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Sakurai I, Mayanagi G, Yamada S, Takahashi N. In situ detection of endogenous proteolytic activity and the effect of inhibitors on tooth root surface. J Dent 2023; 131:104471. [PMID: 36828151 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdent.2023.104471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2022] [Revised: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to clarify the distribution and activity of proteolytic enzymes and examine the inhibitory effects of various substances on this proteolytic activity on tooth root surfaces in situ. METHODS Disk-shaped bovine tooth root samples were partly pretreated in acid solution (50 mM lactic acid buffer, pH 4.0) for 48 h. The fluorescence intensity of samples was detected with fluorescent substrate solution for collagenase and gelatinase using a stereoscopic fluorescence microscope for 60 min. The acid-pretreated and non-acid-pretreated root samples were treated with chlorhexidine (CHX), sodium fluoride (NaF), epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), and calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2) for 10 min, and silver diamine fluoride (SDF) for 10, 30, and 60 s. These samples were immersed in the fluorescence substrate solution at pH 7.0, and the fluorescence intensity of samples was detected. The fluorescence intensity was calculated using analysis software. RESULTS Gelatinase activity was detected in root samples. Gelatinase activity of the acid-pretreated side was significantly higher than that of the non-acid-pretreated side (1.63 times) at 60 min. CHX, EGCG, Ca(OH)2, and SDF decreased the gelatinase activity of root samples, while NaF had no effect. CONCLUSIONS Gelatinase activity was detected from the root in situ and it was increased by acid-pretreatment. CHX, EGCG, Ca(OH)2, and SDF inhibited gelatinase activity. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE Substances that inhibit proteolytic activity found in this research method will be useful for root caries prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izumi Sakurai
- Division of Periodontology and Endodontology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, Japan; Division of Oral Ecology and Biochemistry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, 4-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Gen Mayanagi
- Division for Advanced Education Development, Liaison Center for Innovative Dentistry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, Japan
| | - Satoru Yamada
- Division of Periodontology and Endodontology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, Japan
| | - Nobuhiro Takahashi
- Division of Oral Ecology and Biochemistry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, 4-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8575, Japan.
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Degradation of extracellular matrices propagates calcification during development and healing in bones and teeth. J Oral Biosci 2019; 61:149-156. [PMID: 31400543 DOI: 10.1016/j.job.2019.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Revised: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bone, dentin, and enamel are tissues formed through calcification, a process involving deposition of calcium phosphate minerals on extracellular organic matrices. Calcification, the underlying mechanism of which is unknown, is initiated with mineral deposition followed by advancing of the deposit and subsequent maturation of the mineral crystal. HIGHLIGHT We have reviewed the current knowledge of how calcification proceeds during bone development, bone healing, and enamel and dentin development, based on reported studies. Previous studies reported by us and by other authors have suggested that degradation of some extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins is involved in calcification during bone and dentin development and bone healing in a manner similar to that previously reported for enamel development. CONCLUSION The ECM proteins may inhibit mineral deposition and calcification, similar to the role of amelogenin during enamel development. The candidates for the amelogenin equivalents in bone and dentin have not been identified. Further studies are required to elucidate the regulatory mechanisms of bone and dentin calcification in light of specific ECM proteins that prevent calcification and enzymes that degrade these ECM proteins.
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3
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Scaffa PMC, Breschi L, Mazzoni A, Vidal CDMP, Curci R, Apolonio F, Gobbi P, Pashley D, Tjäderhane L, Tersariol ILDS, Nascimento FD, Carrilho MR. Co-distribution of cysteine cathepsins and matrix metalloproteases in human dentin. Arch Oral Biol 2016; 74:101-107. [PMID: 27923176 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2016.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2016] [Revised: 10/26/2016] [Accepted: 11/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
It has been hypothesized that cysteine cathepsins (CTs) along with matrix metalloproteases (MMPs) may work in conjunction in the proteolysis of mature dentin matrix. The aim of this study was to verify simultaneously the distribution and presence of cathepsins B (CT-B) and K (CT-K) in partially demineralized dentin; and further to evaluate the activity of CTs and MMPs in the same tissue. The distribution of CT-B and CT-K in sound human dentin was assessed by immunohistochemistry. A double-immunolabeling technique was used to identify, at once, the occurrence of those enzymes in dentin. Activities of CTs and MMPs in dentin extracts were evaluated spectrofluorometrically. In addition, in situ gelatinolytic activity of dentin was assayed by zymography. The results revealed the distribution of CT-B and CT-K along the dentin organic matrix and also indicated co-occurrence of MMPs and CTs in that tissue. The enzyme kinetics studies showed proteolytic activity in dentin extracts for both classes of proteases. Furthermore, it was observed that, at least for sound human dentin matrices, the activity of MMPs seems to be predominant over the CTs one.
