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Freitas R, Peixoto A, Ferreira E, Miranda A, Santos LL, Ferreira JA. Immunomodulatory glycomedicine: Introducing next generation cancer glycovaccines. Biotechnol Adv 2023; 65:108144. [PMID: 37028466 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2023.108144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Revised: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 04/09/2023]
Abstract
Cancer remains a leading cause of death worldwide due to the lack of safer and more effective therapies. Cancer vaccines developed from neoantigens are an emerging strategy to promote protective and therapeutic anti-cancer immune responses. Advances in glycomics and glycoproteomics have unveiled several cancer-specific glycosignatures, holding tremendous potential to foster effective cancer glycovaccines. However, the immunosuppressive nature of tumours poses a major obstacle to vaccine-based immunotherapy. Chemical modification of tumour associated glycans, conjugation with immunogenic carriers and administration in combination with potent immune adjuvants constitute emerging strategies to address this bottleneck. Moreover, novel vaccine vehicles have been optimized to enhance immune responses against otherwise poorly immunogenic cancer epitopes. Nanovehicles have shown increased affinity for antigen presenting cells (APCs) in lymph nodes and tumours, while reducing treatment toxicity. Designs exploiting glycans recognized by APCs have further enhanced the delivery of antigenic payloads, improving glycovaccine's capacity to elicit innate and acquired immune responses. These solutions show potential to reduce tumour burden, while generating immunological memory. Building on this rationale, we provide a comprehensive overview on emerging cancer glycovaccines, emphasizing the potential of nanotechnology in this context. A roadmap towards clinical implementation is also delivered foreseeing advances in glycan-based immunomodulatory cancer medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Freitas
- Experimental Pathology and Therapeutics Group, IPO Porto Research Center (CI-IPOP), RISE@CI-IPOP (Health Research Network), Portuguese Oncology Institute (IPO Porto), 4200-072 Porto, Portugal; Institute for Research and Innovation in Health (i3S), University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; Porto Comprehensive Cancer Center (P.ccc), 4200-072 Porto, Portugal; Abel Salazar Biomedical Sciences Institute - University of Porto (ICBAS), 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Andreia Peixoto
- Experimental Pathology and Therapeutics Group, IPO Porto Research Center (CI-IPOP), RISE@CI-IPOP (Health Research Network), Portuguese Oncology Institute (IPO Porto), 4200-072 Porto, Portugal; Institute for Research and Innovation in Health (i3S), University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; Porto Comprehensive Cancer Center (P.ccc), 4200-072 Porto, Portugal
| | - Eduardo Ferreira
- Experimental Pathology and Therapeutics Group, IPO Porto Research Center (CI-IPOP), RISE@CI-IPOP (Health Research Network), Portuguese Oncology Institute (IPO Porto), 4200-072 Porto, Portugal
| | - Andreia Miranda
- Experimental Pathology and Therapeutics Group, IPO Porto Research Center (CI-IPOP), RISE@CI-IPOP (Health Research Network), Portuguese Oncology Institute (IPO Porto), 4200-072 Porto, Portugal; Abel Salazar Biomedical Sciences Institute - University of Porto (ICBAS), 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Lúcio Lara Santos
- Experimental Pathology and Therapeutics Group, IPO Porto Research Center (CI-IPOP), RISE@CI-IPOP (Health Research Network), Portuguese Oncology Institute (IPO Porto), 4200-072 Porto, Portugal; Porto Comprehensive Cancer Center (P.ccc), 4200-072 Porto, Portugal; Abel Salazar Biomedical Sciences Institute - University of Porto (ICBAS), 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; Health School of University Fernando Pessoa, 4249-004 Porto, Portugal; GlycoMatters Biotech, 4500-162 Espinho, Portugal; Department of Surgical Oncology, Portuguese Oncology Institute (IPO Porto), 4200-072 Porto, Portugal
| | - José Alexandre Ferreira
- Experimental Pathology and Therapeutics Group, IPO Porto Research Center (CI-IPOP), RISE@CI-IPOP (Health Research Network), Portuguese Oncology Institute (IPO Porto), 4200-072 Porto, Portugal; Porto Comprehensive Cancer Center (P.ccc), 4200-072 Porto, Portugal; GlycoMatters Biotech, 4500-162 Espinho, Portugal.
