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Ramírez-Pedraza I, Martínez LM, Aouraghe H, Rivals F, Tornero C, Haddoumi H, Estebaranz-Sánchez F, Rodríguez-Hidalgo A, van der Made J, Oujaa A, Ibáñez JJ, Mhamdi H, Souhir M, Aissa AM, Chacón MG, Sala-Ramos R. Multiproxy approach to reconstruct fossil primate feeding behavior: Case study for macaque from the Plio-Pleistocene site Guefaït-4.2 (eastern Morocco). Front Ecol Evol 2023. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2023.1011208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The genus Macaca belongs to Cercopithecidae (Old World monkeys), Cercopithecinae, Papionini. The presence of Macaca in North Africa is well known from the Late Miocene to the Late Pleistocene. However, the diet of fossil Macaca has been poorly described in the literature. In this study, we investigated the feeding habits of Macaca cf. sylvanus (n = 4) from the Plio-Pleistocene site Guefaït-4.2 in eastern Morocco through multiproxy analysis combining analyses of stable carbon and oxygen isotopes from tooth enamel, buccal microtexture, and low-magnification occlusal dental microwear. For both microwear analyses, we compared the macaques with a new reference collection of extant members of Cercopithecoidea. Our occlusal microwear results show for the fossil macaque a pattern similar to the extant Cercocebus atys and Lophocebus albigena, African forest-dwelling species that are characterized by a durophagous diet based mainly on hard fruit and seed intake. Buccal microtexture results also suggest the consumption of some grasses and the exploitation of more open habitats, similar to that observed in Theropithecus gelada. The δ13C of M. cf. sylvanus indicates a C3 based-diet without the presence of C4 plants typical of the savanna grassland in eastern Africa during this period. The high δ18O values of M. cf. sylvanus, compared with the contemporary ungulates recovered from Guefaït-4.2, could be associated with the consumption of a different resource by the primate such as leaves or fresh fruits from the upper part of trees. The complementarity of these methods allows for a dietary reconstruction covering a large part of the individual’s life.
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Ueno M, Kabata R, Hayashi H, Terada K, Yamada K. Automatic individual recognition of Japanese macaques (
Macaca fuscata
) from sequential images. Ethology 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/eth.13277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Masataka Ueno
- Faculty of Applied Sociology Kindai University Osaka Japan
| | - Ryosuke Kabata
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology Gifu University Gifu Japan
| | - Hidetaka Hayashi
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology Gifu University Gifu Japan
| | | | - Kazunori Yamada
- Graduate School of Human Sciences Osaka University Osaka Japan
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Hongo S, Nakashima Y, Akomo-Okoue EF, Mindonga-Nguelet FL. Seasonality in daily movement patterns of mandrills revealed by combining direct tracking and camera traps. J Mammal 2022; 103:159-168. [PMID: 35087330 PMCID: PMC8789762 DOI: 10.1093/jmammal/gyab141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Movement is a fundamental characteristic of animals, but challenging to measure noninvasively. Noninvasive methods for measuring travel have different weaknesses, so multiple techniques need to be applied multiple techniques for reliable inferences. We used two methods, direct tracking and camera trapping, to examine the variation in time and seasonal differences in movement rates of mandrills (Mandrillus sphinx), an elusive primate that lives in large groups in central Africa. In a 400-km2 rainforest area in Moukalaba-Doudou National Park, Gabon, we tracked unidentified groups 46 times from 2009 to 2013. We systematically placed 157 terrestrial camera traps in the same area from 2012 to 2014 and recorded groups 309 times. Generalized additive mixed models (GAMMs) of the tracking data indicated that the group travel speed varied with time and season. In the fruiting season, the movement rate fluctuated with time in a bimodal pattern, whereas in the nonfruiting season, it increased monotonously with time. The predicted day range was longer in the fruiting season (6.98 km) than in the nonfruiting season (6.06 km). These seasonal differences suggest responses to changes in food resources and temperature. Camera-trap detection rates showed similar temporal and seasonal patterns to the tracking data, allowing us to generalize our findings to the population level. Moreover, cameras never detected mandrills at night, and we observed that they slept high in trees and hardly moved until the next morning, all suggesting their strict avoidance of nighttime movement. This study demonstrated the significance of the multiple-method approach in drawing robust conclusions on temporal patterns of animal movement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shun Hongo
- The Center for African Area Studies, Kyoto University, 46, Yoshida Shimoadachi-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Nakashima
- Department of Forest Science and Resources, Nihon University College of Bioresource Science, 1866, Kameino, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Etienne François Akomo-Okoue