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Affiliation(s)
- Polliana Mendes Candia Scaffa
- Faculty of Dentistry at Piracicaba, University of Campinas, Piracicaba, 13414-903, Brazil; Department of Biological Science, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of Sao Paulo, Bauru, SP, 17012-901, Brazil
| | - Lorenzo Breschi
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, 40126, Italy
| | - Annalisa Mazzoni
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, 34128, Italy
| | - Cristina de Mattos Pimenta Vidal
- Faculty of Dentistry at Piracicaba, University of Campinas, Piracicaba, 13414-903, Brazil; Department of Operative Dentistry, College of Dentistry, University of Iowa, 801 Newton Rd, Iowa City, IA,52246, USA
| | - Rosa Curci
- IGM-CNR, Unit of Bologna c/o IOR, Bologna, 40136, Italy
| | - Fabianni Apolonio
- Department of Pharmacy, Dentistry and Nursing, Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza, 60020-181, Brazil
| | - Pietro Gobbi
- Department of SteVA, University "Carlo Bo", Urbino, 61029, Italy
| | - David Pashley
- Emeritus Professor of Oral Biology, Dental College of Georgia, Georgia Health Sciences University, Augusta, Georgia, 30912, USA
| | - Leo Tjäderhane
- Institute of Dentistry, University of Oulu, and Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu FI-90014, Finland; Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases, University of Helsinki, and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki FI-00014, Finland
| | - Ivarne Luis Dos Santos Tersariol
- Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, 04021-001, Brazil; Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Bioquímica, University of Mogi das Cruzes, Mogi das Cruzes, 08773-520, Brazil
| | - Fábio Dupart Nascimento
- Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Bioquímica, University of Mogi das Cruzes, Mogi das Cruzes, 08773-520, Brazil
| | - Marcela Rocha Carrilho
- Biomaterials in Dentistry Program, Anhanguera University São Paulo (UNIAN-SP), São Paulo, 05145-200, Brazil; Biotechnology and Innovation in Health Program, Anhanguera University São Paulo (UNIAN-SP), São Paulo, 05145-200, Brazil.
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Okata H, Nakamura M, Henmi A, Yamaguchi S, Mikami Y, Shimauchi H, Sasano Y. Calcification during bone healing in a standardised rat calvarial defect assessed by micro-CT and SEM-EDX. Oral Dis 2016; 21:74-82. [PMID: 25671229 DOI: 10.1111/odi.12212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The study was designed to investigate the process of calcification during bone healing in a standardized rat calvarial bone defect model, measured by bone mineral density and the concentrations and distributions of calcium, phosphorus and carbon in the bone matrix. MATERIALS AND METHODS A standard defect was made on the parietal bone of 12-week-old rats under anaesthesia. The rats were fixed in weeks 1, 2, 4 and 8,and the calvaria were resected and examined with microcomputed tomography, then frozen and sectioned for histology and analysed with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). Parietal bone of 12-week-old control rats was processed similarly. RESULTS The mineral density of healing bone increased with time. The healing bone became thicker and denser with time in histology. The distributions of Ca and P expanded over the bone matrix, whereas that of C became localised and complemented that of C and P. The Ca/P concentration ratio increased, whereas the C/Ca and C/P ratios decreased in the healing bone matrix. CONCLUSION Healing bone is immaturely calcified initially and proceeds calcification gradually, that is, as the bone volume increases, mineral increases in density and matures in quality, while organic components decrease.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Okata
- Division of Periodontology and Endodontology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, Sendai, Japan
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5
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Maruyama K, Henmi A, Okata H, Sasano Y. Analysis of calcium, phosphorus, and carbon concentrations during developmental calcification of dentin and enamel in rat incisors using scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDX). J Oral Biosci 2016; 58:173-179. [PMID: 32512686 DOI: 10.1016/j.job.2016.