality Control, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Meat Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Centre of Meat Production and Processing, Quality and Safety Control, Meat Production, College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Weigang 1#, Nanjing, 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunbao Li
- Key Laboratory of Meat Processing and Quality Control, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Meat Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Centre of Meat Production and Processing, Quality and Safety Control, Meat Production, College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Weigang 1#, Nanjing, 210095, People's Republic of China.
- National Center for International Research on Animal Gut Nutrition, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, People's Republic of China.
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14
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Endicott SJ, Boynton DN, Beckmann LJ, Miller RA. Long-lived mice with reduced growth hormone signaling have a constitutive upregulation of hepatic chaperone-mediated autophagy. Autophagy 2021; 17:612-625. [PMID: 32013718 PMCID: PMC8032237 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2020.1725378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Revised: 01/26/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Chaperone-mediated autophagy (CMA) is the most selective form of lysosomal proteolysis. CMA modulates proteomic organization through selective protein degradation, with targets including metabolic enzymes, cell growth regulators, and neurodegeneration-related proteins. CMA activity is low in ad libitum-fed rodents but is increased by prolonged fasting. AKT negatively regulates CMA at the lysosomal membrane by phosphorylating and inhibiting the CMA regulator GFAP. We have previously reported that long-lived Pou1f1/Pit1 mutant (Snell) mice and ghr (growth hormone receptor) knockout mice (ghr KO) have lower AKT activity when fed compared to littermate controls, suggesting the hypothesis that these mice have increased baseline CMA activity. Here, we report that liver lysosomes from fed Snell dwarf mice and ghr KO mice have decreased GFAP phosphorylation and increased CMA substrate uptake activity. Liver lysosomes isolated from fed Snell dwarf mice and ghr KO mice injected with the protease inhibitor leupeptin had increased accumulation of endogenous CMA substrates, compared to littermate controls, suggesting an increase in CMA in vivo. Mice with liver-specific ablation of GH (growth hormone) signaling did not have increased liver CMA, suggesting that a signaling effect resulting from a loss of growth hormone in another tissue causes enhanced CMA in Snell dwarf and ghr KO mice. Finally, we find Snell dwarf mice have decreased protein levels (in liver and kidney) of CIP2A, a well-characterized CMA target protein, without an associated change in Cip2a mRNA. Collectively, these data suggest that CMA is enhanced downstream of an endocrine change resulting from whole-body ablation of GH signaling.Abbreviations: CMA: chaperone-mediated autophagy; GH: growth hormone; ghr KO: growth hormone receptor knockout; LAMP2A: splice variant 1 of Lamp2 transcript; LC3-I: non-lipidated MAP1LC3; LC3-II: lipidated MAP1LC3; Li-ghr KO: liver-specific ghr knockout; MA: macroautophagy; MTORC1: mechanistic target of rapamycin kinase complex 1; MTORC2: mechanistic target of rapamycin kinase complex 2; PBS: phosphate-buffered saline.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Joseph Endicott
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Dennis N. Boynton
- College of Literature, Science, and the Arts, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Logan J. Beckmann
- College of Literature, Science, and the Arts, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Richard A. Miller
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Institute of Gerontology, University of Michigan Geriatrics Center, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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15
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Endicott SJ, Ziemba ZJ, Beckmann LJ, Boynton DN, Miller RA. Inhibition of class I PI3K enhances chaperone-mediated autophagy. J Cell Biol 2020; 219:211459. [PMID: 33048163 PMCID: PMC7557678 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202001031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Revised: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Chaperone-mediated autophagy (CMA) is the most selective form of lysosomal proteolysis, where individual peptides, recognized by a consensus motif, are translocated directly across the lysosomal membrane. CMA regulates the abundance of many disease-related proteins, with causative roles in neoplasia, neurodegeneration, hepatosteatosis, and other pathologies relevant to human health and aging. At the lysosomal membrane, CMA is inhibited by Akt-dependent phosphorylation of the CMA regulator GFAP. The INS-PI3K-PDPK1 pathway regulates Akt, but its role in CMA is unclear. Here, we report that inhibition of class I PI3K or PDPK1 activates CMA. In contrast, selective inhibition of class III PI3Ks does not activate CMA. Isolated liver lysosomes from mice treated with either of two orally bioavailable class I PI3K inhibitors, pictilisib or buparlisib, display elevated CMA activity, and decreased phosphorylation of lysosomal GFAP, with no change in macroautophagy. The findings of this study represent an important first step in repurposing class I PI3K inhibitors to modulate CMA in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Joseph Endicott
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Zachary J. Ziemba
- College of Literature, Science, and the Arts, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Logan J. Beckmann
- College of Literature, Science, and the Arts, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Dennis N. Boynton
- College of Literature, Science, and the Arts, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Richard A. Miller
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI,University of Michigan Geriatrics Center, Ann Arbor, MI,Correspondence to Richard A. Miller:
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16
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Brekk OR, Korecka JA, Crapart CC, Huebecker M, MacBain ZK, Rosenthal SA, Sena-Esteves M, Priestman DA, Platt FM, Isacson O, Hallett PJ. Upregulating β-hexosaminidase activity in rodents prevents α-synuclein lipid associations and protects dopaminergic neurons from α-synuclein-mediated neurotoxicity. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2020; 8:127. [PMID: 32762772 PMCID: PMC7409708 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-020-01004-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Sandhoff disease (SD) is a lysosomal storage disease, caused by loss of β-hexosaminidase (HEX) activity resulting in the accumulation of ganglioside GM2. There are shared features between SD and Parkinson's disease (PD). α-synuclein (aSYN) inclusions, the diagnostic hallmark sign of PD, are frequently found in the brain in SD patients and HEX knockout mice, and HEX activity is reduced in the substantia nigra in PD. In this study, we biochemically demonstrate that HEX deficiency in mice causes formation of high-molecular weight (HMW) aSYN and ubiquitin in the brain. As expected from HEX enzymatic function requirements, overexpression in vivo of HEXA and B combined, but not either of the subunits expressed alone, increased HEX activity as evidenced by histochemical assays. Biochemically, such HEX gene expression resulted in increased conversion of GM2 to its breakdown product GM3. In a neurodegenerative model of overexpression of aSYN in rats, increasing HEX activity by AAV6 gene transfer in the substantia nigra reduced aSYN embedding in lipid compartments and rescued dopaminergic neurons from degeneration. Overall, these data are consistent with a paradigm shift where lipid abnormalities are central to or preceding protein changes typically associated with PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oeystein R Brekk
- Neuroregeneration Institute, McLean Hospital / Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA, USA
| | - Joanna A Korecka
- Neuroregeneration Institute, McLean Hospital / Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA, USA
- Current address: Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Cecile C Crapart
- Neuroregeneration Institute, McLean Hospital / Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA, USA
| | - Mylene Huebecker
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Current address: Institute of Innate Immunity, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Zachary K MacBain
- Neuroregeneration Institute, McLean Hospital / Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA, USA
| | - Sara Ann Rosenthal
- Neuroregeneration Institute, McLean Hospital / Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA, USA
| | - Miguel Sena-Esteves
- Department of Neurology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | | | - Frances M Platt
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Ole Isacson
- Neuroregeneration Institute, McLean Hospital / Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA, USA.
| | - Penelope J Hallett
- Neuroregeneration Institute, McLean Hospital / Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA, USA.