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2
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Seeberger PH. Discovery of Semi- and Fully-Synthetic Carbohydrate Vaccines Against Bacterial Infections Using a Medicinal Chemistry Approach. Chem Rev 2021; 121:3598-3626. [PMID: 33794090 PMCID: PMC8154330 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c01210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The glycocalyx, a thick layer of carbohydrates, surrounds the cell wall of most bacterial and parasitic pathogens. Recognition of these unique glycans by the human immune system results in destruction of the invaders. To elicit a protective immune response, polysaccharides either isolated from the bacterial cell surface or conjugated with a carrier protein, for T-cell help, are administered. Conjugate vaccines based on isolated carbohydrates currently protect millions of people against Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae type b, and Neisseria meningitides infections. Active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) are increasingly discovered by medicinal chemistry and synthetic in origin, rather than isolated from natural sources. Converting vaccines from biologicals to pharmaceuticals requires a fundamental understanding of how the human immune system recognizes carbohydrates and could now be realized. To illustrate the chemistry-based approach to vaccine discovery, I summarize efforts focusing on synthetic glycan-based medicinal chemistry to understand the mammalian antiglycan immune response and define glycan epitopes for novel synthetic glycoconjugate vaccines against Streptococcus pneumoniae, Clostridium difficile, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and other bacteria. The chemical tools described here help us gain fundamental insights into how the human system recognizes carbohydrates and drive the discovery of carbohydrate vaccines.
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Nuriev R, Galvidis I, Burkin M. Immunochemical characteristics of Streptococcus pneumoniae type 3 capsular polysaccharide glycoconjugate constructs correlate with its immunogenicity in mice model. Vaccine 2020; 38:8292-8301. [PMID: 33213929 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.11.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A panel of derivatives were prepared from Streptococcus pneumoniae polysaccharide type 3 (Ps3) modified with adipic acid dihydrazide (ADH). The degree of coupling between Ps3-adh derivatives and diphtheria (DTd) or tetanus (TTd) toxoids was varied by ADH linker loading. A series of Ps3 derivatives and the resultant glycoconjugates (GC) were tested for their immunochemical activity in an ELISA. Antigenic properties of components in GCs were estimated by interaction with serotype-specific and toxin-neutralizing antibodies to confirm the preservation of native protective epitopes both of Ps3 and DTd. After immunization of mice, a correlation was established between immunochemical activity and immunogenicity of these GCs. A correlation model developed for Ps3-DTd conjugates allowed to predict the immunogenicity of similar design Ps3-TTd conjugates based on ELISA testing data. The plausibility of this prediction was confirmed by the test immunization of mice with Ps3-TTds. The proposed immunochemical approach to the assessment and control of native structural and functional antigenic elements in GCs is important for the optimization of vaccine design and is an adequate alternative to extensive physicochemical characterization for assessing immunogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rinat Nuriev
- I.I. Mechnikov Research Institute for Vaccines and Sera, Moscow, 105064 Russia; I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, 119991 Russia
| | - Inna Galvidis
- I.I. Mechnikov Research Institute for Vaccines and Sera, Moscow, 105064 Russia
| | - Maksim Burkin
- I.I. Mechnikov Research Institute for Vaccines and Sera, Moscow, 105064 Russia.