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2016] [Revised: 08/09/2016] [Accepted: 08/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The study was designed to investigate the concentrations of calcium (Ca), phosphorus (P), and carbon (C) during developmental calcification of dentin and enamel in rat incisors. METHODS Mandibular incisors from eight 2-week-old male Wistar rats were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDX). We analyzed data on the elements in the course of developmental processes in dentin and enamel and along the vertical line of the matrix between odontoblasts and ameloblasts. RESULTS The dentin concentrations of Ca and P and the Ca/P ratio were the lowest, while the C concentration was the highest in initial dentin. The Ca and P concentrations were the lowest, whereas the C concentration was the highest in predentin along the vertical line; the Ca/P ratio did not show any differences. The concentrations of Ca and P increased, while the C concentration decreased during early maturation and more so in late maturation in developing enamel, while the Ca/P ratio increased during late maturation. The Ca and P concentrations and the Ca/P ratio were the highest, while the C concentration was the lowest in enamel adjacent to the junction with dentin on the vertical line. CONCLUSIONS During tooth development, the initial dentin matrix may possess distinctive mineral characteristics as compared with other parts of dentin and predentin. Elemental composition of the mineral in enamel may change during late maturation. Our results are suggestive of degradation of organic components during developmental calcification in dentin and enamel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kentaro Maruyama
- Division of Craniofacial Development and Regeneration, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, Sendai 980-8575, Japan; Division of Periodontology and Endodontology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Akiko Henmi
- Division of Craniofacial Development and Regeneration, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Okata
- Division of Periodontology and Endodontology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Sasano
- Division of Craniofacial Development and Regeneration, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, Sendai 980-8575, Japan.
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Guimarães DM, Antunes DM, Saturno JL, Massuda F, Paiva KBDS, Nunes FD. Immunohistochemical expression of WNT5A and MMPs in odontogenic epithelial tumors and cysts. Acta Histochem 2015; 117:667-74. [PMID: 26558991 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2015.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2015] [Revised: 10/26/2015] [Accepted: 10/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was compare the expression of WNT5A and MMP2, 7 and 20, in frequent benign odontogenic tumors and odontogenic cysts, since these lesions have a different biological behavior. MATERIALS AND METHODS Eighty-one paraffin-embedded specimens of odontogenic tumors, including ameloblastoma and keratocystic odontogenic tumor, and thirty-two odontogenic cysts were used for immunohistochemical analysis. RESULTS The expression of WNT5A in odontogenic tumors and inflammatory cyst was higher than in developmental odontogenic cyst. There was no statistical difference (p<0.05) in the expression of WNT5A when comparing the analyzed tumors. The expression of MMP7 was lower in RC with a statistical difference when compared with all tumors and cysts. Statistical differences also occurred when comparing glandular odontogenic cyst (GOC) to keratocyst odontogenic tumor (KOT) and calcifying cystic odontogenic tumor (CCOT). MMP20 expression was higher in ameloblastoma when compared to adenomatoid odontogenic tumor (AOT), DC and GOC. The expression of MMP20 was lower in CCOT when compared to all tumors and cysts. CONCLUSIONS The expression of WNT5A in a group of odontogenic lesions suggests the participation of a non-canonical WNT signaling pathway in the progression and maintenance of these lesions. These molecules are possibly involved in the biological differences between odontogenic tumors and cysts. Considering previous studies, WNT5A may help promote the calcification seen in AOT, CCOT and CEOT by activating MMP7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas Magno Guimarães
- University of São Paulo, School of Dentistry, Department of Oral Pathology, Av Professor Lineu Prestes, 2227 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Daniella Moraes Antunes
- University of São Paulo, School of Dentistry, Department of Oral Pathology, Av Professor Lineu Prestes, 2227 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Juvani Lago Saturno
- University of São Paulo, School of Dentistry, Department of Oral Pathology, Av Professor Lineu Prestes, 2227 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fabiola Massuda
- University of São Paulo, School of Dentistry, Department of Oral Pathology, Av Professor Lineu Prestes, 2227 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Katiúcia Batista da Silva Paiva
- University of São Paulo, Biomedical Sciences Institute, Department of Anatomy, Av Professor Lineu Prestes, 2415 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fabio Daumas Nunes
- University of São Paulo, School of Dentistry, Department of Oral Pathology, Av Professor Lineu Prestes, 2227 São Paulo, Brazil.