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17
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Abstract
Mast cells (MCs) are well known for their role in allergic conditions. This cell can be activated by various types of secretagogues, ranging from a small chemical to a huge protein. Mast cell activation by secretagogues triggers the increase in intracellular calcium (iCa2+) concentration, granule trafficking, and exocytosis. Activated mast cells release their intra-granular pre-stored mediator or the newly synthesized mediator in the exocytosis process, in the form of degranulation or secretion. There are at least three types of exocytosis in mast cells, which are suggested to contribute to the release of different mediators, i.e.,, piecemeal, kiss-and-run, and compound exocytosis. The status of mast cells, i.e., activated or resting, is often determined by measuring the concentration of the released mediator such as histamine or β-hexosaminidase. This review summarizes several mast cell components that have been and are generally used as mast cell activation indicator, from the classical histamine and β-hexosaminidase measurement, to eicosanoid and granule trafficking observation. Basic principle of the component determination is also explained with their specified research application and purpose. The information will help to predict the experiment results with a certain study design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Novrizal Abdi Sahid
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Gadjah Mada , Yogyakarta, Indonesia.,Curcumin Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Univeristas Gadjah Mada , Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Takeshi Kiyoi
- Division of Analytical Bio-medicine, Advanced Research Support Center, Ehime University , Toon, Ehime, Japan
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18
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Dogbevia G, Grasshoff H, Othman A, Penno A, Schwaninger M. Brain endothelial specific gene therapy improves experimental Sandhoff disease. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2020; 40:1338-1350. [PMID: 31357902 PMCID: PMC7238384 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x19865917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
In Tay-Sachs and Sandhoff disease, a deficiency of the lysosomal enzyme β-hexosaminidase causes GM2 and other gangliosides to accumulate in neurons and triggers neurodegeneration. Although the pathology centers on neurons, β-hexosaminidase is mainly expressed outside of neurons, suggesting that gene therapy of these diseases should target non-neuronal cells to reconstitute physiological conditions. Here, we tested in Hexb-/- mice, a model of Sandhoff disease, to determine whether endothelial expression of the genes for human β-hexosaminidase subunit A and B (HEXA, HEXB) is able to reduce disease symptoms and prolong survival of the affected mice. The brain endothelial selective vectors AAV-BR1-CAG-HEXA and AAV-BR1-CAG-HEXB transduced brain endothelial cells, which subsequently released β-hexosaminidase enzyme. In vivo intravenous administration of the gene vectors to adult and neonatal mice prolonged survival. They improved neurological function and reduced accumulation of the ganglioside GM2 and the glycolipid GA2 as well as astrocytic activation. Overall, the data demonstrate that endothelial cells are a suitable target for intravenous gene therapy of GM2 gangliosidoses and possibly other lysosomal storage disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Godwin Dogbevia
- Institute for Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany.,Division of Cardiac Surgery, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Hanna Grasshoff
- Institute for Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Alaa Othman
- Institute for Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Anke Penno
- Department of Cell Biology of Lipids, LIMES Institute, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Markus Schwaninger
- Institute for Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
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19
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Singh J, Kaade E, Muntel J, Bruderer R, Reiter L, Thelen M, Winter D. Systematic Comparison of Strategies for the Enrichment of Lysosomes by Data Independent Acquisition. J Proteome Res 2020; 19:371-381. [PMID: 31738065 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.9b00580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In mammalian cells, the lysosome is the main organelle for the degradation of macromolecules and the recycling of their building blocks. Correct lysosomal function is essential, and mutations in every known lysosomal hydrolase result in so-called lysosomal storage disorders, a group of rare and often fatal inherited diseases. Furthermore, it is becoming more and more apparent that lysosomes play also decisive roles in other diseases, such as cancer and common neurodegenerative disorders. This leads to an increasing interest in the proteomic analysis of lysosomes for which enrichment is a prerequisite. In this study, we compared the four most common strategies for the enrichment of lysosomes using data-independent acquisition. We performed centrifugation at 20,000 × g to generate an organelle-enriched pellet, two-step sucrose density gradient centrifugation, enrichment by superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs), and immunoprecipitation using a 3xHA tagged version of the lysosomal membrane protein TMEM192. Our results show that SPIONs and TMEM192 immunoprecipitation outperform the other approaches with enrichment factors of up to 118-fold for certain proteins relative to whole cell lysates. Furthermore, we achieved an increase in identified lysosomal proteins and a higher reproducibility in protein intensities for label-free quantification in comparison to the other strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasjot Singh
- Institute for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , University of Bonn , 53115 Bonn , Germany
| | - Edgar Kaade
- Institute for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , University of Bonn , 53115 Bonn , Germany
| | - Jan Muntel
- Biognosys , 8952 Schlieren , Switzerland
| | | | | | - Melanie Thelen
- Institute for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , University of Bonn , 53115 Bonn , Germany
| | - Dominic Winter
- Institute for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , University of Bonn , 53115 Bonn , Germany
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20
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Arrant AE, Roth JR, Boyle NR, Kashyap SN, Hoffmann MQ, Murchison CF, Ramos EM, Nana AL, Spina S, Grinberg LT, Miller BL, Seeley WW, Roberson ED. Impaired β-glucocerebrosidase activity and processing in frontotemporal dementia due to progranulin mutations. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2019; 7:218. [PMID: 31870439 PMCID: PMC6929503 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-019-0872-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Loss-of-function mutations in progranulin (GRN) are a major autosomal dominant cause of frontotemporal dementia. Most pathogenic GRN mutations result in progranulin haploinsufficiency, which is thought to cause frontotemporal dementia in GRN mutation carriers. Progranulin haploinsufficiency may drive frontotemporal dementia pathogenesis by disrupting lysosomal function, as patients with GRN mutations on both alleles develop the lysosomal storage disorder neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis, and frontotemporal dementia patients with GRN mutations (FTD-GRN) also accumulate lipofuscin. The specific lysosomal deficits caused by progranulin insufficiency remain unclear, but emerging data indicate that progranulin insufficiency may impair lysosomal sphingolipid-metabolizing enzymes. We investigated the effects of progranulin insufficiency on sphingolipid-metabolizing enzymes in the inferior frontal gyrus of FTD-GRN patients using fluorogenic activity assays, biochemical profiling of enzyme levels and posttranslational modifications, and quantitative neuropathology. Of the enzymes studied, only β-glucocerebrosidase exhibited impairment in FTD-GRN patients. Brains from FTD-GRN patients had lower activity than controls, which was associated with lower levels of mature β-glucocerebrosidase protein and accumulation of insoluble, incompletely glycosylated β-glucocerebrosidase. Immunostaining revealed loss of neuronal β-glucocerebrosidase in FTD-GRN patients. To investigate the effects of progranulin insufficiency on β-glucocerebrosidase outside of the context of neurodegeneration, we investigated β-glucocerebrosidase activity in progranulin-insufficient mice. Brains from Grn-/- mice had lower β-glucocerebrosidase activity than wild-type littermates, which was corrected by AAV-progranulin gene therapy. These data show that progranulin insufficiency impairs β-glucocerebrosidase activity in the brain. This effect is strongest in neurons and may be caused by impaired β-glucocerebrosidase processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew E Arrant
- Departments of Neurology and Neurobiology, Center for Neurodegeneration and Experimental Therapeutics, Alzheimer's Disease Center, Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.
- , 1825 University Blvd., SHEL 1106, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA.
| | - Jonathan R Roth
- Departments of Neurology and Neurobiology, Center for Neurodegeneration and Experimental Therapeutics, Alzheimer's Disease Center, Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Nicholas R Boyle
- Departments of Neurology and Neurobiology, Center for Neurodegeneration and Experimental Therapeutics, Alzheimer's Disease Center, Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Shreya N Kashyap
- Departments of Neurology and Neurobiology, Center for Neurodegeneration and Experimental Therapeutics, Alzheimer's Disease Center, Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Madelyn Q Hoffmann
- Departments of Neurology and Neurobiology, Center for Neurodegeneration and Experimental Therapeutics, Alzheimer's Disease Center, Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Charles F Murchison
- Departments of Neurology and Neurobiology, Center for Neurodegeneration and Experimental Therapeutics, Alzheimer's Disease Center, Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Eliana Marisa Ramos
- Department of Psychiatry, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Alissa L Nana
- Department of Neurology, Memory & Aging Center, UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Salvatore Spina
- Department of Neurology, Memory & Aging Center, UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Lea T Grinberg
- Department of Neurology, Memory & Aging Center, UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Bruce L Miller
- Department of Neurology, Memory & Aging Center, UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - William W Seeley
- Department of Neurology, Memory & Aging Center, UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Erik D Roberson
- Departments of Neurology and Neurobiology, Center for Neurodegeneration and Experimental Therapeutics, Alzheimer's Disease Center, Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.
- , 1825 University Blvd., SHEL 1110, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA.
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21
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Latour YL, Yoon R, Thomas SE, Grant C, Li C, Sena-Esteves M, Allende ML, Proia RL, Tifft CJ. Human GLB1 knockout cerebral organoids: A model system for testing AAV9-mediated GLB1 gene therapy for reducing GM1 ganglioside storage in GM1 gangliosidosis. Mol Genet Metab Rep 2019; 21:100513. [PMID: 31534909 PMCID: PMC6744524 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgmr.2019.100513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
GM1 gangliosidosis is an autosomal recessive neurodegenerative disorder caused by the deficiency of lysosomal β-galactosidase (β-gal) and resulting in accumulation of GM1 ganglioside. The disease spectrum ranges from infantile to late onset and is uniformly fatal, with no effective therapy currently available. Although animal models have been useful for understanding disease pathogenesis and exploring therapeutic targets, no relevant human central nervous system (CNS) model system has been available to study its early pathogenic events or test therapies. To develop a model of human GM1 gangliosidosis in the CNS, we employed CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing to target GLB1 exons 2 and 6, common sites for mutations in patients, to create isogenic induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cell lines with lysosomal β-gal deficiency. We screened for clones with <5% of parental cell line β-gal enzyme activity and confirmed GLB1 knockout clones using DNA sequencing. We then generated GLB1 knockout cerebral organoids from one of these GLB1 knockout iPS cell clones. Analysis of GLB1 knockout organoids in culture revealed progressive accumulation of GM1 ganglioside. GLB1 knockout organoids microinjected with AAV9-GLB1 vector showed a significant increase in β-gal activity and a significant reduction in GM1 ganglioside content compared with AAV9-GFP-injected organoids, demonstrating the efficacy of an AAV9 gene therapy-based approach in GM1 gangliosidosis. This proof-of-concept in a human cerebral organoid model completes the pre-clinical studies to advance to clinical trials using the AAV9-GLB1 vector.
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Key Words
- 4MU, 4-methylumbelliferyl
- AAV, adeno-associated virus
- AAV9, AAV serotype 9
- BSA, bovine serum albumin
- CNS, central nervous system
- CPB, citrate phosphate buffer
- EB, embryoid body
- GFP, green fluorescent protein
- HPTLC, high-performance thin-layer chromatography
- PBS, phosphate-buffered saline
- RT-qPCR, real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction
- SD, standard deviation
- X-gal, 5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl-β-D-galactopyranoside
- hiPSC, human induced pluripotent stem cells
- iPS, induced pluripotent stem
- β-gal, β-galactosidase
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvonne L. Latour
- Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Robin Yoon
- Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Sarah E. Thomas
- Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Christina Grant
- Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Cuiling Li
- Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Miguel Sena-Esteves
- Department of Neurology and Gene Therapy Center, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Maria L. Allende
- Genetics of Development and Disease Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Richard L. Proia
- Genetics of Development and Disease Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Cynthia J. Tifft
- Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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22
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Anheuser S, Breiden B, Sandhoff K. Ganglioside GM2 catabolism is inhibited by storage compounds of mucopolysaccharidoses and by cationic amphiphilic drugs. Mol Genet Metab 2019; 128:75-83. [PMID: 31097363 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2019.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Revised: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/18/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The catabolism of ganglioside GM2 is dependent on the lysosomal enzyme β-hexosaminidase A and a supporting lipid transfer protein, the GM2 activator protein. A genetically based disturbance of GM2 catabolism, leads to several subtypes of the GM2 gangliosidosis: Tay-Sachs disease, Sandhoff disease, the AB-variant and the B1-variant, all of them having GM2 as major lysosomal storage compound. Further on it is known that the gangliosides GM2 and GM3 accumulate as secondary storage compounds in mucopolysaccharidoses, especially in Hunter disease, Hurler disease, Sanfilippo disease and Sly syndrome, with chondroitin sulfate as primary storage compound. The exact mechanism of ganglioside accumulation in mucopolysaccaridoses is still a matter of debate. Here, we show that chondroitin sulfate strongly inhibits the catabolism of membrane-bound GM2 by β-hexosaminidase A in presence of GM2 activator protein in vitro already at low micromolar concentrations. In contrast, hyaluronan, the major storage compound in mucopolysaccharidosis IX, a milder disease without secondary ganglioside accumulation, is a less effective inhibitor. On the other hand, hydrolysis of micellar-bound GM2 by β-hexosaminidase A without the assistance of GM2AP was not impeded by chondroitin sulfate implicating that the inhibition of GM2 hydrolysis by chondroitin sulfate is most likely based on an interaction with GM2AP, the GM2AP-GM2 complex or the GM2-carrying membranes. We also studied the influence of some cationic amphiphilic drugs (desipramine, chlorpromazine, imipramine and chloroquine), provoking drug induced phospholipidosis and found that all of them inhibited the hydrolysis of GM2 massively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susi Anheuser
- LIMES Institute, Membrane Biology & Lipid Biochemistry Unit, c/o Kekulé-Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie, Universität Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Str. 1, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Bernadette Breiden
- LIMES Institute, Membrane Biology & Lipid Biochemistry Unit, c/o Kekulé-Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie, Universität Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Str. 1, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Konrad Sandhoff
- LIMES Institute, Membrane Biology & Lipid Biochemistry Unit, c/o Kekulé-Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie, Universität Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Str. 1, D-53121 Bonn, Germany.