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López-Puertollano D, Agulló C, Mercader JV, Abad-Somovilla A, Abad-Fuentes A. Click Chemistry-Assisted Bioconjugates for Hapten Immunodiagnostics. Bioconjug Chem 2020; 31:956-964. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.0c00099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel López-Puertollano
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Universitat de València, Doctor Moliner 50, 46100 Burjassot, València, Spain
| | - Consuelo Agulló
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Universitat de València, Doctor Moliner 50, 46100 Burjassot, València, Spain
| | - Josep V. Mercader
- Institute of Agrochemistry and Food Technology (IATA), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Agustí Escardino 7, 46980 Paterna, València, Spain
| | - Antonio Abad-Somovilla
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Universitat de València, Doctor Moliner 50, 46100 Burjassot, València, Spain
| | - Antonio Abad-Fuentes
- Institute of Agrochemistry and Food Technology (IATA), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Agustí Escardino 7, 46980 Paterna, València, Spain
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Shirey RJ, Globisch D, Eubanks LM, Hixon MS, Janda KD. Noninvasive Urine Biomarker Lateral Flow Immunoassay for Monitoring Active Onchocerciasis. ACS Infect Dis 2018; 4:1423-1431. [PMID: 30141624 PMCID: PMC6189908 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.8b00163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The parasitic disease onchocerciasis is the second leading cause of preventable blindness, afflicting more than 18 million people worldwide. Despite an available treatment, ivermectin, and control efforts by the World Health Organization, onchocerciasis remains a burden in many regions. With an estimated 120 million people living in areas at risk of infection, efforts are now shifting from prevention to surveillance and elimination. The lack of a robust, point-of-care diagnostic for an active Onchocerca infection has been a limiting factor in these efforts. Previously, we reported the discovery of the biomarker N-acetyl-tyramine- O-glucuronide (NATOG) in human urine samples and its ability to track treatment progression between medicated patients relative to placebo; we also established its capability to monitor disease burden in a jird model. NATOG is a human-produced metabolite of tyramine, which itself is produced as a nematode neurotransmitter. The ability of NATOG to distinguish between active and past infection overcomes the limitations of antibody biomarkers and PCR methodologies. Lateral flow immunoassay (LFIA) diagnostics offer the versatility and simplicity to be employed in the field and are inexpensive enough to be utilized in large-scale screening efforts. Herein, we report the development and assessment of a NATOG-based urine LFIA for onchocerciasis, which accurately identified 85% of analyzed patient samples ( N = 27).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan J. Shirey
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
- Department of Immunology, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Worm Institute of Research and Medicine (WIRM), The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Daniel Globisch
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
- Department of Immunology, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Worm Institute of Research and Medicine (WIRM), The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Lisa M. Eubanks
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
- Department of Immunology, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Worm Institute of Research and Medicine (WIRM), The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Mark S. Hixon
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
- Department of Immunology, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Worm Institute of Research and Medicine (WIRM), The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Kim D. Janda
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
- Department of Immunology, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Worm Institute of Research and Medicine (WIRM), The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
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Micoli F, Adamo R, Costantino P. Protein Carriers for Glycoconjugate Vaccines: History, Selection Criteria, Characterization and New Trends. Molecules 2018; 23:E1451. [PMID: 29914046 PMCID: PMC6100388 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23061451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Revised: 06/08/2018] [Accepted: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Currently licensed glycoconjugate vaccines are composed of a carbohydrate moiety covalently linked to a protein carrier. Polysaccharides are T-cell independent antigens able to directly stimulate B cells to produce antibodies. Disease burden caused by polysaccharide-encapsulated bacteria is highest in the first year of life, where plain polysaccharides are not generally immunogenic, limiting their use as vaccines. This limitation has been overcome by covalent coupling carbohydrate antigens to proteins that provide T cell epitopes. In addition to the protein carriers currently used in licensed glycoconjugate vaccines, there is a search for new protein carriers driven by several considerations: (i) concerns that pre-exposure or co-exposure to a given carrier can lead to immune interference and reduction of the anti-carbohydrate immune response; (ii) increasing interest to explore the dual role of proteins as carrier and protective antigen; and (iii) new ways to present carbohydrates antigens to the immune system. Protein carriers can be directly coupled to activated glycans or derivatized to introduce functional groups for subsequent conjugation. Proteins can be genetically modified to pre-determine the site of glycans attachment by insertion of unnatural amino acids bearing specific functional groups, or glycosylation consensus sequences for in vivo expression of the glycoconjugate. A large portion of the new protein carriers under investigation are recombinant ones, but more complex systems such as Outer Membrane Vesicles and other nanoparticles are being investigated. Selection criteria for new protein carriers are based on several aspects including safety, manufacturability, stability, reactivity toward conjugation, and preclinical evidence of immunogenicity of corresponding glycoconjugates. Characterization panels of protein carriers include tests before conjugation, after derivatization when applicable, and after conjugation. Glycoconjugate vaccines based on non-covalent association of carrier systems to carbohydrates are being investigated with promising results in animal models. The ability of these systems to convert T-independent carbohydrate antigens into T-dependent ones, in comparison to traditional glycoconjugates, needs to be assessed in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Micoli
- GSK Vaccines Institute for Global Health (GVGH), 53100 Siena, Italy.