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Preparation of thin frozen sections from nonfixed and undecalcified hard tissues using Kawamot's film method (2012). Methods Mol Biol 2014; 1130:149-164. [PMID: 24482171 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-62703-989-5_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
A method for preparing hard tissue sections by using an adhesive film is described. The method produces very thin (to one-micrometer thick) frozen sections from adult mouse and rat bone. The bone tissue is freeze-embedded with water-soluble medium and then cut with a disposable tungsten carbide blade after mounting the adhesive film onto the cut surface. The sections are stained on the adhesive film and preserved between the adhesive film and glass slide. All the steps including the embedding, cutting, staining, and mounting are completed within only 20 min. The soft and hard tissues are preserved satisfactorily and the bone marrow is also preserved perfectly. Cells such as osteoblasts, fibroblasts, and osteoclasts are clearly identified, and the osteoid layer of bone is clearly observed. The sections are applicable to many types of staining such as histology, histochemistry, enzyme histochemistry, immunohistochemistry, and in situ hybridization. The immunohistochemistry can be carried out with nonfixed and undecalcified sections. In addition to these applications, the sections are used for observing the PGF fluorescence. The sections are also usable for studying the distribution of water-soluble materials in the tissues. Furthermore, the sections are very useful for gene analysis using LMD technique and for imaging mass spectrometry.
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Yoo HI, Jang SM, Kang JH, Kim MS, Koh JT, Jung JY, Kim WJ, Oh WM, Kim SH. PrPc is temporospatially expressed in molar development of rats. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2013; 296:1929-35. [PMID: 24127188 DOI: 10.1002/ar.22807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2013] [Accepted: 08/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Odontogenesis, tooth development, is derived from two tissue components: ectoderm and neural crest-derived mesenchyme. Cyto-differentiation of odontogenic cells during development involves time-dependent and sequential regulation of genetic programs. This study was conducted to detect molecules implicated in cyto-differentiation of developing molar germs of rats. Differential display-PCR revealed that PrP(c) was differentially expressed between cap/early bell-staged germs (maxillary 3rd molar germs) and root formation-staged germs (maxillary 2nd molar germs) at postnatal day 9. Both levels of PrP(c) mRNA and protein expression were higher in the root formation stage than the cap/early bell stage and increased in a time-dependent manner. Immunofluorescence revealed for the first time that PrP(c) was not localized in the enamel organ, but localized in dental follicular cells for the development of the periodontal ligament and cementum as well as odontoblasts, both of which are of neural crest origin. These results suggest that the physiological functions of the PrP(c) in tooth development may be implicated in the differentiation of neural crest-derived mesenchyme including the periodontal tissues for root formation rather than epithelial tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- H I Yoo
- Dental Science Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, South Korea
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Pessoa JIC, Guimarães GN, Viola NV, da Silva WJ, de Souza AP, Tjäderhane L, Line SR, Marques MR. In situ study of the gelatinase activity in demineralized dentin from rat molar teeth. Acta Histochem 2013; 115:245-51. [PMID: 22897943 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2012.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2012] [Revised: 07/10/2012] [Accepted: 07/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) in dentin are believed to participate in various physiological and pathological events in coronal dentin, but their exact source and location is not clear. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the activity of gelatinases in decalcified rat molars crowns by in situ zymography. Hemi-mandibles of five male Wistar rats were fixed in paraformaldehyde, decalcified in EDTA and glycerol solution and embedded in paraffin. Sections from the region of molar teeth were incubated with or without DQ gelatin in 50mM Tris-CaCl2 at 37°C for 2h and observed by means of confocal microscopy. Gelatinolytic activity was observed throughout the coronal dentin with varying intensities in different locations. High gelatinase activity was observed in the dentinal tubules, dentin-enamel junction (DEJ) and predentin, and it was weaker and less uniform in the intertubular dentin. This study shows that the location of gelatinase and relative activity can be detected by means of in situ zymography and confocal microcopy, and this methodology may provide a useful tool in studies on the role of gelatinases in tooth development, maturation and in pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana Isabelita Cyrino Pessoa