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23
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Identification of novel variants in a large cohort of children with Tay–Sachs disease: An initiative of a multicentric task force on lysosomal storage disorders by Government of India. J Hum Genet 2019; 64:985-994. [DOI: 10.1038/s10038-019-0647-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Revised: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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24
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Lysosomal Dysfunction in Down Syndrome Is APP-Dependent and Mediated by APP-βCTF (C99). J Neurosci 2019; 39:5255-5268. [PMID: 31043483 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0578-19.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Revised: 04/19/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Lysosomal failure underlies pathogenesis of numerous congenital neurodegenerative disorders and is an early and progressive feature of Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathogenesis. Here, we report that lysosomal dysfunction in Down ayndrome (trisomy 21), a neurodevelopmental disorder and form of early onset AD, requires the extra gene copy of amyloid precursor protein (APP) and is specifically mediated by the β cleaved carboxy terminal fragment of APP (APP-βCTF, C99). In primary fibroblasts from individuals with DS, lysosomal degradation of autophagic and endocytic substrates is selectively impaired, causing them to accumulate in enlarged autolysosomes/lysosomes. Direct measurements of lysosomal pH uncovered a significant elevation (0.6 units) as a basis for slowed LC3 turnover and the inactivation of cathepsin D and other lysosomal hydrolases known to be unstable or less active when lysosomal pH is persistently elevated. Normalizing lysosome pH by delivering acidic nanoparticles to lysosomes ameliorated lysosomal deficits, whereas RNA sequencing analysis excluded a transcriptional contribution to hydrolase declines. Cortical neurons cultured from the Ts2 mouse model of DS exhibited lysosomal deficits similar to those in DS cells. Lowering APP expression with siRNA or BACE1 inhibition reversed cathepsin deficits in both fibroblasts and neurons. Deleting one Bace1 allele from adult Ts2 mice had similar rescue effects in vivo The modest elevation of endogenous APP-βCTF needed to disrupt lysosomal function in DS is relevant to sporadic AD where APP-βCTF, but not APP, is also elevated. Our results extend evidence that impaired lysosomal acidification drives progressive lysosomal failure in multiple forms of AD.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Down syndrome (trisomy 21) (DS) is a neurodevelopmental disorder invariably leading to early-onset Alzheimer's disease (AD). We showed in cells from DS individuals and neurons of DS models that one extra copy of a normal amyloid precursor protein (APP) gene impairs lysosomal acidification, thereby depressing lysosomal hydrolytic activities and turnover of autophagic and endocytic substrates, processes vital to neuronal survival. These deficits, which were reversible by correcting lysosomal pH, are mediated by elevated levels of endogenous β-cleaved carboxy-terminal fragment of APP (APP-βCTF). Notably, similar endosomal-lysosomal pathobiology emerges early in sporadic AD, where neuronal APP-βCTF is also elevated, underscoring its importance as a therapeutic target and underscoring the functional and pathogenic interrelationships between the endosomal-lysosomal pathway and genes causing AD.
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25
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Accurate quantification of β-hexosaminidase released from laboratory of allergic diseases 2 cells via liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry method. J Chromatogr A 2018; 1578:106-111. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2018.09.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Revised: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 09/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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26
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Chen Y, Jian J, Hettinghouse A, Zhao X, Setchell KDR, Sun Y, Liu CJ. Progranulin associates with hexosaminidase A and ameliorates GM2 ganglioside accumulation and lysosomal storage in Tay-Sachs disease. J Mol Med (Berl) 2018; 96:1359-1373. [PMID: 30341570 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-018-1703-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2018] [Revised: 09/19/2018] [Accepted: 10/09/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Tay-Sachs disease (TSD) is a lethal lysosomal storage disease (LSD) caused by mutations in the HexA gene, which can lead to deficiency of β-hexosaminidase A (HexA) activity and consequent accumulation of its substrate, GM2 ganglioside. Recent reports that progranulin (PGRN) functions as a chaperone of lysosomal enzymes and its deficiency is associated with LSDs, including Gaucher disease and neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis, prompted us to screen the effects of recombinant PGRN on lysosomal storage in fibroblasts from 11 patients affected by various LSDs, which led to the isolation of TSD in which PGRN demonstrated the best effects in reducing lysosomal storage. Subsequent in vivo studies revealed significant GM2 accumulation and the existence of typical TSD cells containing zebra bodies in both aged and ovalbumin-challenged adult PGRN-deficient mice. In addition, HexA, but not HexB, was aggregated in PGRN-deficient cells. Furthermore, recombinant PGRN significantly reduced GM2 accumulation and lysosomal storage in these animal models. Mechanistic studies indicated that PGRN bound to HexA through granulins G and E domain and increased the enzymatic activity and lysosomal delivery of HexA. More importantly, Pcgin, an engineered PGRN derivative bearing the granulin E domain, also effectively bound to HexA and reduced the GM2 accumulation. Collectively, these studies not only provide new insights into the pathogenesis of TSD but may also have implications for developing PGRN-based therapy for this life-threatening disorder. KEY MESSAGES: GM2 accumulation and the existence of typical TSD cells containing zebra bodies are detected in both aged and ovalbumin-challenged adult PGRN deficient mice. Recombinant PGRN significantly reduces GM2 accumulation and lysosomal storage both in vivo and in vitro, which works through increasing the expression and lysosomal delivery of HexA. Pcgin, an engineered PGRN derivative bearing the granulin E domain, also effectively binds to to HexA and reduces GM2 accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuehong Chen
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, New York University Medical Center, 301 East 17th Street, New York, NY, 10003, USA.,Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Jinlong Jian
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, New York University Medical Center, 301 East 17th Street, New York, NY, 10003, USA
| | - Aubryanna Hettinghouse
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, New York University Medical Center, 301 East 17th Street, New York, NY, 10003, USA
| | - Xueheng Zhao
- The Division of Human Genetics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA
| | - Kenneth D R Setchell
- The Division of Human Genetics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA
| | - Ying Sun
- The Division of Human Genetics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA
| | - Chuan-Ju Liu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, New York University Medical Center, 301 East 17th Street, New York, NY, 10003, USA. .,Department of Cell Biology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA.
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27
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Arrant AE, Nicholson AM, Zhou X, Rademakers R, Roberson ED. Partial Tmem106b reduction does not correct abnormalities due to progranulin haploinsufficiency. Mol Neurodegener 2018; 13:32. [PMID: 29929528 PMCID: PMC6013889 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-018-0264-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 05/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Loss of function mutations in progranulin (GRN) are a major cause of frontotemporal dementia (FTD). Progranulin is a secreted glycoprotein that localizes to lysosomes and is critical for proper lysosomal function. Heterozygous GRN mutation carriers develop FTD with TDP-43 pathology and exhibit signs of lysosomal dysfunction in the brain, with increased levels of lysosomal proteins and lipofuscin accumulation. Homozygous GRN mutation carriers develop neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis (NCL), an earlier-onset lysosomal storage disorder caused by severe lysosomal dysfunction. Multiple genome-wide association studies have shown that risk of FTD in GRN mutation carriers is modified by polymorphisms in TMEM106B, which encodes a lysosomal membrane protein. Risk alleles of TMEM106B may increase TMEM106B levels through a variety of mechanisms. Brains from FTD patients with GRN mutations exhibit increased TMEM106B expression, and protective TMEM106B polymorphisms are associated with decreased TMEM106B expression. Together, these data raise the possibility that reduction of TMEM106B levels may protect against the pathogenic effects of progranulin haploinsufficiency. Methods We crossed Tmem106b+/− mice with Grn+/− mice, which model the progranulin haploinsufficiency of GRN mutation carriers and develop age-dependent social deficits and lysosomal abnormalities in the brain. We tested whether partial Tmem106b reduction could normalize the social deficits and lysosomal abnormalities of Grn+/− mice. Results Partial reduction of Tmem106b levels did not correct the social deficits of Grn+/− mice. Tmem106b reduction also failed to normalize most lysosomal abnormalities of Grn+/− mice, except for β-glucuronidase activity, which was suppressed by Tmem106b reduction and increased by progranulin insufficiency. Conclusions These data do not support the hypothesis that Tmem106b reduction protects against the pathogenic effects of progranulin haploinsufficiency, but do show that Tmem106b reduction normalizes some lysosomal phenotypes in Grn+/− mice. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13024-018-0264-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew E Arrant
- Center for Neurodegeneration and Experimental Therapeutics, Alzheimer's Disease Center, Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, Departments of Neurology and Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1825 University Blvd., SHEL, Birmingham, AL, 1110, USA
| | - Alexandra M Nicholson
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic Jacksonville, 4500 San Pablo Road, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Xiaolai Zhou
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic Jacksonville, 4500 San Pablo Road, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Rosa Rademakers
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic Jacksonville, 4500 San Pablo Road, Jacksonville, FL, USA.
| | - Erik D Roberson
- Center for Neurodegeneration and Experimental Therapeutics, Alzheimer's Disease Center, Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, Departments of Neurology and Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1825 University Blvd., SHEL, Birmingham, AL, 1110, USA.