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Harvey DJ. Analysis of carbohydrates and glycoconjugates by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry: An update for 2011-2012. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2017; 36:255-422. [PMID: 26270629 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2014] [Accepted: 01/15/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
This review is the seventh update of the original article published in 1999 on the application of MALDI mass spectrometry to the analysis of carbohydrates and glycoconjugates and brings coverage of the literature to the end of 2012. General aspects such as theory of the MALDI process, matrices, derivatization, MALDI imaging, and fragmentation are covered in the first part of the review and applications to various structural types constitute the remainder. The main groups of compound are oligo- and poly-saccharides, glycoproteins, glycolipids, glycosides, and biopharmaceuticals. Much of this material is presented in tabular form. Also discussed are medical and industrial applications of the technique, studies of enzyme reactions, and applications to chemical synthesis. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Mass Spec Rev 36:255-422, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Harvey
- Department of Biochemistry, Oxford Glycobiology Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QU, UK
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8
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Kuan TC, Wu HR, Adak AK, Li BY, Liang CF, Hung JT, Chiou SP, Yu AL, Hwu JR, Lin CC. Synthesis of an S-Linked α(2→8) GD3 Antigen and Evaluation of the Immunogenicity of Its Glycoconjugate. Chemistry 2017; 23:6876-6887. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201700506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ting-Chun Kuan
- Department of Chemistry; National Tsing Hua University; Hsinchu- 300 Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Ru Wu
- Department of Chemistry; National Tsing Hua University; Hsinchu- 300 Taiwan
| | - Avijit K. Adak
- Department of Chemistry; National Tsing Hua University; Hsinchu- 300 Taiwan
| | - Ben-Yuan Li
- Department of Chemistry; National Tsing Hua University; Hsinchu- 300 Taiwan
| | - Chien-Fu Liang
- Department of Chemistry; National Chung Hsing University, Taichung; Taiwan
| | - Jung-Tung Hung
- Institute of Stem Cell and Translational Cancer Research; Chang Gung Memorial Hospital; Linkou Taiwan
| | - Shih-Pin Chiou
- Institute of Stem Cell and Translational Cancer Research; Chang Gung Memorial Hospital; Linkou Taiwan
| | - Alice L. Yu
- Institute of Stem Cell and Translational Cancer Research; Chang Gung Memorial Hospital; Linkou Taiwan
| | - Jih Ru Hwu
- Department of Chemistry; National Tsing Hua University; Hsinchu- 300 Taiwan
| | - Chun-Cheng Lin
- Department of Chemistry; National Tsing Hua University; Hsinchu- 300 Taiwan
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9
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Yin Z, Dulaney S, McKay CS, Baniel C, Kaczanowska K, Ramadan S, Finn MG, Huang X. Chemical Synthesis of GM2 Glycans, Bioconjugation with Bacteriophage Qβ, and the Induction of Anticancer Antibodies. Chembiochem 2016; 17:174-80. [PMID: 26538065 PMCID: PMC4726457 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201500499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The development of carbohydrate-based antitumor vaccines is an attractive approach towards tumor prevention and treatment. Herein, we focused on the ganglioside GM2 tumor-associated carbohydrate antigen (TACA), which is overexpressed in a wide range of tumor cells. GM2 was synthesized chemically and conjugated with a virus-like particle derived from bacteriophage Qβ. Although the copper-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition reaction efficiently introduced 237 copies of GM2 per Qβ, this construct failed to induce significant amounts of anti-GM2 antibodies compared to the Qβ control. In contrast, GM2 immobilized on Qβ through a thiourea linker elicited high titers of IgG antibodies that recognized GM2-positive tumor cells and effectively induced cell lysis through complement-mediated cytotoxicity. Thus, bacteriophage Qβ is a suitable platform to boost antibody responses towards GM2, a representative member of an important class of TACA: the ganglioside.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaojun Yin
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, 578 S. Shaw Lane, Room 426, East Lansing, MI, 48824-1322, USA
| | - Steven Dulaney
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, 578 S. Shaw Lane, Room 426, East Lansing, MI, 48824-1322, USA
| | - Craig S McKay
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, 901 Atlantic Drive, Atlanta, GA, 30332-0400, USA
| | - Claire Baniel
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, 578 S. Shaw Lane, Room 426, East Lansing, MI, 48824-1322, USA
| | - Katarzyna Kaczanowska
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, 901 Atlantic Drive, Atlanta, GA, 30332-0400, USA
| | - Sherif Ramadan
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, 578 S. Shaw Lane, Room 426, East Lansing, MI, 48824-1322, USA
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Benha University, Benha, Qaliobiya, Egypt
| | - M G Finn
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, 901 Atlantic Drive, Atlanta, GA, 30332-0400, USA
| | - Xuefei Huang
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, 578 S. Shaw Lane, Room 426, East Lansing, MI, 48824-1322, USA.