- Department of Morphology, Division of Histology, Piracicaba Dental School, State University of Campinas, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
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Gkantidis N, Katsaros C, Chiquet M. Detection of gelatinolytic activity in developing basement membranes of the mouse embryo head by combining sensitive in situ zymography with immunolabeling. Histochem Cell Biol 2012; 138:557-71. [PMID: 22688677 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-012-0982-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/29/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Genetic evidence indicates that the major gelatinases MMP-2 and MMP-9 are involved in mammalian craniofacial development. Since these matrix metalloproteinases are secreted as proenzymes that require activation, their tissue distribution does not necessarily reflect the sites of enzymatic activity. Information regarding the spatial and temporal expression of gelatinolytic activity in the head of the mammalian embryo is sparse. Sensitive in situ zymography with dye-quenched gelatin (DQ-gelatin) has been introduced recently; gelatinolytic activity results in a local increase in fluorescence. Using frontal sections of wild-type mouse embryo heads from embryonic day 14.5-15.5, we optimized and validated a simple double-labeling in situ technique for combining DQ-gelatin zymography with immunofluorescence staining. MMP inhibitors were tested to confirm the specificity of the reaction in situ, and results were compared to standard SDS-gel zymography of tissue extracts. Double-labeling was used to show the spatial relationship in situ between gelatinolytic activity and immunostaining for gelatinases MMP-2 and MMP-9, collagenase 3 (MMP-13) and MT1-MMP (MMP-14), a major activator of pro-gelatinases. Strong gelatinolytic activity, which partially overlapped with MMP proteins, was confirmed for Meckel's cartilage and developing mandibular bone. In addition, we combined in situ zymography with immunostaining for extracellular matrix proteins that are potential gelatinase substrates. Interestingly, gelatinolytic activity colocalized precisely with laminin-positive basement membranes at specific sites around growing epithelia in the developing mouse head, such as the ducts of salivary glands or the epithelial fold between tongue and lower jaw region. Thus, this sensitive method allows to associate, with high spatial resolution, gelatinolytic activity with epithelial morphogenesis in the embryo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaos Gkantidis
- Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, University of Bern, Freiburgstrasse 7, 3010 Bern, Switzerland
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Mazzoni A, Nascimento FD, Carrilho M, Tersariol I, Papa V, Tjäderhane L, Di Lenarda R, Tay FR, Pashley DH, Breschi L. MMP activity in the hybrid layer detected with in situ zymography. J Dent Res 2012; 91:467-72. [PMID: 22354448 DOI: 10.1177/0022034512439210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Dentinal proteases are believed to play an important role in the degradation of hybrid layers (HL). This study investigated the HL gelatinolytic activity by in situ zymography and functional enzyme activity assay. The hypotheses were that HLs created by an etch-and-rinse adhesive exhibit active gelatinolytic activity, and MMP-2 and -9 activities in dentin increase during adhesive procedures. Etched-dentin specimens were bonded with Adper Scotchbond 1XT and restored with composite. Adhesive/dentin interface slices were placed on microscope slides, covered with fluorescein-conjugated gelatin, and observed with a multi-photon confocal microscope after 24 hrs. Human dentin powder aliquots were prepared and assigned to the following treatments: A, untreated; B, etched with 10% phosphoric acid; or C, etched with 10% phosphoric acid and mixed with Scotchbond 1XT. The MMP-2 and -9 activities of extracts of dentin powder were measured with functional enzyme assays. Intense and continuous enzyme activity was detected at the bottom of the HL, while that activity was more irregular in the upper HL. Both acid-etching and subsequent adhesive application significantly increased MMP-2 and -9 activities (p < 0.05). The results demonstrate, for the first time, intrinsic MMP activity in the HL, and intense activation of matrix-bound MMP activity with both etching and adhesive application.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Mazzoni
- Department of Medical Sciences, Unit of Dental Sciences and Biomaterials, University of Trieste, Italy.