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28
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THE LYSOSOMAL STORAGE DISEASE GM2 GANGLIOSIDOSIS IN CAPTIVE BANDED MONGOOSE SIBLINGS ( MUNGOS MUNGO). J Zoo Wildl Med 2018; 49:335-344. [PMID: 29900785 DOI: 10.1638/2017-0199.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
This study reports the occurrence of the lysosomal storage disease GM2 gangliosidosis (Sandhoff disease) in two 11-mo-old captive-bred, male and female mongoose siblings ( Mungos mungo). The clinical signs and the pathological findings reported here were similar to those reported in other mammalian species. Light microscopy revealed an accumulation of stored material in neurons and macrophages accompanied by a significant neuronal degeneration (swelling of neuronal soma, loss of Nissl substance, and neuronal loss) and gliosis. Electron microscopy of brain tissue identified the stored material as membrane-bound multilamellar bodies. An almost complete lack of total hexosaminidase activity in serum suggested a defect in the HEXB gene (Sandhoff disease in humans). High-performance thin-layer chromatography and mass spectrometry confirmed the accumulation of GM2 ganglioside in brain and kidney tissue, and the lectin staining pattern of the brain tissue further corroborated the diagnosis of a Sandhoff-type lysosomal storage disease.
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29
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Manabe S, Yamaguchi Y, Abe J, Matsumoto K, Ito Y. Acceptor range of endo-β- N-acetylglucosaminidase mutant endo-CC N180H: from monosaccharide to antibody. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2018; 5:171521. [PMID: 29892355 PMCID: PMC5990847 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.171521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2017] [Accepted: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The endo-β-N-acetylglucosaminidase mutant endo-CC N180H transfers glycan from sialylglycopeptide (SGP) to various acceptors. The scope and limitations of low-molecular-weight acceptors were investigated. Several homogeneous glycan-containing compounds, especially those with potentially useful labels or functional moieties, and possible reagents in glycoscience were synthesized. The 1,3-diol structure is important in acceptor molecules in glycan transfer reactions mediated by endo-CC N180H as well as by endo-M-N175Q. Glycan remodelling of antibodies was explored using core-fucose-deficient anti-CCR4 antibody with SGP and endo-CC N180H. Homogeneity of the glycan in the antibody was confirmed by mass spectrometry without glycan cleavage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shino Manabe
- Synthetic Cellular Chemistry Laboratory, RIKEN, Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
- Authors for correspondence: Shino Manabe e-mail:
| | - Yoshiki Yamaguchi
- Structural Glycobiology Team, RIKEN, Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
- Authors for correspondence: Yoshiki Yamaguchi e-mail:
| | - Junpei Abe
- Synthetic Cellular Chemistry Laboratory, RIKEN, Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Kana Matsumoto
- Structural Glycobiology Team, RIKEN, Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Yukishige Ito
- Synthetic Cellular Chemistry Laboratory, RIKEN, Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
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Magalhaes J, Gegg ME, Migdalska-Richards A, Schapira AH. Effects of ambroxol on the autophagy-lysosome pathway and mitochondria in primary cortical neurons. Sci Rep 2018; 8:1385. [PMID: 29362387 PMCID: PMC5780491 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-19479-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 12/27/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Glucocerebrosidase (GBA1) mutations are the major genetic risk factor for Parkinson's Disease (PD). The pathogenic mechanism is still unclear, but alterations in lysosomal-autophagy processes are implicated due to reduction of mutated glucocerebrosidase (GCase) in lysosomes. Wild-type GCase activity is also decreased in sporadic PD brains. Small molecule chaperones that increase lysosomal GCase activity have potential to be disease-modifying therapies for GBA1-associated and sporadic PD. Therefore we have used mouse cortical neurons to explore the effects of the chaperone ambroxol. This chaperone increased wild-type GCase mRNA, protein levels and activity, as well as increasing other lysosomal enzymes and LIMP2, the GCase transporter. Transcription factor EB (TFEB), the master regulator of the CLEAR pathway involved in lysosomal biogenesis was also increased upon ambroxol treatment. Moreover, we found macroautophagy flux blocked and exocytosis increased in neurons treated with ambroxol. We suggest that ambroxol is blocking autophagy and driving cargo towards the secretory pathway. Mitochondria content was also found to be increased by ambroxol via peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha (PGC1-α). Our data suggest that ambroxol, besides being a GCase chaperone, also acts on other pathways, such as mitochondria, lysosomal biogenesis, and the secretory pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Magalhaes
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, NW3 2PF, UK
| | - M E Gegg
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, NW3 2PF, UK
| | - A Migdalska-Richards
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, NW3 2PF, UK
| | - A H Schapira
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, NW3 2PF, UK.
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Loberto N, Lunghi G, Schiumarini D, Samarani M, Chiricozzi E, Aureli M. Methods for Assay of Ganglioside Catabolic Enzymes. Methods Mol Biol 2018; 1804:383-400. [PMID: 29926419 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-8552-4_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Cell plasma membrane gangliosides content and pattern is finely regulated by a complex metabolic machinery. Among different pathways, past and new evidence suggests an important role of the sphingolipid catabolic enzymes associated with both lysosomes and plasma membrane. Over the years, several cell-free and cell-based assays are developed in order to evaluate the activities both intracellularly and at the cell surface. Here, we propose a selection of the most efficient, sensitive, and specific assays that allow determining the activity of the main gangliosides-glycohydrolases such as sialidases, ß-hexosaminidases, ß-galactosidases, and ß-glucosidases in both cell/tissue lysates and directly in living cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicoletta Loberto
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Giulia Lunghi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Domitilla Schiumarini
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Maura Samarani
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Elena Chiricozzi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Massimo Aureli
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milano, Milan, Italy.
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Kandhare AD, Aswar UM, Mohan V, Thakurdesai PA. Ameliorative effects of type-A procyanidins polyphenols from cinnamon bark in compound 48/80-induced mast cell degranulation. Anat Cell Biol 2017; 50:275-283. [PMID: 29354299 PMCID: PMC5768564 DOI: 10.5115/acb.2017.50.4.275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2017] [Revised: 07/21/2017] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Allergic diseases are a significant health concern in developing countries. Type-A procyanidin polyphenols from cinnamon (Cinnamomum zeylanicum Blume) bark (TAPP-CZ) possesses antiasthmatic and antiallergic potential. The present study was aimed at the possible anti-allergic mechanism of TAPP-CZ against the compound 48/80 (C48/80)–induced mast cell degranulation in isolated rat peritoneal mast cells (RPMCs). TAPP-CZ (1, 3, 10, and 30 µg/ml) was incubated for 3 hours with isolated, purified RPMCs. The C48/80 (1 µg/ml) was used to induce mast cell degranulation. The mast cell viability was assessed using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay whereas histamine, β-hexosaminidase (β-HEX), and interleukin-4 (IL-4) levels were determined in RPMCs. TAPP-CZ (3, 10, and 30 µg/ml) showed significant and dose-dependent decrease in a number of degranulated cells and levels of markers (histamine, β-HEX, and IL-4) as compared with C48/80 control. In conclusion, TAPP-CZ stabilizes mast cell and cause inhibition of the allergic markers such as histamine, IL-4, and β-HEX in IgE-mediated manner. The present study supports mast cell stabilization as a possible mechanism of action of TAPP-CZ against immune respiratory disorders such as asthma and allergic rhinitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit D Kandhare
- Department of Scientific Affairs, Indus Biotech Private Limited, Pune, India
| | - Urmila M Aswar
- Department of Pharmacology, Sinhgad Institute of Pharmacy, Pune, India
| | - Vishwaraman Mohan
- Department of Scientific Affairs, Indus Biotech Private Limited, Pune, India
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Wang P, Henthorn PS, Galban E, Lin G, Takedai T, Casal M. Canine GM2-Gangliosidosis Sandhoff Disease Associated with a 3-Base Pair Deletion in the HEXB Gene. J Vet Intern Med 2017; 32:340-347. [PMID: 29106755 PMCID: PMC5787214 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.14862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2017] [Revised: 09/02/2017] [Accepted: 09/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND GM2-gangliosidosis is a fatal neurodegenerative lysosomal storage disease (LSD) caused by deficiency of either β-hexosaminidase A (Hex-A) and β-hexosaminidase B (Hex-B) together, or the GM2 activator protein. Clinical signs can be variable and are not pathognomonic for the specific, causal deficiency. OBJECTIVES To characterize the phenotype and genotype of GM2-gangliosidosis disease in an affected dog. ANIMALS One affected Shiba Inu and a clinically healthy dog. METHODS Clinical and neurologic evaluation, brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), assays of lysosomal enzyme activities, and sequencing of all coding regions of HEXA, HEXB, and GM2A genes. RESULTS A 14-month-old, female Shiba Inu presented with clinical signs resembling GM2-gangliosidosis in humans and GM1-gangliosidosis in the Shiba Inu. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the dog's brain indicated neurodegenerative disease, and evaluation of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) identified storage granules in leukocytes. Lysosomal enzyme assays of plasma and leukocytes showed deficiencies of Hex-A and Hex-B activities in both tissues. Genetic analysis identified a homozygous, 3-base pair deletion in the HEXB gene (c.618-620delCCT). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE Clinical, biochemical, and molecular features are characterized in a Shiba Inu with GM2-gangliosidosis. The deletion of 3 adjacent base pairs in HEXB predicts the loss of a leucine residue at amino acid position 207 (p.Leu207del) supporting the hypothesis that GM2-gangliosidosis seen in this dog is the Sandhoff type. Because GM1-gangliosidosis also exists in this breed with almost identical clinical signs, genetic testing for both GM1- and GM2-gangliosidosis should be considered to make a definitive diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Wang
- Section of Medical Genetics, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - P S Henthorn
- Section of Medical Genetics, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - E Galban
- Section of Neurology & Neurosurgery, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - G Lin
- Section of Medical Genetics, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - T Takedai
- Section of Medical Genetics, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - M Casal
- Section of Medical Genetics, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
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Reversal of Pathologic Lipid Accumulation in NPC1-Deficient Neurons by Drug-Promoted Release of LAMP1-Coated Lamellar Inclusions. J Neurosci 2017; 36:8012-25. [PMID: 27466344 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0900-16.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2016] [Accepted: 06/15/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Aging and pathologic conditions cause intracellular aggregation of macromolecules and the dysfunction and degeneration of neurons, but the mechanisms are largely unknown. Prime examples are lysosomal storage disorders such as Niemann-Pick type C (NPC) disease, where defects in the endosomal-lysosomal protein NPC1 or NPC2 cause intracellular accumulation of unesterified cholesterol and other lipids leading to neurodegeneration and fatal neurovisceral symptoms. Here, we investigated the impact of NPC1 deficiency on rodent neurons using pharmacologic and genetic models of the disease. Improved ultrastructural detection of lipids and correlative light and electron microscopy identified lamellar inclusions as the subcellular site of cholesterol accumulation in neurons with impaired NPC1 activity. Immunogold labeling combined with transmission electron microscopy revealed the presence of CD63 on internal lamellae and of LAMP1 on the membrane surrounding the inclusions, indicating their origins from intraluminal vesicles of late endosomes and of a lysosomal compartment, respectively. Lamellar inclusions contained cell-intrinsic cholesterol and surface-labeled GM1, indicating the incorporation of plasma membrane components. Scanning electron microscopy revealed that the therapeutic drug candidate β-cyclodextrin induces the subplasmalemmal location of lamellar inclusions and their subsequent release to the extracellular space. In parallel, β-cyclodextrin mediated the NPC1-independent redistribution of cholesterol within neurons and thereby abolished a deleterious cycle of enhanced cholesterol synthesis and its intracellular accumulation, which was indicated by neuron-specific transcript analysis. Our study provides new mechanistic insight into the pathologic aggregation of macromolecules in neurons and suggests exocytosis as cellular target for its therapeutic reversal. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Many neurodegenerative diseases involve pathologic accumulation of molecules within neurons, but the subcellular location and the cellular impact are often unknown and therapeutic approaches lacking. We investigated these questions in the lysosomal storage disorder Niemann-Pick type C (NPC), where a defect in intracellular cholesterol transport causes loss of neurons and fatal neurovisceral symptoms. Here, we identify lamellar inclusions as the subcellular site of lipid accumulation in neurons, we uncover a vicious cycle of cholesterol synthesis and accretion, which may cause gradual neurodegeneration, and we reveal how β-cyclodextrin, a potential therapeutic drug, reverts these changes. Our study provides new mechanistic insight in NPC disease and uncovers new targets for therapeutic approaches.