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Yin Z, Chowdhury S, McKay C, Baniel C, Wright WS, Bentley P, Kaczanowska K, Gildersleeve JC, Finn M, BenMohamed L, Huang X. Significant Impact of Immunogen Design on the Diversity of Antibodies Generated by Carbohydrate-Based Anticancer Vaccine. ACS Chem Biol 2015; 10:2364-72. [PMID: 26262839 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.5b00406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Development of an effective vaccine targeting tumor associated carbohydrate antigens (TACAs) is an appealing approach toward tumor immunotherapy. While much emphasis has been typically placed on generating high antibody titers against the immunizing antigen, the impact of immunogen design on the diversity of TACA-specific antibodies elicited has been overlooked. Herein, we report that the immunogen structure can significantly impact the breadth and the magnitude of humoral responses. Vaccine constructs that induced diverse TACA-binding antibodies provided much stronger recognition of a variety of Tn positive tumor cells. Optimization of the breadth of the antibody response led to a vaccine construct that demonstrated long lasting efficacy in a mouse tumor model. After challenged with the highly aggressive TA3Ha cells, mice immunized with the new construct exhibited a statistically significant improvement in survival relative to controls (0% vs 50% survival; p < 0.0001). Furthermore, the surviving mice developed long-term immunity against TA3Ha. Thus, both the magnitude and the breadth of antibody reactivity should be considered when designing TACA-based antitumor vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaojun Yin
- Department
of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - Sudipa Chowdhury
- Chemical
Biology Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland 21702, United States
| | - Craig McKay
- School of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Claire Baniel
- Department
of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - W. Shea Wright
- Chemical
Biology Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland 21702, United States
| | - Philip Bentley
- Department
of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - Katarzyna Kaczanowska
- School of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Jeffrey C. Gildersleeve
- Chemical
Biology Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland 21702, United States
| | - M.G. Finn
- School of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Lbachir BenMohamed
- Cellular
and Molecular Immunology Laboratory, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Xuefei Huang
- Department
of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
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Yin Z, Huang X. Boosting Humoral Immune Responses to Tumor-associated Carbohydrate Antigens with Virus-like Particles. CARBOHYDRATES IN DRUG DESIGN AND DISCOVERY 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/9781849739993-00132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The development of carbohydrate-based anticancer vaccines is an attractive approach towards the prevention and treatment of cancer. The weak immunogenicity of carbohydrate antigens and tolerance by the immune system are major obstacles towards the design of effective cancer vaccines. Recently, virus-like particles have been shown to be a promising platform to overcome the aforementioned difficulties. In this chapter, we provide an overview on the structural and immunological features of virus-like particles in eliciting anti-carbohydrate antibody responses. The immuno-potentiating activities of several virus-like particle systems are compared, and insights into critical factors of virus-like particles that help shape the anti-carbohydrate responses are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaojun Yin
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Building, 578 S. Shaw Lane, Michigan State University East Lansing, MI 48824 USA
| | - Xuefei Huang
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Building, 578 S. Shaw Lane, Michigan State University East Lansing, MI 48824 USA
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12
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Prasanphanich NS, Song X, Heimburg-Molinaro J, Luyai AE, Lasanajak Y, Cutler CE, Smith DF, Cummings RD. Intact reducing glycan promotes the specific immune response to lacto-N-neotetraose-BSA neoglycoconjugates. Bioconjug Chem 2015; 26:559-71. [PMID: 25671348 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.5b00036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The mammalian immune system responds to eukaryotic glycan antigens during infections, cancer, and autoimmune disorders, but the immunological bases for such responses are unclear. Conjugate vaccines containing bacterial polysaccharides linked to carrier proteins (neoglycoconjugates) have proven successful, but these often contain repeating epitopes and the reducing end of the glycan is less important, unlike typical glycan determinants in eukaryotes, which are shorter in length and may include the reducing end. Here, we have compared the effects of two linkage methods, one that opens the ring at the reducing end of the glycan, and one that leaves the reducing end closed, on the glycan specificity of the vaccine response in rabbits and mice. We immunized rabbits and mice with bovine serum albumin (BSA) conjugates of synthetic open- and closed-ring forms (OR versus CR) of a simple tetrasaccharide lacto-N-neotetraose (LNnT, Galβ1-4GlcNAcβ1-3Galβ1-4Glc), and tested reactivity to the immunogens and several related glycans in both OR and CR versions on glycan microarrays. We found that in rabbits the immune response to the CR conjugate was directed toward the glycan, whereas the OR conjugate elicited antibodies to the reducing end of the glycan and linker region but not specifically to the glycan itself. Unexpectedly, mice did not generate a glycan-specific response to the CR conjugate. Our findings indicate that the reducing end of the sugar is crucial for generation of a glycan-specific response to some eukaryotic vaccine epitopes, and that there are species-specific differences in the ability to make a glycan-specific response to some glycoconjugates. These findings warrant further investigation with regard to rational design of glycoconjugate vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina S Prasanphanich