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12
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Remodeling of extracellular matrices initiates and advances calcification during development and healing of bones and teeth. J Oral Biosci 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.job.2011.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Abstract
The recognition that the successful clinical use of MMP inhibitors will require quantitative correlation of MMP activity with disease type, and to disease progression, has stimulated intensive effort toward the development of sensitive assay methods, improved analytical methods for the determination of the structural profile for MMP-sub-type inhibition, and the development of new methods for the determination - in both quantitative and qualitative terms - of MMP activity. This chapter reviews recent progress toward these objectives, with particular emphasis on the quantitative and qualitative profiling of MMP activity in cells and tissues. Quantitative determination of MMP activity is made from the concentration of the MMP from the tissue, using immobilization of a broad-spectrum MMP inhibitor on a chromatography resin. Active MMP, to the exclusion of MMP zymogens and endogenous TIMP-inhibited MMPs, is retained on the column. Characterization of the MMP sub-type(s) follows from appropriate analysis of the active MMP eluted from the resin. Qualitative determination of MMP involvement in disease can be made using an MMP sub-type-selective inhibitor. The proof of principle, with respect to this qualitative determination of the disease involvement of the gelatinase MMP-2 and MMP-9 sub-types, is provided by the class of thiirane-based MMP mechanism-based inhibitors (SB-3CT as the prototype). Positive outcomes in animal models of disease having MMP-2 and/or -9 dependency follow administration of this MMP inhibitor, whereas this inhibitor is inactive in disease models where other MMPs (such as MMP-14) are involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jed F Fisher
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Walther Cancer Research Center, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA
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14
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Rat forming incisor requires a rigorous ECM remodeling modulated by MMP/RECK balance. J Mol Histol 2009; 40:201-7. [PMID: 19838811 DOI: 10.1007/s10735-009-9231-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2008] [Accepted: 09/24/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Reversion-inducing-cysteine-rich protein with Kazal motifs (RECK) is a single membrane-anchored MMP-regulator and regulates matrix metalloproteinases (MMP) 2, 9 and 14. In turn, MMPs are endopeptidases that play a pivotal role in remodeling ECM. In this work, we decided to evaluate expression pattern of RECK in growing rat incisor during, specifically focusing out amelogenesis process. Based on different kinds of ameloblasts, our results showed that RECK expression was conducted by secretory and post-secretory ameloblasts. At the secretory phase, RECK was localized in the infra-nuclear region of the ameloblast, outer epithelium, near blood vessels, and in the stellate reticulum. From the transition to the maturation phases, RECK was strongly expressed by non-epithelial immuno-competent cells (macrophages and/or dendritic-like cells) in the papillary layer. From the transition to the maturation stage, RECK expression was increased. RECK mRNA was amplified by RT-PCR from whole enamel organ. Here, we verified the presence of RECK mRNA during all stages of amelogenesis. These events were governed by ameloblasts and by non-epithelial cells residents in the enamel organ. Concluding, we found differential expression of MMPs-2, -9 and RECK in the different phases of amelogenesis, suggesting that the tissue remodeling is rigorously controlled during dental mineralization.