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Migdalska‐Richards A, Daly L, Bezard E, Schapira AHV. Ambroxol effects in glucocerebrosidase and α-synuclein transgenic mice. Ann Neurol 2017; 80:766-775. [PMID: 27859541 PMCID: PMC5132106 DOI: 10.1002/ana.24790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2016] [Revised: 09/13/2016] [Accepted: 09/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Objective Gaucher disease is caused by mutations in the glucocerebrosidase 1 gene that result in deficiency of the lysosomal enzyme glucocerebrosidase. Both homozygous and heterozygous glucocerebrosidase 1 mutations confer an increased risk for developing Parkinson disease. Current estimates indicate that 10 to 25% of Parkinson patients carry glucocerebrosidase 1 mutations. Ambroxol is a small molecule chaperone that has been shown to increase glucocerebrosidase activity in vitro. This study investigated the effect of ambroxol treatment on glucocerebrosidase activity and on α‐synuclein and phosphorylated α‐synuclein protein levels in mice. Methods Mice were treated with ambroxol for 12 days. After the treatment, glucocerebrosidase activity was measured in the mouse brain lysates. The brain lysates were also analyzed for α‐synuclein and phosphorylated α‐synuclein protein levels. Results Ambroxol treatment resulted in increased brain glucocerebrosidase activity in (1) wild‐type mice, (2) transgenic mice expressing the heterozygous L444P mutation in the murine glucocerebrosidase 1 gene, and (3) transgenic mice overexpressing human α‐synuclein. Furthermore, in the mice overexpressing human α‐synuclein, ambroxol treatment decreased both α‐synuclein and phosphorylated α‐synuclein protein levels. Interpretation Our work supports the proposition that ambroxol should be further investigated as a potential novel disease‐modifying therapy for treatment of Parkinson disease and neuronopathic Gaucher disease to increase glucocerebrosidase activity and decrease α‐synuclein and phosphorylated α‐synuclein protein levels. Ann Neurol 2016;80:766–775
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Migdalska‐Richards
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Institute of NeurologyUniversity College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Liam Daly
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Institute of NeurologyUniversity College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Erwan Bezard
- Neurodegenerative Diseases InstituteUniversity of BordeauxMixed Unit of Research 5293BordeauxFrance
- Neurodegenerative Diseases Institute, National Center for Scientific ResearchMixed Unit of Research 5293BordeauxFrance
| | - Anthony H. V. Schapira
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Institute of NeurologyUniversity College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
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Efficient and Regioselective Synthesis of β-GalNAc/GlcNAc-Lactose by a Bifunctional Transglycosylating β-N-Acetylhexosaminidase from Bifidobacterium bifidum. Appl Environ Microbiol 2016; 82:5642-52. [PMID: 27422836 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01325-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2016] [Accepted: 06/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED β-N-Acetylhexosaminidases have attracted interest particularly for oligosaccharide synthesis, but their use remains limited by the rarity of enzyme sources , low efficiency, and relaxed regioselectivity of transglycosylation. In this work, genes of 13 β-N-acetylhexosaminidases, including 5 from Bacteroides fragilis ATCC 25285, 5 from Clostridium perfringens ATCC 13124, and 3 from Bifidobacterium bifidum JCM 1254, were cloned and heterogeneously expressed in Escherichia coli The resulting recombinant enzymes were purified and screened for transglycosylation activity. A β-N-acetylhexosaminidase named BbhI, which belongs to glycoside hydrolase family 20 and was obtained from B. bifidum JCM 1254, possesses the bifunctional property of efficiently transferring both GalNAc and GlcNAc residues through β1-3 linkage to the Gal residue of lactose. The effects of initial substrate concentration, pH, temperature, and reaction time on transglycosylation activities of BbhI were studied in detail. With the use of 10 mM pNP-β-GalNAc or 20 mM pNP-β-GlcNAc as the donor and 400 mM lactose as the acceptor in phosphate buffer (pH 5.8), BbhI synthesized GalNAcβ1-3Galβ1-4Glc and GlcNAcβ1-3Galβ1-4Glc at maximal yields of 55.4% at 45°C and 4 h and 44.9% at 55°C and 1.5 h, respectively. The model docking of BbhI with lactose showed the possible molecular basis of strict regioselectivity of β1-3 linkage in β-N-acetylhexosaminyl lactose synthesis. IMPORTANCE Oligosaccharides play a crucial role in many biological events and therefore are promising potential therapeutic agents. However, their use is limited because large-scale production of oligosaccharides is difficult. The chemical synthesis requires multiple protecting group manipulations to control the regio- and stereoselectivity of glycosidic bonds. In comparison, enzymatic synthesis can produce oligosaccharides in one step by using glycosyltransferases and glycosidases. Given the lower price of their glycosyl donor and their broader acceptor specificity, glycosidases are more advantageous than glycosyltransferases for large-scale synthesis. β-N-Acetylhexosaminidases have attracted interest particularly for β-N-acetylhexosaminyl oligosaccharide synthesis, but their application is affected by having few enzyme sources, low efficiency, and relaxed regioselectivity of transglycosylation. In this work, we describe a microbial β-N-acetylhexosaminidase that exhibited strong transglycosylation activity and strict regioselectivity for β-N-acetylhexosaminyl lactose synthesis and thus provides a powerful synthetic tool to obtain biologically important GalNAcβ1-3Lac and GlcNAcβ1-3Lac.
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Sheth J, Datar C, Mistri M, Bhavsar R, Sheth F, Shah K. GM2 gangliosidosis AB variant: novel mutation from India - a case report with a review. BMC Pediatr 2016; 16:88. [PMID: 27402091 PMCID: PMC4939586 DOI: 10.1186/s12887-016-0626-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2015] [Accepted: 07/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background GM2 gangliosidosis-AB variants a rare autosomal recessive neurodegenerative disorder occurring due to deficiency of GM2 activator protein resulting from the mutation in GM2A gene. Only seven mutations in nine cases have been reported from different population except India. Case presentation Present case is a one year old male born to 3rd degree consanguineous Indian parents from Maharashtra. He was presented with global developmental delay, hypotonia and sensitive to hyperacusis. Horizontal nystagmus and cherry red spot was detected during ophthalmic examination. MRI of brain revealed putaminal hyperintensity and thalamic hypointensity with some unmyelinated white matter in T2/T1 weighted images. Initially he was suspected having Tay-Sachs disease and finally diagnosed as GM2 gangliosidosis, AB variant due to truncated protein caused by nonsense mutation c.472 G > T (p.E158X) in GM2Agene. Conclusion Children with phenotypic presentation as GM2 gangliosidosis (Tay-Sachs or Sandhoff disease) and normal enzyme activity of β-hexosaminidase-A and -B in leucocytes need to be investigated for GM2 activator protein deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayesh Sheth
- Department of Biochemical and Molecular Genetics, FRIGE's Institute of Human Genetics, FRIGE House, Jodhpur Gam Road, Satellite, Ahmedabad, 380015, Gujarat, India.