- The Glycomics Center and Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, O. Wayne Rollins Research Center, Suite 4001, 1510 Clifton Road, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Xuezheng Song
- The Glycomics Center and Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, O. Wayne Rollins Research Center, Suite 4001, 1510 Clifton Road, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Jamie Heimburg-Molinaro
- The Glycomics Center and Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, O. Wayne Rollins Research Center, Suite 4001, 1510 Clifton Road, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Anthony E Luyai
- The Glycomics Center and Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, O. Wayne Rollins Research Center, Suite 4001, 1510 Clifton Road, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Yi Lasanajak
- The Glycomics Center and Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, O. Wayne Rollins Research Center, Suite 4001, 1510 Clifton Road, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Christopher E Cutler
- The Glycomics Center and Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, O. Wayne Rollins Research Center, Suite 4001, 1510 Clifton Road, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - David F Smith
- The Glycomics Center and Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, O. Wayne Rollins Research Center, Suite 4001, 1510 Clifton Road, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Richard D Cummings
- The Glycomics Center and Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, O. Wayne Rollins Research Center, Suite 4001, 1510 Clifton Road, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
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Moragues MD, Rementeria A, Sevilla MJ, Eraso E, Quindos G. Candidaantigens and immune responses: implications for a vaccine. Expert Rev Vaccines 2014; 13:1001-12. [DOI: 10.1586/14760584.2014.932253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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14
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Crotti S, Zhai H, Zhou J, Allan M, Proietti D, Pansegrau W, Hu QY, Berti F, Adamo R. Defined Conjugation of Glycans to the Lysines of CRM197Guided by their Reactivity Mapping. Chembiochem 2014; 15:836-43. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201300785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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15
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The Evolution of a Glycoconjugate Vaccine for Candida albicans. TOPICS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/7355_2014_60] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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16
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Anish C, Martin CE, Wahlbrink A, Bogdan C, Ntais P, Antoniou M, Seeberger PH. Immunogenicity and diagnostic potential of synthetic antigenic cell surface glycans of Leishmania. ACS Chem Biol 2013; 8:2412-22. [PMID: 24004239 DOI: 10.1021/cb400602k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Detection and quantification of pathogen-derived antigenic structures is a key method for the initial diagnosis and follow-up of various infectious diseases. Complex parasitic diseases such as leishmaniasis require highly sensitive and specific tests prior to treatment with potentially toxic drugs. To investigate the diagnostic potential of cell surface glycans found on Leishmania parasites, we identified diagnostically relevant glycan epitopes and used synthetic glycan microarrays to screen sera from infected humans and dogs. On the basis of the screening results, we selected a tetrasaccharide to generate anti-glycan antibodies. The corresponding tetrasaccharide-carrier protein conjugate was immunogenic in mice, and sera obtained from immunized mice specifically detected the Leishmania parasite. These results demonstrate how synthetic glycan arrays, in combination with immunological methods, help to identify promising carbohydrate antigens for pathogen detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chakkumkal Anish
- Max-Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, 14424 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Christopher E. Martin
- Max-Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, 14424 Potsdam, Germany
- Institute
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 22, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Annette Wahlbrink
- Max-Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, 14424 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Christian Bogdan
- Mikrobiologisches
Institut - Klinische Mikrobiologie, Immunologie und Hygiene, Universitätsklinikum
Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Pantelis Ntais
- Laboratory
of Clinical Bacteriology Parasitology Zoonoses and Geographical Medicine,
Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Maria Antoniou
- Laboratory
of Clinical Bacteriology Parasitology Zoonoses and Geographical Medicine,
Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Peter H. Seeberger
- Max-Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, 14424 Potsdam, Germany
- Institute
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 22, 14195 Berlin, Germany
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Yin Z, Comellas-Aragones M, Chowdhury S, Bentley P, Kaczanowska K, BenMohamed L, Gildersleeve JC, Finn MG, Huang X. Boosting immunity to small tumor-associated carbohydrates with bacteriophage qβ capsids. ACS Chem Biol 2013; 8:1253-62. [PMID: 23505965 DOI: 10.1021/cb400060x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The development of an effective immunotherapy is an attractive strategy toward cancer treatment. Tumor associated carbohydrate antigens (TACAs) are overexpressed on a variety of cancer cell surfaces, which present tempting targets for anticancer vaccine development. However, such carbohydrates are often poorly immunogenic. To overcome this challenge, we show here that the display of a very weak TACA, the monomeric Tn antigen, on bacteriophage Qβ virus-like particles elicits powerful humoral responses to the carbohydrate. The effects of adjuvants, antigen display pattern, and vaccine dose on the strength and subclasses of antibody responses were established. The local density of antigen rather than the total amount of antigen administered was found to be crucial for induction of high Tn-specific IgG titers. The ability to display antigens in an organized and high density manner is a key advantage of virus-like particles such as Qβ as vaccine carriers. Glycan microarray analysis showed that the antibodies generated were highly selective toward Tn antigens. Furthermore, Qβ elicited much higher levels of IgG antibodies than other types of virus-like particles, and the IgG antibodies produced reacted strongly with the native Tn antigens on human leukemia cells. Thus, Qβ presents a highly attractive platform for the development of carbohydrate-based anticancer vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaojun Yin
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry
Building, Room 426, 578 South Shaw Lane, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - Marta Comellas-Aragones
- Department of Chemistry and
The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La
Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Sudipa Chowdhury
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, Center
for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute—Frederick, 376 Boyles Street, Building 376, Room 208, Frederick, Maryland
21702, United States
| | - Philip Bentley
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry
Building, Room 426, 578 South Shaw Lane, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - Katarzyna Kaczanowska
- Department of Chemistry and
The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La
Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Lbachir BenMohamed
- Cellular
and Molecular Immunology
Laboratory, The Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, School of Medicine, University of California Irvine, 843 Health Sciences
Road, Building 843, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Jeffrey C. Gildersleeve
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, Center
for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute—Frederick, 376 Boyles Street, Building 376, Room 208, Frederick, Maryland
21702, United States
| | - M. G. Finn
- Department of Chemistry and
The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La
Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Xuefei Huang
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry
Building, Room 426, 578 South Shaw Lane, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
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Lipinski T, Fitieh A, St. Pierre J, Ostergaard HL, Bundle DR, Touret N. Enhanced Immunogenicity of a Tricomponent Mannan Tetanus Toxoid Conjugate Vaccine Targeted to Dendritic Cells via Dectin-1 by Incorporating β-Glucan. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 190:4116-28. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1202937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Dang AT, Johnson MA, Bundle DR. Synthesis of a Candida albicans tetrasaccharide spanning the β1,2-mannan phosphodiester α-mannan junction. Org Biomol Chem 2013; 10:8348-60. [PMID: 22996034 DOI: 10.1039/c2ob26355f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The cell wall phosphomannan of Candida species is a complex N-linked glycoprotein with a glycan chain containing predominantly an α-linked mannose backbone with α-mannose branches. A minor β-mannan component is attached to the branches either via a glycosidic bond (acid stable β-mannan) or a phosphodiester bond (acid-labile β-mannan). The α-mannan residues of the cell wall phosphomannan do not afford protective antibody, while the β-mannan portion is a protective antigen and has become an attractive target as the key epitope of a conjugate vaccine. We report the first synthesis of a tetrasaccharide 1 consisting of a β1,2-mannopyranosyl trisaccharide linked via a phosphodiester to methyl α-mannopyranoside. This encompasses the attachment site of the acid labile β-mannan to the α-mannan component of the cell wall phosphomannan. The trisaccharide was formed by an iterative process to first create a β-glucopyranoside linkage and then epimerize the C-2 center via an oxidation-reduction sequence. The phosphate diester linkage was accessed via an anomeric H-phosphonate. The binding of phosphomannan fragment 1 with the protective antibody C3.1 has been evaluated and compared with a β-mannotrioside in hapten inhibition experiments. The observed activities are rationalized with a model for docked in the binding site of C3.1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anh-Thu Dang