- Institut de Recherche en Écologie Tropicale, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique et Technologique (IRET–CENAREST), B.P. 13354, Libreville, Estuaire, Gabon
| | - Fred Loïque Mindonga-Nguelet
- Institut de Recherche en Écologie Tropicale, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique et Technologique (IRET–CENAREST), B.P. 13354, Libreville, Estuaire, Gabon
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Abstract
AbstractObserving and quantifying primate behavior in the wild is challenging. Human presence affects primate behavior and habituation of new, especially terrestrial, individuals is a time-intensive process that carries with it ethical and health concerns, especially during the recent pandemic when primates are at even greater risk than usual. As a result, wildlife researchers, including primatologists, have increasingly turned to new technologies to answer questions and provide important data related to primate conservation. Tools and methods should be chosen carefully to maximize and improve the data that will be used to answer the research questions. We review here the role of four indirect methods—camera traps, acoustic monitoring, drones, and portable field labs—and improvements in machine learning that offer rapid, reliable means of combing through large datasets that these methods generate. We describe key applications and limitations of each tool in primate conservation, and where we anticipate primate conservation technology moving forward in the coming years.
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Xia T, Yao Y, Wang C, Dong M, Wu Y, Li D, Xie M, Ni Q, Zhang M, Xu H. Seasonal dynamics of gut microbiota in a cohort of wild Tibetan macaques (Macaca thibetana) in western China. Glob Ecol Conserv 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gecco.2020.e01409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
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6
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Hanya G, Yoshihiro SI, Hayaishi S, Takahata Y. Ranging patterns of Japanese macaques in the coniferous forest of Yakushima: Home range shift and travel rate. Am J Primatol 2020; 82:e23185. [PMID: 32794210 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.23185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Revised: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Ranging is one of the most important behavioral adaptations for coping with seasonally fluctuating food and thermal conditions. We studied the ranging patterns, in particular home range shift and travel rate of Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata) in the coniferous forest of Yakushima by tracking a group for 17 months. We also supplemented our data with records collected every August over a 5-year annual census. The macaque group used the eastern part of their home range from May to September and the western part during the rest of the year. The eastern part of the home range was largely primary forest in the national park, and the altitude was higher than in the western part. When they used the western part, the macaques ate more herbs and fruits from small-sized trees, the availability of which was higher in the logged forest. This east-west home range shift occurred repeatedly over multiple years. A neighboring group occupied the western part of the focal group's home range in summer, which the focal group did not use in that season. Both temperature and diet affected seasonal changes in the monthly average travel rate. Animals need more energy for thermoregulation when the temperature is low, so the macaques decreased their ranging efforts to save energy at times of low temperature. They increased their ranging distance to eat fungi, since their encounters with this food would increase with the total distance walked. They also increased their travel rate when eating flowers, which had lower food patch (tree) density than other foods such as fruits. The data supported the hypothesis that the macaques capitalize on habitat heterogeneity in a seasonally fluctuating habitat by shifting their home range and modifying their travel rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Goro Hanya
- Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Inuyama, Aichi, Japan.,Department of Zoology, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | | | - Shuhei Hayaishi
- Department of Zoology, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.,Faculty of Education, Kamakura Women's University, Kamakura, Japan
| | - Yukio Takahata
- School of Policy Studies, Kwansei Gakuin University, Sanda, Japan
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Lappan S, Malaivijitnond S, Radhakrishna S, Riley EP, Ruppert N. The human-primate interface in the New Normal: Challenges and opportunities for primatologists in the COVID-19 era and beyond. Am J Primatol 2020; 82:e23176. [PMID: 32686188 PMCID: PMC7404331 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.23176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2020] [Revised: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The emergence of SARS-CoV-2 in late 2019 and human responses to the resulting COVID-19 pandemic in early 2020 have rapidly changed many aspects of human behavior, including our interactions with wildlife. In this commentary, we identify challenges and opportunities at human-primate interfaces in light of COVID-19, focusing on examples from Asia, and make recommendations for researchers