| | - Chaitanya Datar
- Sahyadari Medical Genetics and Tissue engineering facility (SMGTEF), Pune, 411005, India
| | - Mehul Mistri
- Department of Biochemical and Molecular Genetics, FRIGE's Institute of Human Genetics, FRIGE House, Jodhpur Gam Road, Satellite, Ahmedabad, 380015, Gujarat, India
| | - Riddhi Bhavsar
- Department of Biochemical and Molecular Genetics, FRIGE's Institute of Human Genetics, FRIGE House, Jodhpur Gam Road, Satellite, Ahmedabad, 380015, Gujarat, India
| | - Frenny Sheth
- Department of Biochemical and Molecular Genetics, FRIGE's Institute of Human Genetics, FRIGE House, Jodhpur Gam Road, Satellite, Ahmedabad, 380015, Gujarat, India
| | - Krati Shah
- Department of Biochemical and Molecular Genetics, FRIGE's Institute of Human Genetics, FRIGE House, Jodhpur Gam Road, Satellite, Ahmedabad, 380015, Gujarat, India
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Magalhaes J, Gegg ME, Migdalska-Richards A, Doherty MK, Whitfield PD, Schapira AHV. Autophagic lysosome reformation dysfunction in glucocerebrosidase deficient cells: relevance to Parkinson disease. Hum Mol Genet 2016; 25:3432-3445. [PMID: 27378698 PMCID: PMC5179940 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddw185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2016] [Revised: 05/30/2016] [Accepted: 06/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucocerebrosidase (GBA1) gene mutations increase the risk of Parkinson disease (PD). While the cellular mechanisms associating GBA1 mutations and PD are unknown, loss of the glucocerebrosidase enzyme (GCase) activity, inhibition of autophagy and increased α-synuclein levels have been implicated. Here we show that autophagy lysosomal reformation (ALR) is compromised in cells lacking functional GCase. ALR is a cellular process controlled by mTOR which regenerates functional lysosomes from autolysosomes formed during macroautophagy. A decrease in phopho-S6K levels, a marker of mTOR activity, was observed in models of GCase deficiency, including primary mouse neurons and the PD patient derived fibroblasts with GBA1 mutations, suggesting that ALR is compromised. Importantly Rab7, a GTPase crucial for endosome-lysosome trafficking and ALR, accumulated in GCase deficient cells, supporting the notion that lysosomal recycling is impaired. Recombinant GCase treatment reversed ALR inhibition and lysosomal dysfunction. Moreover, ALR dysfunction was accompanied by impairment of macroautophagy and chaperone-mediated autophagy, increased levels of total and phosphorylated (S129) monomeric α-synuclein, evidence of amyloid oligomers and increased α-synuclein release. Concurrently, we found increased cholesterol and altered glucosylceramide homeostasis which could compromise ALR. We propose that GCase deficiency in PD inhibits lysosomal recycling. Consequently neurons are unable to maintain the pool of mature and functional lysosomes required for the autophagic clearance of α-synuclein, leading to the accumulation and spread of pathogenic α-synuclein species in the brain. Since GCase deficiency and lysosomal dysfunction occur with ageing and sporadic PD pathology, the decrease in lysosomal reformation may be a common feature in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana Magalhaes
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Institute of Neurology, University College London, Rowland Hill Street, London, UK
| | - Matthew E Gegg
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Institute of Neurology, University College London, Rowland Hill Street, London, UK
| | - Anna Migdalska-Richards
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Institute of Neurology, University College London, Rowland Hill Street, London, UK
| | - Mary K Doherty
- Lipidomics Research Facility, University of the Highlands and Islands, Inverness, UK
| | - Phillip D Whitfield
- Lipidomics Research Facility, University of the Highlands and Islands, Inverness, UK
| | - Anthony H V Schapira
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Institute of Neurology, University College London, Rowland Hill Street, London, UK
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Salazar DA, Rodríguez-López A, Herreño A, Barbosa H, Herrera J, Ardila A, Barreto GE, González J, Alméciga-Díaz CJ. Systems biology study of mucopolysaccharidosis using a human metabolic reconstruction network. Mol Genet Metab 2016; 117:129-39. [PMID: 26276570 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2015.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2015] [Revised: 07/30/2015] [Accepted: 08/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Mucopolysaccharidosis (MPS) is a group of lysosomal storage diseases (LSD), characterized by the deficiency of a lysosomal enzyme responsible for the degradation of glycosaminoglycans (GAG). This deficiency leads to the lysosomal accumulation of partially degraded GAG. Nevertheless, deficiency of a single lysosomal enzyme has been associated with impairment in other cell mechanism, such as apoptosis and redox balance. Although GAG analysis represents the main biomarker for MPS diagnosis, it has several limitations that can lead to a misdiagnosis, whereby the identification of new biomarkers represents an important issue for MPS. In this study, we used a system biology approach, through the use of a genome-scale human metabolic reconstruction to understand the effect of metabolism alterations in cell homeostasis and to identify potential new biomarkers in MPS. In-silico MPS models were generated by silencing of MPS-related enzymes, and were analyzed through a flux balance and variability analysis. We found that MPS models used approximately 2286 reactions to satisfy the objective function. Impaired reactions were mainly involved in cellular respiration, mitochondrial process, amino acid and lipid metabolism, and ion exchange. Metabolic changes were similar for MPS I and II, and MPS III A to C; while the remaining MPS showed unique metabolic profiles. Eight and thirteen potential high-confidence biomarkers were identified for MPS IVB and VII, respectively, which were associated with the secondary pathologic process of LSD. In vivo evaluation of predicted intermediate confidence biomarkers (β-hexosaminidase and β-glucoronidase) for MPS IVA and VI correlated with the in-silico prediction. These results show the potential of a computational human metabolic reconstruction to understand the molecular mechanisms this group of diseases, which can be used to identify new biomarkers for MPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego A Salazar
- Grupo Bioquímica Computacional y Bioinformática, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá D.C., Colombia
| | - Alexander Rodríguez-López
- Institute for the Study of Inborn Errors of Metabolism, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá D.C., Colombia; Chemistry Department, School of Science, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Angélica Herreño
- Institute for the Study of Inborn Errors of Metabolism, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá D.C., Colombia
| | - Hector Barbosa
- Institute for the Study of Inborn Errors of Metabolism, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá D.C., Colombia
| | - Juliana Herrera
- Institute for the Study of Inborn Errors of Metabolism, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá D.C., Colombia
| | - Andrea Ardila
- Institute for the Study of Inborn Errors of Metabolism, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá D.C., Colombia; Hospital Universitario San Ignacio, Bogotá D.C., Colombia
| | - George E Barreto
- Grupo Bioquímica Computacional y Bioinformática, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá D.C., Colombia
| | - Janneth González
- Grupo Bioquímica Computacional y Bioinformática, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá D.C., Colombia.
| | - Carlos J Alméciga-Díaz
- Institute for the Study of Inborn Errors of Metabolism, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá D.C., Colombia.
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Regier DS, Kwon HJ, Johnston J, Golas G, Yang S, Wiggs E, Latour Y, Thomas S, Portner C, Adams D, Vezina G, Baker EH, Tifft CJ. MRI/MRS as a surrogate marker for clinical progression in GM1 gangliosidosis. Am J Med Genet A 2015; 170:634-44. [PMID: 26646981 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.37468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Background GM1 gangliosidosis is a lysosomal storage disorder caused by mutations in GLB1, encoding β-galactosidase. The range of severity is from type I infantile disease, lethal in early childhood, to type III adult onset, resulting in gradually progressive neurological symptoms in adulthood. The intermediate group of patients has been recently classified as having type II late infantile subtype with onset of symptoms at one to three years of age or type II juvenile subtype with symptom onset at 2-10 years. To characterize disease severity and progression, six Late infantile and nine juvenile patients were evaluated using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and MR spectroscopy (MRS). Since difficulties with ambulation (gross motor function) and speech (expressive language) are often the first reported symptoms in type II GM1, patients were also scored in these domains. Deterioration of expressive language and ambulation was more rapid in the late infantile patients. Fourteen MRI scans in six Late infantile patients identified progressive atrophy in the cerebrum and cerebellum. Twenty-six MRI scans in nine juvenile patients revealed greater variability in extent and progression of atrophy. Quantitative MRS demonstrated a deficit of N-acetylaspartate in both the late infantile and juvenile patients with greater in the late infantile patients. This correlates with clinical measures of ambulation and expressive language. The two subtypes of type II GM1 gangliosidosis have different clinical trajectories. MRI scoring, quantitative MRS and brain volume correlate with clinical disease progression and may serve as important minimally-invasive outcome measures for clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debra S Regier
- Office of the Clinical Director, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Hyuk Joon Kwon
- Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Jean Johnston
- Office of the Clinical Director, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland.,Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Gretchen Golas
- Office of the Clinical Director, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Sandra Yang
- Division of Genetics and Metabolism, Children's National Health System, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Edythe Wiggs
- Office of the Clinical Director, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Yvonne Latour
- Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Sarah Thomas
- Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Cindy Portner
- Department of Perioperative Medicine, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - David Adams
- Office of the Clinical Director, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland.,Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Gilbert Vezina
- Department of Radiology, Children's National Health System, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Eva H Baker
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Cynthia J Tifft
- Office of the Clinical Director, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland.,Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
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Tamhankar PM, Mistri M, Kondurkar P, Sanghavi D, Sheth J. Clinical, biochemical and mutation profile in Indian patients with Sandhoff disease. J Hum Genet 2015; 61:163-6. [PMID: 26582265 DOI: 10.1038/jhg.2015.130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2015] [Revised: 09/28/2015] [Accepted: 10/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Sandhoff disease (SD) is an autosomal recessive neurodegenerative lysosomal storage disorder caused by mutations in HEXB gene. Molecular pathology is unknown in Indian patients with SD. The present study is aimed to determine mutations spectrum and molecular pathology leading to SD in 22 unrelated patients confirmed by the deficiency of β-hexosaminidase-A and total-hexosaminidase in leukocytes. To date, nearly 86 mutations of HEXB have been described, including five large deletions. Over all we have identified 13 mutations in 19 patients, eight of which were novel, including two missense mutations [c.611G>A (p.G204E), c. 634A>T (p.H212Y)], two nonsense mutations [c.333G>A (p.W111X), c.298C>T (p.R100X)], one splice site mutation c.1082+5 G>T, two small in-frame deletions [c.534_541delAGTTTATC (p.V179RfsX10), c.1563_1573delTATGGATGACG (p.M522LfsX2)] and one insertion c.1553_1554insAAGA (p.D518EfsX8). We have also identified previously known, five sequence variations leading to amino acid changes [c.926G>A (p.C309Y), c.1597C>T (p.R533C)], one nonsense mutation c.850 C>T (p.R284X), one splice site mutation c.1417+1 G-A and one insertion c.1591_1592insC (p.R531TfsX22). Mutation was not identified in three patients. We observed from this study that mutation c.850C>T (p.R284X) was identified in 4/19 (21%) patients which is likely to be the most common mutation in the country. This is the first study providing insight into the molecular basis of SD in India.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parag M Tamhankar