- Alberta Glycomics Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
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21
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Hu QY, Allan M, Adamo R, Quinn D, Zhai H, Wu G, Clark K, Zhou J, Ortiz S, Wang B, Danieli E, Crotti S, Tontini M, Brogioni G, Berti F. Synthesis of a well-defined glycoconjugate vaccine by a tyrosine-selective conjugation strategy. Chem Sci 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c3sc51694f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
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Bundle DR, Nycholat C, Costello C, Rennie R, Lipinski T. Design of a Candida albicans disaccharide conjugate vaccine by reverse engineering a protective monoclonal antibody. ACS Chem Biol 2012; 7:1754-63. [PMID: 22877569 DOI: 10.1021/cb300345e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A disaccharide-chicken serum albumin conjugate vaccine against Candida albicans infections has been developed by reverse engineering a protective monoclonal antibody, C3.1. The binding site of C3.1 binds short oligosaccharides of β1,2-linked mannopyranose residues present in the fungal cell wall phosphomannan. By delineating the fine detail of the molecular recognition of the cell wall β-mannan antigen, a disaccharide epitope was deduced to be the minimum size epitope that should induce the formation of protective antibody. Sequential functional group replacement of disaccharide hydroxyl groups to yield a series of monodeoxy and mono-O-methyl β1,2-linked mannobioside congeners established that three hydroxyl groups are essential for binding. Two of these, O-3 and O-4, are located on the internal mannose residue of the disaccharide, and a third, O-3', is located on the terminal mannose. Synthesis of a series of trisaccharides that mandate binding of either the reducing or nonreducing disaccharide epitopes provided the final indication that a disaccharide protein conjugate should have the potential to induce protective antibody. When disaccharide was conjugated to chicken serum albumin this vaccine produced antibodies in rabbits that recognized the native cell wall phosphomannan. In proof of concept protection experiments, three immunized rabbits showed a reduction in fungal burden when challenged with live C. albicans.
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Affiliation(s)
- David R. Bundle
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Corwin Nycholat
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Casey Costello
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Robert Rennie
- Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathology, University of Alberta Hospitals, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2B7, Canada
| | - Tomasz Lipinski
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
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Costantino P, Rappuoli R, Berti F. The design of semi-synthetic and synthetic glycoconjugate vaccines. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2011; 6:1045-66. [PMID: 22646863 DOI: 10.1517/17460441.2011.609554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Glycoconjugate vaccines are among the safest and most efficacious vaccines developed during the last 30 years. They are a potent tool for prevention of life-threatening bacterial infectious diseases like meningitis and pneumonia. The concept of hapten-carrier conjugation is now being extended to other disease areas. AREAS COVERED This is an overview of the history and current status of glycoconjugate vaccines. The authors discuss the approaches for their preparation and quality control as well as those variables which might affect their product profile. The authors also look at the potential to develop fully synthetic conjugate vaccines based on the progress of organic chemistry. Additionally, new applications of conjugate vaccines technology in the field of non-infectious diseases are discussed. Through this review, the reader will have an insight regarding the issues and complexities involved in the preparation and characterization of conjugate vaccines, the variables that might affect their immunogenicity and the potential for future applications. EXPERT OPINION The immunogenicity of weak T-independent antigens can be increased in quantity and quality by conjugation to protein carriers, which provide T-cell help. Glycoconjugate vaccines are among the safest and most efficacious vaccines developed so far. Various conjugation procedures and carrier proteins can be used. Many variables impact on the immunogenicity of conjugate vaccines and a tight control through physicochemical tests is important to ensure manufacturing and clinical consistency. New and challenging targets for conjugate vaccines are represented by cancer and other non-infectious diseases.
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St. Michael F, Cairns C, Filion AL, Neelamegan D, Lacelle S, Cox AD. Investigating the candidacy of lipopolysaccharide-based glycoconjugates as vaccines to combat Mannheimia haemolytica. Glycoconj J 2011; 28:397-410. [DOI: 10.1007/s10719-011-9339-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2011] [Revised: 06/06/2011] [Accepted: 06/09/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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