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Baker SM, Sugars RV, Wendel M, Smith AJ, Waddington RJ, Cooper PR, Sloan AJ. TGF-beta/extracellular matrix interactions in dentin matrix: a role in regulating sequestration and protection of bioactivity. Calcif Tissue Int 2009; 85:66-74. [PMID: 19424740 DOI: 10.1007/s00223-009-9248-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2008] [Accepted: 04/03/2009] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
TGF-beta isoforms sequestrated in dentin matrix potentially provide a reservoir of bioactive molecules that may influence cell behavior in the dentin-pulp complex following tissue injury. The association of these growth factors with dentin matrix and the influence of such associations on the bioactivity of growth factors are still unclear. We used surface plasmon resonance technology in the BIAcore 3000 system to investigate the binding of TGF-beta isoforms 1 and 3 to purified decorin, biglycan, and EDTA soluble dentin matrix components. TGF-beta isoforms 1 and 3 were immobilized on sensorchips CM4 through amine coupling. For kinetic studies of protein binding, purified decorin and biglycan, isolated EDTA soluble dentin matrix, and dentin matrix immunodepleted of decorin and/or biglycan were injected over TGF-beta isoforms and allowed to interact. Programmed kinetic analysis software provided sensorgrams for each concentration of proteoglycan or dentin matrix extract injected. Purified decorin and biglycan and dentin matrix extract bound to the TGF-beta isoforms. However, the association with TGF-beta3 was much weaker than that with TGF-beta1. After immunoaffinity depletion of the dentin matrix extract, the level of interaction between the dentin matrix extract and TGF-beta was significantly reduced. These results suggest isoform-specific interactions between decorin/biglycan and TGF-beta isoforms 1 and 3, which may explain why TGF-beta3 is not detected in the dentin matrix despite being expressed at higher levels than TGF-beta1 in odontoblasts. These proteoglycans appear to play a significant role in TGF-beta/extracellular matrix interactions and may be important in the sequestration of these growth factors in the dentin matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Baker
- Tissue Injury and Repair, School of Dentistry, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B4 6NN, UK
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16
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Porto IM, Rocha LB, Rossi MA, Gerlach RF. In situ zymography and immunolabeling in fixed and decalcified craniofacial tissues. J Histochem Cytochem 2009; 57:615-22. [PMID: 19188488 DOI: 10.1369/jhc.2009.952127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
In situ zymography is a very important technique that shows the proteolytic activity in sections and allows researchers to observe the specific sites of proteolysis in tissues or cells. It is normally performed in non-fixed frozen sections and is not routinely performed in calcified tissues. In this study, we describe a technique that maintains proteolytic activity in fixed and decalcified sections obtained after routine paraffin sectioning in conventional microtome and cryostat sections. We used adult rat hemimandibles, which presented bone, enamel, and dentine matrices; the substrate used was dye-quenched-gelatin. Gelatinolytic activity was colocalized with MMP-2 using fluorescent antibodies. Specific proteolytic activity was observed in all sections, compatible with metalloproteinase activity, particularly in dentine and bone. Furthermore, matrix metalloproteinase-2 was colocalized to the sites of green fluorescence in dentine. In conclusion, the technique presented here will allow in situ zymography reactions in fixed, decalcified, and paraffin-embedded tissues, and we showed that paraformaldehyde-lysine-periodate-fixed cryostat sections are suitable for colocalization of gelatinolytic activity and protein labeling with antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel M Porto
- Department of Morphology, Dental School of Piracicaba, University of Campinas, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
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Le Maitre CL, Hoyland JA, Freemont AJ. Interleukin-1 receptor antagonist delivered directly and by gene therapy inhibits matrix degradation in the intact degenerate human intervertebral disc: an in situ zymographic and gene therapy study. Arthritis Res Ther 2008; 9:R83. [PMID: 17760968 PMCID: PMC2206387 DOI: 10.1186/ar2282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2007] [Revised: 08/20/2007] [Accepted: 08/30/2007] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Data implicate IL-1 in the altered matrix biology that characterizes human intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration. In the current study we investigated the enzymic mechanism by which IL-1 induces matrix degradation in degeneration of the human IVD, and whether the IL-1 inhibitor IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra) will inhibit degradation. A combination of in situ zymography (ISZ) and immunohistochemistry was used to