- Genetic Research Center, National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health, Mumbai, India
| | - Mehul Mistri
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, FRIGE's Institute of Human Genetics, FRIGE House, Ahmedabad, India
| | - Pratima Kondurkar
- Genetic Research Center, National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health, Mumbai, India
| | - Daksha Sanghavi
- Genetic Research Center, National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health, Mumbai, India
| | - Jayesh Sheth
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, FRIGE's Institute of Human Genetics, FRIGE House, Ahmedabad, India
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Sheth J, Mistri M, Datar C, Kalane U, Patil S, Kamate M, Shah H, Nampoothiri S, Gupta S, Sheth F. Expanding the spectrum of HEXA mutations in Indian patients with Tay-Sachs disease. Mol Genet Metab Rep 2014; 1:425-430. [PMID: 27896118 PMCID: PMC5121347 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgmr.2014.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2014] [Revised: 09/11/2014] [Accepted: 09/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Tay-Sachs disease is an autosomal recessive neurodegenerative disorder occurring due to impaired activity of β-hexosaminidase-A (EC 3.2.1.52), resulting from the mutation in HEXA gene. Very little is known about the molecular pathology of TSD in Indian children except for a few mutations identified by us. The present study is aimed to determine additional mutations leading to Tay-Sachs disease in nine patients confirmed by the deficiency of β-hexosaminidase-A (< 2% of total hexosaminidase activity for infantile patients) in leucocytes. The enzyme activity was assessed by using substrates 4-methylumbelliferyl-N-acetyl-β-d-glucosamine and 4-methylumbelliferyl-N-acetyl-β-d-glucosamine-6-sulfate for total-hexosaminidase and hexosaminidase-A respectively, and heat inactivation method for carrier detection. The exons and exon-intron boundaries of the HEXA gene were bi-directionally sequenced on an automated sequencer. 'In silico' analyses for novel mutations were carried out using SIFT, Polyphen2 and MutationT@ster software programs. The structural study was carried out by UCSF Chimera software using the crystallographic structure of β-hexosaminidase-A (PDB-ID: 2GJX) as the template. Our study identified four novel mutations in three cases. These include a compound heterozygous missense mutation c.524A>C (D175A) and c.805G>C (p.G269R) in one case; and one small 1 bp deletion c.426delT (p.F142LfsX57) and one splice site mutation c.459+4A>C in the other two cases respectively. None of these mutations were detected in 100 chromosomes from healthy individuals of the same ethnic group. Three previously reported missense mutations, (i) c.532C>T (p.R178C), (ii) c.964G>T (p.D322Y), and (iii) c.1385A>T (p.E462V); two nonsense mutations (i) c.709C>T (p.Q237X) and (ii) c.1528C>T (p.R510X), one 4 bp insertion c.1277_1278insTATC (p.Y427IfsX5) and one splice site mutation c.459+5G>A were also identified in six cases. We observe from this study that novel mutations are more frequently observed in Indian patients with Tay-Sachs disease with clustering of ~ 73% of disease causing mutations in exons 5 to 12. This database can be used for a carrier rate screening in the larger population of the country.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayesh Sheth
- Department of Biochemical and Molecular Genetics, FRIGE's Institute of Human Genetics, FRIGE House, Satellite, Ahmedabad 380015, India
| | - Mehul Mistri
- Department of Biochemical and Molecular Genetics, FRIGE's Institute of Human Genetics, FRIGE House, Satellite, Ahmedabad 380015, India
| | - Chaitanya Datar
- Department of Genetics, Clinical Geneticist, Sahyadri Medical Genetics and Tissue Engineering Facility (SMGTEF), Pune, India
| | - Umesh Kalane
- Department of Genetics, Clinical Geneticist, Sahyadri Medical Genetics and Tissue Engineering Facility (SMGTEF), Pune, India
| | - Shekhar Patil
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Hiranandani Hospital, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Mahesh Kamate
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, KLES Prabhakar Kore Hospital, Belgaum, Karnataka, India
| | - Harshuti Shah
- Rajvee Child Neuro Hospital, Memnagar, Ahmedabad, India
| | - Sheela Nampoothiri
- Department of Pediatric Genetics, Amrita Institute of Medical Science & Research Centre, AIMS Ponekkara PO, Cochin, Kerala, India
| | - Sarita Gupta
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, M.S. University of Baroda, Vadodara, Gujarat, India
| | - Frenny Sheth
- Department of Biochemical and Molecular Genetics, FRIGE's Institute of Human Genetics, FRIGE House, Satellite, Ahmedabad 380015, India
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Vandendriessche B, Goethals A, Simats A, Van Hamme E, Brouckaert P, Cauwels A. MAPK-activated protein kinase 2-deficiency causes hyperacute tumor necrosis factor-induced inflammatory shock. BMC PHYSIOLOGY 2014; 14:5. [PMID: 25185746 PMCID: PMC4160542 DOI: 10.1186/s12899-014-0005-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2014] [Accepted: 08/04/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Background MAPK-activated protein kinase 2 (MK2) plays a pivotal role in the cell response to (inflammatory) stress. Among others, MK2 is known to be involved in the regulation of cytokine mRNA metabolism and regulation of actin cytoskeleton dynamics. Previously, MK2-deficient mice were shown to be highly resistant to LPS/d-Galactosamine-induced hepatitis. Additionally, research in various disease models has indicated the kinase as an interesting inhibitory drug target for various acute or chronic inflammatory diseases. Results We show that in striking contrast to the known resistance of MK2-deficient mice to a challenge with LPS/D-Gal, a low dose of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) causes hyperacute mortality via an oxidative stress driven mechanism. We identified in vivo defects in the stress fiber response in endothelial cells, which could have resulted in reduced resistance of the endothelial barrier to deal with exposure to oxidative stress. In addition, MK2-deficient mice were found to be more sensitive to cecal ligation and puncture-induced sepsis. Conclusions The capacity of the endothelial barrier to deal with inflammatory and oxidative stress is imperative to allow a regulated immune response and maintain endothelial barrier integrity. Our results indicate that, considering the central role of TNF in pro-inflammatory signaling, therapeutic strategies examining pharmacological inhibition of MK2 should take potentially dangerous side effects at the level of endothelial barrier integrity into account.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Anje Cauwels
- Inflammation Research Center, VIB, Ghent, 9052, Belgium.
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Intrathecal gene therapy corrects CNS pathology in a feline model of mucopolysaccharidosis I. Mol Ther 2014; 22:2018-2027. [PMID: 25027660 DOI: 10.1038/mt.2014.135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2014] [Accepted: 07/09/2014] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Enzyme replacement therapy has revolutionized the treatment of the somatic manifestations of lysosomal storage diseases (LSD), although it has been ineffective in treating central nervous system (CNS) manifestations of these disorders. The development of neurotrophic vectors based on novel serotypes of adeno-associated viruses (AAV) such as AAV9 provides a potential platform for stable and efficient delivery of enzymes to the CNS. We evaluated the safety and efficacy of intrathecal delivery of AAV9 expressing α-l-iduronidase (IDUA) in a previously described feline model of mucopolysaccharidosis I (MPS I). A neurological phenotype has not been defined in these animals, so our analysis focused on the biochemical and histological CNS abnormalities characteristic of MPS I. Five MPS I cats were dosed with AAV9 vector at 4-7 months of age and followed for 6 months. Treated animals demonstrated virtually complete correction of biochemical and histological manifestations of the disease throughout the CNS. There was a range of antibody responses against IDUA in this cohort which reduced detectable enzyme without substantially reducing efficacy; there was no evidence of toxicity. This first demonstration of the efficacy of intrathecal gene therapy in a large animal model of a LSD should pave the way for translation into the clinic.
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Keller S, Wilson JT, Patilea GI, Kern HB, Convertine AJ, Stayton PS. Neutral polymer micelle carriers with pH-responsive, endosome-releasing activity modulate antigen trafficking to enhance CD8(+) T cell responses. J Control Release 2014; 191:24-33. [PMID: 24698946 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2014.03.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2014] [Revised: 03/16/2014] [Accepted: 03/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Synthetic subunit vaccines need to induce CD8(+) cytotoxic T cell (CTL) responses for effective vaccination against intracellular pathogens. Most subunit vaccines primarily generate humoral immune responses, with a weaker than desired CD8(+) cytotoxic T cell response. Here, a neutral, pH-responsive polymer micelle carrier that alters intracellular antigen trafficking was shown to enhance CD8(+) T cell responses with a correlated increase in cytosolic delivery and a decrease in exocytosis. Polymer diblock carriers consisted of a N-(2-hydroxypropyl) methacrylamide corona block with pendent pyridyl disulfide groups for reversible conjugation of thiolated ovalbumin, and a tercopolymer ampholytic core-forming block composed of propylacrylic acid (PAA), dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate (DMAEMA), and butyl methacrylate (BMA). The diblock copolymers self-assembled into 25-30nm diameter micellar nanoparticles. Conjugation of ovalbumin to the micelles significantly enhanced antigen cross-presentation in vitro relative to free ovalbumin, an unconjugated physical mixture of ovalbumin and polymer, and a non-pH-responsive micelle-ovalbumin control. Mechanistic studies in a murine dendritic cell line (DC 2.4) demonstrated micelle-mediated enhancements in intracellular antigen retention and cytosolic antigen accumulation. Approximately 90% of initially internalized ovalbumin-conjugated micelles were retained in cells after 1.5h, compared to only ~40% for controls. Furthermore, cells dosed with conjugates displayed 67-fold higher cytosolic antigen levels relative to soluble ovalbumin 4h post uptake. Subcutaneous immunization of mice with ovalbumin-polymer conjugates significantly enhanced antigen-specific CD8(+) T cell responses (0.4% IFN-γ(+) of CD8(+)) compared to immunization with soluble protein, ovalbumin and polymer mixture, and the control micelle without endosome-releasing activity. Additionally, pH-responsive carrier facilitated antigen delivery to antigen presenting cells in the draining lymph nodes. As early as 90min post injection, ova-micelle conjugates were associated with 28% and 55% of dendritic cells and macrophages, respectively. After 24h, conjugates preferentially associated with dendritic cells, affording 30-, 3-, and 3-fold enhancements in uptake relative to free protein, physical mixture, and the non-pH-responsive conjugate controls, respectively. These results demonstrate the potential of pH-responsive polymeric micelles for use in vaccine applications that rely on CD8(+) T cell activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salka Keller
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Box 355061, Seattle, WA 98195-1721, USA.
| | - John T Wilson
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Box 355061, Seattle, WA 98195-1721, USA.
| | - Gabriela I Patilea
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Box 355061, Seattle, WA 98195-1721, USA.
| | - Hanna B Kern
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Box 355061, Seattle, WA 98195-1721, USA.
| | - Anthony J Convertine
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Box 355061, Seattle, WA 98195-1721, USA.
| | - Patrick S Stayton
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Box 355061, Seattle, WA 98195-1721, USA.