working with wild primates to reduce zoonosis risk and leverage research opportunities. First, we briefly review the evidence for zoonotic origins of SARS-CoV-2 and discuss risks of zoonosis at the human-primate interface. We then identify challenges that the pandemic has caused for primates, including reduced nutrition, increased intraspecific competition, and increased poaching risk, as well as challenges facing primatologists, including lost research opportunities. Subsequently, we highlight opportunities arising from pandemic-related lockdowns and public health messaging, including opportunities to reduce the intensity of problematic human-primate interfaces, opportunities to reduce the risk of zoonosis between humans and primates, opportunities to reduce legal and illegal trade in primates, new opportunities for research on human-primate interfaces, and opportunities for community education. Finally, we recommend specific actions that primatologists should take to reduce contact and aggression between humans and primates, to reduce demand for primates as pets, to reduce risks of zoonosis in the context of field research, and to improve understanding of human-primate interfaces. Reducing the risk of zoonosis and promoting the well-being of humans and primates at our interfaces will require substantial changes from "business as usual." We encourage primatologists to help lead the way.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Lappan
- Department of AnthropologyAppalachian State UniversityBooneNorth Carolina
- School of Biological SciencesUniversiti Sains MalaysiaPenangMalaysia
| | - Suchinda Malaivijitnond
- National Primate Research Center of ThailandChulalongkorn UniversityKaeng KhoiSaraburiThailand
- Department of Biology, Faculty of ScienceChulalongkorn UniversityBangkokThailand
| | - Sindhu Radhakrishna
- National Institute of Advanced StudiesIndian Institute of ScienceBengaluruIndia
| | - Erin P. Riley
- Department of AnthropologySan Diego State UniversitySan DiegoCalifornia
| | - Nadine Ruppert
- School of Biological SciencesUniversiti Sains MalaysiaPenangMalaysia
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Nguyen AT, Van Nguyen T, Timmins R, McGowan P, Van Hoang T, Le MD. Efficacy of camera traps in detecting primates in Hue Saola Nature Reserve. Primates 2020; 61:697-705. [PMID: 32383126 DOI: 10.1007/s10329-020-00823-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Camera trapping has been demonstrated to be an effective tool in surveying a suite of species, especially elusive mammals in rough terrains. The method has become increasingly common in primate surveys for both ground-dwelling and arboreal taxa in many tropical regions of the world. However, camera trapping has rarely been used to inventory primates in Vietnam, although many species are under severe threats and in critical need of surveying for improved conservation measures. In this study, we employed camera trapping to primarily investigate the possible continued presence of galliform species, but also to opportunistically record primate species, in Hue Saola Nature Reserve in central Vietnam. We documented five primate species, including the northern pig-tailed macaque Macaca leonina, the stump-tailed macaque Macaca arctoides, the rhesus macaque Macaca mulatta, the pygmy slow loris Nycticebus pygmaeus, and the red-shanked douc Pygathrix nemaeus, which represents a majority of primate diversity in the reserve. The results show that camera trapping may be an option for documenting primate diversity, and seasonal and daily activities of ground-dwelling taxa. Our data also suggest that although human disturbance is still rampant in the area, Hue Saola Nature Reserve appears to be reasonably well protected compared to other conservation areas in Indochina. In particular, it is home to several highly threatened primates, and it therefore plays a crucial role in primate conservation in Vietnam. However, these populations are in need of greater protection, such as more targeted patrols to remove snares and prevent other violations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anh Tuan Nguyen
- Department of Environmental Ecology, Faculty of Environmental Science, University of Science, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, 334 Nguyen Trai, Thanh Xuan District, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Thanh Van Nguyen
- Central Institute for Natural Resources and Environmental Studies, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, 19 Le Thanh Tong, Hanoi, Vietnam
- Department of Ecological Dynamics, Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Alfred-Kowalke-Straße 17, 10315, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Philip McGowan
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, UK
| | - Thang Van Hoang
- Central Institute for Natural Resources and Environmental Studies, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, 19 Le Thanh Tong, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Minh Duc Le
- Department of Environmental Ecology, Faculty of Environmental Science, University of Science, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, 334 Nguyen Trai, Thanh Xuan District, Hanoi, Vietnam.
- Central Institute for Natural Resources and Environmental Studies, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, 19 Le Thanh Tong, Hanoi, Vietnam.
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