examine the effects of IL-1 and IL-1Ra on matrix degradation and metal-dependent protease (MDP) expression in explants of non-degenerate and degenerate human IVDs. ISZ employed three substrates (gelatin, collagen, casein) and different challenges (IL-1β, IL-1Ra and enzyme inhibitors). Immunohistochemistry was undertaken for MDPs. In addition, IL-1Ra was introduced into degenerate IVD explants using genetically engineered constructs. The novel findings from this study are: IL-1Ra delivered directly onto explants of degenerate IVDs eliminates matrix degradation as assessed by multi-substrate ISZ; there is a direct relationship between matrix degradation assessed by ISZ and MDP expression defined by immunohistochemistry; single injections of IVD cells engineered to over-express IL-1Ra significantly inhibit MDP expression for two weeks. Our findings show that IL-1 is a key cytokine driving matrix degradation in the degenerate IVD. Furthermore, IL-1Ra delivered directly or by gene therapy inhibits IVD matrix degradation. IL-1Ra could be used therapeutically to inhibit degeneration of the IVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine L Le Maitre
- Tissue Injury and Repair Group, Research School of Clinical and Laboratory Sciences, The School of Medicine, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - Judith A Hoyland
- Tissue Injury and Repair Group, Research School of Clinical and Laboratory Sciences, The School of Medicine, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - Anthony J Freemont
- Tissue Injury and Repair Group, Research School of Clinical and Laboratory Sciences, The School of Medicine, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
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Abstract
Roots of teeth perform critical functions to anchor the teeth in the jaws and transmit the masticatory forces in such a way as to minimize fracture and wear of the dentition. Tooth root development involves a variety of cell types, epithelial-mesenchymal interactions, the enumeration of specialized extracellular matrices, processing of these matrices and strict control over the microenvironment to allow the cementum and dentin to mineralize. While many of the specific molecular mechanisms involved in root formation remain poorly understood, our knowledge of these events and pathways has advanced markedly over the past decade. The molecular bases of many hereditary conditions having associated dental root anomalies are now known. Therapeutic approaches based on the molecular biology of root formation have and will continue to emerge and be translated into improved clinical care. The purpose of this study was to review our knowledge regarding developmental defects of root formation, the molecular mechanisms involved, and the impact of root variants on clinical dentistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Wright
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, University of North Carolina School of Dentistry, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
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Sakakura Y, Hosokawa Y, Tsuruga E, Irie K, Yajima T. In situ localization of gelatinolytic activity during development and resorption of Meckel's cartilage in mice. Eur J Oral Sci 2007; 115:212-23. [PMID: 17587297 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0722.2007.00447.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Degradation of Meckel's cartilage in the middle portion is accompanied by hypertrophy and death of chondrocytes, calcification of the cartilaginous matrix, and chondroclastic resorption. We hypothesize that the gelatinolytic activity of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) largely contributes to the degradation of extracellular matrix (ECM) in the process. The activity in Meckel's cartilage of mouse mandibular arches at embryonic days 14-16 (E14-E16) was examined by a combination of in situ zymography (ISZ), using quenched fluorescent dye-labeled gelatin as a substrate, with CTT (a selective inhibitor of MMP-2 and -9) or with EDTA (a general MMP inhibitor). On E14 and E15, ISZ showed fluorescence in the perichondrium, in the intercellular septa between chondrocytes, and in the nucleus of chondrocytes. CTT attenuated fluorescence, and EDTA eliminated it. On E16, calcified cartilaginous matrix showed intense fluorescence, and dot-like fluorescence was observed in as-yet uncalcified intercellular septa, even after CTT treatment. EDTA inhibited fluorescence, but unexpectedly intense fluorescence was found in the cytoplasm of hypertrophic chondrocytes facing the resorption front. MMP-2, -9, and -13 immunoreactivity was detected in the perichondrium and chondrocytes of Meckel's cartilage. These findings suggest that MMPs and other proteinases capable of degrading gelatin play an integral role in the development, calcification, and resorption of Meckel's cartilage through ECM reconstitution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasunori Sakakura
- Department of Oral Anatomy, School of Dentistry, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido, Japan.
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