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Guo P, Chen Q, Liu T, Xu L, Yang Q, Qian X. Development of Unsymmetrical Dyads As Potent Noncarbohydrate-Based Inhibitors against Human β-N-Acetyl-d-hexosaminidase. ACS Med Chem Lett 2013; 4:527-31. [PMID: 24900704 DOI: 10.1021/ml300475m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2012] [Accepted: 04/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Human β-N-acetyl-d-hexosaminidase has gained much attention due to its roles in several pathological processes and been considered as potential targets for disease therapy. A novel and efficient skeleton, which was an unsymmetrical dyad containing naphthalimide and methoxyphenyl moieties with an alkylamine spacer linkage as a noncarbohydrate-based inhibitor, was synthesized, and the activities were valuated against human β-N-acetyl-d-hexosaminidase. The most potent inhibitor exhibits high inhibitory activity with K i values of 0.63 μM. The straightforward synthetic manners of these unsymmetrical dyads and understanding of the binding model could be advantageous for further structure optimization and development of new therapeutic agents for Hex-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Guo
- Shanghai Key
Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Institute of Pesticides and Pharmaceuticals,
School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Qi Chen
- School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Tian Liu
- School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Lin Xu
- Shanghai Key
Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Institute of Pesticides and Pharmaceuticals,
School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Qing Yang
- School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Xuhong Qian
- Shanghai Key
Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Institute of Pesticides and Pharmaceuticals,
School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
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Maenhout TM, Poll A, Wuyts B, Lecocq E, Van Vlierberghe H, De Buyzere ML, Delanghe JR. Microheterogeneity of serum β-hexosaminidase in chronic alcohol abusers in a driver's license regranting program. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2013; 37:1264-70. [PMID: 23906468 DOI: 10.1111/acer.12112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2012] [Accepted: 12/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Carbohydrate-deficient transferrin (CDT) is one of the best indicators for chronic alcohol abuse and detection of relapse. In this study, we explore the microheterogeneity of β-hexosaminidase (β-HEX) in chronic alcohol abusers in the framework of a driver's license regranting program. Studies have shown that increased serum activity of β-HEX B (isoforms P, I, and B) may be a sensitive marker for chronic alcohol abuse. Here, we describe methodology, limitations, and correlation of β-HEX isoforms with CDT. METHODS CDT was assayed at the central laboratory of the Ghent University Hospital by capillary zone electrophoresis, measured on the Capillarys 2™ system and was expressed as a percentage of total serum transferrin (%CDT). Serum of chronic alcohol abusers was compared to nonheavy drinkers using agarose gel isoelectric focusing (IEF). Total β-HEX activity was assayed fluorimetrically following preparative IEF in 81 subjects. β-HEX isoforms were investigated and compared between nonheavy drinkers and heavy drinkers. RESULTS Agarose gel IEF shows additional cathodal bands in serum of chronic alcohol abusers. Mean total β-HEX activity between pH 6.8 and 7.7, designated as HEX-7, showed the highest correlation with %CDT (r = 0.70, p < 0.0001, n = 68). In a selected subgroup, where CDT could not be quantified (n = 13) because of an atypical electropherogram, HEX-7 was in concordance with either estimated %CDT value or liver enzyme activities. CONCLUSIONS In this proof-of-concept study, we introduce a novel approach to quantify β-HEX isoforms using preparative IEF and fluorimetry. A highly significant correlation of HEX-7 and %CDT has been found. Because of exclusion of the P isoform, HEX-7 could be a useful supplementary marker for detecting chronic alcohol abuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas M Maenhout
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
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Shi J, Chou B, Choi JL, Ta AL, Pun SH. Investigation of Polyethylenimine/DNA Polyplex Transfection to Cultured Cells Using Radiolabeling and Subcellular Fractionation Methods. Mol Pharm 2013; 10:2145-56. [PMID: 23406286 DOI: 10.1021/mp300651q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Quantitative analysis of the intracellular trafficking of nonviral vectors provides critical information that can guide the rational design of improved cationic systems for gene delivery. Subcellular fractionation methods, combined with radiolabeling, produce quantitative measurements of the intracellular trafficking of nonviral vectors and the therapeutic payload. In this work, differential and density-gradient centrifugation techniques were used to determine the intracellular distribution of radiolabeled 25 kDa branched polyethylenimine (bPEI)/plasmid DNA complexes ("polyplexes") in HeLa cells over time. By differential centrifugation, [(14)C]bPEI was found mostly in the lighter fractions whereas [(3)H]DNA was found mostly in the heavier fractions. A majority of the intracellular polymer (∼60%) and DNA (∼90%) were found in the nuclear fraction. Polymer and DNA also differed in their distribution to heavier and denser organelles (lysosomes, mitochondria) in density-gradient centrifugation studies. An unexpected finding from this study was that between 18 and 50% of the DNA applied to the cells became cell-associated (either with the cell membrane and/or internalized), while only 1-6% of the polymer did so, resulting in an effective N/P ratio of less than 1. These results suggest that a significant amount of cationic polymer is dissociated from the DNA cargo early on in the transfection process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Shi
- Department of Bioengineering and Molecular Engineering & Sciences Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
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Gegg ME, Burke D, Heales SJR, Cooper JM, Hardy J, Wood NW, Schapira AHV. Glucocerebrosidase deficiency in substantia nigra of parkinson disease brains. Ann Neurol 2012; 72:455-63. [PMID: 23034917 PMCID: PMC3638323 DOI: 10.1002/ana.23614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 428] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Objective Mutations in the glucocerebrosidase gene (GBA) represent a significant risk factor for developing Parkinson disease (PD). We investigated the enzymatic activity of glucocerebrosidase (GCase) in PD brains carrying heterozygote GBA mutations (PD+GBA) and sporadic PD brains. Methods GCase activity was measured using a fluorescent assay in cerebellum, frontal cortex, putamen, amygdala, and substantia nigra of PD+GBA (n = 9–14) and sporadic PD brains (n = 12–14). Protein expression of GCase and other lysosomal proteins was determined by western blotting. The relation between GCase, α-synuclein, and mitochondria function was also investigated in vitro. Results A significant decrease in GCase activity was observed in all PD+GBA brain areas except the frontal cortex. The greatest deficiency was in the substantia nigra (58% decrease; p < 0.01). GCase activity was also significantly decreased in the substantia nigra (33% decrease; p < 0.05) and cerebellum (24% decrease; p < 0.05) of sporadic PD brains. GCase protein expression was lower in PD+GBA and PD brains, whereas increased C/EBP homologous protein and binding immunoglobulin protein levels indicated that the unfolded protein response was activated. Elevated α-synuclein levels or PTEN-induced putative kinase 1 deficiency in cultured cells had a significant effect on GCase protein levels. Interpretation GCase deficiency in PD brains with GBA mutations is a combination of decreased catalytic activity and reduced protein levels. This is most pronounced in the substantia nigra. Biochemical changes involved in PD pathogenesis affect wild-type GCase protein expression in vitro, and these could be contributing factors to the GCase deficiency observed in sporadic PD brains. ANN NEUROL 2012;72:455–463.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew E Gegg
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University College London Institute of Neurology
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Sleat DE, Wiseman JA, Sohar I, El-Banna M, Zheng H, Moore DF, Lobel P. Proteomic analysis of mouse models of Niemann-Pick C disease reveals alterations in the steady-state levels of lysosomal proteins within the brain. Proteomics 2012; 12:3499-509. [PMID: 23070805 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201200205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2012] [Revised: 09/05/2012] [Accepted: 10/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Niemann-Pick C disease (NPC) is a neurodegenerative lysosomal disorder characterized by storage of cholesterol and other lipids caused by defects in NPC1, a transmembrane protein involved in cholesterol export from the lysosome, or NPC2, an intralysosomal cholesterol transport protein. Alterations in lysosomal activities have been implicated in NPC pathogenesis therefore the aim of this study was to conduct a proteomic analysis of lysosomal proteins in mice deficient in either NPC1 or NPC2 to identify secondary changes that might be associated with disease. Lysosomal proteins containing the specific mannose 6-phosphate modification were purified from wild-type and Npc1(-/-) and Npc2(-/-) mutant mouse brains at different stages of disease progression and identified by bottom-up LC-MS/MS and quantified by spectral counting. Levels of a number of lysosomal proteins involved in lipid catabolism including prosaposin and the two subunits of β-hexosaminidase were increased in both forms of NPC, possibly representing a compensatory cellular response to the accumulation of glycosphingolipids. Several other lysosomal proteins were significantly altered, including proteases and glycosidases. Changes in lysosomal protein levels corresponded with similar alterations in activities and transcript levels. Understanding the rationale for such changes may provide insights into the pathophysiology of NPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- David E Sleat
- Center for Advanced Biotechnology and Medicine, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA.
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